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[2018] FWCFB 5726
Fair Work Commission (Full Bench)
2018-09-12
Original judgment source is linked above.
s.604 - Appeal of decision
Appeal against Decision [2018] FWC 4173 and Order PR609148 of Commissioner Bissett at Melbourne on 19 July 2018 in matter number U2018/2693 - permission to appeal granted - appeal upheld - Decision and Order quashed - application remitted for rehearing.
[1] On 19 July 2018 Commissioner Bissett issued a decision[1] (the Decision) in which she determined that Ms Cathy (Yaquin) Chen had been unfairly dismissed from her employment with TIOBE Pty Ltd T/A TIOBE. The Commissioner issued an Order[2] that TIOBE pay Ms Chen compensation in the amount of $70,000 (the Order). TIOBE seeks permission to appeal and has appealed against the Decision.
[2] An appeal under s.604 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (the Act) is an appeal by way of rehearing and the Commission's powers on appeal are only exercisable if there is error on the part of the primary decision maker.[3] There is no right to appeal and an appeal may only be made with the permission of the Commission. The matter was listed for hearing in respect of both permission to appeal and the merits of the appeal.
[3] The background to the proceedings is described in the Decision and may be shortly stated. Ms Chen worked for the Appellant for about five years and was employed as a Consultant, providing professional services as a Business Analyst/IBM Unica Solution Specialist to clients of TIOBE. Ms Chen was dismissed on 12 February 2018 arising from poor performance and for her actions in relation to a message posted on the TIOBE staff messaging system, called Slack, by her husband, Mr Malano.
[4] The Commissioner acknowledged that TIOBE is a small business and concluded that as TIOBE did not say the dismissal of Ms Chen was in accordance with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code (Code), the Code did not apply.[4] We return later to this aspect of the Commissioner's decision.
[5] The Commissioner sets out the factual background at [8] to [25] before turning to deal with whether Ms Chen's dismissal was 'harsh, unjust or unreasonable'; and for that purpose took into account the matters set out at s.387(a)-(h). In relation to the question of whether there was a valid reason (s.387(a)) for dismissal the Commissioner concludes:
'[29] There is no evidence that Ms Chen's work performance was an on-going concern either to TIOBE or API, the client she was working with. It is true that issues in relation to Ms Chen and Mr Yang's working relationship were raised in mid-2017 but there is no evidence that this was an issue after that point in time. Further, there is evidence of a critical incident in mid-2017 but it appears that systems were put in place to mitigate the risk of further similar incidents...
[31] There is no evidence to support a claim that API raised issues with respect to Ms Chen's performance that provided a reason for Ms Chen's dismissal. Those issues that arose whilst Ms Chen was placed with API were addressed and, it appears, satisfactorily rectified.
[32] There is no evidence of any on-going performance issues such that I could find that they provide a valid reason for Ms Chen's dismissal.
[33] Mr Czarnota also said that Ms Chen's employment was terminated because of her conduct in relation to the posts on Slack. There is no evidence that Ms Chen played any part in the posting of the message by Mr Malano. I am satisfied that she did not post the message, encourage Mr Malano to post the message or have any knowledge of the message being posted...'.[5]
[6] The Commissioner deals with the other matters she was required to take into account at [35] to [56] and found:
s.387(b) - whether the person was notified of that reason: as there was no valid reason for dismissal 'Ms Chen cannot have been advised of that valid reason', alternatively:
'There is no evidence that she was advised of the reason for her dismissal in advance of that meeting [ie the meeting on 9 February 2018 at which she was advised of her dismissal] and that at that meeting, Mr Czarnota had already decided to dismiss her from employment with TIOBE' (at [35]-[37]).
'This may well have affected the way the dismissal was brought about.
It does not however excuse the lack of any documentation by TIOBE to support the claims it has made with respect to performance issues or meetings with Ms Chen' (at [52] to[53]).'
'[55] I accept that the entitlement to such a bonus or the denial of the bonus would be a relevant consideration in determining if the termination was harsh. I do not intend however, and it is not my role, to decide if Ms Chen had completed five years employment.
[56] This is not a determinative factor in reaching my decision.'
[7] The Commissioner then concluded (at [57] to [58]) that the dismissal was unjust and that Ms Chen had been unfairly dismissed:
'[t]here was no basis in her conduct or work performance to justify the decision of TIOBE to terminate her employment.'[6]
[8] The Commissioner next dealt with the question of remedy and concluded that reinstatement was inappropriate, noting that Ms Chen had not sought reinstatement.[7] The Commissioner then turned to the issue of compensation and ordered that TIOBE pay Ms Chen compensation in the amount of $70,000 (at [59] to [74]).
[9] The decision subject to appeal was made under Part 3.2 - Unfair Dismissal - of the Act. Section 400(1) provides that permission to appeal must not be granted from such a decision unless the Commission considers that it is in the public interest to do so. Further, in such matters appeals on a question of fact may only be made on the ground that the decision involved a 'significant error of fact' (s.400(2)). In Coal & Allied Mining Services Pty Ltd v Lawler and others, Buchanan J (with whom Marshall and Cowdroy JJ agreed) characterised the test under s.400 as 'a stringent one'.[8] The Commission must not grant permission to appeal unless it considers that it is 'in the public interest to do so'.
[10] The task of assessing whether the public interest test is met is a discretionary one involving a broad value judgment.[9] In GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Makin a Full Bench of the Commission identified some of the considerations that may attract the public interest:
'... the public interest might be attracted where a matter raises issues of importance and general application, or where there is a diversity of decisions at first instance so that guidance from an appellate court is required, or where the decision at first instance manifests an injustice, or the result is counter intuitive, or that the legal principles applied appear disharmonious when compared with other recent decisions dealing with similar matters.'[10]
[11] It will rarely be appropriate to grant permission to appeal unless an arguable case of appealable error is demonstrated. This is so because an appeal cannot succeed in the absence of appealable error.[11] However, the fact that the Member at first instance made an error is not necessarily a sufficient basis for the grant of permission to appeal.[12]
[12] The Appellant advanced six grounds of appeal; for reasons which will become apparent we need only deal with the first two grounds, which relate to the Commissioner's consideration of the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code (the 'Code'). The first two grounds of appeal are:
'1. The learned Commissioner erred in law by finding that the applicant was unfairly dismissed in circumstances where the Commissioner failed to determine or be satisfied, in accordance with section 385(c) of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (FW Act), that the applicant's dismissal was not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code (Code).
2. The learned Commissioner erred in law by failing to decide, in accordance with section 396(c) of the FW Act, that the applicant's dismissal was not consistent with the Code, before considering the merits of the applicant's application.'
[13] Before turning to the submissions advanced in respect of these grounds it is necessary to say something about the Code.
[14] Section 385 of the Act sets out the requirements which must be satisfied in order for the Commission to find that a person has been unfairly dismissed:
A person has been unfairly dismissed if the FWC is satisfied that:
(b) the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable; and
(c) the dismissal was not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code; and
(d) the dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy.
Note: For the definition of consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code: see section 388.
[15] As his Honour Jessup J (with whom Buchanan and Rangiah JJ agreed) observed in Clermont Coal Pty Ltd v Brown:[13]
'the requirements of this section [ie s.385] ... depend upon the Commission itself being satisfied of the state of affairs referred to.'
[16] As set out in the above 'Note' to s.385, the definition of 'consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code' is set out in s.388:
(1) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, declare a Small Business Fair Dismissal Code.
(2) A person's dismissal was consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code if:
(a) immediately before the time of the dismissal or at the time the person was given notice of the dismissal (whichever happened first), the person's employer was a small business employer; and
(b) the employer complied with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code in relation to the dismissal. (emphasis added)
[17] Section 23 provides a definition of a 'small business employer' for the purpose of the Act. Relevantly, s.23(1) provides that 'A national system employer is a small business employer at a particular time if the employer employs fewer than 15 employees at that time.' It is not in dispute that TIOBE was a 'small business employer' at the time of Ms Chen's dismissal.
[18] The Code declared by the Minister pursuant to s.388(1) is as follows:
It is fair for an employer to dismiss an employee without notice or warning when the employer believes on reasonable grounds that the employee's conduct is sufficiently serious to justify immediate dismissal. Serious misconduct includes theft, fraud, violence and serious breaches of occupational health and safety procedures. For a dismissal to be deemed fair it is sufficient, though not essential, that an allegation of theft, fraud or violence be reported to the police. Of course, the employer must have reasonable grounds for making the report.
In other cases, the small business employer must give the employee a reason why he or she is at risk of being dismissed. The reason must be a valid reason based on the employee's conduct or capacity to do the job.
The employee must be warned verbally or preferably in writing, that he or she risks being dismissed if there is no improvement.
The small business employer must provide the employee with an opportunity to respond to the warning and give the employee a reasonable chance to rectify the problem, having regard to the employee's response. Rectifying the problem might involve the employer providing additional training and ensuring the employee knows the employer's job expectations.
In discussions with an employee in circumstances where dismissal is possible, the employee can have another person present to assist. However, the other person cannot be a lawyer acting in a professional capacity.
A small business employer will be required to provide evidence of compliance with the Code if the employee makes a claim for unfair dismissal to Fair Work Australia, including evidence that a warning has been given (except in cases of summary dismissal). Evidence may include a completed checklist, copies of written warning(s), a statement of termination or signed witness statements.
[19] The Commissioner's consideration of the Code is confined to paragraph [6] of the Decision:
'[6] Whilst TIOBE is a small business it does not say that the dismissal of Ms Chen is in accordance with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code (Code). For this reason, I am satisfied that the Code does not apply.'
[20] As is apparent from the extract quoted, the Commissioner indicates that she was satisfied that the Appellant was a small business, but concluded that the Code did not apply because the Appellant did not contend that the dismissal was consistent with the Code.
[21] The Appellant submits that the fact that TIOBE may not have contended that the dismissal was consistent with the Code does not relieve the Commission of the statutory obligation to actively consider and determine whether the Code was complied with. So much is said to be is clear from the wording of s.396 where it states that a number of matters must be decided before considering the merits of the application including 'whether the dismissal was consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code'. On this basis the Appellant submits that the Commission has an obligation to actively consider and determine the question of compliance with the Code in circumstances where the employer is a small business. We agree.
[22] The Commission has an obligation, in all matters, to satisfy itself that it has the requisite jurisdiction to perform a particular function.[14]
[23] The terms of s.396 are clear:
396 Initial matters to be considered before merits
The FWC must decide the following matters relating to an application for an order under Division 4 before considering the merits of the application:
(a) whether the application was made within the period required in subsection 394(2);
(b) whether the person was protected from unfair dismissal;
(c) whether the dismissal was consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code;
(d) whether the dismissal was a case of genuine redundancy. (emphasis added)
[24] It is necessary to first consider whether the dismissal was consistent with the Code before turning to deal with the issue of whether the dismissal was unfair. As the Full Bench observed in Inner West Towing Pty Ltd v David Maynard:
'The command in s.396(c) is clear, but it was not complied with in the Decision. We have earlier set out the relevant parts of the Decision, and it is apparent that the Senior Deputy President's determination of the Code issue was intermingled with and subsidiary to her consideration of the merits of Mr Maynard's application.'[15]
[25] In the matter before us the Commissioner made an error in not first considering whether the dismissal was consistent with the Code before turning to deal with whether the dismissal was unfair. Further, contrary to the Commissioner's statement at [6], the Code plainly applied - because TIOBE was a small business employer - the relevant question was whether 'the dismissal was consistent with the Code'. But it does not necessarily follow from that conclusion that permission to appeal should be granted. As stated earlier, the mere demonstration of error does not necessarily mean that it would be in the public interest to grant permission to appeal; particularly if the error could not have made any difference to the outcome.[16]
[26] Mr Dircks, on behalf of the Respondent, submitted, in substance, that even if there was an error (which he disputed) it would have made no difference to the outcome. In particular, he submits that it cannot be seriously contended that this should be regarded as a summary dismissal and in relation to the 'other dismissals' part of the Code, the Commissioner clearly found that there was no valid reason for the dismissal under s.387(a).[17]
[27] Contrary to Mr Dircks' submission we are not persuaded that the error could not have made any difference to the outcome. The fact that a payment was made in lieu of notice is not determinative of the question of whether it was a summary dismissal within the meaning of the Code.
[28] In Jeremy Ryman v Thrash Pty Ltd t/a Wisharts Automotive Services[18] ('Ryman') a Full Bench considered the 'Summary Dismissal' section of the Code. The employee in that case was dismissed on 5 January 2015 arising from an incident on 19 December 2014 and his failure to attend for work on the following two days. He was paid an amount equivalent to three weeks' notice and the reason for dismissal identified in the separation certificate was 'serious misconduct/yelling/swearing witnessed by customers and other staff'.
[29] At first instance the Commissioner had determined that the Summary Dismissal section of the Code was relevant for the following reasons:
'[50] In this instance the employer paid the applicant an amount equivalent to three weeks' notice. However, apart from this payment, the dismissal contains all of the elements usually associated with a summary dismissal. In particular, the reason for the dismissal involved serious misconduct and the implementation of the dismissal although it was delayed because of the absence of the applicant from the workplace, was summary in nature. That is, the applicant was verbally advised of his dismissal without there being any contemplation of explanation or defence.
[51] The applicant's solicitor argued that because there had been payment of a period of notice, the dismissal was not a summary dismissal and should not be assessed against those terms of the Code that are relevant to summary dismissal. In my view this proposition would impose an unrealistic and unintended rigidity on any application of the Code.
[52] A dismissal which is for reason of serious misconduct and which might appropriately justify termination without notice or warning, should still be properly assessed as a summary dismissal notwithstanding that an employer, for whatever reason, decided to make payment of an amount in respect to notice. Broadly speaking, the Code establishes requirements for dismissal without notice or warning which represent a less stringent evidentiary basis upon which any serious misconduct is established when compared to the evidentiary basis that applies for a medium/large business. Similarly, the Code sets out less stringent requirements for other dismissals than those which apply to a medium/large business.
[53] That part of the Code which deals with summary dismissal is concerned with the evidentiary basis upon which a small business employer establishes serious misconduct. While the other dismissals part of the Code introduces a less stringent set of procedural requirements than applies to a medium/large business. The requirements that are mentioned in the Code as being relevant to cases of other than summary dismissal will invariably have little or no relevance to circumstances where a dismissal is made without notice or warning and is based upon serious misconduct. It would be contrary to the spirit and intent of the Code if, when a small business employer decided to pay an amount in lieu of notice in respect to a dismissal for serious misconduct, it was required to satisfy the procedural requirements of the other dismissals part of the Code.
[54] Therefore, although the dismissal of the applicant was not strictly a summary dismissal because an amount was paid in lieu of notice, in all other respects the dismissal was manifestly in the character of a summary dismissal. In particular the dismissal was, in the employer's view, for reason of serious misconduct justifying the immediate termination of employment at the soonest practical opportunity. Consequently, it is appropriate to apply that part of the Code which relates to summary dismissal to the circumstances of the dismissal of the applicant.'
[30] The first issue that fell for determination in the subsequent appeal was whether Mr Ryman's dismissal was of a type to which the 'Summary Dismissal' section of the Code applied. At the outset the Full Bench observed that 'this issue is not easy to resolve because the Code generally, and this section of the Code in particular, is very poorly drafted'.[19] After detailed consideration of the legislative provisions and their context[20] the Full Bench concluded that the 'Summary Dismissal' section of the Code applies to dismissals without notice on the ground of serious misconduct as defined in regulation 1.07[21]. The Full Bench then concluded:[22]
'To be clear, nothing stated above is to be taken as suggesting that in relation to such a dismissal it is necessary for the Commission to be satisfied that the serious misconduct which is the basis for the dismissal actually occurred in order for the dismissal not to be unfair. As was explained in Pinawin T/A RoseVi.Hair.Face.Body v Domingo: [23]
"[29] ... There are two steps in the process of determining whether this aspect of the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code is satisfied. First, there needs to be a consideration whether, at the time of dismissal, the employer held a belief that the employee's conduct was sufficiently serious to justify immediate dismissal. Secondly it is necessary to consider whether that belief was based on reasonable grounds. The second element incorporates the concept that the employer has carried out a reasonable investigation into the matter. It is not necessary to determine whether the employer was correct in the belief that it held."
Whether the employer had "reasonable grounds" for the relevant belief is of course to be determined objectively.
In summary, drawing on the conclusions stated above and the ratio in Pinawin, we consider that the "Summary dismissal" section of the Code operates in the following way:
(1) If a small business employer has dismissed an employee without notice - that is, with immediate effect - on the ground that the employee has committed serious misconduct that falls within the definition in reg.1.07, then it is necessary for the Commission to consider whether the dismissal was consistent with the "Summary dismissal" section of the Code. All other types of dismissals by small business employers are to be considered under the "Other dismissal" section of the Code.
(2) In assessing whether the "Summary dismissal" section of the Code was complied with, it is necessary to determine first whether the employer genuinely held a belief that the employee's conduct was sufficiently serious to justify immediate dismissal, and second whether the employer's belief was, objectively speaking, based on reasonable grounds. Whether the employer has carried out a reasonable investigation into the matter will be relevant to the second element.
In this case, Mr Ryman's dismissal occurred with immediate effect - that is, without the provision of any actual notice - on the ground of serious misconduct. The fact that he was paid an amount said to be in lieu of notice, or that the dismissal occurred some days after the conduct to which it related, does not alter the position in this respect. His dismissal therefore fell to be considered under the "Summary dismissal" section of the Code in accordance with the Pinawin principles. There was no error on the part of the Commissioner on this issue.'[24]
[31] The decision in Ryman was applied in Gainbridge Limited v Mrs Diane Wiburd,[25] in which the Full Bench said:
'The proper inquiry raised by the Code is relevantly, whether at the time of the dismissal the employer genuinely behaves on reasonable grounds that the employee's conduct is sufficiently serious to justify immediate dismissal. The Code focusses attention on the employer's belief which must be based on reasonable grounds, not on whether the employee's conduct as a matter of fact and law justified immediate dismissal.'
[32] The Commissioner's failure to decide whether the dismissal was consistent with the Code before considering the merits of the application was an error. In the circumstances of this matter it is at least arguable that the error could have made a difference to the outcome, though we express no concluded view on the merits of the Code argument advanced by TIOBE. We are satisfied that it is in the public interest to grant permission to appeal. We grant permission to appeal, uphold the appeal on the basis of the error identified, and quash the Decision and Order.
[33] Given our conclusion in relation to Appeal Grounds 1 and 2 it is not necessary for us to consider the remaining grounds of appeal. However, given the nature of the issues raised (particularly in Ground 3)[26] it is appropriate to make some general observations regarding the Commission's obligation to provide a fair hearing.
[34] The Commission is obliged to perform its functions and exercise its powers in a manner that is fair, just and quick.[27] Members are responsible for ensuring that proceedings are fair.
[35] As part of their overriding obligation to ensure a fair hearing, Members have a positive duty to provide appropriate assistance to litigants in person whether they be applicants or small business respondents, such as TIOBE.
[36] The degree of assistance which must be afforded depends on the context. As Bell J observed in Tomasevic v Travaglini and anor:
'The matters regarding which the judge must assist a self-represented litigant are not limited, for the judge must give such assistance as is necessary to ensure a fair trial. The proper scope of the assistance depends on the particular litigant and the nature of the case. The touchstones are fairness and balance. The assistance may extend to issues concerning substantive legal rights as well as to issues concerning the procedure that will be followed ...
The judge cannot become the advocate of the self-represented litigant, for the role of the judge is fundamentally different to that of an advocate. Further, the judge must maintain the reality and appearance of judicial neutrality at all times and to all parties, represented and self-represented. The assistance must be proportionate in the circumstances - it must ensure a fair trial, not afford an advantage to the self-represented litigant.'[28]
'A frequent consequence of self-representation is that the court must assume the burden of endeavouring to ascertain the rights of parties which are obfuscated by their own advocacy.'
[38] As noted in the Commission's Fair Hearing Practice Note: assistance provided to self-represented parties by a Member may, depending on the circumstances, include:
explaining the relevant legislative provisions;
identifying the issues which are central to the determination of the particular proceedings;
assisting a party to conform with procedural and evidentiary rules designed to avoid unfairness;
drawing a party's attention to the relative weight to be given to bar table statements as opposed to sworn evidence;
offering a party an interpreter where it appears that this may assist that party to participate more fully in the proceeding;
facilitating the fair, just and quick determination of the matter; and
adjourning a proceeding in circumstances where it would be unfair to proceed.
[39] However the assistance to be provided to a litigant in person is limited. It is plainly necessary to balance the interests of litigants who represent themselves with the need to afford procedural fairness to other parties.[31]
[40] In the context of the present matter it would have been appropriate for the Commissioner to have drawn the Code to the parties' attention (and provided them with a copy of the Code) and inquired of TIOBE whether it submitted that the dismissal was consistent with the Code.
[41] There is one final matter we wish to mention. During the hearing of the appeal it became apparent that there had been a failure to comply with s.399 in the proceedings at first instance.
[42] Division 5 of Part 3-2 - Unfair Dismissal deals with certain procedural matters. Section 397 provides that the Commission:
'The FWC must conduct a conference or hold a hearing in relation to a matter arising under this Part if, and to the extent that, the matter involves facts the existence of which is in dispute.'
[43] The facts in the matter before the Commissioner were contested, it follows that the Commissioner was obliged to conduct a conference or hold a hearing in relation to the matter. Section 399 is central to the question of whether the matter was to proceed by conference or hearing. Section 399 states:
(1) The FWC must not hold a hearing in relation to a matter arising under this Part unless the FWC considers it appropriate to do so, taking into account:
(b) whether a hearing would be the most effective and efficient way to resolve the matter.
(2) If the FWC holds a hearing in relation to a matter arising under this Part, it may decide not to hold the hearing in relation to parts of the matter.
(3) The FWC may decide at any time (including before, during or after conducting a conference in relation to a matter) to hold a hearing in relation to the matter.
[44] At first instance this matter proceeded by way of hearing, but there was no consideration of the requirements of s.399(1)(a) and (b). These matters must be given consideration before the Commission decides to hold a hearing in relation to a matter under Part 3-2 (including any jurisdictional objection, application to extend time under s.394(3) and a hearing on the merits). This issue should be addressed in the rehearing of Ms Chen's application. As observed by the Full Bench in Asciano Services Pty Ltd v Zak Hadfield:[32]
'the more informal procedures of a determinative conference may be more appropriate for a self-represented litigant ...'
[45] As we have mentioned, the decision subject to appeal was made under Part 3-2 - Unfair Dismissal - of the Act. Section 400(1) provides that permission to appeal must not be granted from such a decision unless the Commission considers that it is in the public interest to do so. For the reasons given we are satisfied that it is in the public interest to grant permission to appeal. We grant permission and uphold the appeal.
[46] Pursuant to s.607(3)(a) and (c) we quash the Decision and Order and refer Ms Chen's application for an unfair dismissal remedy to Commissioner Bissett for rehearing. In rehearing the matter the Commissioner is not confined to the evidence and submissions already put and may admit further evidence.
Mr J Tracey of counsel and Mr N Kelly for the Appellant
[3] This is so because on appeal FWC has power to receive further evidence, pursuant to s.607(2); see Coal and Allied v AIRC [2000] HCA 47; (2000) 203 CLR 194 at [17] per Gleeson CJ, Gaudron and Hayne JJ.
[4] [2017] FWC 4173 at [6].
[8] Coal & Allied Mining Services Pty Ltd v Lawler and others [2011] FCAFC 54; (2011) 192 FCR 78 at paragraph 43.
[9] O'Sullivan v Farrer [1989] HCA 61; (1989) 168 CLR 210 per Mason CJ, Brennan, Dawson and Gaudron JJ; applied in Hogan v Hinch [2011] HCA 4; (2011) 85 ALJR 398 at [69] per Gummow, Hayne, Heydon, Crennan, Kiefel and Bell JJ; Coal & Allied Mining Services Pty Ltd v Lawler and others [2011] FCAFC 54; (2011) 192 FCR 78 at [44] - [46].
[10] GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Makin [2010] FWAFB 5343, 197 IR 266 at [27].
[11] Wan v AIRC [2001] FCA 1803; (2001) 116 FCR 481 at [30].
[12] GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Makin [2010] FWAFB 5343 at [26]- [27], 197 IR 266; Lawrence v Coal & Allied Mining Services Pty Ltd t/as Mt Thorley Operations/Warkworth [2010] FWAFB 10089 at [28], 202 IR 388, affirmed on judicial review in Coal & Allied Mining Services Pty Ltd v Lawler [2011] FCAFC 54; (2011) 192 FCR 78; NSW Bar Association v Brett McAuliffe; Commonwealth of Australia represented by the Australian Taxation Office [2014] FWCFB 1663 at [28].
[13] [2015] FCAFC 136 at [4].
[14] Hewitt v Topero Nominees Pty Ltd t/a Michaels Camera Video Digital [2013] FWCFB 6321 at [15].
[15] [2017] FWCFB 757 at [21]. Also see Steri-Flow Filtration Systems (Aust) Pty Ltd v Craig Erskine [2013] FWCFB 1943 at [2]; Diotti v Lenswood Cold Stores Co-op Society t/a Lenswood Organic [2016] FWCFB 349 at [2].
[17] Transcript 5 September 2018 at [154] to [156].
[24] Applied in Gainbridge Limited v Mrs Diane Wiburd [2017] FWCFB 6732.
[26] The learned Commissioner erred in law and denied the Appellant natural justice by failing to ensure that the Appellant, as an unrepresented party to the proceeding, had a fair hearing and was aware of the fundamental procedure whereby the Appellant was permitted, as a small business employer, to rely upon, and to lead evidence and make submissions in respect of, the Code.
[28] [2007] VSC 337 (13 September 2007).
[29] R v White [2003] VSCA 174 (2003) 7 VR 422.
[30] [1994] HCA 23; (1994) 121 ALR 148 at 150.
[31] See Abram v Bank of New Zealand (1996) ATPR 42,340, affirmed on appeal (1998) ATPR 41-507.
Printed by authority of the Commonwealth Government Printer
TIOBE Pty Ltd T/A TIOBE
Cathy
(2000) 203 CLR 194
(2011) 192 FCR 78
(1989) 168 CLR 210
(2011) 85 ALJR 398
(2001) 116 FCR 481
(2012) 219 IR 128
(2003) 7 VR 422
(1994) 121 ALR 148