//
[2008] QSC 231
General information, not legal advice.
Supreme Court of Queensland
2008-09-26
Wilson J
Original judgment source is linked above.
[1] WILSON J: On 17 September 2008 I made the following orders:
[2] B is a 12 year old girl who is almost 18 weeks pregnant. She is a patient of a public hospital conducted by the applicant, the State of Queensland. The applicant approached the Court in its parens patriae jurisdiction for authorisation of the termination of B's pregnancy.
[3] The history and nature of the parens patriae jurisdiction were succinctly described by Chesterman J in State of Queensland v Nolan[1] -
"[7] The jurisdiction appealed to is that which was formally vested in the Sovereign but was transferred in centuries past to the Lord Chancellor and from him personally to the Courts of Chancery and then to those courts which, like the Supreme Court, exercise the jurisdiction of that court. It is exercised to protect the person and property of subjects, particularly children who are unable to look to their own interests. The court has a wide power in relation to the welfare of infants. The dominant factor in the exercise of the jurisdiction is always what is in the best interests of the child in question. In a passage approved by Brennan J in Marion's Case[2] it was described by Lord Esher MR in R v Gyngall[3]:
'The court is placed in a position by reason of the prerogative of the Crown to act as supreme parent of children, and must exercise that jurisdiction in the manner in which a wise, affectionate, and careful parent would act for the welfare of the child.'
The power is to be exercised for the protection of those whose plight enlivens it. See also Fountain v Alexander[4]."
[4] The court's parens patriae jurisdiction clearly extends to B, but it does not extend to her unborn child.[5]
The administration of medical or surgical treatment to an adult of full mental capacity may be an assault or trespass to the person and so unlawful in the absence of the patient's consent to the treatment. Under the common law a minor is capable of giving informed consent when he or she "achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what is proposed." Until then, in most circumstances a parent has power to consent to treatment on the minor's behalf.[6] However, a parent does not have power to consent to some procedures: for example, the sterilisation of an intellectually disabled child (for its own sake, and not as incidental to some other treatment) requires the authorisation of the Court.[7]
[6] There are potentially difficult issues of criminal responsibility whenever the question of terminating a pregnancy arises. There may also be complex moral, ethical and religious issues, but these are beyond the province of the Court to determine.
[7] Under our criminal law anyone who unlawfully administers a drug or performs a surgical or other medical procedure intending to terminate a pregnancy commits an offence.
[8] Section 224 of the Criminal Code provides -
Any person who, with intent to procure the miscarriage of a woman, whether she is or is not with child, unlawfully administers to her or causes her to take any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means whatever, is guilty of a crime, and is liable to imprisonment for 14 years."
See also s 226, by which the unlawful supply of drugs or instruments to procure an abortion is an offence.
[9] It is unlawful to administer a drug or to perform a surgical or other medical procedure intending to terminate a pregnancy unless that conduct is authorised, excused or justified by law.
[10] B's parents divorced some years ago, and the Family Court made residence and contact orders in relation to her and her siblings. Her parents share long-term responsibility for her care, welfare and development. Normally she resides with her mother and younger sibling. About three weeks ago, her mother went interstate where she is fulfilling work commitments, and her grandmother and father have been looking after her in her mother's absence.
[11] The whereabouts of the putative father of the baby are not known, but he is thought to be in another part of Queensland.
[12] I accept the considered opinions of the two psychiatrists and the obstetrician who have examined B that the continuation of her pregnancy would pose serious danger to her mental health and well-being, beyond the normal dangers of pregnancy and childbirth. In their opinions the termination of her pregnancy is the only way to avert that danger, and it would not be a disproportionate response to that danger.
[13] It is proposed to administer a drug misoprostol, which would induce labour, resulting in the termination of the pregnancy by the expulsion of the foetus. Misoprostol is a man-made form of the protein prostaglandin. It would be administered to B orally in five doses over 12 hours, and the foetus would be expected to be expelled in the next 12 hours. If it were not, the procedure would be repeated. There is a less than 5% possibility that a third attempt would be required, after a week. Common side effects of the drug include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hot flushes, abdominal pain and mild fever.
[14] The risks of using alternative procedures to terminate B's pregnancy are far higher. The procedure of dilatation of the cervix and evacuation of the uterus in pregnancies beyond 14 weeks carries a higher risk of damage to the cervix or the uterus. It is generally not undertaken in public hospitals. The risks of a surgical procedure (a hysterotomy) are higher than those associated with a delivery; the morbidity rate is high, particularly in children.
[15] B has told those who have been caring for her and those who have examined her at the hospital that she wishes to have her pregnancy terminated, and her parents both consent to that course. But in my view this is one of those cases where B is incapable of giving informed consent to the termination of her pregnancy and it is beyond her parents' powers to do so.
[16] B is only 12 years old. It seems unlikely that a 12 year old child of average intelligence and maturity could fully understand the significance of a termination of pregnancy, including the immediate and long term risks to herself as the mother of the baby. But I am satisfied that B is of less than average intelligence and maturity. Her father has described her intellectual capacity and emotional maturity as being similar to that of her nine year old sibling. Her obstetrician has likened her intellectual functioning to that of a child half her chronological age. A psychiatrist who has performed a mental status examination of her has said that her intellect is in the very low normal range, possibly even lower. Another psychiatrist who has examined her considers that she does have full understanding of the nature of the proposed termination, but I reject that opinion as against the weight of the evidence.
[17] In Marion's case,[8] Mason CJ, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ discussed why the parents of an intellectually disabled girl could not validly consent to her sterilisation, essentially because of the risks of their making the wrong decision and the grave consequences of their doing so. For similar reasons, B's parents should not be able to consent to the termination of her pregnancy. The Court in its role as parens patriae must act in the best interests of the child, B, whereas her parents may ultimately make a decision which favours other and possibly conflicting interests of the family as a whole (albeit one bifurcated by their own divorce). And, like the decision to sterilise, which was under consideration in Marion's Case, the medical profession might be expected to play a central role in the decision to terminate the pregnancy as well as in the procedure itself. To terminate a pregnancy is to negate the possibility of the mother ultimately giving birth to a live baby.
[18] The question of the lawfulness of conduct intended to terminate a pregnancy goes beyond whether consent is given by or on behalf of the mother of the unborn baby.
[19] The Court cannot authorise what would otherwise be criminal conduct. Moreover, it would not be in B's best interests to subject her to an unlawful act, especially a criminal act.[9]
A person is not criminally responsible for performing in good faith and with reasonable care and skill a surgical operation upon any person for the patient's benefit, or upon an unborn child for the preservation of the mother's life, if the performance of the operation is reasonable, having regard to the patient's state at the time and to all circumstances of the case."
[21] A medical practitioner who performs a surgical operation on a pregnant woman is not criminally responsible for the death of the foetus if the operation is for the preservation of the mother's life: K v T;[10] Re Bayliss.[11] In B's case there are sound medical reasons for not performing a surgical procedure. Therefore, s 282 is not applicable here.
(1) It is the duty of every person who has care of a child under 16 years to -
(a) provide the necessaries of life for the child; and
(b) take the precautions that are reasonable in all the circumstances to avoid danger to the child's life, health or safety; and
(c) take the action that is reasonable in all the circumstances to remove the child from any such danger;
and he or she is held to have caused any consequences that result to the life and health of the child because of any omission to perform that duty, whether the child is helpless or not."
In my view, danger to a child's health includes danger to her mental health. A "person who has care of a child" is extensively, but not exhaustively, defined in subsection (2), as follows -
person who has care of a child includes a parent, foster parent, step parent, guardian or other adult in charge of the child, whether or not the person has lawful custody of the child."
Applying the approach of Chesterman J in State of Queensland v Nolan,[12] that definition is capable of extending to the hospital and doctors who have undertaken the care of B.
[23] In the circumstances of this case, the administration of the drug misoprostol in order to terminate B's pregnancy would be reasonable to avoid danger to her mental health, and so it would not be unlawful. It would be in B's best interests for termination of her pregnancy by that means to proceed.
[24] This application came before the Court in its Applications List. B by her litigation guardian (her father) was made the respondent to the application. Her father had no legal representation, and indicated his intention simply to concur in the submissions of the applicant's counsel.
[25] Given the gravity of the application, its urgency, and that I was informed that this was the first time the Court had been asked to consider the lawfulness of the termination of a minor's pregnancy by the administration of a drug, it was desirable that there be a contradictor. At the Court's request, the President of the Bar Association of Queensland arranged for Mr J R Hunter of counsel to appear as an amicus curiae. The Court commenced to hear submissions at about 7.00 pm, and a decision was made later that evening.
[26] I record the Court's appreciation to Mr Hunter, for his careful and dispassionate exposing of issues for its determination. His conduct exemplified the best traditions of the Bar.
[27] I record, too, the assistance derived from the thorough preparation of the case by the applicant's counsel, Ms S Gallagher, and her instructing solicitor.
State of Queensland
B [2008] QSC 231
(1982) 150 CLR 615
(1992) 175 CLR 218