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[2026] NSWSC 1021
Supreme Court of NSW
2026-08-26
McGrath J
Original judgment source is linked above.
Source: NSW Caselaw (www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au). Converted to plain text by ZoeLaw. Not the official version.
Medium Neutral Citation: Sibley Investments Pty Ltd v Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd [2026] NSWSC 1021
Hearing dates: 3 – 4 August 2026
Date of orders: 26 August 2026
Decision date: 26 August 2026
Jurisdiction: Equity
Before: McGrath J
Decision: Specific performance of right to acquire shares granted
Catchwords: CONTRACT — construction — shareholders agreement — whether a loan default notice has been served in accordance with the shareholders agreement — whether there is a requirement for a further notice of default after a failure to remedy the breach within ten days — HELD — no requirement for a further notice of default — loan default notice was served in accordance with the shareholders agreement
CONTRACT — construction — shareholders agreement — where a security default notice was served in respect of shares provided as security to a third party in breach of the shareholders agreement — whether a deed poll purporting to remedy that breach extinguished the right to acquire shares under the shareholder agreement as a consequence of the security default notice — HELD — the right to acquire shares as a consequence of the security default notice arose immediately upon the breach and did not provide a period within which it may be remedied before the default arose
CONTRACT — construction — shareholders agreement — where the shareholders agreement provided that it would be automatically terminated upon the commencement of certain proceedings against the company — whether proceedings commenced against the company caused the shareholders agreement to be automatically terminated — HELD — on its proper construction, the proceedings commenced against the company were not proceedings that triggered the automatic termination of the shareholders agreement
EQUITY — equitable remedies — specific performance — the right of one shareholder to purchase shares of another shareholder under shareholders agreement to obtain controlling interest — where the shares are not freely or readily available on the open market — whether damages an adequate remedy — HELD — specific performance of right to acquire shares granted
Legislation Cited: Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), s 588FA
Cases Cited: BTR plc v Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co (Aust) Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 246
Charter Pacific Corporation Ltd v Securicom (NSW) Pty Ltd [2018] NSWSC 1246
Dewhirst v Edwards [1983] 1 NSWLR 34
Hometeam Constructions Pty Ltd v McCauley [2005] NSWCA 303
Mannai Investment Co Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co Ltd [1997] AC 749
McDonald v Dennys Lascelles Ltd (1933) 48 CLR 457; [1933] HCA 25
REW08 Projects Pty Ltd v PNC Lifestyle Investments Pty Ltd (2017) 95 NSWLR 458; [2017] NSWCA 269
Rossi Recycling Pty Ltd v Buckland Valley Pty Ltd (2022) 165 ACSR 332; [2022] VSC 467
Santangelo v Yates Holdings Victoria Pty Ltd [2022] NSWSC 397
Stern v McArthur (1988) 165 CLR 489; [1988] HCA 51
Wong v Van Vlymen [2016] NSWSC 161
Sibley Investments Pty Ltd
Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd
Texts Cited: Heydon on Contract (LawBook Co, 2019)
Category: Principal judgment
Parties: Sibley Investments Pty Ltd (Plaintiff)
Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd (Defendant)
Representation: Counsel:
B Koch (Plaintiff)
A d’Arville (Defendant)
Solicitors:
Crawford Legal (Plaintiff)
Hall Partners (Defendant)
File Number(s): 2025/00226387
Publication restriction: Nil
The plaintiff, Sibley Investments Pty Ltd, has brought these proceedings against the defendant, Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd, in essence seeking an order for specific performance of the obligation of Oldfields Advance in the Shareholders Agreement dated 28 January 2005 between them for Oldfields Advance to transfer its shares in Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd (ASS) to Sibley Investments for the consideration calculated in accordance with the Shareholders Agreement.
Sibley Investments alleges that Oldfields Advance has breached the Shareholders Agreement by causing ASS to make unauthorised loans to related companies of Oldfields Advance which have not been repaid and by granting security over its shares in ASS so as to engage the right of Sibley Investments to require Oldfields Advance to transfer its interest in ASS to Sibley Investments.
By the time of the hearing before me, Oldfields Advance admitted that the Shareholders Agreement had been breached by it in the manner alleged, that it had failed to remedy its breach in respect of the unauthorised loans and that these loans remain outstanding (T28). Oldfields Advance maintains that Sibley Investments is not entitled to the specific performance of the obligation under the Shareholders Agreement for the transfer of its shares in ASS that Sibley Investments seeks, arguing that damages are an adequate remedy and that the decree of specific performance should be refused as a matter of discretion on the basis that Sibley Investments does not have “clean hands” (T35).
In my view, none of the grounds submitted by Oldfields Advance as a basis on which specific performance should be refused have any substance.
I have determined that Sibley Investments is entitled to specific performance of the obligation of Oldfields Advance to transfer its shares in ASS to Sibley Investments in accordance with the Shareholders Agreement. The remaining issue of the precise form of orders to be made which give effect to the specific performance will require further submissions from the parties.
ASS was incorporated on 5 November 2004. Since that time, ASS has carried on a business hiring and selling scaffolding and providing scaffolding services in South Australia and Western Australia. Currently, ASS has a turnover of about $11 million per year, with around 55 to 60 employees.
The shares in ASS are held by Oldfields Advance (600 shares or 60% of the issued share capital) and Sibley Investments (400 shares or 40% of the issued share capital).
Oldfields Advance is a wholly owned subsidiary of Oldfield Holdings Ltd (OHL). OHL was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. In February 2026, OHL was placed into liquidation pursuant to the order of the Federal Court of Australia following a winding up application brought by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Another subsidiary of OHL, Oldfields Pty Ltd, is also in liquidation pursuant to a winding up application brought by the ATO. As at August 2025, approximately 50% of the issued shares in OHL are held by EQ****M Holdings Pty Ltd.
Luke Sibley is a director of Sibley Investments and at all times since 31 January 2005 he has been a director of ASS. Mr Sibley is also employed by ASS as its general manager, having signed his employment contract on 15 February 2005. Mr Sibley commenced employment with OHL and its related companies (together, Oldfields) in 1990. In about 2004, Mr Sibley was approached by Anthony Mankarios, the then Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Oldfields, to set up a new joint venture in South Australia, which subsequently became ASS. Originally, Sibley Investments paid $330,000 for a 25% shareholding in ASS and has subsequently paid further sums to Oldfields to acquire further shares in ASS so that its shareholding in ASS now stands at 40%.
At the time that ASS was established, Mr Mankarios was the CEO of Oldfields, which he remained until he left in about 2010.
When Mr Mankarios left Oldfields in 2010, he was replaced as the CEO of Oldfields by Tony Grima, who remained the CEO of Oldfields until late 2016.
In about December 2016, Richard Abela commenced as the CEO and managing director of Oldfields and he was also appointed a director of OLH and ASS on 12 December 2016. Mr Abela ceased being the CEO of Oldfields in about mid-2022, but remained a director of OLH and ASS until 9 September 2022.
In about mid-2022, Michael Micallef became the CEO of Oldfields and was also a director of OLH and ASS from 5 August 2022. He ceased being a director of ASS on 23 January 2024. He ceased being the CEO of Oldfields and a director of OLH on 30 April 2025.
From about 2014 to 2019, Greg Parker was the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Oldfields. From 2019 to March 2024, Alan Lee was the CFO of Oldfields. Paul Ryan then replaced Mr Lee as CFO of Oldfields.
Other relevant directors of OLH and ASS were as follows:
David Baird was a director of OLH and ASS from 18 June 2020 until 30 April 2025;
Joseph Screnci was a director of OLH and ASS from 1 December 2023 to 30 April 2025;
Frank Lesko has been a director of OLH since late 2023 and a director of ASS since 30 April 2025; and
James Stavroulakis has been a director of OLH since late 2023 and a director of ASS since 30 April 2025.
Wayne Ding (also known as Mr Ma) is a representative of EQM, the largest shareholder of OLH. Mr Ding has not been appointed a director or employee of OLH or EQM.
The relationship between Sibley Investments and Oldfields Advance as shareholders of ASS is governed by the terms of the Shareholders Agreement. No submission was made by Oldfields Advance that that the Shareholders Agreement is not binding on the parties to it despite a pleading to that effect by Oldfields Advance in [9] of its defence filed 18 August 2025.
The relevant provisions of the Shareholder Agreement which are engaged by the issues in these proceedings are as follows:
Clause 2.1 provides that “[ASS’] shall conduct the Business”, with Business being defined in cl 1.1 as the business conducted by ASS from time to time, including “the sale and hire of scaffolding and related products”.
Clause 2.3(c) provides:
The Shareholders shall procure that the Company resolve to undertake, agree to undertake or undertake a Major Matter only if a resolution is passed at a Shareholder’s’ [sic] meeting in accordance with the procedures set out in clause 4, unless otherwise agreed to by the parties in writing.
[M]aking a Loan or advance of any amount or giving credit (other than normal trade credit) in excess of $50,000.00 to pay to any entity, apart from deposits with bankers which are repayable upon the giving of not more than seven days’ notice…
…
(i) the Shareholder transfers, assigns or otherwise deals with all or any of his shares except in accordance with the constitution or this agreement;
(ii) the Shareholder breaches any obligation under this agreement and fails to remedy such breach within 10 days after receiving written notice from the remaining Shareholders of that breach;
… it enters into or resolves to enter into an arrangement, composition or compromise with or assignment for the benefit of his/its creditors generally or any class of creditors or proceedings are commenced to sanction such an arrangement, composition or compromise…
If this agreement is terminated under clause 13.2 then, in addition to other rights, powers or remedies provided by Law:
(a) each party is released from his obligations to perform this Agreement further, except those obligations under clause 12; and
(b) each Shareholder retains the rights it has against each other Shareholder and the Company in respect of any past breach.
Each party must use all reasonable endeavours to amicably settle all disputes which relate to this agreement.
If a dispute relating to this agreement is not resolved under clause 14(a) within 10 business days of a party requiring the other party or parties, as the case may be, to act under clause 14(a), any party to the dispute … may refer the dispute for determination by an Independent Expert.
Clause 2.2(e) of the Shareholders Agreement required Oldfields Advance to “provide, or procure the provision of, administrative services and grant a licence of its intellectual property” to ASS under the Service and Licence Agreement. Clause 2.2(f) of the Shareholders Agreement recorded the agreement of Oldfields Advance and Sibley Investments to the terms of, and their obligation to sign, the Service and Licence Agreement in Annexure 3 to the Shareholders Agreement.
On or about 28 January 2005, Oldfields Advance and ASS entered into the Service and Licence Agreement under which Oldfields Advance was paid a management fee for the provision of corporate services to ASS, either by itself, or by whichever entity within the broader Oldfields group it ultimately procured to perform the services. The services included the preparation of management reports, annual reports and tax returns, bank reconciliations, accounts payable and receivable functions, and human resources management and payroll services.
By virtue of the Service and Licence Agreement, Oldfields Advance was authorised to enter into transactions on ASS’s bank account, such as by paying suppliers of ASS. The finance and accounts staff for Oldfields were employed by OHL, so as a result Oldfields Advance could only perform its duties under the Service and Licence Agreement through employees of OHL. Oldfields Advance’s directors included the CEO and CFO of OHL, to whom the corporate office staff reported.
In these proceedings, Oldfields Advance admitted that, by itself or by its agents, it made payments from the bank accounts of ASS.
| Year | Month | Owing | | Year | Month | Owing | | 2018 | June | -$70,490 | | 2022 | October | $1,570,130 | | 2018 | October | -$66,554 | | 2022 | November | $961,567 | | 2019 | March | -$49,477 | | 2022 | December | $1,239,898 | | 2019 | June | -$100,619 | | 2023 | January | $1,277,528 | | 2019 | October | -$140,614 | | 2023 | February | $1,516,209 | | 2019 | December | -$230,414 | | 2023 | March | $1,487,050 | | 2020 | January | -$450,353 | | 2023 | April | $1,628,962 | | 2020 | February | -$265,153 | | 2023 | May | $1,360,692 | | 2020 | March | -$21,314 | | 2023 | June | $959,358 | | 2020 | April | -$135,249 | | 2023 | July | $1,339,000 | | 2020 | June | -$106,332 | | 2023 | August | $1,049,419 | | 2020 | July | -$135,249 | | 2023 | September | $794,995 | | 2020 | August | $59,238 | | 2023 | October | $452,290 | | 2021 | February | $661,830 | | 2023 | December | $884,555 | | 2021 | March | $494,047 | | 2024 | January | $645,158 | | 2021 | April | $661,830 | | 2024 | February | $1,330,956 | | 2021 | June | $480,473 | | 2024 | March | $1,185,457 | | 2021 | December | $1,295,124 | | 2024 | April | $1,448,471 | | 2022 | February | $1,423,144 | | 2024 | May | $1,805,933 | | 2022 | March | $1,438,692 | | 2024 | June | $1,101,237.62 | | 2022 | April | $1,293,459 | | 2024 | August | $1,553,173.33 | | 2022 | May | $863,931 | | 2024 | September | $1,786,891.62 | | 2022 | June | $1,315,860 | | 2025 | January | $1,872,601.60 | | 2022 | July | $1,301,172 | | 2025 | February | $1,957,804.20 | | 2022 | August | $1,511,108 | | 2025 | March | $1,835,870,77 | | 2022 | September | $1,625,535 | | 2025 | April | $1,816,330.60 |
As the table reveals, prior to August 2020, there was a modest intercompany loan balance between ASS and Oldfields, with ASS owing money to Oldfields generally arising from Oldfields paying for stock imported by ASS, which ASS would pay all in cash every quarter.
On several occasions prior to mid-2020, Mr Park as the CFO of Oldfields, spoke to Mr Sibley about Oldfields needing cash and proposing that a larger-than-usual dividend be declared and paid by ASS for the purpose of improving Oldfield’s cash position, a proposal with which Mr Sibley typically agreed. On other occasions, Mr Park proposed to Mr Sibley that ASS also make a short-term loan to Oldfields, including the payment of interest on one occasion, which was also agreed between them. Although these loans did not involve a formal resolution of ASS approving them, the agreement between Mr Sibley and Mr Park about the loans and the terms on which they occurred achieved the same practical result. Mr Sibley does not complain about any aspect of them other than to contrast the position up to mid-2020 with what occurred after that time.
In August 2020, as the table set out above indicates, there was a dramatic change in the inter-company loan position between ASS and Oldfields, with the consistent position from August 2020 to April 2025 being that Oldfields owed significant amounts to ASS. As Oldfields had access to the bank account of ASS, funds were more regularly and in higher amounts transferred from the bank account of ASS to Oldfields. In the period from 2020 to 2025, Mr Sibley consistently and repeatedly raised his objections to the practice by Oldfields with Mr Abela, Mr Lee, Mr Baird and Mr Micallef in numerous emails, including ones in which he asserted they were acting in breach of the Shareholders Agreement. The complaints made by Mr Sibley included discussions in early 2022 with Mr Ding as the Australian-based representative of the largest shareholder of OLH, EQM, but those communications were to no avail.
The inter-company loan balance showed that in August 2020, Oldfields owed $59,238 to ASS, by February 2021 it had grown to $661,830, by the end of 2021 it was at $1,295,124, by May 2024 it had climbed to $1,805,933 and it peaked in February 2025 at $1,957,804.20.
In summary, Mr Sibley’s uncontested evidence is that in respect of advances from ASS to Oldfields in the period after mid-2020, the consent of Sibley Investments was not sought for the advance of funds from ASS’s bank account prior to the advance being made, Sibley Investments did not consent to the advances, there were no resolutions of the shareholders of ASS in relation to the advances, there was no agreement of Sibley Investments to the commercial terms for a short-term loan and Oldfields did not undertake a quarterly reconciliation of loan balances or make cash payments to clear the balance owing. It is abundantly clear that Sibley Investments did not consent to or acquiesce in any practice of Oldfields causing ASS to advance large sums of money to Oldfields. I am satisfied that the advances made from August 2020 onwards were done without the approval of Sibley Investments.
Just after the time of the peak amount of the inter-company loan balance in February 2025, Mr Micallef raised with Mr Sibley the urgent need of Oldfields for cash, a proposal for Mr Sibley to acquire an interest in OLH and an additional interest in ASS, the risk of insolvency for Oldfields if it did not raise short-term funding of $1.5 million and a proposed capital raise of $5 million. At about the same time, Oldfields had not paid as superannuation to employees for the previous quarter, was six weeks away from having to pay the next superannuation contribution and ASS had a tax instalment liability of about $370,000, which it was required to pay in January 2025.
On 28 March 2025, Sibley Investments served the Loan Default Notice at the registered office of Oldfields Advance in the following form:
Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd (ACN 111 683 697) (the Company)
To: Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd (ACN 088 478 399) (OAS)
Address: 25 Helles Avenue, Moorebank NSW 2170
From: Sibley Investments Pty Ltd c/- 17 Kanowna Road, Largs Bay SA 5016
Date: 28 March 2025
Default Notice (Notice)
1. This Notice is a Default Notice for the purposes of clause 10 of the Shareholders Agreement between OAS and Sibley Investments Pty Ltd (ACN 111 827 797) (Sibley Investments) relating to the Company.
2. The issuer of this Notice is Sibley Investments.
3. This Default Notice is separate and additional to another Default Notice issued on even date in relation to an encumbrance granted over OAS’s shares in the Company.
- Sibley Investments has previously notified Oldfields Holdings Limited (OHL) that monies in ASS’s bank account are being transferred to OHL without the consent of Sibley Investments. Once transferred, the monies are used for OHL’s general business purposes. The transfers are therefore not for the benefit of ASS’s shareholders and/or creditors.
5. As at the date of this Notice, the transfers have materially contributed to an intercompany loan balance between ASS and OHL of approximately $1.9 million; that is, OHL owes ASS approximately $1.9 million.
6. Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement, the making of a loan is a “Major Matter” requiring unanimous shareholder approval. Sibley Investments has never approved the loans arising from the appropriation of ASS’s funds. Sibley Investments has actively objected to those loans.
7. Sibley Investments anticipates that in the week commencing 31 March 2025, further monies will be taken from ASS’s bank account and paid to OHL without Sibley Investment’s approval. Such conduct would give rise to a further loan by ASS without the approval of both of its shareholders and, accordingly, will be a further breach of the Shareholders Agreement.
8. In this regard, this is a Notice for the purposes of clause 10(a)(ii) of the Shareholders Agreement that OAS is presently in default of the Shareholders Agreement by allowing loans to be made to OHL without unanimous shareholder approval. OAS is required to remedy that default within 10 days from the date of this letter.
9. The appropriate remedy is for OAS to cause OHL to pay cash to ASS in an amount that will reduce the intercompany loan balance to nil.
10. Further appropriation of money from ASS’s bank account on or after the date of this Notice will exacerbate the existing breach of the Shareholders’ Agreement. In that event, remedying the default would require the additional cash to be repaid in addition to the present intercompany loan balance. The appropriate course, however, is simply for OAS not to commit further breaches of the Shareholders’ Agreement.
11. All of Sibley Investments’ rights are reserved.
Luke Sibley
[signature]
Sibley Investments Pty Ltd
The matters recited in the Loan Default Notice constitute a breach of cl 2.3(c) of the Shareholders Agreement because Oldfields Advance caused ASS to loan more than $50,000 to Oldfields Advance and, as a Major Matter defined in Schedule 1 to the Shareholders Agreement, it required a 75% vote of the shareholders of ASS for such loans to be authorised and no such resolution was passed. Oldfields Advance failed to repay the money required of it to remedy the breach of cl 10(a)(ii) of the Shareholders Agreement within 10 days of the Loan Default Notice. Sibley Investments was therefore entitled to issue the Loan Default Notice in accordance with cl 10(a)(ii) of the Shareholders Agreement, and it validly did so.
On 2 May 2025, Mr Sibley sent an email to Mr Lesko (at that time a director of Oldfields Advance and a director of ASS) (2 May 2025 Email) in which he made an offer on behalf of Sibley Investments to purchase the ASS shares of Oldfields Advance but also reiterated that the Loan Default Notice (as well as the Security Default Notice, dealt with below) had been issued and he intended to complete the process for the sale of those ASS shares to Sibley Investments.
On 19 May 2025, the solicitors acting for Sibley Investments (Crawford Legal) sent a letter to Oldfields Advance (19 May 2025 Letter) in which they reiterated that Sibley Investments had exercised its rights to purchase the ASS shares of Oldfields Advance under cl 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement and enclosed a share transfer form for execution by Oldfields Advance on or before 23 May 2025.
The Loan Default Notice is accepted as having commenced the default sale process in cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement for each of the following reasons:
It meets the description of a “notice in writing setting out the default” as required in cl 10 (b) of the Shareholders Agreement, as do the 2 May 2025 Email and the 19 May 2025 Letter. The loan default notice was served at the registered office of Oldfield’s Advance and each of the 2 May 2025 Email and the 19 May 2025 Letter were issued by email, all of which were permitted as the means of service of a notice pursuant to cl 16 of the Shareholders Agreement.
Although the form of the notice required by cl 10(b) is not prescribed, interpreting the Loan Default Notice objectively and in accordance with business commonsense, the content of it is sufficiently clear to a reasonable person in the position of Oldfields Advance who has knowledge of the terms of the Shareholders Agreement and taking into account all the surrounding circumstances: Hometeam Constructions Pty Ltd v McCauley [2005] NSWCA 303, McColl JA (with whom Ipp and Tobias JJA) at [148]–[151], citing Mannai Investment Co Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co Ltd [1997] AC 749. The context of the Loan Default Notice was that Mr Sibley was communicating with the various representatives of Oldfields Advance about the process by which Sibley Investments would acquire the ASS shares of Oldfields Advance, namely the compulsory process in the Shareholders Agreement or through negotiation.
On the proper construction of cll 10(a)(ii) and 10(b) of the Shareholders Agreement, there is no requirement for a second notice of default beyond the Loan Default Notice to be served by Sibley Investments following the failure of Oldfields Advance to remedy the identified default within ten days after receiving it.
It is clear that the Loan Default Notice has been served in accordance with cl 16 of the Shareholders Agreement and has come to the attention of Oldfields Advance. The identified default in the Loan Default Notice has not been cured.
Oldfields Advance does not dispute that the Loan Default Notice is a valid notice which was sent to Oldfields Advance in respect of a default by Oldfields Advance which has not been remedied (T28).
On 22 April 2022, Oldfields Advance granted a security interest over “[a]ll present and after-acquired property – no exceptions” in favour of P****ure A****sset Management Pty Ltd. Amongst that property was the shareholding of Oldfields Advance in ASS.
On 26 March 2025, Mr Sibley attended a videoconference between representatives of Oldfields Advance (Mr Micallef and Mr Screnci), Garry Morrison (a business contact of Mr Sibley) and a representative of Pure Asset (Nick Berry). During the videoconference, Mr Michaelis said that Oldfields needed to raise working capital immediately and, if it did not, then it could be in administration as early as the following week.
On 27 March 2025, as part of Mr Sibley’s planning for Sibley Investments to purchase the shares in ASS held by Oldfields Advance pursuant to the Loan Default Notice, Mr Sibley instructed his solicitors to conduct a search of the Personal Property Securities Register which revealed that Oldfields Advance had granted the “all property” security in favour of Pure Asset.
On 28 March 2025, Sibley served the S****ecurity D****efault N****otice at the registered office of Oldfields Advance in the following form:
Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd (ACN 111 683 697) (the Company)
To: Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd (ACN 088 478 399) (OAS)
Address: 25 Helles Avenue, Moorebank NSW 2170
From: Sibley Investments Pty Ltd c/- 17 Kanowna Road, Largs Bay SA 5016
Date: 28 March 2025
Default Notice (Notice)
1. This Notice is a Default Notice for the purposes of clause 10 of the Shareholders Agreement between OAS and Sibley Investments Pty Ltd (ACN 111 827 797) (Sibley Investments) relating to the Company.
2. The issuer of this Notice is Sibley Investments.
- Pursuant to clause 7(a) of the Shareholders Agreement, OAS could only “Share Deal” its shares in the Company if it complied with the rules set out in clause 7.
4. The definition of Share Deal included granting, creating or allowing an Encumbrance (as defined) in or over a share in the Company.
5. On or about 22 April 2022, OAS granted or allowed Pure Asset Management Pty Ltd as trustee for the Income and Growth Fund (PAM) to obtain, and register, an All Present and After Acquired Property security interest over all of the assets of OAS.
6. The assets of OAS include the shares held by it in the Company (the Shares).
7. Prior to granting this security interest over the Shares, OAS did not obtain the consent of Sibley Investments or otherwise comply with the procedures required by clause 7 of the Shareholders Agreement.
8. Clause 10(a)(i) of the Shareholders Agreement provides that OAS is in default of the Shareholders Agreement if it transfers, assigns or otherwise deals with all or any of its Shares except in accordance with the Shareholders Agreement or the Company’s constitution.
9. Accordingly, OAS is in default of the Shareholders Agreement and Sibley Investments is entitled to exercise its rights arising from the default.
10. Pursuant to clause 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement, upon serving this Notice on OAS, OAS is deemed to have offered its Shares for sale to Sibley Investments (being the only other shareholder of the Company) for a price equal to 90% of their “Fair Market Value”.
- The Shareholders Agreement defines ““Fair Market Value”“ as being 2.1 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation (EBITDA).
12. Adopting EBITDA for the 12 months to 31 December 2024, our client calculates the offer price to be $2,501,604.
13. This calculation is based on EBITDA of $2,206,000, which is then discounted to 90% of EBITDA and apportioned over the 60% of Shares held by OAS in the Company.
14. Subject to the following matter, Sibley Investments accepts the deemed offer to buy OAS’s Shares for that price.
15. The default which gives rise to the deemed offer to sell the Shares is the granting of a security interest over those Shares. The continued existence of the security interest which gives rise to the right to purchase the Shares would prejudice Sibley Investments and would be a further incident of the oppressive conduct of ASS’s affairs to the detriment of Sibley Investments.
16. The Shareholders Agreement contemplates the transfer of the Shares unencumbered that is the only way a breach by granting a security interest can be addressed under the default buy-out regime. Accordingly, it is a condition of Sibley Investments’ acquisition of the Shares that at completion of the sale and purchase of the Shares, OAS will deliver a release of the Shares from PAM’s security interest. That is, it is a term of the sale and purchase of the Shares that at completion the following steps will occur simultaneously:
16.1 Sibley Investments will pay the amount set out above; and
16.2 OAS will deliver a signed transfer form for the Shares, an executed release of the Shares from the security interest, and its original share certificate(s) for the Shares.
17. Such completion conditions are consistent with the terms of the Shareholders’ Agreement, are mechanical in nature, and are necessary to give effect to the parties’ agreement for the sale and purchase of Shares pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement.
18. Sibley Investments stands ready, willing and able to pay the purchase price to OAS or as directed by it (eg, to PAM as security holder), provided the completion conditions are agreed and performed.
19. Sibley Investments proposes that completion occur on 30 April 2025.
20. Sibley Investments seeks your urgent confirmation that OAS accepts that the deemed offer and resulting purchase of the Shares must occur on the terms set out above and that OAS will comply with the stipulated completion conditions.
21. All of Sibley Investments’ rights are reserved.
Yours faithfully
[signature]
Luke Sibley
Sibley Investments Pty Ltd
The matters recited in the Security Default Notice constitute a breach of cl 10(a)(i) of the Shareholders Agreement. Sibley Investments was therefore entitled to issue the Security Default Notice in accordance with cl 10(a)(i) of the Shareholders Agreement, and it validly did so. The Security Default Notice is also accepted as having commenced the default sale process in cl 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement for the same reasons as set out above in relation to the Loan Default Notice.
On 6 April 2025, Pure Asset sent a letter to OHL which stated:
Regarding PURE’s security registration over Oldfields Advance Scaffold Pty Ltd ACN 088 478 399 and its associated assets.
PURE agrees to rescind its security position over the shares of Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd ACN 111 683 697, on the basis that the Board of Oldfields Advanced Scaffolding agrees not to transfer, assign or otherwise deal in or create an encumbrance over its shareholding in Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd without the prior approval of PURE.
This notice did not release Pure Asset’s security interest over the ASS shares of Oldfields Advance and therefore did not remedy the breach of cl 7 of the Shareholders Agreement. It was also sent after the Security Default Notice had already enlivened the sale procedure in clause 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement. Further, the rescission of the security position is conditional on the agreement of Oldfields Advance “not to transfer, assign or otherwise deal in or create an encumbrance over its shareholding in [ASS] without the prior approval of [Pure Asset]”, one of the very things that Sibley Investments had already required of Oldfields Advance by the service of the Security Default Notice, being the sale of the ASS shares by Oldfields Advance to Sibley Investments.
As stated above, in the 2 May 2025 Email, Mr Sibley informed Mr Lesko that the Loan Default Notice and the Security Default Notice had both been issued and that he intended to complete the process for the sale of the ASS shares of Oldfields Advance to Sibley Investments.
On 16 May 2025, Pure Asset executed a Deed Poll in which it released the ASS shares held by Oldfields Advance from the security interest granted to it on 22 April 2022 by Oldfields Advance. In this way, the breach of the Shareholders Agreement specified in the Security Default Notice was remedied, although not before Sibley Investments had already exercised its rights under cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement and in circumstances where the rights of Sibley Investments under cl 10(a)(i) of the Shareholders Agreement arose immediately upon the breach on 22 April 2022 and do not provide for a period within which Oldfields Advance may remedy that breach before the default arose.
Oldfields Advance does not dispute that the Security Default Notice is a valid notice which was sent to Oldfields Advance in respect of a default by Oldfields Advance (T28).
Oldfields Advance submits that proceedings commenced by EQM against ASS in the Corporations List of this court on 5 February 2026 (EQM Proceedings) caused the Shareholders Agreement to be automatically terminated by the operation of cl 13.2(b)(iii). I reject that submission as it is quite plain on the proper construction of cl 13.2(b)(iii) of the Shareholders Agreement that none of the acts which trigger its operation have occurred. Specifically, ASS has not entered into or resolved “to enter into an arrangement, composition or compromise with or assignment for the benefit of its creditors generally or any class of creditors” and no proceedings have been “commenced to sanction such an arrangement, composition or compromise”. The EQM Proceedings are not within the latter category.
In any event, cl 13.3(b) of the Shareholders Agreement provides that in the event of a termination under cl 13.2, “each Shareholder retains the rights it has against each other Shareholder and the Company in respect of any past breach”. As the Loan Default Notice and the Security Default Notice were both issued on 28 March 2025, prior to the commencement of the EQM Proceedings, the rights held by Sibley Investments with respect to the identified breaches of the Shareholders Agreement had already accrued and are to be regarded as past breaches of the Shareholders Agreement for the purposes of cl 13.3(b). The rights accrued in respect of a breach before discharge of a contract continue unaffected and may operate prospectively: McDonald v Dennys Lascelles Ltd (1933) 48 CLR 457; [1933] HCA 25, Dixon J at 477; Heydon on Contract (LawBook Co, 2019) at [31.39]–[31.40].
Specific performance is an equitable remedy requiring a contracting party to carry out one or more contractual obligations resting on that party, with the discretionary factors to be addressed dependent on the circumstances of a particular case: Rossi Recycling Pty Ltd v Buckland Valley Pty Ltd (2022) 165 ACSR 332; [2022] VSC 467, Connock J at [564]–[566].
As stated in Rossi at [566], those discretionary factors may include the following:
whether there is an enforceable agreement;
whether there has been a breach of the agreement;
whether any issue of impossibility of performance arises;
whether damages are an adequate remedy;
whether the plaintiff has demonstrated, at least at the time when any order is to be made, it is ready, willing and able to perform all other substantial obligations;
whether there is mutuality in the sense that it is possible to award the remedy against both parties;
the plaintiff’s conduct and whether the plaintiff comes to equity with clean hands;
hardship to the defendant of awarding specific performance;
the involvement or impact from third parties; and
laches or delay.
Such of those matters as are relevant in the present case are addressed below.
The enforceable agreement which I have found to be breached in this case is the Shareholders Agreement. For the reasons set out above, Oldfields Advance was in default under cll 10(a)(i) and 10(a)(ii) of the Shareholders Agreement.
No issue of impossibility of performance arises in the present case.
Damages are an inadequate remedy in the present case. The starting point is that specific performance should be ordered for contracts for the sale of shares in a private company (such as ASS) because they are not readily obtainable in the market and it is very difficult to prove the value of such shares: Wong v Van Vlymen [2016] NSWSC 161, Stevenson J at [33]; Charter Pacific Corporation Ltd v Securicom (NSW) Pty Ltd [2018] NSWSC 1246, Stevenson J at [110]–[111].
Oldfields Advance argues that damages are an adequate remedy in the present case and the general rule expressed in Wong does not apply because the Shareholders Agreement provides a specific mechanism for determining the fair market value of the shares of ASS and that this value would be determined by the auditors of ASS if the parties could not agree (T31–33). I reject this argument because it does not take into account the full value of the shares in ASS which would be acquired by Sibley Investments that would result in it holding 100% of the shares in ASS. Sibley Investments currently holds 40% of the shares in ASS. By acquiring the 60% shareholding of Oldfields Advance in ASS, Sibley Investments would obtain control of ASS. The concept of a “control premium” beyond the fair value of a share is well known to the law in the context of takeovers. It is aptly described in BTR plc v Westinghouse Brake & Signal Co (Aust) Ltd (1992) 34 FCR 246 by Lockart and Hill JJ at 262 as follows:
These same principles are applicable when considering the release of the so-called “control premium”.
It is important to understand what this “premium” means. No individual share in a company carries any premium at all. If the fair value of one share in a company is to be ascertained by a valuer, that valuer will arrive at the valuation by reference to the appropriate valuation method (whether by capitalising profits or yields or by reference to the assets of the company) on the basis, if all shares in the company are ordinary shares, that each share has the same value. However, a parcel of shares carrying control may have a special value in that a hypothetical willing, but not too willing, purchaser would be prepared to pay more for those shares precisely because the parcel carries with it control. What percentage of shares constitutes control for this purpose may depend upon the facts of the particular case.
Accordingly, a direction to a valuer to determine the fair value of shares in a company would have the result that no regard would be had to a control premium precisely because that valuation is not a valuation of a particular parcel of shares.
A contract to sell property in the nature of shares or stock is specifically enforceable if the property is not readily available in the market. The same is true of contracts to allot shares. Hence contracts to buy all the shares in a company may be specifically enforced. The same is true if the shares agreed to be sold are shares not listed for quotation, or parcels of shares giving a controlling interest in a company, or parcels of shares the size or nature of which render them unduly difficult to acquire elsewhere, or the acquisition of which involves uncertain expenditure.
It is clear that the method for determining the fair value of a share in ASS in cl 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement, utilising the definition of Fair Market Value in cl 1.1 by reference to EBITDA (earnings before tax, interest, depreciation and amortisation) x 2.1, does not include any “control premium” which would recognise the special value of the ASS shares to Sibley Investments on acquiring the 60% shareholding of Oldfields Advance in ASS, which would give Sibley Investments full ownership and management control of ASS. If Sibley Investments were just to receive the value of the 60% shareholding in ASS as calculated under cl 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement as its damages, it would not be receiving an adequate remedy compared to what it would receive if an order for specific performance were made.
Oldfields Advance also argues that damages are an adequate remedy in the present case because the underlying breach of the Shareholders Agreement of making inter-company loans can be compensated in damages by an amount being repaid to ASS and the encumbering of the ASS shares to Pure Asset has been remedied by the release of the security interest by the Deed Poll on 16 May 2025 (T33). In support of this argument, Oldfields Advance relies on the following principles in Stern v McArthur (1988) 165 CLR 489; [1988] HCA 51, expressed by Deane and Dawson JJ at 526–527 (citations omitted):
The general underlying notion is that which has long been identified as underlying much of equity’s traditional jurisdiction to grant relief against unconscientious conduct, namely, that a person should not be permitted to use or insist upon his legal rights to take advantage of another’s special vulnerability or misadventure for the unjust enrichment of himself …
One situation in which equity has traditionally granted relief is where provision for forfeiture has been made to secure the payment of money and the party in default seeks relief upon the basis of payment of the amount owing together with the appropriate compensation. In that situation the object of the provision is achieved and it would be unconscientious for the other party to seek to take advantage of the forfeiture. …
Oldfields Advance says that while it does not say that it has any special vulnerability, this case involves a breach of the Shareholders Agreement which gives rise to money owing to ASS and the share sale procedure in cl 10 is being used as the remedy for that default through Sibley Investments insisting on its legal rights (T34).
The crucial weakness in this argument is that Oldfields Advance has failed to remedy the admitted breach of the Shareholders Agreement which arose from the making of inter-company loans to Oldfields. This is not a case where Sibley Investments is taking any form of unconscientious advantage of Oldfields Advance (a sophisticated commercial party) by insisting on its rights to exercise the sale procedure which the parties bargained for in cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement when the underlying breach has not been remedied by Oldfields Advance paying money to settle the inter-company balance with ASS. The breach specified in the Loan Default Notice has persisted since at least 28 March 2025, which is nearly 17 months ago, and Mr Sibley’s complaints about the practice of Oldfields taking loans from ASS date back to August 2020. I agree with Sibley Investments that these circumstances are not akin to those involved in a relief against forfeiture which were being dealt with in Stern (T41). The underlying breach has not been remedied and the sale procedure is available for Sibley Investments to come to this court and enforce, as it has.
During the hearing, Oldfields Advance provided a set of short minutes setting out proposed orders to support the submission it made that it was prepared to remedy the breach of the Shareholders Agreement identified in the Loan Default Notice in the following way:
1 The following amounts are payable by the Defendant to Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd (ASS):
(a) The intercompany loan amounts which, as at the date of these orders, are owed to Adelaide Scaffold Solutions Pty Ltd (ASS) by Oldfields Holdings Limited and Oldfields Pty Ltd.
(b) Interest on each of the intercompany loan amounts referred to in order 1(a).
2 The interest referred to in order 1(b) is calculated as follows:
(a) interest is to run from the date of each advance from ASS to either Oldfields Holdings Limited or Oldfields Pty Ltd;
(b) interest is to cease running when any amount is paid by the Defendant or when the parties (being the shareholders of ASS) agree to the set-off amounts as against amounts currently owed by ASS to the Defendant; and
(c) the rate of interest is that prescribed by Practice Note SC Gen 16.
3 To the extent that there is any dispute between the Plaintiff and the Defendant about:
(a) the amounts owing under order 1; or
(b) the amounts currently owed by ASS to the Defendant,
then those matters are to be resolved by the parties in accordance with the process in clause 14 of the Shareholders Agreement dated 28 January 2005.
Unfortunately, there was no basis on which it has been suggested that Oldfields Advance would have the financial capacity to make the proposed payments contemplated by these proposed orders. There is no evidence of the ability of Oldfields Advance to fund the proposed payments. This is despite the directions I made during the hearing on 3 August 2026 for such evidence, in the form of a proposed undertaking by Pure Asset and evidence to support the financial standing of Pure Asset to satisfy that undertaking, to be filed and served by 5pm that day. When the hearing resumed on 4 August 2026, Oldfields Advance made it clear that it did not rely on any further evidence (T48).
The evidence is that OHL, the only shareholder of Oldfields Advance, is in liquidation. There must be a real risk that any payment made to Sibley Investments which is sourced from or by Oldfields Advance is likely to be clawed back by a liquidator pursuant to a claim under s 588FA of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). This prospect is exacerbated by the existence of the Deed of Cross Guarantee dated 3 April 2012 to which Oldfields Advance is a party and in which cl 3.1 provides that Oldfields Advance (as one of the Group Entities defined in Part 1 of the Schedule to the Deed) covenants to pay any Creditor in full for any Debt owing on the winding up of all other Group Entities. Two of the Group Entities (OHL and Oldfields Pty Ltd) are already the subject of winding up orders for unpaid taxes.
A further problem with the orders is that they have the significant potential to create further dispute, there being no statement of the amounts which would be paid in accordance with proposed order 1. I agree with Sibley Investments that these proposed orders have the real capacity to give rise to satellite litigation in circumstances where the relationship of Sibley Investments and Oldfields Advance has fundamentally broken down (T39–40).
In short, the proposed orders do not assist Oldfields Advance as a means by which it will remedy the breach of the Shareholders Agreement. As Oldfields Advance readily accepted during submissions, because I am not satisfied that the proposed orders will remedy the breach of the Shareholders Agreement, then its argument based on alleged unconscientious conduct by Sibley Investments does not go anywhere (T34).
Sibley Investments has demonstrated that it is ready, willing and able to perform its obligations under cl 10(c) of the Shareholders Agreement by arranging finance for the acquisition of the 60% shareholding in ASS by way of a loan from Westpac.
I do not consider that an order for specific performance of the sale of ASS shares held by Oldfields Advance would involve any difficulties in ongoing supervision from the court. This is a separate question from the exercise of the court’s broad powers in connection with ordering specific performance, which may make the remedy conditional and give consequential directions, including making directions regarding the machinery to ensure that the decree is carried out, and making detailed orders about how the decree is to be carried into effect: Rossi at [567].
In Santangelo v Yates Holdings Victoria Pty Ltd [2022] NSWSC 397, Slattery J at [79]–[80] outlined the nature of the relief which should be granted in circumstances where the court maintains supervision over the performance of a contract as follows:
[79] … If the Court grants a decree of specific performance, from that time both the contract and its performance are under the control of the Court: PW Young, C Croft, ML Smith, On Equity (2009, Thomson Reuters) ('On Equity') at [16.1030]. Supplemental orders can always be made after a decree of specific performance: On Equity [16.1030]. When considering whether such an order should be made, it does not matter that the relevant facts arose after the decree: Australian Hardboards Ltd v Hudson Investment Group Ltd (2007) 70 NSWLR 201; [2007] NSWCA 104; BC200703270 at [125] (Australian Hardboards). That decree of specific performance gives rights to both parties under the contract, and both are at liberty to apply to the Court for clarification about their rights under the contract and the working out of the specific performance order: Australian Hardboards at [77].
[80] In addition to granting a decree of specific performance, based on authority such as Australian Hardboards, the Court will grant the parties liberty to apply to resolve any further issues that may arise in completing the contract, the further performance of which is now under the Court's supervision. The file will be retained in the chambers of the trial judge until the Court is informed that the contract has been completed. The grant of a decree for specific performance means that it is not necessary to make a declaration as to the validity and enforceability of the contract as that is implicit in the grant of the degree.
As for whether or not Sibley Investments has clean hands, not every act of wrongful conduct by a plaintiff gives rise to this defence because for the impropriety to be relevant it must have an immediate and necessary relation to the equity sued for: REW08 Projects Pty Ltd v PNC Lifestyle Investments Pty Ltd (2017) 95 NSWLR 458; [2017] NSWCA 269, Macfarlan JA (with whom Beazley P and Gleeson JA agreed) at [37], citing Dewhirst v Edwards [1983] 1 NSWLR 34 at 51.
Oldfields Advance argues that Sibley Investments’ failure to refer the dispute with Oldfields Advance for expert determination in accordance with cl 14(b) of the Shareholders Agreement is a matter which I should take into account in determining whether to order specific performance, while making no allegation that Sibley Investments had breached the dispute resolution procedures in cl 14 (T38). In my view, this submission is misplaced. It cannot constitute a lack of clean hands on the part of Sibley Investments so as to disentitle it to the remedy of specific performance for it to make the election not to refer the dispute to expert determination in its unfettered discretion, for which cl 14(b) provides. The parties have chosen in their bargain not to curtail the absolute discretion which cl 14(b) establishes (in contrast to the mandatory language in cl 14(a)) and there can be no criticism of the conduct of Sibley Investments to exercise that discretion in whichever way it chooses for whatever reason it wants. This includes by commencing these proceedings and seeking the remedy of specific performance against Oldfields Advance.
Oldfields Advance also submits that there is a lack of clean hands on the part of Sibley Investments by its failure to adhere to the procedure in cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement in the calculation of the Fair Market Value of the ASS shares which it seeks to acquire from Oldfields Advance (T35–38).
The Security Default Notice states that the Fair Market Value of the ASS shares held by Oldfields Advance was calculated as $2,501,604. This amount is based on the following steps:
Clause 1.1 of the Shareholders Agreement defines Fair Market Value as being 2.1 times earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation (EBITDA);
The EBITDA of ASS for the 12 months to 31 December 2024 was $2,207,000;
2.1 times EBITDA of $2,207,000 is $4,634,700;
90% of $4,632,000 is $4,171,230; and
60% of $4,171,230 is $2,502,738, which represents the Fair Market Value of the 60% shareholding of Oldfields Advance in ASS.
This calculation is supported by the affidavit of Michael Ruggiero sworn 1 October 2025, who explains that he is the Chairman of Partners of Bentleys SA/NT, he has been providing business advisory services to Sibley Investments and that these calculations were made under his instruction using the Income Statements for ASS for the period ending 31 December 2023 and the financial year ending 30 June 2024 and unaudited management accounts for the period from 1 July 2024 to 31 December 2024.
Oldfields Advance says that these calculations are erroneous because (T37–38):
the calculations for the 12 months ending 31 December 2024 are for the wrong time period and the correct time period is 12 months ended on the date of the Security Default Notice (28 March 2025);
the calculations are based on unaudited management accounts; and
the calculations are based on the operation of accounting standard AASB 117 (which requires the lease of business premises to be treated as an operating lease with rent payable as an expense) but should be based on accounting standard AASB 16 (which requires rent payable on real property leases to be represented by amortisation and interest expense, the right of use as an asset and the future lease payments as a liability) which came into operation on 1 January 2019.
I do not consider that by making a contested set of calculations Sibley Investments has engaged in any form of misconduct which would be classified as it lacking clean hands. It simply means that the parties are in dispute over a contestable matter which would be better determined by the court as part of the mechanics involved in the making of directions regarding the machinery to ensure that the decree of specific performance is carried out.
Oldfields Advance also criticises Sibley Investments for its failure to engage the auditors in making the calculation of the Fair Market Value (T37), relying on the portion of that definition which states:
If the Shareholders cannot agree on the Fair Market Value then such shall be determined by the Company’s auditors based on the foregoing calculation, despite clause 14.
In my view, the proper construction of this definition is that it is only engaged if the parties are in disagreement about the calculation of the Fair Market Value and nothing more. The definition of Fair Market Value is only used in cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement and has no function anywhere else. In the present case, the stance taken by Oldfields Advance has been that Sibley Investments is not entitled to rely on its rights in cl 10 of the Shareholders Agreement and it has not engaged with Sibley Investments to suggest that the only matter in dispute between them is the calculation of the Fair Market Value. I do not consider that Sibley Investments should have been expected to engage the auditors of ASS to determine the Fair Market Value when Oldfields Advance was asserting that Sibley Investments’ rights under cl 10 had not even arisen and no sale of its shares in ASS would take place. This is especially so where Sibley Investments is a minority shareholder in ASS and it would be expected that the auditors would only take their instructions from the board of ASS or all of the shareholders acting together. There is no relevant lack of clean hands by Sibley Investments in proceeding as it has without engaging the auditors of ASS in the dispute.
No discretionary matters concerning hardship to Oldfields Advance, the involvement or impact on third parties or laches/delay on the part of Sibley Investments were raised in the proceedings to support any arguments that an order for specific performance should not be made.
In short, I am not prepared to commit the parties to further litigation to resolve their differences. Sibley Investments is entitled to an order for specific performance and orders which give effect to it should be made. Subject to any contrary submission, an order should be made for Oldfields Advance to pay the costs of Sibley Investments in these proceedings.
As I recognise that the parties should have the opportunity to address me on the mechanics involved in the orders for specific performance, particularly on the consideration to be paid by Sibley Investments to Oldfields Advance (which I will determine if the parties are unable to agree), I will make the following orders:
The parties are to email the Associate to McGrath J a set of agreed short minutes of order to give effect to the judgment by 4pm on 2 September 2026, failing which they are to provide competing submissions of not more than three pages (12 font, 1.5 spacing) with respective proposed short minutes of order and any material on which they rely by 4pm on 16 September 2026.
The making of further orders and directions for specific performance will proceed on the papers.
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(1992) 34 FCR 246
(1933) 48 CLR 457
(2017) 95 NSWLR 458
(1988) 165 CLR 489
(2007) 70 NSWLR 201