REASONS FOR JUDGMENT
1 On 2 September 2011, the Applicant on behalf of the Liwaja Estate Group filed an application in this Court pursuant to the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (the Act) seeking recognition of native title rights and interests over the land and waters within the bounds of the Gilnockie Pastoral Lease (Perpetual Pastoral Lease No. 1193) (the Application).
2 It is one of a number of applications which were proposed to be heard together, because they are geographically proximate. They are all in the area just to the south east of Mataranka. The claims were being dealt with as a group, at the request of the relevant pastoralists and with the consent of the Northern Territory and of the applicants in the other claims in the group, because of that wider geographical proximity. Collectively, this application and the other applications to be heard at the same time represent a very significant area of land. All but two of the applications were the subject of Determinations made on-country on 29 October 2013: see eg Brown v Northern Territory of Australia [2013] FCA 1080. For reasons which it is not necessary now to address, this application and one other were not dealt with at that time. The issues which led to this application being deferred have now resolved.
3 The Gilnockie Perpetual Pastoral Lease No. 1193, and so the Determination Area, is an area of some 710 square kilometres.
4 The Act was enacted for the purpose of recognising and protecting native title and to establish ways in which future dealings in relation to native title should proceed and set standards for those dealings, and to establish a mechanism for determining claims for native title.
5 One of the objectives of the Act is the resolution of claims for the recognition of native title by agreement. That has been facilitated by the amendments to s 87 by the Act. It is very appropriate, therefore, that this application and the related applications have resulted in the parties agreeing to the terms of orders to be made by consent pursuant to s 87 of the Act.
6 The preamble to the Act recognised, on behalf of all people of Australia, that the Aboriginal peoples of Australia inhabited this country for many many years prior to European settlement, and that the Aboriginal peoples had been progressively dispossessed of their lands. It recorded that, by the overwhelming vote of the people of Australia, the Constitution was amended to enable laws such as the Act to be passed, to facilitate the recognition by our shared legal system of the native title rights and interests in their land. This is an occasion when the Court is to make orders declaring that the groups of Aboriginal persons in the current applications were and are the traditional owners of that land. By the Court's orders, the Australian community collectively recognises that status. It is important to emphasise that the Court's orders do not grant that status. The Court is declaring that it exists and has always existed at least since European settlement.
7 Various parts of the Gilnockie Perpetual Pastoral Lease were the subject of a number of former native title determination applications including NTD 6009 of 2002 (Dry River) and NTD 6028 of 2002 (Killarney). Those applications have since been amended or withdrawn so as to remove any claims which overlap the Determination Area.
8 The land and waters of the Determination Area comprise the whole or part of the area of Liwaja Estate Group, which is held respectively by the members that group. These persons, together with the Aboriginal people referred to in [10] hereof, are collectively referred to as "the native title holders".
9 Each of the estate groups referred to in [8] hereof includes persons who are members of the group by reason of:
(a) patrilineal descent;
(b) his or her mother, father's mother or mother's mother being or having been a member of the group by reason of patrilineal descent;
(c) having been adopted or incorporated into the descent relationships referred to in (a) or (b) hereof.
These persons are collectively referred to as "the estate group members".
10 In accordance with traditional laws and customs, other Aboriginal people have native title rights and interests in respect of the Determination Area, subject to the native title rights and interests of the estate group members, such people being:
(a) members of estate groups from neighbouring estates;
(b) spouses of the estate group members.
11 Each of the estate groups referred to in [10(a)] hereof includes persons who are members of the group by reason of:
(1) patrilineal descent;
(2) his or her mother, father's mother or mother's mother being or having been a member of the group by reason of patrilineal descent;
(3) having been adopted or incorporated into the descent relationship referred to in (a) or (b) hereof.
12 The application seeks recognition of the following non-exclusive native title rights and interests on behalf of the estate group, under their traditional laws acknowledged and customs observed as follows:
(a) the right to travel over, to move about and to have access to those areas;
(b) the right to hunt and to fish on the land and waters of those areas;
(c) the right to gather and to use the natural resources of those areas such as food, medicinal plants, wild tobacco, timber, stone and resin;
(d) the right to take and to use the natural water on those areas, and for the sake of clarity and the avoidance of doubt, this right does not include the right to take or use water captured by the holders of Pastoral Lease No. 1193.
(e) the right to live, to camp and for that purpose to erect shelters and other structures on those areas;
(f) the right to light fires on those areas for domestic purposes, but not for the clearance of vegetation;
(g) the right to conduct and to participate in the following activities on those areas:
(i) cultural activities;
(ii) cultural practices relating to birth and death, including burial rites;
(iii) ceremonies;
(iv) meetings;
(v) teaching the physical and spiritual attributes of sites and places on those areas that are of significance under their traditional laws and customs;
(h) the right to maintain and to protect sites and places on those areas that are of significance under their traditional laws and customs;
(i) the right to share or exchange subsistence and other traditional resources obtained on or from those areas;
(j) the right to be accompanied on to those areas by persons who, though not native title holders, are:
(i) people required by traditional law and custom for the performance of ceremonies or cultural activities on the areas;
(ii) people who have rights in relation to the areas according to the traditional laws and customs acknowledged by the estate group members;
(iii) people required by the estate group members to assist in, observe, or record traditional activities on the areas;
(k) the right to conduct activities necessary to give effect to the rights referred to in (a) to (j) hereof.
13 In addition, as the proposed determination recognises that there are other Aboriginal people who have native title rights and interests in respect of the Determination Area, subject to the rights and interests of the estate group members referred to above, those rights are described in order 10 of the Determination to be made.
14 The determination of native title rights and interests are important to the applicant and to the Aboriginal estate groups because they are a recognition by the Court on behalf of the Australian community that their ancestors inhabited this country prior to European settlement. The orders that I am about to make today are a recognition that they enjoyed such rights as the traditional owners of the land, and have done so since that time.
15 The application before the Court is not an application seeking the Court grant the applicant the native title rights, but an application that the Court make declarations that such native title rights exist.
16 The parties have approached the Court asking the Court to act under s 87 of the Act and make orders in accordance with the agreed terms between the parties.
17 In support of this application, the parties have filed the following documents:
1. Minute of proposed orders and determination of native title by consent.
2. Statement of Joint Agreed Facts by the applicant and the first respondent.
3. Joint submissions of the applicant and the first respondent.
18 Section 87 of the Act empowers a court at any stage of proceedings after the end of the period specified in any notice given under s 66 of the Act if it appears to be appropriate to do so, to make an order consistent with the terms of an agreement between the parties to the proceeding without holding a hearing in relation to the application.
19 The conditions under which s 87 enables the Court to make such a determination without a hearing are:
(a) the period specified in the notice given under s 66 of the Act has ended and there is an agreement between all of the parties on the terms of a proposed order of the Court in relation to the proceedings: s 87(1)(a);
(b) the terms of the proposed determination agreement are in writing and are signed by or on behalf of the parties and filed with the Court: s 87(1)(b);
(c) the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, those terms would be within its power: s 87(1)(c); and
(d) the Court considers that it would be appropriate to make the orders sought: s 87(1A) and (2).
20 In addition to those matters, the Court must have regard to the following before making determinations of native title by consent:
(a) whether all parties likely to be affected by an order have had independent and competent legal representation;
(b) whether the rights and interests that are to be declared in the determination are recognisable by the law of Australia or the state in which the land is situated;
(c) whether all of the requirements of the Act have been complied with.
21 The Act is designed to encourage parties to an application to take responsibility for resolving proceedings without the need for the Court's intervention by way of a hearing.
22 For that reason, when the Court is examining the appropriateness of an agreement reached between the parties, the focus of the Court in considering whether the orders sought are appropriate under ss 87(1) and (2) is on the making of the agreement by the parties. In Lovett on behalf of the Gunditjmara People v State of Victoria [2007] FCA 474 North J stated at [36] to [37] that:
The Act is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for resolving proceedings without the need for litigation. Section 87 must be construed in this context. The power must be exercised flexibly and with regard to the purpose for which the section is designed.
In this context, when the Court is examining the appropriateness of an agreement, it is not required to examine whether the agreement is grounded on a factual basis which would satisfy the Court at a hearing of the application. The primary consideration of the Court is to determine whether there is an agreement and whether it was freely entered into on an informed basis: Nangkiriny v State of Western Australia (2002) 117 FCR 6; [2002] FCA 660, Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848. Insofar as this latter consideration applies to a State party, it will require the Court to be satisfied that the State party has taken steps to satisfy itself that there is a credible basis for an application: Munn v Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109; [2001] FCA 1229.
23 The Court is not required to embark upon an inquiry as to the merits of the claim to be itself satisfied that the orders are supported and in accordance with law: Cox on behalf of the Yungngora People v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 588 at [3] per French J. However, the Court will consider evidence for the limited purpose of determining whether the State has made a rational decision and is acting in good faith: Munn for and on behalf of the Gunggari People v State of Queensland (2001) 115 FCR 109 at [29]-[30] per Emmett J.
24 The Court accepts that State and Territory governments have scrutinised the application for native title in a manner consistent with the scrutiny that you expect those governments to give in relation to claims by non-Aborigines asserting significant rights over such land: Smith v State of Western Australia (2000) 104 FCR 494 at [38] per Madgwick J. Generally, State and Territory governments have the responsibility of ensuring that the community's interests are protected by involving themselves in a process which can assess the underlying evidence as to the existence of native title.
25 In this case, the Northern Territory is satisfied that the group to be recognised as the holders of native title rights and interests is an appropriate one, that it is appropriate to recognise the native title rights and interests proposed, and that in other respects it would be appropriate for the Northern Territory to enter into the proposed Determination.
26 On 8 April 2013, the applicant provided a short-form anthropological report of an anthropologist, John Laurence (the Anthropological Report), who had been retained by the Applicant, to the First and Second Respondents to identify the Aboriginal groups, who under traditional law were acknowledged and whose customs were observed in the Determination Area to possess primary and secondary rights in the Determination Area; the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests claimed in relation to the Determination Area; the connection of a senior member of each primary estate group to the Determination Area by provision of a representative biography of that person; and the sites and dreaming tracks in the Determination Area.
27 The Anthropological Report complied with Federal Court Practice Note CM7.
28 The Northern Territory instructed its legal officers to assess the report against criteria agreed by the parties as satisfying the requirements of s 223 of the Act. The rights and interests that are defined in s 223 must be in relation to the land, which is the subject matter of the application.
29 The characteristics of the native title rights and interests are:
(1) the rights and interests that are possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by the peoples concerned;
(2) those traditional laws and customs must have a connection with the land or waters the subject of the application; and
(3) the rights and interests must be recognised by the common law of Australia.
30 After the Northern Territory's legal officers had assessed the report, the Northern Territory met with the applicant and exchanged correspondence in relation to issues raised by the respondent about the Anthropological Report.
31 The applicant and the Northern Territory reached agreement that the native title claim group described above and in the Anthropological Report is comprised of persons who hold the native title rights and interests within the meaning of s 223(1) of the Act in the Determination Area. Section 225(a) prescribes one criterion for the Determination, namely that it sets out who are the persons, in each group of persons, holding the common or group rights comprising the native title area. I accept the submission of the parties that, by the detail referred to in [8] above and in the proposed Determination, that prescription is satisfied.
32 I am also satisfied that the proposed Determination identifies the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the Determination Area, as required by s 223(b).
33 It is also necessary, by reason of s 223(c) and (d), to ensure that the proposed Determination identifies the nature and extent of any other interests in relation to the Determination Area and the relationships between the native title rights and interests and those other interests. It clearly does so.
34 The parties have agreed to the recognition of non-exclusive native title rights and interests in areas covered by stock routes and stock reserves.
35 They have also agreed to:
(a) a list of commonly occurring government constructed infrastructure or public works which were constructed, established or situated prior to 23 December 1996 or commenced to be constructed or established on or before that date; and
(b) a list of pastoral improvements constructed prior to 15 August 2013 consistent with the determination in King v Northern Territory of Australia (2007) 162 FCR 89;
that wholly extinguish native title (including adjacent land or waters as defined in s 251D of the Act) without evidence of the construction or establishment of the relevant public works and improvements being exchanged.
36 Those lists are included in Schedule D of the orders.
37 Those matters have also followed from a careful process.
38 It has involved consideration of the respective positions of the applicant, the Northern Territory, and others including Telstra Corporation Ltd, over a period of time. Ultimately agreement was reached on those issues.
39 As to the more formal matters, I am satisfied that s 87 of the Act has been satisfied in relation to this application. In particular, I note that:
(1) the period specified in the notice given under s 66 ended on 24 April 2012 (s 87(1));
(2) the parties have reached an agreement as to the terms of a determination of native title (s 87(1)(a)(i));
(3) the parties have recorded their agreement in the Minute presented to the Court (s 87(1)(b)); and
(4) an order in terms of or consistent with the Minute would be within the Court's power because:
(a) the application is valid and was made in accordance with s 61 of the Act;
(b) the application is for a determination of native title in relation to an area for which there was no approved determination of native title (s 13(1)(a));
(c) the Minute agreed to by the parties complies with ss 94A and 225 of the Act (s 87(1)(c)).
40 In my opinion, it is also appropriate that the Court make the orders sought because:
(1) the parties are legally represented;
(2) the Northern Territory obtained searches of land tenure and mining and other relevant interests to determine the extent of "other interests" within the proposed Determination Area and provided copies of those searches to all parties;
(3) the parties have agreed the nature and extent of interests in relation to the Determination Area and those interests are described more particularly in [9]-[10] and in Schedules C, D and E of the orders;
(4) there are no other proceedings before the Court relating to native title determination applications to cover any part of the area the subject of the application which would otherwise require orders to be made under s 67(1) of the Act (s 87(1) and (2));
(5) the Northern Territory has played an active role in the negotiation of the proposed Determination and, in doing so, the Northern Territory acting on behalf of the community generally, is satisfied that the determination is justified in all the circumstances.
41 Section 55 of the Act requires the Court, either at the time of the Determination or as soon as practicable after it, to make such determinations as are required by ss 56 and 57 of the Act. They respectively relate to holding native title on trust and to the non-trust functions of prescribed bodies corporate. The proposed determination provides that the native title is not to be held on trust. It provides for an Aboriginal corporation, The Top End (Default PBC/CLA) Aboriginal Corporation) to be the prescribed body corporate for the purposes of s 57(2) and to perform the functions outlined in s 57(3) of the Act.
42 For those reasons, I make the orders agreed upon by the parties.
I certify that the preceding forty-two (42) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Mansfield.