IWD No 2 Pty Ltd v Level Orange Pty Ltd

The Construction Contract found by the Adjudicator 28I have mentioned that the Adjudicator determined that there existed between IWD and Level Orange a "construction contract". The Adjudicator's reasons for coming to this conclusion were: - "I am satisfied that in taking over the completion of the project an arrangement was made between [Level Orange] and [IWD] for [IWD] to take over responsibility for the whole of the work including the payment of outstanding amounts to [Level Orange]. I determine that there is an arrangement between [Level Orange] and [IWD] which is a construction contract as defined in the Act." 29In my opinion, the Adjudicator erred in concluding there to be a "construction contract" on this basis. Any "arrangement" made between IWD and Level Orange at the time that IWD took over the project (in February 2012) was not one under which Level Orange undertook to supply architectural services related to the project for IWD. The architectural services in respect of which Level Orange sought payment had already been provided by then. Level Orange had not provided any architectural services in respect of the property since December 2011. Indeed, the Adjudicator concluded that, pursuant to the "arrangement" that he found, IWD agreed to take over responsibility for the "payment of outstanding amounts" to Level Orange. 30Before me, Level Orange did not seek to justify the Adjudicator's finding. 31Rather, Level Orange submitted that the relevant "arrangement" was made in a conversation that occurred in January 2011; some 13 months before IWD took over the project. 32Mr Christie SC, who appeared with Mr Vincent for Level Orange, submitted that (as follows from the matters set out at [10] and [11] above) the relevant question was whether the arrangement for which Level Orange contended had occurred, and that it was irrelevant, so far as concerns the Adjudicator's jurisdiction, whether the Adjudicator erred in coming to the conclusion referred to at [28]. I agree.

The "arrangement" for which Level Orange contended 33Mr Christie submitted that the relevant arrangement occurred in a conversation that took place in January 2011 between Mr Steven Christofidellis (a director of IWD), Mr George Symon (the general manager of Link) and, by telephone, Mr Carlo Salim (a director of Level Orange). 34According to Mr Salim, the conversation took place in the following terms: - "[Mr Symon]: Carl [Salim], I'm here with Steve [Christofidellis] and you're on speaker. [Mr Salim]: OK. [Mr Symon]: Steve [Christofidellis] really wants you to do the architecturals on the Stewart. [Mr Salim]: I've already told you that I'm not interested. I'm still owed a lot of money from him from [a previous development]. [Mr Christofidellis]: Tell him that I'll make sure he gets paid. I'll give him a deposit, and he'll be paid fortnightly payments so that he has a cashflow. [Mr Symon]: Steve [Christofidellis]'s saying that he'll make sure that you're paid. You'll get a deposit and fortnightly payments for cashflow. [Mr Salim]: Yeah, I heard him. As long as Steve [Christofidellis]'s assuring me that I'll be paid, I'll do the job. [Mr Symon]: Yes he is. [Mr Salim]: Alright then, I'll do it." 35Mr Symon, who was called as a witness by Level Orange, gave a similar account of the conversation. 36IWD did not call Mr Christofidellis as a witness. Mr Roberts SC, who appeared for IWD, did not challenge Mr Salim about the terms of this conversation during cross-examination. Mr Roberts did not cross-examine Mr Symon at all. 37I find the conversation took place. 38As is obvious from the terms of the January 2011 conversation, at that time there was no contract or arrangement between Level Orange and Link.

Was there an "arrangement" made in January 2011? 39In my opinion, in the January 2011 conversation, Mr Christofidellis made the following promises or representations to Mr Salim: - (a)that he would "make sure" that Level Orange was paid for architectural services provided for the project; (b)that IWD would pay Level Orange a deposit; (c)that IWD would pay Level Orange, or ensure that Level Orange was paid fortnightly payments; and (d)that IWD would ensure that Level Orange was paid. 40In return, Mr Salim said that, in consideration for those promises, Level Orange would "do the job"; that is provide architectural services in respect of the project. 41In my opinion, what passed between Mr Christofidellis and Mr Salim amounted to a "construction contract". It was, at the very least, an "arrangement" between IWD and Level Orange under which Level Orange undertook to supply architectural services related to the project for IWD. It was probably more than that; a legally binding contract between the two companies.

Events after January 2011 42Mr Nick Halatsis was the Project and Design Manager of Exceland Property Group (NSW) Pty Limited ("Exceland"). Exceland was the Administration Manager under the D&C Contract. Pursuant to clause 5.9 of the D&C Contract, Exceland, as Administration Manager, was agreed by IWD to be IWD's agent. Correspondence from Mr Halatsis shows that he acted as IWD's agent from time to time. 43Consistently with the arrangement made in the January 2011 conversation, on 4 January 2011 and 12 February 2011 Mr Halatsis asked Mr Salim to "forward a fee proposal". Mr Halatsis wrote as representative of Exceland and thus as agent of IWD. 44On 14 February 2011 Mr Salim caused Level Orange to send Link a fee proposal. Mr Salim gave unchallenged evidence that he would not have done so, but for the assurances given by Mr Christofidellis in the January 2011 conversation. 45Mr Salim's letter of 14 February 2011 referred to a $20,000 deposit "to be paid prior to commencement" and provided for four further payments to be made on the achievement of various stages of the project. 46The fee proposal did not call for fortnightly payments. Mr Roberts relied upon this fact to submit that the terms of the 14 February 2011 fee proposal letter showed that the arrangements made in the January 2011 conversation had been superseded, or overtaken by that fee proposal letter. 47Sometime after 14 February 2011 Level Orange sent an invoice to Link for payment of its deposit. There is no direct evidence as to who paid the deposit. 48However, on 21 February 2011 the following conversation took place between Mr Paul Metlege, a Project Manager engaged by Link, Mr Halatsis and Mr Salim: - "[Mr Metlege]: Carl [Salim] needs his deposit paid. How are you going to do that? [Mr Halatsis]: First of all I need Carl [Salim]'s fee proposal so you'll have to send that through. [Mr Salim]: It's been sent. [Mr Metlege]: Carl [Salim], just send me another copy so I can forward it on. [Mr Halatsis]: We have the money so we can pay you Carl [Salim]. Don't worry we have the money to pay all consultants. It's all been approved. I'll just check with Steve [Christofidellis] whether he wants Carl [Salim] to invoice IWD directly or just send it to Link." 49Mr Metlege gave a similar account of the conversation, although the words he attributed to Mr Halatsis were: - "Don't worry. We have the money to pay Carl [Salim]. There's a pool of money there all ready for the consultants. Just give me an invoice and we will pay." 50Neither Mr Salim nor Mr Metlege were challenged about their accounts of this conversation. I find it occurred. 51After that conversation Mr Metlege sent an email to Mr Halatsis confirming that: - "...you advised you would give direction as to how to deal with Level Orange's deposit." 52I infer from this evidence that IWD paid the deposit. 53In the course of the project, Mr Halatsis, as Administration Manager, issued documents and directions directly to Level Orange. Mr Metlege said: - "This was not what typically occurs in carrying out works under a typical lump sum contract. Usually, the developer would not provide direct instructions to subcontractors or consultants with respect to the works to be performed under a typical lump sum contract." 54As owner and developer, IWD maintained control over the site, and the project at all material times (and not only after Link was placed into external administration). Mr Symon gave evidence that each month he met with Mr Dany Ghalie, Financial Controller of Link, and Mr Christofidellis to go through the invoices that Link had received from consultants on the project. Mr Symon said that at most of these meetings, when payments to be made to Level Orange were being discussed, Mr Christofidellis said words to the effect: - "Don't worry about paying them at the moment, I will take care of it." 55In July 2011, Mr Symon sought to arrange a meeting with Mr Salim to discuss the project. The following conversation took place: - "[Mr Salim]: I don't want to go to this meeting. I'm not getting paid like I was assured. [Mr Symon]: Turn up to the meeting so you can get paid some of your money." 56On 30 July 2011 Mr Salim attended a meeting with Mr Christofidellis, Mr Halatsis, Mr Symon and other representatives of Link. At that meeting Mr Christofidellis handed Mr Salim a cheque for $20,000 and said words to the effect: - "Here's a cheque buddy. I know it isn't what you were hoping. It should be enough to keep you going." 57The cheque was drawn on IWD's account. 58On about 10 August 2011, Mr Salim attended a further meeting with Mr Christofidellis. At the meeting Mr Christofidellis gave Mr Salim a cheque for $10,000 (again drawn on IWD's account) and said: - "Don't bank this cheque until I let you know you can." 59A short time later, Mr Salim had a conversation with Mr Halatsis as follows:- "[Mr Salim]: Nick [Halatsis] I need to be paid. What's happening? Also when can I bank that last cheque that Steve [Christofidellis] gave me. [Mr Halatsis]: I'll have to speak to Steve [Christofidellis]. Can you let me know how much you have been paid to date including variations? [Mr Salim]: OK. You need to let me know as soon as possible." 60These amounts were lump sum payments that were not referrable to any invoice which Level Orange had issued to Link. I accept Level Orange's submission that these payments comprise evidence of IWD performing its obligations under the arrangement which had been reached with Level Orange in the conversation with Mr Christofidellis in early January 2011. 61By November 2011 Link was in dispute with IWD in respect of the project. Mr Salim had the following conversation with Mr Symon: - "[Mr Salim]: George [Symon], can you talk to Steve [Christofidellis]? We have a lot of money owing to us. We aren't getting paid like we were assured. [Mr Symon]: I'll call Steve [Christofidellis] now. I'll call you back." 62Shortly thereafter Mr Christofidellis met with Mr Salim and said words to the effect: - "You know that we're in dispute with Link at the moment and I'm thinking about getting rid of them, but irrespective of what happens to Link, we will pay you." 63In the light of this evidence, I do not accept Mr Roberts's submission that Level Orange's fee proposal letter of 14 February 2011 somehow superseded or overtook the arrangements made between Mr Salim and Mr Christofidellis in January 2011. It is true that the payment terms in the 14 February 2011 letter are different from and inconsistent with those offered by Mr Christofidellis in the January 2011 conversation. 64However, the subsequent dealings between Mr Salim and Mr Christofidellis, which I have set out above, lead me to the conclusion that Level Orange was a party to, and entitled to the benefit of two separate contracts or arrangements; namely between it and IWD on the one hand (as evidenced by the January 2011 conversation), and between it and Link on the other (as evidenced by the 14 February 2011 fee proposal letter and the provision of services by Level Orange to the project thereafter). 65In my opinion, nothing that occurred after January 2011 altered the nature and content of the arrangement or contract between IWD and Level Orange arising from the January 2011 conversation.

Guarantee or Indemnity? 66The effect of s 7(3)(c)(i) and (ii) of the Act, is that the Act does not apply to a construction contract to the extent to which it contains provisions by which a party undertakes to guarantee payment of monies owing or to provide an indemnity in respect of (relevantly) services supplied in relation to construction work. 67A guarantee is a: - "collateral contract to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another who is or is contemplated to be or to become liable to the person to whom the guarantee is given." (per Mason CJ in Sunbird Plaza Pty Ltd v Maloney [1988] HCA 11; (1988) 166 CLR 245 at 247) 68Under a contract of guarantee, a surety assumes a secondary liability to a creditor for the default of another person who remains primarily liable to the creditor. On the other hand, a contract of indemnity is one where a party assumes primary liability for another's obligations, and agrees to hold the creditor harmless, whether or not that other person makes default (O'Donovan, Modern Contract of Guarantee, Online Edition at [1.1100] and the authorities cited therein). 69The contract or arrangement made between IWD and Level Orange in January 2011 was not subject to IWD or Level Orange entering into any contract or arrangement with Link. It was not contingent on Link, or any other party, failing to make payments to Level Orange. It was not an agreement by IWD to save Level Orange from harm or loss it might suffer were it to "do the job". It was an independent promise by IWD that Level Orange would be paid for the work it did. 70In my opinion the obligation (whether legally enforceable or not) that IWD undertook in the January 2011 conversation was not a secondary liability; it was not a liability contingent upon any default by Link. 71Nor, in my opinion, was the effect of what Mr Christofidellis said in the January 2011 conversation that IWD undertook to provide Level Orange with an indemnity in relation to services that Level Orange might supply the project. Mr Christofidellis was not merely offering to keep Level Orange harmless from any loss it might suffer if Link did not pay its fees. Indeed, Link was not referred to at all in the conversation. Mr Christofidellis was accepting an independent obligation to pay Level Orange's fees. 72I was not directed to any cases decided by this Court in which the issue has arisen directly. In the two cases to which my attention was drawn where the facts resemble those in the present case (Olbourne v Excell Building Corp Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 349 and Machkevitch), the question does not seem to have been argued; see Olbourne at [58] per Rein J and Machkevitch at [51] per McDougall J). 73The circumstances before me are quite different from those considered by McMurdo J in Walton Construction (Qld) Pty Ltd v Salce [2008] QSC 235. In that case, after the relevant subcontractor had done work on the site, and after the builder had failed to pay invoices sent to it by the subcontractor, a representative of the developer said: - "Don't worry - [the developer] will make sure you get paid. If [the builder] does not pay you then [the developer] will pay you direct and hold back payment from [the builder]". 74McMurdo J held that this promise amounted to an undertaking to guarantee payment of money, falling within the Queensland equivalent of s 7(3)(c)(ii) of the Act. The promise in Walton was quite different from that in this case.

Conclusion 75IWD has failed to established jurisdictional error. 76For that reason, it is not necessary to deal with Mr Christie's submission, made at the close of IWD's case in chief, that IWD's case should be dismissed pursuant to Uniform Civil Procedure Rules r 29.9. 77I invite the parties to bring in short minutes to give effect to these reasons.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 27 November 2012