Engwirda v Robinson

Background

1. The plaintiff brought an action in negligence against the defendant, commencing proceedings in the District Court at Newcastle by filing a statement of claim and a statement of particulars on 8 February 2019. The claim is said to arise from injuries suffered by the plaintiff on 13 February 2016, while she was a passenger on board a yacht owned and mastered by the defendant, who is also the plaintiff's father. The plaintiff alleges that, as the defendant sailed the yacht towards the marina at the Royal Motor Yacht Club on Lake Macquarie in Toronto, NSW, he decelerated suddenly and without warning, causing her to be thrown forward and suffer injuries.
2. The injuries allegedly suffered by the plaintiff include a fracture to her right knee, which required surgery on 23 February 2016. Post-operative treatment included physiotherapy and four months of splintage. After surgery, complications arose causing the plaintiff to develop deep vein thrombosis ("DVT") which required treatment for six months. It is also alleged that the plaintiff suffered post-accident falls as a result of her right knee buckling and giving way. Surgery was conducted to remove the right knee "hardware" in October 2017. The plaintiff was aged 45 at the time of the accident.
3. On 7 November 2019, the plaintiff filed a summons in this Court seeking to have the proceedings transferred from the District Court to this Court pursuant to s 140(1) of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW). The transfer application was made on the basis that the quantum of damages likely to be awarded to the plaintiff, if successful, will exceed the jurisdictional limit of the District Court, being $750,000 ("the jurisdictional limit"). The plaintiff is seeking damages in the sum of $1,838,836.90, comprising claims for out of pocket expenses, economic loss, non-economic loss and domestic assistance. The plaintiff submitted that the proceedings were commenced in the District Court rather than the Supreme Court because a report with respect to economic loss was not available to her at that time. She could not delay filing because the three-year limitation period expired on 12 February 2019.
4. The application to transfer the proceedings was heard by the Common Law Registrar on 19 December 2019. Oral submissions were made by the parties, with the defendant neither opposing nor consenting to the making of the transfer order.

The Registrar's reasons

1. On 23 January 2020, the Registrar dismissed the summons, giving written reasons for her decision.
2. The Registrar noted that, in assessing damages likely to be awarded, an "impressionistic" consideration of the evidence is all that is required, citing Dodd v Wentworth Community Housing Limited [2017] NSWSC 1424 per Campbell J at [16].
3. The damages taken into account by the Registrar were from a schedule annexed to the affidavit of Lidia Elena Monteverdi, the plaintiff's solicitor, dated 7 November 2019. The schedule assessed the plaintiff's claim as follows: "a. Non-economic loss (45% of a most extreme case) $296,000.00 b. Past out of pocket expenses $30,734.11 c. Future out of pocket expenses $145,021.75 d. Past gratuitous care and assistance $63,764.68 e. Future commercial care and assistance $274,110.00 f. Past s 15B claim $12,892.66 g. Past economic loss: $217,685.43 h. Future economic loss: $798,628.27 $1,838,836.90 plus costs"

1. The Registrar also considered various medical and expert reports annexed to the plaintiff's solicitor's affidavit, as well as medical reports annexed to the affidavit of Erin Eagle, the defendant's solicitor, dated 28 November 2019.
2. The Registrar did not assess each head of damage individually to determine the likely award of damages to the plaintiff, but considered three aspects of the plaintiff's claim in particular, being non-economic loss; past and future economic loss; and past and future domestic assistance. The Registrar stated, at [20]: "a. Firstly, the Schedule of Damages outlines a claim for non-economic loss equating to 45% of a most extreme case. I have seen no evidence to suggest that the injuries and disabilities allegedly suffered by the plaintiff would sound in damages at that level. The plaintiff suffered a fracture to her right knee and underwent open reduction internal fixation surgery followed by surgery to remove the hardware to her knee. Her recovery was complicated by a DVT which required treatment for 6 months and she suffered a number of post-accident falls. The evidence reveals however that the plaintiff's right knee fracture has united and that whilst she continues to suffer ongoing pain and stiffness in her knee, she does not require any extensive further hospitalisation and arguably may not require any significant ongoing treatment. b. Secondly, the plaintiff seeks up to $1,016,313.70 for past and future economic loss, being $217,685.43 for the past and up to $798,628.27 for the future, both inclusive of superannuation. The defendant has not served any economic loss report in reply. On the evidence available I am not convinced that the plaintiff will be entitled to anywhere near this amount of damages for economic loss. Her financial circumstances post-accident and ongoing are multifactorial and in assessing her past and future economic loss resulting from the accident, the Court will need to take into account the following matters, inter alia: i. that in 2010 the plaintiff became a single parent and was unable to spend time away from home …; ii. between 2010 and 2015 the plaintiff's diving work slowed down and after 2015 she focussed on workplace health and safety in hyperbaric risks …; iii. during the year ending 30 June 2015 the plaintiff worked for Inoxihp for a short period of time before being made redundant …; iv. after her redundancy, she commenced studying a Bachelor of Laws … and in September 2019 was continuing those studies online for 40 hours per week …; v. at the time of the accident the plaintiff was 'between projects' …; vi. on 28 October 2016 the plaintiff registered Zoo Industries Pty Ltd (ACN 615 617 395), a company of which she is the sold director and shareholder. This company is an overarching entity which trades under a number of business names, including: 1. H2O Media - which was registered on 1 November 2018 and provides drone footage; 2. Vivid Signage - which was registered on 25 July 2018 and specialises in high visibility signs; and 3. 360 Sails - which was registered on 21 March 2017 and manufactures radio controlled sails for hobby boats …; vii. in addition to her work in these businesses, the plaintiff has undertaken safety consultant work for Mills Oakley Lawyers in April/May 2018 …; viii. the question of whether start up costs or off setting of prior liabilities in the various businesses may have impacted the findings of the [Forensic Accountant's report] and what the effect of future profit and loss forecasting may have on those findings; ix. whether the 65% and 40% reductions applied in the [Forensic Accountant's report] where reasonable based on the medical evidence. Taking into account all of these issues, my impression is that the plaintiff's economic loss claim is significantly inflated and that the conclusions in the [Forensic Accountant's report] would be capable of considerable scrutiny. c. Thirdly, the plaintiff seeks $350,767.34 for past and future domestic assistance. Whilst the plaintiff's evidence of Gordon Siebel, occupational therapist, seemingly supports the claimed amounts for past and future domestic assistance, there is no occupational therapist report served in reply. Further, whilst the plaintiff will no doubt give evidence on this issue and may well be cross examined at trial, I am not in a position to, and am not expected to, make any conclusions as to the likelihood or otherwise of her evidence being accepted. In view of all of the evidence, my impression is that the plaintiff's domestic assistance claim is also inflated."
3. Having considered these aspects of the plaintiff's claim, the Registrar concluded that she was not satisfied that the plaintiff's damages would likely exceed the jurisdictional limit of the District Court, noting: "… this is the very type of case to which [her Honour] McCallum J referred in Tauri v Janlin Circuses Pty Ltd (trading as Starduct Circus) [2017] NSWSC 1337 (at 33), in which having formed an impression of the evidence, I am of the view that the claim is inflated and does not warrant a transfer to this Court."
4. The Registrar also noted that the power in s 140 of the Civil Procedure Act is discretionary, and is to be exercised in accordance with the overriding purpose of civil litigation in New South Wales, that is, to "facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings": Civil Procedure Act, s 56. The Registrar considered that, but for the summons filed on 7 November 2019, the proceedings would have been ready to proceed to hearing in early 2020, and to allow the transfer application would likely result in significant delay such that the matter would not proceed to hearing until 2021.

The relevant law and legal principles

1. Proceedings in the District Court may be transferred to this Court pursuant to s 140 of the Civil Procedure Act, which relevantly provides: "140 Transfer of proceedings to higher court (1) The Supreme Court may, of its own motion or on application by a party to proceedings before the District Court or the Local Court, order that the proceedings, including any cross-claim in the proceedings, be transferred to the Supreme Court. … (3) Proceedings in the District Court on a claim for damages arising from personal injury or death are not to be transferred to the Supreme Court under this section unless the Supreme Court is satisfied: (a) in the case of a motor accident claim or a workplace injury damages claim: (i) that the amount to be awarded to the plaintiff, if successful, is likely to be more than $1,000,000, and (ii) that the case involves complex legal issues or issues of general public importance, or (b) in any other case: (i) that the amount to be awarded to the plaintiff, if successful, is likely to exceed the jurisdictional limit of the District Court, or (ii) that there is other sufficient reason for hearing the proceedings in the Supreme Court. (4) Proceedings in the Local Court are not to be transferred to a higher court under this section unless the higher court is satisfied that there is sufficient reason for hearing the proceedings in the higher court. (5) This section extends to proceedings that have been transferred to the District Court or the Local Court pursuant to a previous transfer order under this Division or under Division 2."
2. As the District Court proceedings in this case concern a claim for damages for personal injury, the question to be determined in considering the transfer application is whether the amount to be awarded to the plaintiff, if successful, is likely to exceed $750,000: Civil Procedure Act, s 140(3)(b)(i).
3. The approach to be taken under s 140(3)(b)(ii) was discussed by McCallum J, as her Honour then was, in Tauri v Janlin Circuses Pty Ltd (trading as Stardust Circus) [2017] NSWSC 1337, at [7]: "… In determining the question posed by s 140(3), the Court is not required to engage in a preliminary trial of the matter and, in particular, is not required to engage in an individual assessment of each head of damage under which a claim is made: Johnstone v State of New South Wales [2006] NSWCA 105 at [23] per Giles JA; Santow and McColl JJA agreeing at [26] and [27]; Younes v QIC Ltd (trading as Westpoint Blacktown) [2012] NSWSC 451 at [50] (Bellew J). Rather, the task is to arrive at a likelihood, to an extent as a matter of impression but founded on the evidence before the Court: Johnstone at [22]. The term 'likely' does not mean more probably than not. It requires the Court in a summary way to make an assessment as to whether there is a real chance of the plaintiff obtaining a verdict of more than $750,000 if successful: Cubrilo v Veljovic [2015] NSWSC 367 at [9] (Campbell J), cited with approval in Parker v MID Plumbing Services Pty Ltd [2017] NSWSC 1060 at [16] (Lonergan J)."
4. In exercising the discretion conferred by s 140, the Court is also to have regard to the competing considerations in ss 56 and 58 of the Civil Procedure Act, as well as to the facts and circumstances of the case, including the procedural history of the litigation: Every v Osborne [2012] NSWSC 1437 per Davies J at [18]; Lazare v City of Sydney Council [2015] NSWSC 1546 per Bellew J at [38]; Younes v QIC Ltd trading as Westpoint Blacktown [2012] NSWSC 451 per Bellew J at [45]. Sections 56 and 58 of the Civil Procedure Act relevantly provide: "56 Overriding purpose (1) The overriding purpose of this Act and of rules of court, in their application to civil proceedings, is to facilitate the just, quick and cheap resolution of the real issues in the proceedings. (2) The court must seek to give effect to the overriding purpose when it exercises any power given to it by this Act or by rules of court and when it interprets any provision of this Act or of any such rule. (3) A party to civil proceedings is under a duty to assist the court to further the overriding purpose and, to that effect, to participate in the processes of the court and to comply with directions and orders of the court. …. 58 Court to follow dictates of justice (1) In deciding - (a) whether to make any order or direction for the management of proceedings, including - (i) any order for the amendment of a document, and (ii) any order granting an adjournment or stay of proceedings, and (iii) any other order of a procedural nature, and (iv) any direction under Division 2, and (b) the terms in which any such order or direction is to be made, the court must seek to act in accordance with the dictates of justice. (2) For the purpose of determining what are the dictates of justice in a particular case, the court - (a) must have regard to the provisions of sections 56 and 57, and (b) may have regard to the following matters to the extent to which it considers them relevant - (i) the degree of difficulty or complexity to which the issues in the proceedings give rise, (ii) the degree of expedition with which the respective parties have approached the proceedings, including the degree to which they have been timely in their interlocutory activities, (iii) the degree to which any lack of expedition in approaching the proceedings has arisen from circumstances beyond the control of the respective parties, (iv) the degree to which the respective parties have fulfilled their duties under section 56 (3), (v) the use that any party has made, or could have made, of any opportunity that has been available to the party in the course of the proceedings, whether under rules of court, the practice of the court or any direction of a procedural nature given in the proceedings, (vi) the degree of injustice that would be suffered by the respective parties as a consequence of any order or direction, (vii) such other matters as the court considers relevant in the circumstances of the case."
5. The Court's authority to review a decision of a registrar is to be found in r 49.19 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) ("the UCPR"). An order of a registrar may be set aside or varied by this Court pursuant to s 121(3) of the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW). Rule 49.19 of the UCPR provides: "49.19 Review of registrar's directions, certificates, orders, decisions and other acts (1) Subject to subrule (2), if in any proceedings a registrar gives a direction or certificate, makes an order or decision or does any other act, the court may, on application by any party, review the direction, certificate, order, decision or other act and make such order, by way of confirmation, variation, discharge or otherwise, as the court thinks fit. (2) An application may not be made in relation to the following - (a) Decision to waive, postpone or remit fees: a decision to make, or not to make, an order under clause 11(1) of the Civil Procedure Regulation 2017, except as provided by clauses 14 and 19 of the Guidelines for the Waiver, Remission and Postponement of Fees, published by the Attorney General, (b) Particular winding up order: an order to which Part 80A rule 21(1) of the Supreme Court Rules 1970 applies, (c) Winding up order made under Corporations Act: an order to which rule 16.1 of the Supreme Court (Corporations) Rules 1999 applies, (d) Mutual recognition: a direction, certificate, order, decision or other act of a registrar in relation to the functions of the Court under the Mutual Recognition Act 1992 of the Commonwealth or the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Act 1997 of the Commonwealth."
6. The proper approach to an application for review of a decision by a registrar pursuant to r 49.19 of the UCPR and s 121(3) of the Supreme Court Act was discussed by the Court of Appeal in Tomko v Palasty (No 2) (2007) 71 NSWLR 61; [2007] NSWCA 396 per Basten JA (Hodgson and Ipp JJA agreeing), as follows: "52 It follows that the proper approach to an application in relation to a decision of the Registrar is as follows: (1) the application should be treated as a 'review', pursuant to s 121(3) of the Supreme Court Act and UCPR r 49.19; (2) a review, unlike an appeal, does not require demonstration of error, nor is it restricted to a reconsideration of the material before the primary decision-maker; (3) authorities with respect to the conduct of appeals against the exercise of discretionary powers, such as House v The King, do not in terms apply to a review; (4) nevertheless, similar policy considerations may arise in relation to a review, including: (a) a court may be less inclined to intervene in relation to a decision concerned with the management of an on-going proceeding, as opposed to one which terminates the proceeding or prevents its commencement; (b) different factors may need to be addressed in relation to breach of time limits in relation to the commencement of proceedings, as compared with breach of time limits for steps to be taken in the course of proceedings properly commenced, and (c) a court may be more inclined to intervene on a review based on fresh evidence, changed circumstances or where error is demonstrated in the decision under review. 53 Although on review this Court should exercise afresh the power to extend time, it does not follow that the reasoning of the Registrar should be ignored, or that variations in the material presented to him and the evidence adduced in this Court are irrelevant."
7. As to the onus, if any, that a plaintiff bears on an application to review a decision of a registrar, in Tomko v Palasty (No 2), Hodgson J (Ipp JA agreeing) said: "7 … in my opinion, there is an onus on a person seeking to have a court set aside or vary a registrar's decision to make out a case that the court, in the interests of justice, should exercise its discretion to do so. 8 In the case of a decision on practice or procedure, this will normally require at least demonstration of an error of law, or a House v. The King error, or a material change of circumstances, or evidence satisfying the strict requirements for fresh evidence. Even then, a court may not think that the interests of justice require intervention. This could be so, for example, if the error of law is a deficiency of reasons and the result is on its face not an unreasonable one. 9 In the case of a decision which finally determines a party's rights, or which (albeit one of practice or procedure) has a decisive impact on those rights, a court may be more willing to intervene. It may permit further evidence to be led which does not satisfy the strict requirements for fresh evidence, if it is satisfied that the interests of justice require this. It may decide to substitute its own discretionary decision for that of the registrar, even though no House v. The King error is shown, again if it is satisfied that the interests of justice require this. To that extent, the review may be considered a de novo hearing. 10 In my opinion, this approach is consistent with the position that such reviews are not appeals and involve the exercise of discretion by the reviewing body; and with the policy considerations referred to by Jordan CJ in In Re the Will of Gilbert (1946) 46 SR(NSW) 318 at 323. It is also consistent with the general principles concerning interlocutory applications: they do not finally decide matters, and successive applications can be brought for the same orders; but generally, a later application for orders that have previously been refused will be summarily dismissed unless a change of circumstances is shown or there is evidence satisfying the strict requirements for fresh evidence."
8. It has been observed that a review of a registrar's decision is not a hearing de novo. In Perpetual Limited v Barghachoun [2010] NSWSC 108, Rothman J stated, at [3]: "… In the absence of further or fresh evidence, respect must be afforded to the judgment of the Registrar, which will not be overturned simply on the basis that the Court, as presently constituted, would have exercised a discretion differently."

The parties' evidence

1. The plaintiff relied upon an affidavit by her solicitor, Ms Monteverdi, affirmed on 7 November 2019, which had annexed to it copies of the plaintiff's relevant District Court filings, a forensic Chartered Accountant's report by Kain Elsmore and four medical reports, being two of independent orthopaedic surgeons, Dr Mark Shaw and Dr Gauguin Gamboa, one of a psychiatrist, Dr Joseph Matthew, and, as to a need for domestic assistance, an independent occupational therapist, Gordon Siebel.
2. The defendant relied upon an affidavit by his solicitor, Ms Eagles, affirmed on 28 November 2019, and which had annexed to it an expert report by an orthopaedic surgeon, Dr James Powell, which considered certain opinions of Dr Shaw and Dr Gamboa, and a psychiatric report by Dr Doron Samuell, which considered aspects of Dr Matthew's report.
3. The annexures to these two affidavits effectively placed this Court in the same evidentiary position as the Registrar.
4. The plaintiff also relied upon an affidavit of Ms Monteverdi affirmed on 19 February 2020 which was read in support of the notice of motion. That affidavit provided a brief chronology and noted that there had been no substantial change in the plaintiff's circumstances.

The parties' submissions

1. The plaintiff relied upon Hodgson JA's observations in Tomko v Palasty (No 2), at [9], quoted above, to submit that the Registrar's judgment had a significant impact on the plaintiff's rights, so that the Court should be more inclined to intervene.
2. The plaintiff submitted that, although the Registrar cited McCallum J's observations in Tauri v Janlin Circuses, at [7], as to there being no requirement on an application to transfer proceedings to "engage in an individual assessment of each head of damage" and instead, to "arrive at a likelihood, to an extent as a matter of impression but founded on the evidence before the Court", she did not in fact adopt that approach.
3. Rather, according to the plaintiff, the Registrar concluded that the plaintiff's claim was "inflated" in a number of respects, such that she could not be satisfied that the plaintiff's damages would exceed the jurisdictional limit of the District Court. The plaintiff submitted that this approach to the evidence of damages sought was impermissible because the plaintiff had not been cross-examined. The plaintiff submitted: "Whether the plaintiff has a real chance of obtaining judgment in excess of the jurisdictional limit can be properly assessed by considering, in a summary way, the heads of damage and the evidence in support of those heads of damage."
4. The plaintiff relied on Tauri v Janlin Circuses to submit that the question on an application to transfer proceedings is whether there is a real chance of the jurisdictional limit being exceeded on the evidence in the application, rather than to apply a level of scrutiny that one would expect in the trial itself. It may be possible to identify parts of the evidence that would not stand up to scrutiny, but that did not apply to any of the evidence in this case.
5. In relation to the Registrar's assessment, and rejection, of the plaintiff's claim for non-economic loss of 45 per cent of a most extreme case, stating that she saw "no evidence to suggest that the injuries or disabilities … would sound in damages at that level", the plaintiff noted that the Registrar did not go on to consider, "as a matter of impression", what level of damages might be established. In particular, the Registrar did not consider whether there was a real chance that damages at least in the order of $200,000, which represents between 30-35 per cent of the most extreme case, would be established, which would have been sufficient, in combination with the damages sought under other heads of damages, to exceed the jurisdictional limit.
6. Similarly, in relation to the plaintiff's claim for past and future economic loss of up to $1,016,313.70, the plaintiff submitted that the Registrar, having concluded that "[o]n the evidence available I am not convinced that the plaintiff will be entitled to anywhere near this amount of damages for economic loss", did not then consider what range of damages the plaintiff might recover for loss of earning capacity. Further, the Registrar did not explain why she formed the impression that the plaintiff's economic loss claim was "significantly inflated" and, despite stating that the relevant report, that of Mr Elsmore, would be capable of "considerable scrutiny", she did not criticise the methodology used by Mr Elsmore, or his actual calculations. Rather, it was submitted that Mr Elsmore's report was based on a fair summary of the plaintiff's economic particulars with supporting documentation and entitled the Court to conclude that there was a real chance that the plaintiff would receive at least approximately $400,000.
7. In relation to the Registrar's assessment of the amount claimed under the head of past and future domestic assistance of $350,767.34, the plaintiff noted that the amount was derived from a report by an independent occupational therapist, but the Registrar concluded that her impression was that the amount sought was "inflated", without explaining the basis for that opinion.
8. The plaintiff submitted that the fact that she became a single parent in 2010 and was subsequently unable to spend time away from home did not give rise to an inference that the business suffered financially, as the Registrar's findings tended to suggest.
9. With respect to the Registrar's statement that the plaintiff suffered a fracture to her right knee and underwent two surgeries, the plaintiff submitted that this fact did not, of itself, speak for or against any particular level of non-economic loss. The plaintiff's claim for non-economic loss was significant because, firstly, post-surgery complications resulted in the development of DVT which required treatment for six months and prevented the plaintiff from pursuing diving on a social basis; secondly, the plaintiff experienced a number of post-accident falls said to be related to weakness in her knee and therefore consequential to her initial injury; and thirdly, although the plaintiff currently does not require any extensive further hospitalisation, there is a possibility that she will require a knee replacement when aged in her fifties, due to osteoarthritis. It was also submitted that although the evidence demonstrated that the plaintiff's right knee has united, this could not be taken to infer that she was not experiencing ongoing and serious disability. Indeed, the Registrar's statement that the plaintiff "continues to suffer ongoing pain and stiffness in her knee" is a concession to the plaintiff's claim that she would attract a significant amount for non-economic loss.
10. The plaintiff also referred to the Registrar's consideration of s 56 of the Civil Procedure Act and submitted that this provision must be balanced with the requirement that orders be made in accordance with the dictates of justice under s 58. The plaintiff considered that, if the transfer application was not granted, the plaintiff may be unable to recover the full amount of damages to which she is entitled, thereby creating an injustice which outweighs the considerations under s 56.

Consideration

1. The damages sought by the plaintiff was the sum of $1,838,836.90 plus costs. In her judgment, the Registrar carefully assessed the evidence as to the plaintiff's claim in relation to the three most significant heads of damages, as part of the process of determining whether the plaintiff's prospects of success were such that the jurisdictional limit may be breached. On their face, the concerns expressed by the Registrar as to past and future economic assistance are reasonable, but with no economic loss report in reply, the Registrar's task of assessment was difficult. On the basis of the evidence, the Registrar concluded that the amounts sought were inflated.
2. In my view, the criticism made of the Registrar's analysis of the heads of damages to the effect that it went beyond the impressionistic approach that is required by the authorities such as Johnstone v State of New South Wales [2006] NSWCA 105 is not made out. An analysis of the damages claimed is unavoidable, in order to make a determination of such an application. In this case, that analysis could only be impressionistic, in view of the paucity of evidence that was before the Registrar.
3. Consistent with the Registrar's approach, it would have been appropriate for the Registrar to go on to determine whether there was a likelihood, or "real chance", that a lesser quantum of damages would be proved, that would nevertheless exceed the jurisdictional limit. However, that exercise would have been difficult, in the absence of contrary evidence from suitable experts as to economic loss and domestic assistance. The Registrar's conclusion was that: "For all of these reasons and consistent with the approach taken in Lazare v City of Sydney Council … I am not satisfied that it is likely that the plaintiff's damages will exceed the jurisdictional limit of the District Court."
4. In Lazare v City of Sydney Council, Bellew J rejected an application to transfer proceedings concerning a claim for damages brought against four defendants from the District Court. There were significant differences between that case and the instant case.
5. In that case, the first and third of the defendants opposed the transfer, the second did not oppose it and the fourth adopted a neutral position. The first defendant adopted the submissions of the third defendant, so that his Honour had the benefit of a contradictor to the application. In addition, unlike the situation in the instant case, the third defendant had filed expert reports in relation to economic loss that challenged the conclusions of those of the plaintiff. Although the plaintiff in Lazare v City of Sydney Council had filed two reports concerning her claim for damages for domestic assistance, neither was prepared by a consultant occupational therapist, whereas the third defendant had filed a report by a consultant occupational therapist. His Honour accepted that only the third defendant's expert was suitably qualified.
6. In Lazare v City of Sydney Council, the third defendant contended that the plaintiff's claim for past and future economic loss was "inflated" and her claim for domestic assistance would be "substantially less" than what was claimed. His Honour noted that the calculation of economic loss was based on pre-injury earnings of $1,300 per week, however, the statement of particulars indicated that the plaintiff's pre-injury earnings were "on average $1,000 pw" and subpoenaed wage records indicated that, in the month prior to the accident, she was earning a net weekly wage of $890, and for the two months before that, her weekly wage was $815.50. Further, although the calculation was based on the plaintiff being totally incapacitated for all forms of work since the accident, there was evidence, including by medical practitioners retained by the plaintiff's solicitors, that she retained some earning capacity.
7. On that basis, Bellew J accepted that the calculation of the plaintiff's entitlement to damages for economic loss was inflated. In relation to the plaintiff's claim for domestic assistance, his Honour accepted that the consultant occupational therapist was the only expert on that issue who was suitably qualified. It is also relevant to note that Bellew J's rejection of the application was based on other factors including the procedural history, as well the plaintiff's claim of damages being over-stated.
8. I assume that what the Registrar meant by her reference to her conclusion being "consistent with the approach taken in Lazare v City of Sydney Council" was that, as Bellew J had done, the Registrar had concluded that the quantum of damages claimed under certain heads was inflated to a point that the application for transfer should be rejected.
9. In relation to economic loss, Bellew J was able to identify a significant flaw in the evidentiary basis of the plaintiff's calculations, whereas the Registrar, not without reason, was sceptical as to whether the plaintiff's work history, after the filing by the defendant of suitable reports and cross-examination of the plaintiff in due course, would establish a sound base for the calculation of damages that she contended was appropriate.
10. I also entertain considerable doubt that the consequences of the plaintiff's initial knee injury and subsequent issues of DVT and related falls could possibly result in damages under the respective heads of the quantum that is claimed, to a point that I am not satisfied that there is a likelihood of such a result.
11. As to whether there is a likelihood that the claim would exceed the jurisdictional limit, the past and future out of pocket expenses alone comprise $175,755.86 and the past s 15B claim, being a claim for damages for loss of capacity to provide domestic services pursuant to s 15B of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW), is $12,892.66. The question then becomes whether there is a likelihood ("a real chance") that the combined heads of damage of non-economic loss, past and future domestic assistance and past and future economic loss, would exceed $561,351.48. I note that sum is approximately one third of what is claimed under those combined heads of damages.
12. The plaintiff's claim in relation to each of the three relevant heads of damages is supported by a report prepared by a suitable expert. On the face of those reports, and in the absence of any countervailing material in the form of reports as to those issues filed by the defendant, I am unable to fault their contents.
13. The largest component of the damages claimed in the statement of particulars is for past economic loss: $217,685.43, and future economic loss: $798,628.27. These figures were advanced in Mr Elsmore's report, with the addition of the plaintiff's projected loss of superannuation. As noted earlier, the Registrar had observed: "[o]n the evidence available I am not convinced that the plaintiff will be entitled to anywhere near this amount of damages for economic loss."
14. However, the figure for future economic loss was not the only projection in Mr Elsmore's report. That projection was based on a 65 per cent reduction in the plaintiff's earning capacity and a loss of gross income of $140,000 per annum. He provided a range of projections, the lowest being based on a 40 per cent reduction in the plaintiff's earning capacity and a loss of gross income of $100,000 per annum, which constituted a claim of damages, before accounting for loss of superannuation, of $507,072 which, after taking into account a 15 per cent deduction for vicissitudes, yielded a figure of $460,428. I note that figure would leave a relatively minor amount to be awarded for the other two heads of damages before it would exceed, in total, the jurisdictional limit.
15. Mr Elsmore was appropriately guarded in how he based his projections, noting: "In assessing [the plaintiff's] notional earnings I have had regard to the following: Her actual pre-accident earnings. I note, however, that in my opinion, consideration of [the plaintiff's] actual pre-accident earnings should be subject to caution due to the (i) impact of the breakdown of her marriage and subsequent custodial/financial 'battle'; (ii) the impact of her inability to travel for work (due to her new status as a single parent); and (iii) changes in the market for her skills/expertise at that time; and The commercial earnings of persons working in senior occupational health and safety, change management, type roles. Given the niche nature of the skills/expertise specific to [the plaintiff], I acknowledge my assessment of earnings may not include the full extent of her multi-faceted and unique skill set."
16. Accordingly, I conclude that on an impressionistic view of the evidence as it presently stands, there is a likelihood ("a real chance") that, if liability is established, the claim will succeed to a point that the damages will exceed the jurisdictional limit.

Orders

1. I make the following orders: 1. Pursuant to r 49.19 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), set aside orders (1) and (2) made by the Registrar on 23 January 2020; 2. Pursuant to s 140(1) of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), transfer proceedings 2019/43048 in the District Court of New South Wales to the Supreme Court of New South Wales; 3. Costs are reserved.

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