Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Hing

Charges laid on 20 September and 27 November 2017

1. The respondent faces the following charges laid on 20 September 2017 (1 to 8) and on 27 November 2017 (9 to 11): 1 Cause grievous bodily harm with intent to resist arrest on 20 September 2017 (s 33(2)(b) Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) - maximum penalty imprisonment for 25 years). 2 Assault police officer in the execution of the officer's duty on 20 September 2017 (s 60(1) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 5 years). 3 Resist police officer in the execution of the officer's duty on 20 September 2017 (s 58 Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 5 years). 4 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($190,000) on 23 August 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 5 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($100,000) on 26 August 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 6 Knowingly participate in activities of a criminal group by directing activities of the group on 23 August 2017 (s 93T(4A) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 7 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($886,110) between 19 May and 21 September 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 8 Knowingly take part in supply of cocaine in not less than the large commercial quantity (s 25(2) Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) - maximum penalty imprisonment for life and/or fine of $550,000). 9 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($250,000) on 20 June 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 10 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($$344,000) on 26 June 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years). 11 Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($250,000) on 12 July 2017 (s 193B(2) Crimes Act - maximum penalty imprisonment for 15 years).
2. The charge of knowingly taking part in the supply of cocaine in not less than the large commercial quantity is an offence listed in s 16B(1)(f) of the Bail Act. It is an offence punishable by imprisonment for life so it also falls within s 16(1)(a). Accordingly, pursuant to s 16A(1) of the Bail Act, the Court had to refuse bail unless the respondent showed cause why his detention is not justified. Primarily because of the seriousness of many of the charges the respondent faces (particularly the drug supply charge) and the apparent strength of the case against him, the Court was not satisfied that cause had been shown

Facts

1. A statement of facts tendered by the Director summarises evidence that is available to the Crown in support of the various charges. The allegations contained in the statement are set out below. A letter by the police officer in charge of the case ("the Letter") that was tendered before Fagan J includes that the respondent and his co-accused, Gary Tan, were the subject of a police investigation between June and September 2017. The investigation included the use of electronic and physical surveillance and the interception of telecommunications.
2. It is noted that in the respondent's written submissions to Fagan J it was asserted that there was no evidence of the respondent engaging in any drug supply activity during the months during which he was under comprehensive physical and electronic surveillance and the occupier's notice accompanying a search warrant executed upon his arrest referred only to suspicion of money laundering, not drug supply.
3. The respondent is an Australian national who was living at an address in Longueville but he is alleged to have had exclusive control of an apartment in the World Towers building on Liverpool Street, Sydney.
4. The co-accused Tan is a Canadian national who arrived in Australia on a holiday visa on 2 May 2017.

Charges 9 to 11 - Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime (total of $844,000)

1. On 20 June 2017, the respondent made contact by telephone with a "known female" and arranged to meet her at her home in Yagoona. He was later seen to attend an address she had provided by text message. He was carrying a backpack and entered the premises. He left a matter of minutes later.
2. There were similar meetings with the "known female" on 26 June and 12 July 2017. The co-accused, Mr Tan, drove the respondent to the latter meeting.
3. On 21 September 2017, police executed a search warrant at the home of the "known female" and found a ledger which indicated that the respondent had delivered cash to her on the three occasions in amounts of $250,000, $344,000 and $250,000; a total of $844,000.

Charge 4 - Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($190,000)

1. On 23 August 2017 the respondent was picked up by Tan and driven to Chullora. He had a backpack which he concealed in the rear boot section of the car where the spare tyre would usually be housed. On arrival at Chullora he removed the backpack and met with "a male witness". He removed a re-usable shopping bag from the backpack and gave it to the "male witness". He was driven back to the city by Tan where he was seen to attend World Towers on Liverpool Street. Police inquiries revealed he rented a studio apartment in that building.
2. The "male witness" was stopped by police after the meeting. He was found to be in possession of the shopping bag which contained $190,000 in cash. The "male witness" sold or transferred to the respondent, or an associate of the respondent, 35 Bitcoins. The "male witness" also told police he had sold Bitcoins to the respondent in exchange for cash on at least five previous occasions for amounts between $10,000 and $60,000.
3. In the respondent's written submissions to Fagan J it was said that the "male witness" is a person named Daniel Misztal who has made a police statement. He is described as operating a legitimate Bitcoin business and has not been charged for his involvement in this transaction. He has told police that the Bitcoin was not transferred to the respondent but to a person identified as "Eric". These circumstances, together with the fact that the transaction took place in a public place, were said to counter the allegation that this was an act of money laundering.
4. To the contrary, we consider that an exchange of such a large amount of cash for an alternative form of currency that may be readily transferred anywhere in the world, seemingly without AUSTRAC notification, is consistent with how a person might seek to deal with the proceeds of crime. The fact that the exchange occurred away from any legitimate business premises and the transfer was to a person only identified as "Eric" further supports that inference.

Charge 5 - Knowingly deal with proceeds of crime ($100,000)

1. On 26 August 2017 the co-accused Tan drove the respondent to Birrong where he removed a bag from the car and met with two females. On the journey back to the city, the respondent was recorded in a conversation with Tan saying that he had given "him" $100,000. (The recipient is not identified in the statement of facts.)

Charges 1 to 3 - assaulting and resisting police

1. On 20 September 2017 police entered the studio apartment at World Towers in order to install a surveillance device. As they entered the room they identified an internet connected motion sensing camera pointing to the front door. The officers withdrew from the room. However, the camera was of a type that sent a short video and audio recording to a nominated mobile phone.
2. Within minutes, police conducting physical surveillance of the respondent saw him leave his home in Longueville with his girlfriend. As a marked police car drove past he was seen to hide behind some bushes. He and his girlfriend then travelled in a taxi to Chatswood from where they caught a train to Artarmon. At Artarmon the respondent was approached by police and told that he was under arrest. He resisted the attempt to arrest him by "thrashing his body around and attempting to pull away from the officers". In the course of the scuffle that ensued, a detective fell to the ground and sustained serious injury. Despite her screams of pain the respondent continued to resist until another officer brought him under control. Other officers arrived and he was handcuffed. The injured officer was taken to hospital and required surgery for a broken leg and seriously damaged ankle ligaments and tendons.
3. The Letter includes that the injured officer had still not returned to work as at 9 November 2017.
4. The written submissions to Fagan J include the assertion that the injury was caused by the respondent falling on top of the officer. Further, the respondent asserts that the officers did not show any police identification. There was no assertion that the respondent did not otherwise resist or assault police officers.

Items found on arrest

1. The respondent was found to be in possession of: ● His passport. ● Four mobile phones. ● An electronic swipe card and a set of metal keys to the studio apartment at World Towers. ● Documents relating to the rental of a number of safety deposit boxes and keys to the same. ● Bank cards and letters in other persons' names. The Letter includes that police have confirmed that at least one of these persons are the victim of identity theft.
2. The respondent declined to be interviewed. That was his right, of course, but what this means is that at present there is no alternative version of events to be balanced against the allegations made by the prosecution.

The studio apartment at World Towers

1. According to the statement of facts, the respondent has been observed by physical surveillance and CCTV attending the studio apartment at World Towers on a large number of occasions from 19 May 2017 onwards. It was rented in his name and he had the only electronic swipe card for it. The CCTV footage had not been completely reviewed by police. In the Letter it is indicated that police are still reviewing over 15,000 video files of CCTV recordings. What had been assessed at the time the statement of facts was prepared "shows that [the respondent] on nearly every occasion attends this unit alone" but the Letter includes that he attended "on occasion with other unknown persons".

Charge 8 - Knowingly take part in supply of large commercial quantity of cocaine

1. A search warrant was executed at the World Towers apartment following the respondent's arrest. What the police found included: ● 33 individual items of packaging consistent with the importation of one kilogram blocks of cocaine. Presumptive testing on residue inside these packages indicated the presence of cocaine. ● Numerous heat sealed bags containing a white residue, each being labelled with figures believed to be indicative of weight. ● In total, there were hundreds of bags believed to have once contained prohibited drugs and numerous bags that are believed to have once contained cash. ● A locked suitcase, which was opened with a key found in the respondent's possession when he was arrested, containing timber press plates with stencils to imprint "XXX" and "8S" onto powder. ● A mechanical press of a type commonly used in conjunction with the press plates to compress powdered cocaine into individual blocks for supply. (It is asserted in the written submissions to Fagan J that this, and the previously mentioned items, have not been found to have traces of cocaine on them.) ● Two more locked suitcases; one containing cash (see Charge 7 below) and the other containing items believed to be linked to the block press. ● Numerous heat sealable bags and a heat sealing device; scales; a money counting machine; two sets of breathing apparatus; and numerous disposable gloves. ● Seven mobile phones. ● A camera connected to a mobile internet device.
2. The written submissions to Fagan J included an assertion that the analyst certificate now served on the respondent's solicitors indicates that no fingerprints have been retrieved from items found in the apartment that are said to be associated with drug supply.
3. Police also found the remnants of two UPS packages (boxes) in the name of Kenneth Taylor and Harold Farley with "Mountain House Food" labelling on them. Also found in the apartment were a large number of Mountain House Food boxes and hundreds of pouches containing what appeared to be long-life dehydrated food products. In amongst these packages were numerous small plastic bags with numbers such as "60" and "90" written on them with white powder residue inside. In the Letter it is said that "further resealable packaging containing white powder residue was located" and "forensic analysis has confirmed this powder to be … cocaine".
4. A shredding machine was found which contained shredded plastic packaging, consistent with the Mountain House Food packaging. Police believe there had been an attempt to destroy evidence relating to the suspected importation of cocaine from the United States.
5. Police have identified 22 UPS consignments sent to either "Harold Farley (c/o SSIC)" at an address in Macquarie Place, Sydney or "Kenneth Taylor (C/O Nichemetrics)" at an address in Barangaroo between 14 October 2016 and 27 June 2017. Of these consignments, 19 purported to contain some form of "Mountain House emergency food supplies" and weighed between 5 kg and 11.61 kg.
6. The premises at Macquarie Place and at Barangaroo are "virtual offices" run by a company called Servcorp. The records of Servcorp indicate that a virtual office of SSIC was opened by a person purporting to be Harold Farley and a virtual office of Nichemetrics was opened by a person purporting to be Kenneth Taylor. On both occasions, American identification was provided (passport and driver's licence). Inquiries with the Federal Bureau of Investigation confirmed the identification documents were false. Police suspect that both Farley and Taylor were victims of identity fraud in order to conceal the identity of the person sending the packages from the United States of America.
7. The records of Servcorp also revealed that on seven occasions between 19 May and 29 June 2017 a person who usually signed as "Gary Tan" collected packages purporting to contain Mountain House products from the Macquarie Place or Barangaroo addresses. CCTV footage from World Towers shows the respondent carrying a box or a bag in the hallway leading to the apartment on each of these days. When the apartment was later searched by police, two boxes were found with labels correlating with boxes that had been collected from Macquarie Place and Barangaroo.
8. The Letter provides details of the occasions when Tan collected packages and when the respondent was seen taking a box to the World Towers apartment.
9. On the basis of the foregoing evidence, police "strongly suspect" that the Mountain House Food imports were used to conceal cocaine. It is alleged that the World Towers apartment was used solely for the purpose of deconstructing a large quantity of cocaine which was then re-processed, pressed into block form and sold. Police estimate that no less than the large commercial quantity of cocaine was involved.
10. As at the time the statement of facts was drafted, 26 bags that police believed had once contained cocaine had been examined by the Forensic and Analytical Science Service. It was found that 25 of the bags were positive for cocaine. The residue scraped of the bags equated to 6.2 grams of cocaine.

Charge 7 - knowingly deal with the proceeds of crime ($886,110)

1. Another suitcase found in the World Towers apartment was locked but was opened with a key found in the respondent's possession. It contained $886,110 in cash, mainly comprised of $50 and $100 notes in $10,000 bundles. Some of the bundles were sealed within vacuum sealed bags and some were loose within the suitcase. It is alleged that this money was derived from the sale of no less than a large commercial quantity of cocaine and was to be taken by the respondent and Tan to various persons throughout Sydney in an attempt to launder it.

Safety deposit box

1. Police identified and examined one of the safety deposit boxes suspected of being under the control of the respondent. $200,000 in cash was found within it. At the hearing of the detention application, the Crown Prosecutor informed the Court that the police investigation in relation to this is ongoing but further charges are expected to be laid.

Search at the respondent's home

1. Police searched the home occupied by the respondent and his parents. Among the items found were a driver licence in the respondent's name but with the photograph cut out and removed and a FedEx international package addressed to the respondent received from America on 18 September 2017. These items are the subject of ongoing investigation.

Charge 6 - Knowingly direct activities of a criminal group

1. Numerous conversations between the respondent and Tan have been covertly recorded pursuant to warrants issued under the Surveillance Devices Act 2007 (NSW). It is said that "these recorded conversations makes it clear that Hing has been actively directing the activities of their criminal group". The respondent has been recorded "giving Tan directions as to locations to drive to and the like". In one such conversation he was recorded instructing Tan on anti-surveillance techniques, such as how to tell if they are being followed and directing Tan to leave his personal phone at home. An extract from that conversation is provided in the statement of facts. It includes the respondent saying to Tan, "Just never bring the private phone to any drop or buys".
2. Mr Turnbull SC drew the Court's attention to the definition of a "criminal group" in s 93S(1) of the Crimes Act which includes the requirement that it be a group of three or more people. It is not apparent who apart from Tan is suggested by the prosecution as comprising this "group".

Other searches

1. The Letter includes that "during other searches relating to Hing and Tan, police located GPS tracking devices". During a conversation between the respondent and Tan on 5 September 2017 there was a discussion about these devices being concealed within packages so that they would become aware if a package being imported had been moved by law enforcement. In that event they would refrain from picking up the package.

Progress of the police investigation

1. The Letter indicates that the police investigation is ongoing and a large number of inquiries are yet to be completed. The Letter lists a significant number of matters that are yet to be attended to and advises that "a large number of these outstanding items, but not all of them, will be available for service within the next six weeks". (The Letter is dated 9 November 2017.)

The respondent's personal circumstances

1. The respondent comes from a family of five. He has a younger brother and sister. His parents separated last year after 35 years of marriage.
2. The respondent completed his education to Year 12 level at various schools on the Lower North Shore of Sydney. An affidavit by the respondent's father included that the respondent has been employed in a full-time capacity for the Cienna Group since leaving school in 2002. The Cienna Group is described in the father's affidavit as a property development and investment company. The respondent's father is a director of a company which provides advice to the Cienna Group in project management, property development and strategic investment opportunities. The respondent was initially employed as an assistant building manager and then was promoted to the position of building manager. According to his father's affidavit, at the time of his arrest the respondent was assisting his father with a proposed redevelopment of a 180 room hotel in Surry Hills. His father indicated that such employment remained available to him in the event he was released on bail.
3. The respondent's brother deposed in an affidavit that they enjoy a close relationship. He said they have always lived in Australia at the family home at Longueville, but elsewhere in the affidavit said that he (the deponent) lived in Melbourne from 2011 to 2016. He described the family as "close knit" and said the majority of the family lives in Sydney and in Australia. Contrary to the affidavit of his father, the respondent's brother said that the respondent had ceased working with the Cienna Group in about 2016 when their father was involved in a serious accident. The brother deposed that the respondent had "continued working doing building maintenance and painting jobs" with his days and hours varying from week to week.
4. An affidavit by the de facto partner of the respondent's brother confirmed that the respondent had a close relationship with his brother and his family generally. She also referred to the respondent being in a stable long term relationship with his partner who frequently stayed at the family home.
5. Somewhat at odds with the assertion in the affidavit of the respondent's father that he would be offered an opportunity to be re-employed in a full-time capacity with the Cienna Group should he be released on bail, a further affidavit by the respondent's brother dated 27 November 2017, following the respondent's release on bail on 21 November 2017, indicates that since he was released the respondent had been "investigating employment opportunities as well as researching into acquiring his painters licence".

The respondent's criminal history

1. The respondent has a criminal history that began in 2002 with the imposition of a community service order in the Children's Court for a graffiti-type offence. In 2003 he was fined for various offences involving the assault and resistance of police officers in the execution of their duty as well as damaging property. He was fined for larceny in 2006 and fined and disqualified for a traffic offence in 2011. Later in 2011 he was fined for an offence of affray and also placed on a good behaviour bond which included a condition that he attend an "alcohol/violence awareness program or similar". On 12 June 2012 he was placed on two year good behaviour bonds for offences of assault and damaging property. In relation to those same offences he was placed on further good behaviour bonds on 16 October 2013. It may be assumed that there was a breach of the original bonds. Finally, on 16 October 2013 the respondent was fined for offences that appear to be graffiti related at a public transport facility. These offences were committed on 17 June 2013 during the currency of the bonds imposed on 12 June 2012 and may have constituted the breach.
2. There are a number of matters that may be noted about the respondent's criminal history. First there are no occasions of him having failed to appear or having breached bail in the past. There are no offences of the level of seriousness of the current charges the respondent faces. Another matter to note is that the respondent had not previously been held in custody.

Principles relating to the show cause requirement

1. The parties in their written submissions made reference to well-known authorities in this court dealing with bail generally and the show cause requirement in particular: R v Kugor [2015] NSWCCA 14; Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Tikomaimaleya [2015] NSWCA 83; Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Campbell [2015] NSWCCA 173; Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Boatswain [2015] NSWCCA 185; R v McCormack [2015] NSWCCA 221; Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Mawad [2015] NSWCCA 227; Trinh v R [2016] NSWCCA 110; Moukhallaletti v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) [2016] NSWCCA 314; and Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) v Hourigan [2017] NSWCCA 170. A useful summary is to be found in the last (at [8]-[11]) but as there was no controversy as to the approach the Court was required to follow in the determination of the present case it is unnecessary to set it out again.

Strength of the Crown case and likely penalty if convicted

1. The written submissions for the respondent include an assertion that "the Crown case as it is presently constructed has both its strengths and its weaknesses".
2. As is often the case with bail determinations made relatively soon after a person has been arrested and before a full brief of evidence is available, an assessment of the strength of the prosecution case is more a matter of impression than definitive analysis. Nevertheless, it appears that the prosecution have a reasonably strong circumstantial case as to the respondent's involvement in the receipt and distribution of relatively large quantities of imported cocaine. The finding of the various items in the World Towers apartment that were clearly associated with drug supply activity amply support that inference. The fact that the respondent had a key and the only electronic swipe card providing access to the apartment is a matter of considerable significance, notwithstanding the apparent attendance at that apartment by others. It is significant that there is no suggestion of others attending in the absence of the respondent.
3. Another matter of significance in support of the prosecution's contention in relation to the drug supply activity and the money laundering charges is the fact that the respondent had in his possession upon his arrest a key that unlocked a suitcase found within the apartment that contained $866,110. The $200,000 found in a safety deposit box that was under the respondent's control is also a significant item of circumstantial evidence. So too is the fact that the proceeds of crime charges concern an amount exceeding $2 million.
4. The only charges that appear to be attended by potentially significant doubt are the charge relating to the grievous bodily harm sustained by the police officer upon the respondent's arrest and the charge alleging that the respondent directed the activities of a criminal group. It appears from the submissions that there may be room for doubt as to whether the harm caused to the police officer was caused with intent to resist arrest as opposed to accidentally and there appears to be some doubt about whether the prosecution will be able to prove that the respondent was directing the activities of three or more persons who comprised a criminal group as defined in s 93S of the Crimes Act.
5. The position in relation to the three proceeds of crime charges where the respondent is said to have delivered a total of $844,000 to a "known female" is not clear. If the Crown case depends upon admissibility of the ledger the strength of the Crown case might also be doubtful.
6. Even if those charges are put to one side, what remains indicates the respondent's involvement in extremely serious organised, and somewhat sophisticated, criminal activity.
7. None of the money laundering or the drug supply charges appear to be toward the lower end of the scale of seriousness for such offences. If convicted, the respondent would be facing the imposition of a substantial term of imprisonment.

Delay

1. The respondent has now been in custody for just over two months. It was asserted by his counsel that there will be a contest during the committal phase of the proceedings. Whether the Local Court will accede to the calling of witnesses for cross-examination remains to be seen. It is apparent that the police still have a good deal of work to do to complete the service of a brief of evidence. It was contended that having regard to these matters a trial would not take place in the District Court until 2019. That would seem to be a reasonable assessment.
2. Such a delay is, of course, regrettable. However with the current work load of the District Court it cannot be said to be out of the ordinary. In fact, it is not out of the ordinary for serious criminal charges in both the District Court and the Supreme Court to take up to 18 months or 2 years from arrest until finalisation.
3. Mr Turnbull SC correctly, with respect, referred to the presumption of innocence. Reference was also made to the observation of Hoeben CJ at CL in R v Kugor at [35] where the prospective delay was 15 months on the most optimistic estimate, that "[i]t is a very serious matter to deprive a citizen of liberty for such a long period of time when he has not been convicted of any offence".
4. We were of the view that the prospective delay in this matter is most concerning. However it is a matter that was required to be balanced against all of the other circumstances of the case.

Proposed bail conditions

1. The respondent proposed that he should be permitted to remain on bail under the extremely strict conditions imposed by Fagan J on 16 November 2017. Those conditions included that he report twice daily to police; his passport was to remain in the custody of police; he was not to go within a certain distance of any point of international departures; he was to reside at the home address and not be absent during certain night time hours unless in the company of his mother or father; there was to be a deposit of $90,000 by one or more acceptable person(s); and security in the sum of $1.2 million was to be deposited by one or more acceptable person(s). There was also a condition that the respondent submit to electronic monitoring and funds had been paid for that to be instituted when the respondent was released from custody pursuant to the grant of bail by Fagan J on 21 November 2017. There were sundry other conditions including restrictions of the respondent's access to mobile phones and the internet.
2. These conditions are obviously extremely strict and were designed to meet the prosecution's main concern, namely that the respondent was a flight risk.

Other considerations

1. It was submitted that the respondent had "exceptional" family and community ties. It may be readily accepted that he does have family and community ties although the information provided to the court was limited to that which we have referred to above. It is somewhat of an overstatement to describe these as "exceptional".
2. As to the respondent's need to be free to prepare for appearances in court and/or to obtain legal advice, there is an obvious undesirability of an accused person being in custody when the brief of evidence for the prosecution comprises a significant amount of electronically recorded material. Experience has shown that steps can be taken to ameliorate such difficulties but we acknowledge that they are less than perfect.
3. Mr Turnbull SC submitted, and we accept, that there was some significance in the fact that the respondent had appeared in court as required for the hearing of the Crown's detention application knowing that he would be returned to custody if the application succeeded.

Conclusion

1. It is beyond question that many of the charges faced by the respondent are extremely serious. We have previously indicated our assessment of the apparent strength of the prosecution case against him and the likelihood of a substantial term of imprisonment being imposed if he is convicted. The allegations brought by the prosecution, if true, indicate that the respondent was operating with a number of associates whose identity and whereabouts are not currently identified. $1,066,000 in relation to the proceeds of crime charges has been seized by police. The whereabouts of the balance, $1,134,000, appears to be unknown. Overall, the manner in which the respondent's alleged drug supply and money laundering activities were conducted indicate a degree of sophistication and resourcefulness.
2. For all of these reasons the prosecution's concern about the respondent's compliance with the requirements of bail, no matter how strict the conditions, in terms of his appearance at court and refraining from committing further serious offences, are legitimately held.
3. Having regard to all of these matters we were not satisfied that the respondent had shown cause why his detention was not justified and accordingly the Crown's detention application was granted.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 24 July 2019