Booth v Cerreto

Costs

1. In relation to the question of costs, the parties provided written outlines of submissions in accordance with directions which I made at the time of delivering the principal judgment. In summary, the parties' initial positions were diametrically opposed. While each made some concessions, the effect of each side's proposed orders was that the other should pay a large proportion of the opponent's costs. Having noted this, I asked my associate to put the parties on notice yesterday afternoon that I would be assisted by receiving submissions as to why the just outcome should not be that the Court make no order as to the costs of the proceedings. For the reasons that follow, that is what will occur.
2. In approaching the question of costs, it is important to recall that these proceedings fell into two parts.
3. In the first part, the litigation was dominated by a dispute as to whether the terms of the Venture were oral or written. The plaintiffs said they were oral. By a cross-claim, the defendants said they were written.
4. The proceedings were listed for hearing before Pembroke J on 24 June 2019. By email on 17 June 2019, the defendants' solicitors wrote to Pembroke J's Associate (and copied to the plaintiffs' solicitors): "We are instructed to consent to an order for judicial sale as sought in prayer 10 of the Statement of Claim together with an order for an account, being the primary operative relief sought by the plaintiffs. We have communicated this consent to the plaintiffs' solicitors, who are also copied on this email. Our clients do not propose to pursue the relief sought in their cross claim. Our clients are of the view that this obviates the need for the hearing set down on 24 June 2019. Our clients seek that the matter be relisted this week at a time convenient to the court so as to obtain further orders to give effect to the accounting process and the issue of costs. Our clients will endeavour to agree on proposed orders to be handed up to the court."
5. This led to the events set out at J [14] to [20] culminating in the orders made on 12 July 2019, including the dismissal of the defendants' cross-claim and the reservation of costs. On this latter point. I set out again what Pembroke J said on that occasion: "For those reasons, although it is agreed that the amendment [sic] cross-claim should be dismissed, it is not appropriate at this interlocutory stage without me having heard any evidence whatsoever in the proceedings to make an order that the defendants pay the costs of that cross-claim, let alone that those costs be paid forthwith. The costs of the cross-claim should be reserved and should be determined when the outcome of the entire litigation is known. That is all the more so because the cross-claim, I was told, is, in a material sense, bound up with the defence and, although the defendants have consented to certain relief sought by the plaintiffs, the accounting issues remain to be resolved. The other issue that arises is whether the costs of the expert should be shared equally between the parties or whether, in the first instance, the defendant should pay for those costs. The plaintiffs say that I should order the defendants to pay for those costs in the first instance because of a long history of failed attempts before Slattery J to achieve some form of accounting. It is said that there was fault on the part of the defendants and that, therefore, requiring the defendants to pay the costs of the expert appointed by me in the first instance is some compensation for that fault. I have been provided with 21 pages of records of proceedings before Slattery J. I know almost nothing about what happened before his Honour and I have not been taken in any detail to those 21 pages. What I do know is that the accounting ordered by Slattery J was of an entirely different dimension to the accounting which I have suggested and the parties have agreed to undertake now. I do not think that ii is fair to impose a costs burden on the plaintiffs in relation to the expert that they have agreed to appoint simply because of what is said to be the failed attempts to achieve an accounting in a long series of appearances before Slattery J. It may well be that at the end of the day and when the import of the expert is available and submissions and evidence have been heard that a judge, whoever that may be, concludes that fault lies with the defendants and the plaintiffs should be compensated for costs as a result. It is hard to know."
6. The matter then proceeded into its second part. This was the continued assertion by the plaintiffs of their claim for damages in contract, and the resolution of the joint accounting process agreed between the parties. It was this second part of the proceedings that I determined in the principal judgment.
7. The plaintiffs modified their initial position as to costs before me today and did not wish to be heard against the outcome of there being no order as to costs. Mr Kidd SC accepted that it was an outcome properly open to the Court given the overall result of the proceedings.
8. The defendants also modified their position today, but not to the same extent as the plaintiffs. Mr Cheshire SC's submissions may be summarised as: (1) It was appropriate for there to be no order as to costs in relation to the accounting case. (2) However, the plaintiffs had lost their contract case and the defendants should have their costs of that claim for the entirety of the proceedings, in particular where the majority of those costs were incurred after July 2019. (3) The Court was entitled to take into account the fact that the proceedings were unnecessarily and unreasonably prolonged, in the defendants' submission, after the parties had agreed the facts for and then obtained Mr Peasley's accounting report. 4. Given the difficulties in teasing out what costs were attributable to which parts of the claim, and in order to reflect both the dismissal of the costs claim and removing the costs of the accounting from the equation, a single costs order should be made: that the plaintiffs pay the defendants' costs of the proceedings in a percentage to be determined by the Court, but which Mr Cheshire SC suggested could be of the order of 50%.
9. Mr Kidd SC resisted the approach advanced by the plaintiffs. His submissions may be summarised as: (1) The overall result was consistent with there being no order as to costs. It should not be forgotten, and weighed against any costs order in relation to the contract claim, that the defendants' cross-claim was dismissed in a unilateral capitulation by the defendants. In accordance with UCPR Pt 42 r 42.20, this would usually have the result that the defendants pay the plaintiffs' costs of the cross-claim. (2) Until June 2019, the defendants had resisted an accounting by relying on their cross-claim. Their capitulation also mean that an accounting was no longer in dispute, so that in effect up to that point the plaintiffs had been successful overall in the proceedings. (3) Excluding the contract claim, the plaintiffs were the successful party in the proceedings after July 2019. Issues of equitable compensation and subrogation were in substance conceded by the defendants in their opening before me. In relation to the accounting exercise, the plaintiffs were also what Mr Kidd SC described as the "clear overall winner". In analysing the various accounting issues which had been determined in the principal judgment, it was submitted that the plaintiffs' success on the question of the effect of the discharge of Mrs Dominello's loans resulted in an outcome $1.6 million more favourable to the plaintiffs than the defendants' contention; the occupation fee claim of $690,000 had been abandoned; and, such success as the defendants enjoyed was financially de minimis. The matters on which the plaintiffs succeeded were financially, and as a matter of evidence, the largest disputes. 4. Taking the preceding points together demonstrated the appropriateness of not embarking on attempting to allocate any costs of the contract claim such that there should also be no order as to the costs of that claim.
10. In determining the question of costs I have applied three propositions:
11. Costs are in the wide discretion of the Court, subject only to the qualification that the discretion must be exercised judicially, that is to say rationally and for a proper purpose.
12. Costs generally follow the event.
13. The power to award costs should be exercised by reference to the overriding purpose set out in ss 56 to 60, Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW).
14. I propose to determine the present question by considering the contract claims and the accounting exercise separately, given how Mr Cheshire SC approached his response to the proposition that there should be no order as to the costs of the proceedings generally.
15. There are three steps in relation to the contract claim: (1) While the proceedings were in two parts, the Court should look back at the entirety of the litigation and how it has arrived at its final substantive outcome. For this reason, I do not think it appropriate to make costs orders up to 12 July 19 and then for the period to date. I respectfully agree with the approach referred to by Pembroke J (see [18] above) that any determination of the costs of the proceedings (or any part of them) should be made when the final result is known and in the light of that result. (2) It must be accepted that analysing the question by reference to the "event", the parties' submissions did reflect what are the only clear events: the dismissal of the defendants' cross-claim and the plaintiffs' failure to establish an entitlement to damages in contract. The defendants' successful resistance of the plaintiffs' claim for contractual damages is the reason why the Court would "order otherwise" for the purposes of UCPR Pt 42 r 42.20 to forestall the result that the plaintiffs would under that rule be entitled to the costs of the dismissed cross-claim. Furthermore, seen as a case in contract alone, each party has succeeded, which is why the appropriate order is to make no order as to costs of the contractual dispute. (3) I should also record that despite the observation I have just made, I did consider whether there was a more limited way of allowing the parties some costs to reflect the outcomes in relation to the contract claim. I discuss this further in [26] to [28] below. However, given the extraordinary delays in the conduct of this litigation and the animosity between the parties, it would be contrary to the overriding purpose for the Court to put the parties at risk of further argument and delay on any assessment of costs.
16. As to the plaintiffs' costs of the cross-claim, it seemed to me that there was some possibility for an order to be made that the defendants should pay the plaintiffs' costs of the handwriting expert deployed by the plaintiffs in support of their case that the written agreement alleged in the cross-claim was a forgery. When I put this to Mr Kidd SC, he maintained the entirely understandable purity of his position that the better outcome overall was for there to be no order as to costs without sending the parties into the kind of costs allocation exercise which I had in contemplation.
17. As to the defendants' costs of the plaintiffs' claim in contract, I had originally thought that it might be justifiable to order that the plaintiffs pay the defendants' costs of all the expert reports obtained by the defendants to meet the contractual damages claim. However, in a revealing prelude to what might have been the case had this matter gone off to a costs assessment, a dispute immediately arose between the parties as to whether or not the costs of those expert reports were solely referable to the contract claim. Mr Kidd SC submitted that those reports were also relevant to the accounting exercise. Mr Cheshire SC did not agree.
18. Of some present importance is the fact that the reports which I had in mind were ultimately not relied upon at the hearing before me, so I have never had occasion to look at them. It would be inappropriate and disproportionate to the task at hand for me now to attempt to do so, or to invite the parties to a more detailed examination of the issues to which those expert reports were in fact directed. The dispute which broke out before me, without any disrespect to either side, is sufficient to persuade me of the wisdom of making no order as to costs in any respect, including to avoid any kind of dispute that might arise between the parties were the Court to make a more particular costs order in relation to specific evidence.
19. Turning to the accounting aspect of the case, the parties were ultimately in agreement that there should be no order as to costs. However, it is appropriate that I briefly record why this is the position which the Court considers should apply. The starting point, evident from what transpired before Pembroke J, is that the accounting referral was the product of an agreement between the parties. Provided neither party thereafter behaved unreasonably, this bespeaks that there should be no order as to costs, because each side's costs are an incident of the working out of their failed joint venture relationship by the accounting process.
20. I do not consider there was any such unreasonable behaviour. In assessing the parties' conduct, I have not overlooked Mr Cheshire SC's submission that the ultimate resolution would have been faster and simpler if the plaintiffs had not continued to press their claim for contractual damages. I agree. However, that submission cannot affect the outcome on costs because the fact remains, as I noted in J [12(7)], that Mr Cheshire SC accepted at the hearing that the plaintiffs remained entitled to run their contract claim, notwithstanding what appeared to be everyone's intention before Pembroke J (as I found at J [19]).
21. Furthermore, insofar as the parties litigated issues arising from Mr Peasley's report (a possibility which they did contemplate at the time they were before Pembroke J), viewed holistically each party has had a measure of success. Contrary to the way in which Mr Kidd SC put his argument, for the purposes of the present task given the issues debated in this case, the appropriate measure of that success is by issue rather than the value of each issue.
22. Of the four accounting issues that were the subject of argument, each party succeeded on two. The plaintiff succeeded on the effect of the discharge of the Mrs Dominello's loans (J [45] to [52]) and the treatment of any surplus (J [61] to [65]). The defendants succeeded on the holding costs (J [53] to [54]) and as to the deduction pressed by the plaintiffs for the alleged "benefit" to the defendants' of their borrowings over the Properties (J [55] to [58]) and to which I have already referred in [12] above.
23. In applying this approach, I have borne in mind Mr Kidd SC's submission concerning other matters which fell away or were conceded by the defendants during the course of the hearing. I do not consider them to have been sufficient in themselves either to affect the Court's discretion or, given what I have said about limiting the scope for argument on any costs assessment, to be susceptible to a special costs order.

Conclusion

1. The parties are to bring in orders in accordance with those which they have agreed, now to be varied to give effect to these reasons.

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