BJ (by BB) v State of Queensland [2025] QCAT 125

• [7] BJ attended school in Victoria in 2020. He completed year 3 but his parents claim that his year 4 was compromised due to COVID.
• [8] In or around December 2020 the family moved to Queensland.
• [9] BJ's parents have raised a number of allegations about his time at Edens Landing including their dissatisfaction with the way the enrolment interview was conducted; unwillingness to accept the medical diagnosis they had from a Victorian specialist; requiring them to obtain another medical diagnosis from a Queensland medical practitioner; placing him in year 5 when BJ had not satisfactorily completed year 4; lack of support while there; BJ being restricted to attending school for a maximum of one and half hours per day; attempting to have the parents agree to a part-time education program; excluding BJ from participation in a school excursion; creating false and/or misleading behaviour records; and generally failing to provide him with an education that took account of his needs including by failing to provide an individual behaviour or curriculum plan.
• [10] BJ's parents cancelled his and their daughter's enrolment at Edens Landing in around April 2021.
• [11] BJ's parents applied to six local schools but were unable to secure enrolment. BJ's parents say they wrote to the Department of Education complaining that their catchment policy was preventing their children from being able to attend school.
• [12] BJ was enrolled from term three 2021 at Windaroo State School. BJ's parents claimed that BJ received support from staff and BJ was considered an engaged, friendly student with no major behavioural issues. BJ's parents say that in 2022, BJ was placed in year 6 and the supports were gradually removed, including BJ's mental health support plan. During this time, BJ was disengaged from his class, and at times sitting apart from other students.
• [13] In preparing for high school, BJ's parents identified Windaroo Valley State High School as the secondary school most appropriate for BJ. They allege they were wrongly excluded from initial consideration for enrolment at Windaroo Valley State High School and that, ultimately, his application for enrolment was wrongly rejected.
• [14] The remedies sought on behalf of BJ include orders for the removal of BJ's behaviour records, suspension notes, and all other documents which may be affecting BJ's ability to enrol in high school.

Application to strike out part of the complaint

(a) striking out the allegations contained in the Complaint which occurred before 30 August 2022; and

(b) striking out the allegations contained in the Complaint which were not referred to the Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal by the QHRC.

• [16] In relation to the strike out ground (a), the respondent says that the tribunal may only deal with the parts of the Complaint which occurred before 30 August 2022 if the tribunal considers that, on the balance of fairness between the parties, it would be reasonable to do so. It submits that it would not be reasonable to deal with allegations that occurred prior to 30 August 2022.
• [17] In relation to the strike out ground (b), the respondent alleges the applicant has included fresh allegations in the Contentions that were not referred to the Tribunal, and, as such, leave must be obtained from the tribunal to amend the Complaint to include the fresh allegations. The respondent says that leave has not been sought, and even if it had, the tribunal should not exercise its discretion to amend the Complaint.
• [18] The respondent identifies the 'fresh allegations' to be the reference by BJ to a number of State schools including Mount Warren Park State School, Eagleby State School, Waterford State School, Eagleby South State School, Beenleigh South State School and Windaroo State School and the allegation that these schools directly discriminated against BJ in about April 2021.
• [19] BJ strongly opposes the application to strike out allegations that are 'out-of-time'. It is said that any delay was not due to inaction but resulted from genuine and ongoing efforts to try to engage with the Department of Education to resolve the issues. Further, that the issues persisted across multiple schools which indicated a systemic failure rather than isolated incidents. BJ's parents also refer to the difficulties they experienced prior to lodging their Complaint including that they were caring for severely distressed children due to their school experiences; that they lacked advocacy support; had language barriers and no family or close friends to assist, having recently migrated to Queensland. In relation to the 'fresh allegations' it is argued that the allegations were identified in their Complaint form and subsequent submissions of 6 February 2024 and that, if formal leave is necessary to include additional allegations, that leave is sought and should be granted.

• [20] Section 47 of the QCAT Act confers on the Tribunal the power to dismiss or strike out proceedings and relevantly provides that:

(1) This section applies if the tribunal considers a proceeding or a part of a proceeding is -

(a) frivolous, vexatious or misconceived; or

(b) lacking in substance; or

(c) otherwise an abuse of process.

(2) The tribunal may -

(a) if the party who brought the proceeding or part before the tribunal is the applicant for the proceeding, order the proceeding or part be dismissed or struck out; ...

• [21] Section 175 deals with complaints made more than one year after an alleged contravention of the AD Act. Section 175 provides:

175 Time limit on referred complaints

(1) The tribunal must accept a complaint that is referred to it by the commissioner, unless the complaint was made to the commissioner more than 1 year after the alleged contravention of the Act .

(2) If the complaint was made more than 1 year after the alleged contravention, the tribunal may deal with the complaint if the tribunal considers that, on the balance of fairness between the parties, it would be reasonable to do so.

• [22] Section 178 of the AD Act gives the tribunal a broad power to allow a complainant to amend a complaint. Section 178 provides:

178 Complaints may be amended

(1) The tribunal may allow a complainant to amend a complaint.

(2) Subsection (1) applies even if the amendment concerns matters not included in the complaint.

• [23] The respondents have applied to strike out part of the applicant's contentions on the basis they are out of time and/or constitute fresh allegations. The tribunal has the power to strike out a part of a proceeding on a number of bases including that it is misconceived or an abuse of process.[2]

• [24] I note that the QHRC accepted the out of time allegations on 20 May 2024. The Tribunal is not bound by that decision, indeed s 175 expressly requires QCAT to consider, on the balance of fairness between the parties, whether it is reasonable to accept a complaint referred to it which includes a complaint made more than one year after the alleged contravention of the AD Act.[3] In exercising my discretion I have considered the following relevant factors:

(a) the length of the delay;

(b) any explanation by the complainant for the delay;

(c) any prejudice to the respondent, should the discretion be exercised in the complainant's favour;

(d) any prejudice to the complainant, should the discretion be exercised in the respondent's favour; and

(e) whether there is a lack of merit to the complaint.[4]

• [25] It appears from the Contentions that the 'out-of-time' allegations comprise the following:

(a) 22 January 2021, when the enrolment interview at Edens Landing State School took place.

(b) 14 February 2021, Edens Landing State School failed to communicate to BJ's parents as to how they were going to support BJ on an excursion.

(c) 24 February 2021, the Principal of Edens Landing State School made the decision to exclude BJ from the excursion.

(d) Between 25 February to 23 March 2021:

(i) changing BJ's timetable and school schedule;

(ii) refusing to provide BJ's parents with an explanation for BJ's restricted time at school;

(iii) suspensions with inadequate explanations or reasons as to why a suspension was required;

(iv) failure to address the bullying BJ was subject to;

(v) no curriculum or behaviour plan provided in respect of BJ.

(e) April 2021, unsuccessful attempts to enrol BJ in six different schools.

• [26] The length of delay in making the complaint is a factor against exercising the discretion. The earliest date of an allegation that may give rise to a contravention of the AD Act was around January 2021. This is 1 year and 7 months outside the statutory time limit. I accept the respondent's submissions that the length of the delay itself gives rise to a general presumption of prejudice.[5]
• [27] I accept that the reasons for the delay include that BJ's parents were, from 2021, engaged with the various relevant schools and with the Department of Education attempting to resolve their issues without recourse to litigation; that the situation they were dealing with was stressful; that their children had challenging behaviours and consumed much of their time; that English is not their first language; and that they were, for the most part, unrepresented.
• [28] On the other hand, I accept the respondent's submissions that BJ's family received legal advice from Queensland Advocacy Incorporated in October 2021 about their legal options and decided not to proceed with a Complaint because at that time they were receiving inclusive education. Further, that the support they were receiving reduced in 2021 and then ceased altogether in 2022. These factors do not explain why the Complaint was not made until 30 August 2023. I also note that BJ's parents have written numerous lengthy letters to the Department and appeared able to make a Complaint to the QHRC. I find the applicant's explanation for the delay in making a Complaint to be not altogether satisfactory.
• [29] BJ submits that those involved in the Complaint all still work for the Department of Education and the respondents have not claimed they are unavailable. The respondent submits that the delay may impact the memories of witnesses and may mean records are no longer available. I accept that adding the allegations will, at the least, add to the time and effort required to defend the Complaint and, ultimately, to the cost. On the other hand, in my view, the allegations form part of a continuum of BJ's experience with the education system as a child with impairments. The earlier allegations give context to the Complaint, do not on their face lack merit and indeed may give rise to potential contraventions of the AD Act.
• [30] In my view, on balance, although I consider the applicant to be responsible for the delay, I do not think the prejudice to the respondent should the allegations remain outweighs the prejudice to the applicant if the allegations are struck out.
• [31] In my view, for the reasons above, on the balance of fairness between the parties, the allegations should be dealt with.
• [32] Accordingly, I refuse the application to strike out the out of time allegations.

• [33] I turn to the application to strike out the 'fresh allegations'.
• [34] The Complaint was made verbally over the phone by BJ's father who required assistance putting the Complaint in writing. BJ's father confirmed when the Complaint was read to him that it was his Complaint. The Complaint says, relevantly:

We wrote a complaint to The Department of Education, a 6-page letter was sent on the 21st April 2021, We notified school we cancelling enrolment, We were looking for new school for children we applied to 6 locals schools and some of them don't answer to our enquiries and the rest of schools denied or rejected our enrolment application for both my children.

None of them ever offered any waiting list, we wrote a second complaint On the 30th April 2021 to The Department of Education requesting a new school, because of their policy which was not allowing my children to attend school. Also made numerous phone calls to the department of education. Then finally we received a answer from the dept of education on the 6th May 2021, they dismissed our concern.

19.04.2021 We have tried to enrol our children to the following schools:

Mount Warren Park SS, Eagleby SS, Waterford SS, Eagleby South SS, Beenleigh SS, Windaroo SS. They all either rejected their application or never answered for our written enquiries.

Beenleigh SS was the only school nearby which had no catchment policy. We were also advised by the department of education that we can take the children into that school. We had a meeting with them, but the principal was offering only 1 hour education for our son, not full-time education, and there was no explanation why.

[BJ] received direct discrimination from the above mentioned schools, the way they were processing the prospective student's applications; not following the DoE QLD enrolment procedures.

1. The schools failed to provide applications for enrolment forms and accept applications for admission as a prospective student.

2. Rejecting applications for enrolment, even before receiving application forms; not providing waiting list for my son. In their response they failed to provide information about the complaint process.

3. The schools were hindering parents who have the responsibility of choosing a suitable education environment for their children. (Education Act 2006. Pg 27. 7/a)

We think the schools are using the catchment policy as a 'tool' to pick and choose from students as they please. All the schools that we applied rejected our children because of their 'strict' enrolment policy, not accepted my son to enrol; despite the fact that those schools are allowing a large percentage of students from out of their catchment area:

Windaroo SS: 43% of student out of catchment, Eagleby SS: 33%, Mount Warren Park SS:63%, Eagleby South SS: 23%, Waterford SS: 29%, Waterford West SS: 29% out of catchment students.

I have contacted the DoE via phone, and told them that none of the school is willing to enrol our children.

• [36] In my view the Complaint did raise the allegations concerning the failure of six State Schools to offer to enrol BJ. While I accept that more detail was provided in the Contentions, the substance of the allegation had been sufficiently made in the Complaint. I also take into account that the applicant is a child who is represented by his father who is self-represented and has a difficulty with the English language.
• [37] Accordingly, I refuse the application to strike out this part of the Complaint on the basis they are 'fresh allegations'.
• [38] For completeness, I also would not strike out that part of the Complaint on the basis it was out of time. Although the period within which the enrolment rejections occurred was around April 2021, which is more than one year prior to the date the Complaint was made, I am satisfied, pursuant to s 175(2) of the AD Act that, on the balance of fairness between the parties, it is reasonable to deal with those allegations. The substance of the Complaint is that BJ, as a child with impairments, was discriminated against in the way he was schooled but also in the way his applications for enrolment were processed and either ignored or rejected.

[1] An application to strike out part of the proceedings was also made in a related matter involving the applicant's sister in ADL052-24. I have adopted the reasons in that matter insofar as they are relevant.

[3] Bond v State of Queensland [2019] QCATA 60, [67].

[4] Stewart v State of Queensland [2024] QIRC 103, [13].

[5] Brisbane South Regional Health v Taylor (1996) 186 CLR 541.