Triabunna Investments Pty Ltd v Minister for Environment and Energy

A brief summary of Tassal's proposed salmon farm and its connection to the EPBC Act 109 There are several aspects of Tassal's salmon farm proposal which, at a factual level, need to be understood to follow the appellants' judicial review challenge, the primary judge's reasoning and the issues on this appeal. What follows is taken from Tassal's referral documentation provided to the Department of the Environment and Energy, and also to the Minister. There is no dispute about the mechanical side of Tassal's operations, only about their impact. 110 Tassal proposed to install a "mooring and grid system" comprising of 1 x 10 pen bays and 1 x 18 pen bay mooring grids, to be used in conjunction with the existing moorings and longline infrastructure which was already at the site for the existing blue mussel and seaweed farm. The sea pens were to have a circumference of 168 m, and be approximately 54 m in diameter and 15 m in depth. They were to be constructed of black material. 111 Tassal stated there would be "supporting infrastructure" such as the existing land base used by the existing farm, and "on water structures" including vessels and a permanently moored feed barge. There would be multiple movements a day to the sea pens and to the on-site feed barge. 112 The feed barge was to be about 25.5 m long, and grey in colour. There was also to be a mobile water barge, approximately 33.35 m long and in a pontoon style. 113 Feed pipes were to be installed from the feed barge to each of the pens. The feed pipes were to be "bundled" - that is, drawn together instead of floating freely and separately in the water, so that risks of entanglement were reduced. The following diagram illustrates the proposed salmon farm operation: 114 The netting sitting around each of the cages is identified by Tassal as "K-Grid", and Tassal describe it in this way: K-Grid netting is made of a high strength knotless resin coated weave that is heat treated providing a smooth surface. K-Grid is robust and stiff in construction providing advanced predator exclusion properties 115 It is common ground that the term "K-Grid" is a proprietary name for a brand of netting. 116 Central to the question before the primary judge, and on appeal, was whether Tassal's proposal was a "controlled action" for the purposes of the EPBC Act, because the establishment and operation of the farm would, or was likely to, have a significant impact on one or more of the matters of national environmental significance set out in Pt 3 of Ch 2 of the EPBC Act. On the basis of its own internal assessment of the potential impacts of its proposed salmon farm, Tassal initially determined that it was not. Nonetheless, it agreed to refer its proposal to the Department of the Environment and Energy for assessment of the potential impact of the proposed farm on matters of national environmental significance. The process in the EPBC Act allowed for public submissions prior to the Minister deciding whether the proposed action was a controlled action: that is how the three appellants became involved. 117 On 1 August 2017, a delegate of the Minister determined that Tassal's proposed action was not a controlled action provided it was undertaken in a "particular manner" within the meaning of s 77A of the EPBC Act. This was the "component decision", as s 77A describes it.

The delegate's exercise of power and Tassal's commencement of the salmon farm 118 The power under s 75, and the consequent decision under ss 77 and 77A, appears to have been exercised, given the date of the delegate's signature on the briefing note, on 1 August 2017. There was a briefing note to the delegate, prepared by two officers within the Department of the Environment and Energy. 119 The briefing note identified four "key issues": The southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) has been relatively slow to recover from whaling activities undertaken historically during the 19th Century. Recent observations suggest former whaling sites (such as the Mercury Passage) are being increasingly visited by the southern right whale, and may indicate sites of future importance for recovery of the species. As such, particular manner requirements are recommended to avoid the risk of significant impacts to southern right whales. The Department considers that, if taken not in accordance with the specified particular manners, there is a real chance that the action would, or would be likely to, result in a significant impact on the southern right whale and other migratory whale species. However, the Department also considers that undertaking the action in accordance with the particular manners specified in the proposed decision notice (Attachment J) will ensure that the risk of adverse impacts to the southern right whale and other migratory whale species is reduced to a level below significant. The Department also considers that the risk of other marine life and seabirds becoming entangled with the farming infrastructure such that a significant impact is unlikely. Impacts to the heritage listed Darlington Probation Station on Maria Island, and the Commonwealth marine environment, are also not considered likely, due to the nature of the action and distance from these matters. The Department therefore recommends that you decide, under sections 75 and 77A that the action is not a controlled action but only if undertaken in accordance with the particular manners specified in the proposed decision notice (Attachment J). 120 The exercise of power was constituted by the delegate circling a number of words on the first two pages of the briefing note: 121 The briefing note had a number of attachments, including the form of the s 77 notice which was published. 122 Tassal was obviously fully prepared to undertake the action, and must have been confident of the outcome of the EPBC Act process. The evidence of Mr Mark Asman, the Head of Aquaculture at Tassal, was that having received notification of the delegate's decision on 1 August 2017: Tassal commenced the placement of salmon in cages within the lease area on 2 August 2017. 123 This proceeding was commenced on 7 September 2017 after the delegate had failed to provide reasons within the timeframe set out in the AD(JR) Act. By this stage, Mr Asman's evidence discloses that 797,000 smolt had been placed in the pens and the action was fully underway. At the time of his affidavit, Mr Asman estimated harvesting of the salmon would occur in approximately November 2018. The salmon farm has been fully operational since the s 75 decision, and no stay or injunction of that decision was sought or granted in connection with this proceeding.

The delegate's reasons for the exercise of power 124 On 2 August 2017, the appellants requested a statement of reasons for the delegate's decision pursuant to the AD(JR) Act. Only the proponent, Tassal, had an entitlement under the EPBC Act to be given reasons and on the evidence it does not appear to have sought such reasons. 125 Reasons were ultimately provided by the delegate on 13 September 2017. In other words, the reasons were provided after these proceedings had commenced. There is no evidence about who drafted the delegate's reasons. 126 In his reasons the delegate described Tassal's action in the following terms: Background Description of the proposal 1. The proposed action involves the installation and operation of a finfish (salmon) farm at Okehampton Bay, Tasmania, 65 km northeast of Hobart. The farm will operate in 18 month production cycles to grow up to 800 000 smolt (a fish that is around 1 year old and needs salt water to continue to grow) to harvestable size. The proposed action will replace an existing seaweed and blue mussel farm. 2. Twenty eight pens will be arranged within the lease area, covering 86 ha of the 100 ha lease. Moorings will consist of 120 5 ton concrete mooring blocks, joined with chains kept at high tension and secured with 60 1.5 ton anchors. Pen nets will be made using 'k-grid' mesh technology: a high tenacity knotless resin-treated woven net. No anti-predator nets will be used. 3. The referral documentation states that the proposed action includes a permanently moored mobile water barge located on the lease, which will include a desalination function to be used for fish washing purposes. Fish are washed between moving from the hatchery to the sea when the fish are at smolt stage, to prevent gill disease. Waste water will be disposed of at an approved land-based disposal facility. 127 At [15] he says: 15. Section 77A allowed me to find that the action is not a controlled action if I believed it will be taken in a particular manner. In order to make such a decision, I was required to decide that a particular provision of Part 3 was not a controlling provision for the action because I believed the action will be taken in a particular manner; that is, because I believed the action will be taken in a manner that will ensure the action will not have, and is not likely to have, an adverse impact on the matter protected by a particular provision of Part 3. 128 At [24]-[33] he says: Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) - endangered and listed migratory Species information 24. The southern right whale is seasonally present along the coast of Australia between late April and November, with calving occurring through winter to mid-spring. Major calving grounds occur off the West and South Australian coastlines, with smaller congregations located along the west coast of Victoria. The Conservation Management Plan for the Southern Right Whale: A Recovery Plan under the EPBC Act 2011-2021 states that additional areas of importance are emerging where small, but growing numbers of whales regularly aggregate for short periods of time, and may represent a separate south east population of the species. These areas include coastal waters along the Bonney Upwelling between Portland and Port Campbell, Victoria, off Eden, NSW and at the Mercury Passage, Tasmania. Mothers with young calves have been sighted at these south east sites; the sites are considered to be biologically important for the south-east population and the recovery of the species. 25. Females exhibit high migration route fidelity, which may be affecting the species' ability to re-populate following the massive declines of the 19th Century which were the result of whaling activities. A lack of gene flow between global populations suggests the Australian population may be genetically distinct from other populations. The migration patterns of the whale suggest that the species is unlikely to be present in the proposed action area after November each year, and is unlikely to return until May, although where southern right whales travel outside of calving periods is not well known. Proposed action area 26. The proposed action is within the Mercury Passage. The 28 pens will be distributed across an 86 ha area, between 500 m and 700 m offshore. Potential impacts, avoidance and mitigation measures 27. The proposed action has the potential to impact the species due to vessel strike, entanglement and noise disturbance. Vessel strike and entanglement may result in physical impacts including injury or death. Noise disturbance can result in the species' avoidance of an area, as well as behavioural changes such as interruption of feeding, breeding and nursing. 28. Entanglement is a key threat to the species, and recorded entanglements have been linked to commercial fishery equipment and marine debris. Entanglements often lead to a prolonged death associated with reduced fitness of the animal. Records of southern right whale entanglements with fishing equipment are mainly attributed to lines and ropes used for crustacean fishing. There is also at least one record of a fatal entanglement with a longline. The whale was found dead at Head of Bight, South Australia in July 2001, although as entanglement deaths are often prolonged, this does not necessarily indicate when or where the whale became entangled. Longline entanglements are likely to be fatal as the small diameter line cuts and injures the animal. However, publicly available papers and reports on southern right whales do not record any deaths dues to entanglement with fish farm infrastructure. Past records of entanglement have involved marine farming actives where equipment such as mussel ropes, lobster pots, and anti-predator nets had either come loose and/or were drifting. The Department's Conservation Management Plan for the Southern Right Whale notes that one non-fatal entanglement has been recorded in association with a Tasmanian fish farm. 29. Baleen whales have also been recorded as becoming entangled in shellfish equipment such as that used in mussel farming. 30. The mooring and netting design proposed by the proponent aims to minimise loose ropes or netting, to minimise risk to whales, through the use of: taut moorings; bundled feed and servicing lines; and heat and resin treated knotless woven nets (k-grid technology) that eliminate the need for anti-predator nets. The proponent has also committed to a number of mitigation measures (which are included in the particular manner measures summarised below) to minimise marine debris, noise disturbance and vessel strike. 31. GHD stated that the design (k-grid technology) of the proposed action reduces the likelihood of entanglement, and that the proposed mitigation measures for noise attenuation and vessel strike were likely to reduce the risk of disturbance, injury or death to southern right whales to a low level. GHD also stated that the location of the proposed action is unlikely to restrict the species migration movement. 32. The Department's draft National Strategy for Mitigating Vessel Strike of Marine Megafauna 2016 (draft strategy) notes that "southern right whales are considered vulnerable to vessel strike due to their presence in near shore waters during critical life phases such as breeding, slow swimming behaviour and spending a lot of time on the surface. Due to their extremely low population estimates, the loss of an individual from the south-east population would be considered an adverse impact to this population while the impact of losing one breeding female would be extremely adverse. Small populations are also more vulnerable to inbreeding and the impacts of stochastic events". 33. The Department's draft strategy outlines impacts of vessels strikes, including vessel speed and size of the vehicle. The strategy states that "89% of incidences where a whale was severely hurt or killed occurred at vessel travelling speeds greater than 14 knots and were most serious in large vessels (> 80 m). Furthermore, the chance of an injury being lethal increases substantially, as vessel speed increases up to 15 knots". The vessel strike measures proposed by the proponent are consistent with the draft strategy and involve reducing vessel speed to 5 knots within the lease area, a requirement for a dedicated person on each vessel to look for and identify whales during daylight hours, and a shutdown procedure if a listed threatened or migratory whale species is observed within one kilometre of the vessel so as to minimise the risk of vessel strike. 129 At [34]-[39] he concludes: Conclusion 34. Given the progressive return of southern right whales to the Mercury Passage, and the likelihood that the area may increase in importance for the recovery of the species, the Department considered, and I agreed, that, by itself, the action will have, or is likely to have, a significant impact on an endangered species and would therefore be a controlled action for the purposes of ss 18 and 18A of the EPBC Act, due to the potential impact from entanglement, vessel strikes and noise disturbance. Specifically, the proposed action could have a significant impact by causing a long term decline in a population of southern right whales, adversely affecting habitat critical (breeding habitat) to the survival of the southern right whale or disrupting the breeding cycle of a population. 35. However, the Department also considered, and I agreed, that the adverse impacts of the action on southern right whales will be reduced below significant if the proposed action is undertaken in the particular manner set out in the decision notice, and summarised below: a. To reduce the risk of entanglement: i. Moorings, ropes, nets and lines must be kept taut. ii. Fish pen nets must be inspected at least daily; and fish pen nets, ropes and lines must be inspected at least weekly below the water line. iii. Prompt repairs must be made to nets, ropes and lines. b. In the event of entanglement, Tassal's Response Protocol For A Whale Sighting, Entanglement or Stranding, April 2017, must be implemented. c. To reduce the risk of vessel strike and noise disturbance: i. Vessels must be restricted to 5 knots for vessels within the lease area. ii. Marine mammal observer responsible for looking for and identifying whales must be on-board vessels whenever in use during daylight hours. iii. Operations must take place in daylight hours except in emergencies or when security checks are undertaken - in these circumstances and in low visibility, a navigational sonar must be used to detect whales. iv. Operations (vessel and noise generating activities, as guided by the South Australia Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure's Underwater Piling Noise Guidelines, 2012) must be shut down if a whale is observed within 1 km of vessels. 36. The Department considers that, provided these particular manner requirements are implemented, the likelihood of impacts on the species due to vessel strike, entanglement, or noise disturbance will be very low, and that significant impacts to the species are therefore not likely. 37. These particular manners were proposed by the proponent as part of additional information submitted to the Department during July 2017. Conclusion 38. For the reasons set out above, the Department considered, and I agreed, that, if not taken in accordance with the specified particular manners, there is a real chance that the action would, or would be likely to, result in a significant impact on the southern right whale and would therefore be a controlled action for the purposes of sections 18 and 18A. In particular, the action could have a significant impact by causing a long term decline in a population of southern right whales, adversely affecting habitat critical (breeding habitat) to the survival of the southern right whale or disrupting the breeding cycle of a population. 39. However, as the discussion above demonstrates, if the proponent takes the action in the particular manners specified in the decision notice, the Department considered, and I agreed, that the action would not be a controlled action for the purposes of sections 18 and 18A because the action will be taken in a manner that will ensure the action will not have, and is not likely to have, a significant impact on the southern right whale, namely: entanglement; noise; and vessel impacts. 130 There are similar conclusions for other species. At [56]-[58], in relation to the great white shark: Potential impacts, avoidance and mitigation measures 56. The proposed action may impact the species through potential alteration to foraging behaviour, entanglement and vessel strike. The proponent has stated that they have no records of shark interactions at other Tasmanian marine farming operations. The proponent states: a. The k-grid net technology that will be used at Okehampton Bay, and regular maintenance of nets and tensioned mooring lines will reduce the likelihood of shark entanglement. b. Vessel speed management (including low speeds within the lease area) and adherence to Tasmanian marine safety regulations will reduce the risk of vessel strike. 57. GHD agreed with the proponent's assessment that the design of the proposed action, including tensioning of lines and netting material, reduces the risk of entanglement and that speed management and staff training (boat operators) reduces the risk of vessel strike. GHD concluded that the proposed action poses a low risk to the great white shark. Conclusion 58. Taking into account the information summarised in paragraphs 54 - 57, and given the mitigation measures including design of the moorings and netting and measures to minimise the risk of vessel strike, and based on GHD's assessment that the proposed action would have low risk to the great white shark, the Department considered, and I agreed, the proposed action will not lead to a long term decrease in the size of an important population, or reduce the area of occupancy of an important population. Therefore, the Department considered, and I agreed, it is unlikely that the proposed action will have a significant impact on the great white shark. 131 At [84]-[87], for other whale species: 84. The Department's Migratory Species Section has noted the site's emerging importance for the recovery of the southern right whale, and the potential risks of entanglement and vessel strike. The Department considered, and I agreed, the particular manner measures specified in the decision notice would be equally effective for migratory whale species other than the southern right whale. 85. For the same reasons as discussed above in relation to southern right whales, the Department considered, and I agreed, that: a. if taken not in accordance with the specified particular manners, there is a real chance that the action would, or would be likely to, result in a significant impact on migratory whale species and would therefore be a controlled action for the purposes of section 20 and 20A; b. however, the particular manners specified in the decision are likely to mitigate adverse impacts, including potential entanglement, noise and vessel impacts, of the action on the migratory whale species so as to ensure that the impacts are reduced below a level that is significant. 86. As a result, the Department considered, and I agreed, that there was sufficient evidence for me to be satisfied that the proposed action is unlikely to cause a long term decline in a population of southern right whales, adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the southern right whale or other migratory whale species or disrupt the breeding cycle of a population, but only if it is undertaken in accordance with the specified particular manners. 87. Therefore, the Department considered, and I agreed, that a significant impact to migratory whale species as a result of the proposed action is unlikely, but only if the action is undertaken in accordance with the particular manner described in the referral decision notice. 132 At [90], for dusky dolphins: 90. Dusky dolphins have been recorded as interacting with salmon farms, including two cases of fatal entanglement in 1999 and 2005 at Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. In both cases, the dolphin was entangled in an anti-predator net. The proponent has stated that they will not use anti-predator nets at Okehampton Bay. The K-grid netting used is rigid and has predator-exclusion properties without entanglement risk. The Department considered, and I agreed, it is unlikely that the proposed action will have a significant impact on a population of this species. 133 In relation to grounds 2 and 3, and the arguments about likely significant impacts on National Heritage and World Heritage values at Darlington Probation Station, the relevant passages of the delegate's reasons are: Section 12 and 15A - World Heritage properties 92. Eleven Australian Convict Sites received World Heritage listing in 2010 for the stories that sites, including Darlington Probation Station on Maria Island in the vicinity of the proposed action, tell about the movement of people across the world, and how a new nation is formed from hardship, inequality and adversity. Collectively, the convict sites represent a time of convictism during the 18th and 19th centuries, and form part of the history of global developments in the punishment of crime in modern times. 93. There will be no physical impacts resulting from the proposed action on the Darlington site. The proposed action will not affect the spaces, form or setting of the site's buildings or structures, or the meaning that can be found in their layout as it applies to its convict past, or the probation system. 94. It is likely that the fish farm will be visible from the Darlington site, and the lease area has been an active commercial operation for seaweed and blue mussels for a number of years prior to this proposal. The Department considers the visual impact from the installation of 28 pens over 7 km distant from the site is unlikely to cause a substantially greater visual effect on the listed site than is already present. 95. The Department notes that the listed values of the site do not include maritime values, such as important naval activity or stories of Australian lives at sea. The listed values also do not include the natural values of the Maria Island Marine Reserve, which runs along the west coast of Maria Island, adjacent to the site. 96. Based on the above, the Department considers the proposed action will not substantially alter the fabric of the World Heritage site, have substantial impacts on the site's values or make any notable changes to form or setting. Therefore, the Department considered, and I agreed, a significant impact on the World Heritage values of the Darlington Probation Station Australian Convict Site is unlikely. Sections 15B and 15C - National Heritage places 97. The Darlington Probation Station on Maria Island is a National Heritage place and is the most outstanding representative example of Tasmania's 78 probation stations. The site's isolation and plentiful natural resources made Darlington an excellent location for a probation station from 1842, and previous penal settlement from 1825. Thirteen of the original buildings and structures remain, and together provide a unique insight into the philosophy behind the probation system. 98. As mentioned above, the Department considered the values for which the property was listed would not be lost, degraded or altered by the establishment of a finfish farm at Okehampton Bay. While the farm is likely to be visible, the presence of pens low to the water over 7 km distant from the site is unlikely to detract from the meaning derived from the buildings and structures, and what they represent in Australia's history. 99. The Department considered the proposed action would not substantially alter the fabric of the National Heritage place, have substantial impacts on the site's values or make any notable changes to form or setting. Therefore, the Department considered, and I agreed, a significant impact on the National Heritage values of the Darlington Probation Station is unlikely. 134 The notice under s 77 (intended also to reflect the requirements of ss 75 and 77A), as issued by the delegate, was as follows: Notification of REFERRAL DECISION - not controlled action if undertaken in a particular manner Tassal Finfish Aquaculture at Okehampton Bay, Tasmania (EPBC 2017/7954) This decision is made under sections 75 and 77A of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). proposed action person named in the referral Tassal Operations Pty Ltd ACN 106 324 127 Proposed action To farm Atlantic salmon on an existing marine lease MF236 in Okehampton Bay, Tasmania [see EPBC Act referral 2017/7954]. Referral decision: Not a controlled action if undertaken in a particular manner status of proposed action The proposed action is not a controlled action provided it is undertaken in the manner set out in this decision. Person authorised to make decision Name and position James Barker Assistant Secretary Assessments and Governance Branch signature date of decision 1 August 2017 manner in which proposed action must be taken The following measures must be taken to avoid significant impacts on listed threatened species and communities (sections 18 & 18A) and listed migratory species (sections 20 & 20A), in particular but not limited to the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis): 1. To reduce the risk of vessel strike and noise disturbance: a. vessel speed must not exceed 5 knots within the lease area; b. vessel operations must take place in daylight hours only, except during an emergency or when security checks are being undertaken; c. a marine mammal observer responsible for looking for and identifying whales must be on-board the vessel and during vessel operations in daylight hours; d. navigational sonar must be installed on all vessels and must be in use for vessel operations outside daylight hours and in low visibility; and e. vessel operations and noise generating activity must be shut down if a listed threatened or migratory whale species is observed within one (1) kilometre of the vessel and vessel operations and noise generating activity must not recommence until all listed threatened or migratory whales have moved more than one (1) kilometre away from the vessel. 2. To reduce the risk of entanglement: a. moorings, ropes, nets and lines must be kept taut; b. fish pen nets must be inspected at least daily; c. fish pen nets, ropes and lines must be inspected at least weekly from below the water line when safe to do so; and d. repairs must be made to nets, ropes and lines as soon as it is safe to do so. If additional equipment is required to complete a repair, loose lines, ropes or damaged equipment must be secured to reduce the risk of entanglement until repairs can be completed. 3. In the event of entanglement, implement the Response Protocol. Note: To avoid any doubt, these particular manner requirements are strict requirements to be observed by Tassal including if whales, notably the southern right whale, are more frequently observed in the area. Definitions Daylight hours - means the time between sunrise and sunset at the location of the proposed action. Emergency - means where repairs are required as a result of storm damage or as a result of fish health or welfare issues defined as mortality rate exceeding 0.25% per day for three consecutive days. Lease area - means lease number MF236, Zone 4 - Okehampton Bay, as defined in the Great Oyster Bay and Mercury Passage Marine Farming Development Plan. Low visibility - means outside daylight hours and when observations cannot extend to 3 kilometres from the vessel e.g. during fog or periods of high winds. Marine mammal observer - means a suitably trained person who is trained in marine fauna observation, distance estimation and reporting; responsible for looking for and identifying whales immediately prior to and during vessel operations within the lease area during daylight hours except for periods of low visibility. Navigational sonar - means a forward facing navigational sonar that is used in conjunction with a nautical chart; to be installed on all vessels and to be used to identify whales prior to and during vessel operations outside daylight hours and in periods of low visibility. Noise generating activity(ies) - means the use of generators, pumps, vacuums or other boat-mounted apparatus that cause noise exceeding 120dB re 1μPa to travel beyond 1 kilometre underwater from the sound source. Observed - means whales being identified by either (1) the marine mammal observer during daylight hours or by (2) the navigational sonar outside daylight hours or in low visibility. Repair(s) - means the mending or removal of loose lines, ropes or damaged equipment. Response Protocol - means Tassal's Response Protocol For A Whale Sighting, Entanglement or Stranding April 2017. Security checks - means night safety monitoring, to be undertaken in a vessel of no more than 9 metres in length. Shut down - means noise generating activities cease and the vessel engine is placed in neutral to stop propeller movement. Taut - means pulled tight and not slack with the exception of normal tidal, wind and wave influences. Vessel(s) - means any sea-going vehicle used by the person taking the action to conduct any aspect of the proposed action. Vessel Operations - means any vessel movement activity required to be undertaken at the lease area, including but not limited to inspections, net cleaning vessel movements, monitoring, and transit to and from the lease area.

The appellants' judicial review application and the primary judge's reasons 135 The appellants raised three grounds of review before the primary judge. Firstly, they argued that, having formed the belief that Tassal's proposed action would be undertaken in a way that would minimise the risk to whales through the use of bundled lines and K-Grid technology, the delegate erred by failing to comply with his obligation under s 77A(1) of the EPBC Act to identify this as a "particular manner" in which he believed the action would be taken. Secondly, the appellants argued that the delegate had erred by failing to consider the adverse impact that Tassal's permanently moored barges would have, or were likely to have, on the National Heritage and World Heritage values of the Darlington Probation Station, thus failing to consider all "adverse impacts" of the action as required by s 75(2). Thirdly, the applicants argued that the Minister had failed to give the appellants and other interested members of the public a fair and reasonable opportunity to be heard in relation to certain information before the delegate and had thus, in making the decision, denied them procedural fairness. 136 The third argument is not pursued before the Full Court, and accordingly I refer only to those parts of the primary judge's reasons relevant to the issues on the appeal. Given there has been a change of position by the Minister (see below), other parts of the primary judge's analysis also need not be considered in detail. 137 The primary judge refers to "the Minister" as if the decision had been made by the Minister rather than a delegate, although his Honour noted at [37] of his reasons that the decision was made by a delegate. His Honour notes in the same paragraph that for the purpose of convenience, he uses the term "the Minister" to refer to the repository of the power as set out in the statute. I prefer to use the term "the delegate". 138 At [38], the primary judge found that the delegate's notation on the briefing note (see [120] above) signified his agreement with the course of action recommended by the Department, and further that it could be accepted that the delegate therefore decided that neither ss 18 and 18A (threatened species) nor ss 20 and 20A (migratory species) were controlling provisions "because the action proposed by Tassal was to be taken in a particular manner". 139 At [61]-[62], his Honour noted it appeared to be common ground that any "misstatement" in a s 77 notice would not affect the validity of a s 75 decision. On the appeal, the appellants submitted there was no concession to this effect. It was, however, common ground before the primary judge (see [63] and [64]) and on appeal that orders made under s 16 of the AD(JR) Act were capable of extending to correction of a s 77 notice. 140 Under the heading "What was the 'action' originally referred by Tassal?", the primary judge set out his finding that, from the outset, Tassal had identified that the action it was proposing would involve it using K-Grid nets for its fish pens and therefore the "action" as proposed was the same action considered by the delegate. 141 In other words, at this point in his reasoning, and although contained in a section of the reasons dealing with a description of the delegate's reasons, the primary judge appeared to see the use of K-Grid technology as part of the "action" proposed by Tassal. This led him to reject (at [110]) the "primary submission" of the appellants based on a different factual premise. At [118], in a key passage, his Honour explained why this factual finding was important to his resolution of the judicial review application: namely that the delegate did not consider it necessary for the use of K-Grid technology to be specified in the s 77 notice because it was a "component" of the proposed action. At [120]-[123], the primary judge repeated this finding that the delegate had determined the use of K-Grid technology was an "inherent part" of the action and therefore did not need to form part of the s 77 notice, which was directed at the "manner" in which the action was to be carried out. 142 I interpolate here that his Honour's finding, and this aspect of this reasoning, appears to include the K-Grid technology (that is, the kind of nets used), the number of smolt and the number of pens as forming an "inherent part" of the action, but does not appear to include the bundled line method, which I have described above. 143 At [128], the primary judge referred to his conclusion on the argument put on behalf of the Minister at trial that is no longer pressed: namely that the delegate decided, unilaterally and without saying so expressly in his reasons, that Tassal was not required to use K-Grid technology in undertaking the action. 144 After some discussion, and as part of the consideration of alternative arguments if his Honour was wrong on the first conclusion, at [144] his Honour also rejected the notion that the scheme of the EPBC Act would permit some kind of "informal variation" during the referral stage to a proposal to take an action. 145 At [156], the primary judge considered yet another alternative hypothesis: Having regard to the considerations I have discussed above, if I were to be in error as to the construction of the Minister's reasons, the Minister must have misconceived his legal duty by purporting unilaterally to exclude the integer of Tassal's proposed 'action' that it use K-Grid technology from the 'action' he determined not to be a controlled 'action' in making his decision under s 75 of the EPBC Act. Such an error is reviewable under one or more of the provisions of s 5(1)(d), (e) and (f) of the ADJR Act. 146 The breadth of or basis for this finding is, with respect, somewhat unclear, but given the way the arguments were put on appeal, it need not be considered any further. 147 At [158], the primary judge summarised the conclusions he had reached in relation to ground 1 of the judicial review application: I am satisfied that Ground 1 of the Applicants' application for review must be rejected for reasons which may be summarised as follows: (1) Tassal's proposal to take an 'action' from the outset had incorporated the use of K-Grid nets; (2) Tassal never sought a variation of the 'action' it had referred to the Minister; and (3) properly construed, the Minister's reasons reveal that the Minister did not, nor did he purport to, unilaterally vary the 'action' Tassal hard referred and which he determined to be not a controlled action if undertaken in the manner he specified. There is therefore no need for submissions addressing the potential issues referred to at [157]. Those issues do not arise. 148 On the appeal, and contrary to the way the Minister's position was put before the primary judge, the Minister now contends what was said by the primary judge at [158] was the correct approach, and seeks to defend it. It is this change of position which has led to the submissions by the Minister, set out below, about what constitutes "the action" as a matter of construction in Ch 2, Pt 3 of the EPBC Act, and what constituted the action as a matter of fact in Tassal's proposal.

The issues on the appeal 149 The appellants' challenge on the appeal falls into two categories. 150 First, the appellants' challenge focuses on the delegate's reasoning in relation to the s 75 decision and the consequent s 77 notice (read with the requirements in s 77A), as they affected the likely significant impact of Tassal's proposed action on the southern right whale, on the great white shark, on other whale species and on dusky dolphins. The southern right whale, the great white shark and some of the relevant species of whales are listed threatened species and therefore protected by ss 18 and 18A, and the southern right whale, the great white shark, dusky dolphins and some of the other relevant whale species are listed migratory species and therefore protected by ss 20 and 20A. 151 Second, the appellants' challenge focusses on the delegate's reasoning under s 75 about the likely significant impact of Tassal's proposed action on the heritage values (both National Heritage and World Heritage) of the Darlington Probation Station. The appellants' arguments focus on the asserted visual impact of the moored barges used in the operation, and how the visual impact affects the heritage values associated with the Darlington Probation Station. This aspect of the challenge raises issues under s 75, but not ss 77 and 77A. 152 The notice of appeal contains seven grounds: 1. The learned trial judge: a. erred in finding (contrary to the statement of reasons and/or submissions of the First Respondent Minister) that: i. the Minister, in making the decision under s 75 of the Environment Protection Biodiversity and Conservation Act 1999 (the Act), "proceeded on the basis of his understanding that the use of K-Grid technology (K-Grid) was an inherent part of Tassal's proposed action"; and ii. this was the reason why the use of K-Grid was not specified in the notice under sections 77 and 77A; or b. if the finding in a. was correct, erred by failing to hold that the Minister erred in his construction or application of sections 68, 75, 77 and 77A, by treating the use of K-Grid as "an inherent part of Tassal's proposed action", such that it did not form part of the "particular manner" in which the Minister believed the action would be taken; c. erred in holding that the Minister was not required to specify, in the notice provided under s 77 of the Act, that the Minister believed the action would be taken in the particular manner of using bundled feed and service lines (bundled lines) and using K-Grid, when the Minister had made a component decision that ss 18 and 18A of the Act were not controlling provisions for the action because the Minister believed it would be taken in a particular manner, and that particular manner, critically to the decision, included the use of bundled lines and the use of K-Grid. 2. The learned trial judge erred in failing to determine that the Minister, in considering the visual impact of the action from the National Heritage Site at Darlington Probation Station (Darlington), failed to consider the adverse visual impact of the two (2) permanently moored barges (barges) at the site of the action. 3. The learned trial judge erred in failing to hold that the Minister had not considered all adverse impacts of the action, as required by s 75(2) of the Act, when the Minister had not considered the adverse visual impact of the proposed moored barges on the National Heritage values of Darlington. 4. In his reasons for dismissing grounds 1 and 2 of the Application, the learned trial judge erred in failing to disclose an adequate path of reasoning to his ultimate conclusion. 5. The learned trial judge erred in failing to determine ground 1 of the Application insofar as that ground concerned bundled lines. 6. In dismissing ground 1 of the Application, the learned trial judge erred in that he wrongly characterised it as premised on the supposed fact that Tassal's original referral "had not included reference to the use of K-Grid nets". 7. In dismissing Ground 1 of the Application, the learned trial judge erroneously relied on submissions and concessions purportedly made on behalf of the Appellants that were not made. PARTICULARS Reasons for judgment [62], [92], [93], [94] and [96] 153 All parties' submissions characterise the seven grounds of appeal as involving four issues. Those four issues concern whether the primary judge erred: (a) in finding the delegate did not err in law in how he identified the "particular manner" requirements, in making his decision under s 75 of the EPBC Act and relying on the terms of s 77A (ground 1); (b) in finding the delegate did not err by failing to take into account "all" adverse impacts of the proposed action, as s 75(2) requires (grounds 2 and 3); (c) in failing to deal with the appellants' argument on judicial review about how the delegate's decision dealt with the use of bundled lines by Tassal. This is in reality a subset of the first issue, but the error alleged by the appellants is that the primary judge did not deal with this aspect at all, rather than that he dealt with it incorrectly (ground 5); and (d) in failing to give adequate reasons for his findings, and/or alternatively in mischaracterising and misdescribing some of the arguments put on behalf of the appellants (grounds 4, 6 and 7). 154 Three of the four issues need not presently be explained in any more detail, and I deal with each of them below at [230], [231]-[238] and [239]-[246] respectively in explaining why I consider all of the grounds of appeal relating to those issues should be dismissed. 155 On the first issue, to reflect his changed position since the trial, the Minister also filed a notice of contention. I deal with this under ground 1. 156 The way the appellants put the first issue, and therefore the first ground of appeal, requires some further explanation at this stage. 157 Although the appellants' submissions were at times a little difficult to follow in terms of how this ground was put, it became clear (and Tassal and the Minister accepted) that there were two distinct limbs to ground 1. 158 The first is what I will call a "factual" limb, focusing on what - on the basis of the reasons as expressed, read fairly and in context - the delegate believed to be the matters which should be included in a notice under s 77 as the "particular manner" requirements to enable the delegate to conclude that Tassal's action was not a controlled action, and could proceed, subject to the terms of s 77A. Although the language used differs (and this was part of the difficulty in identifying with precision how the argument was put), I consider the first limb reflects what the primary judge set out, by way of a summary of the appellants' submissions, at [53] of his reasons, reproducing what was then [14] of the submissions made to the primary judge by the appellants: The applicants submit that the Court should infer that the component decision was that ss 18, 18A, 20 and 20A would not be controlling provisions because the delegate believed, among other things, that the proposed action would use k-grid technology and bundled lines to reduce the risk of entanglement. 159 This correlates, again with some differences in language, to ground 1(a) of the notice of appeal. 160 The second limb of the first ground was described by senior counsel for the appellants in various ways, but I consider it is fair to summarise it as involving an alleged misconstruction or misunderstanding by the delegate, in making his decision under s 75, of the nature and operation of s 77A, in terms of what was required to be included in a notice under s 77 if the delegate decided the action was not a controlled action if it was carried out in a "particular manner". 161 Again, although the language is different, I consider the second limb reflects what the primary judge set out, by way of a summary of the appellants' submissions, at [53] of his reasons, reproducing what was then [18] of the submissions made to the primary judge by the appellants: In failing to set out in the notice important aspects of the particular manner in which the delegate believed the action would be taken, the delegate erred in law, and the decision was made contrary to law, because the delegate misunderstood s 77 A(1). The applicants submit that the proper construction of s 77(A) is that the particular manner which must be set out in the s 77 notice is the complete particular manner on which the delegate forms his or her belief, whether that manner was ascertained from information in the referral itself or otherwise. (Footnotes omitted.) 162 This correlates, again with some differences in language, to ground 1(b) of the notice of appeal.

The appellants 163 In relation to ground 1, on which the most time was spent in written and oral argument, the appellants submit that, in order to make a decision under s 75 in reliance on the terms of s 77A, the Minister must ask herself or himself whether, based on any of the information available to the Minister at the time of exercising the power, there is a "particular manner" (or manners) by which the action may be undertaken which would render the action not a controlled action. The "particular manner", the appellants submit, must be connected with the reduction or avoidance of impacts on a matter of national environmental significance, that being the purpose of these provisions as an alternative to an action being a controlled action. 164 If the Minister forms such a view, then all of the "particular manner" (or manners) must be specified in a s 77 notice (as required by s 77A), that notice being part of the enforcement mechanisms for which the EPBC Act provides. 165 On the present facts, both the K-Grid netting and the bundled lines, each of which Tassal proposed to use in its salmon farming operation, were a "particular manner" by which the action Tassal proposed was to be undertaken. Therefore, the delegate had to ask himself whether the action carried out in that manner would not be a controlled action. 166 The appellants contend the delegate did not approach the exercise of power in this way. Rather, they contend that the reasons and the contents of the s 77 notice indicate that the delegate only referred to matters he considered to be "additional" mitigation measures, and this was both a misunderstanding of the circumstances in which a decision could be made under s 75 relying on s 77A(1), and a misunderstanding of what needed to be specified in the s 77 notice for it to be an effective enforcement mechanism under s 77A(2). 167 In relation to grounds 2 and 3 (the Darlington grounds), the appellants contend the delegate failed to take into account all adverse impacts of the action on the heritage values of this site, despite being required by s 75(2)(a) of the EPBC Act to do so. The delegate took into account the visual impact of the fish pens, but not the barges, and the visual impact of the latter is contended by the appellants to be quite different. Thus, the appellants contend the delegate failed to take into account mandatory considerations and the exercise of power miscarried. 168 Relying on Nettle J's observations in DL v The Queen [2018] HCA 26; 356 ALR 197 at [131], by grounds 4, 6 and 7 the appellants contend the primary judge failed to "make apparent the steps" the primary judge had taken to reach his conclusions. They contend the primary judge did not expose his reasoning, and fact-finding, for the following matters: (a) at [169], that it was not open to the Court to infer the delegate had failed to have regard to the visual impact of the barges; (b) the "repeated attribution" to the appellants of concessions and submissions not made; (c) the apparent (and the appellants say incorrect) finding that the delegate had dealt with Tassal's application as if it had been varied (referring to [124]-[125] of the primary judge's reasons). 169 Ground 5 is connected to ground 1. The appellants say it is clear they put a particular argument to the primary judge about the errors in the delegate's reasoning concerning bundled lines, and the primary judge simply did not deal with them. The appellants submit the delegate did not consider the impact of the use of bundled lines, that the use of bundled lines was integral to the functioning of the nets and the avoidance of entanglement by marine life such as whales, sharks and dolphins, and that it was itself a "particular manner" in which the action would be undertaken.

The Minister 170 On ground 1, the Minister submits that, "[u]pon further reflection", the primary judge was broadly correct to see s 77A as addressed to manners additional to what in any event was part of the action. He submits that all of the steps which Tassal proposed to take to operate the salmon farm as included in its proposal (including using K-Grid technology and bundled lines) were part of the proposed action, and not "additional". Therefore, there was no need for them to be included in the s 77 notice, nor to be understood as "particular manners" in which the action would be carried out, for the purposes of the decision under s 75 that the action was not a controlled action. 171 This is so, the Minister contends, even if conduct which is inherent in the carrying out of the action is also critical to the Minister's view that the action would not have a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance (for example, the southern right whale). Even if the K-Grid technology and bundled lines were critical to the delegate's view that there was no significant impact, that did not require the delegate to specify them in the s 77 notice, nor did it mean the power had miscarried if they were not specifically identified. However, here the failure to mention these matters suggested, the Minister contends, that the delegate did not see these two features as critical to significant impact. Rather, what he saw as critical is what is set out at [34]-[35] of the delegate's reasons. 172 On grounds 2 and 3 the Minister submits the evidence does not permit the inference that the delegate failed to consider the visual impact of the barges. The Minister further submits that, in any event, s 75(2)(a) should not be construed so that every matter a Court (or a party) might describe as an "adverse impact" must be considered by the Minister or delegate, and certainly not in the way a party or objector submits they must be considered. 173 The Minister describes the other grounds as "miscellaneous criticisms", and in relation to the reasons ground expressly submits that it was "unnecessary and inappropriate" to rely on inadequate reasons as a separate ground of appeal, when the real question is the lawfulness of the delegate's exercise of power. While the Minister accepts there were some parts of the primary judge's reasons where he had mistakenly attributed a concession to the appellants, or misstated a submission, the Minister submits none of these were material or critical to the primary judge's conclusions.

Tassal 174 Tassal took broadly the same approach to ground 1 as the Minister, submitting there was no principled basis on which a distinction could be drawn between the "undertaking or project" and the "mitigation measures" which might accompany it. Some mitigation measures might be integral to the action: alternatively, under s 75 read with s 77A(1), the Minister may choose to specify mitigation measures in a s 77 notice. There is, Tassal submits, no bright line between the two categories. The Minister should be taken to have been aware Tassal's proposal included the use of taut moorings, bundled feed lines and K-Grid technology, and therefore the inference that the primary judge drew at [123] was open on the evidence. The challenges to what needed to be specified in the s 77 notice were, Tassal submits, challenges to the merits of the decision. 175 While Tassal also concedes there may have been some errors in the primary judge's reasons as the appellants identified, they were minor and not material to the conclusions his Honour reached. 176 As to the Darlington grounds, Tassal submits the delegate was not required to consider adverse impacts as put by any person making a submission in relation to the proposal - the question of what were "adverse impacts" in s 75(2)(a) leaves the matter to the Minister's opinion. Given the 7 km separation distance between the Island and the salmon farm, it was open to the Minister to conclude as he did that there would be no visual impacts - this included impacts from the barges.

Some matters of construction 177 The scheme of the EPBC Act contemplates a number of ways of regulating actions that may have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance. This may be through methods that include the making of bilateral arrangements with the State, Ministerial declarations, or by the Commonwealth agreeing that the State should investigate and control the undertaking of the action through State processes. A "component decision" is another method. 178 As I have noted above, there was a version of s 77 in the scheme of the EPBC Act from its inception. Until 2003 and the introduction of s 77A, the notice which was required to be published reflected the terms of the decision under s 75 and identified the controlling provisions, but aside from that had no independent role in the enforcement regime under the Act. Rather, a "component decision" could be enforced through the Ch 2, Pt 3 prohibitions (such as s 18) if the proponent's conduct did not comply with in the terms of the s 77 notice. It was the civil and criminal consequences in those Ch 2, Pt 3 provisions which provided the enforcement mechanism. (1) With the 2003 amendments, a further compliance mechanism was introduced, by making non-compliance with the "manner" specifications in a s 77 notice subject to separate civil penalty provisions. In that sense, non-compliance with the notice was all that had to be proven to engage the civil penalty provisions in s 77A(2), rather than proof of actual or likely significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance, which would have been required to engage the civil or criminal prohibitions in Ch 2, Pt 3 (such as ss 18 and 18A). The regulatory mechanism has, since 2003, been clearer and more straightforward, by directly enforcing a Minister's component decision. 179 Nevertheless, the co-location since the start of the EPBC Act of the "particular manner" provisions in the substantive parts of Div 1 of Pt 3 of Ch 2, placing them together with other "exception" provisions capable of avoiding the controlled action regime, indicates Parliament's intention that the "particular manner" provisions offer yet a further alternative regulatory regime to the assessment and approval regimes in Pts 8 and 9 of Ch 3. 180 Provisions such as s 19(3)(b), being one of the co-located provisions relating to "component decisions", have several features: (1) their effect is to "dis-apply" the civil and criminal prohibitions on actions with likely significant impact on matters of national environmental significance; (2) for their operation they require a decision under s 75 that an action is not a controlled action; (3) for their operation they require the controlled action decision to have been made for a specified reason: namely the Minister's belief about the manner in which the action will be undertaken; (4) for their operation they require the Minister's belief to have been translated into specifications in a notice under s 77; and (5) for their immunising effect on the person undertaking the action, they require the action to have been undertaken in the manner specified in the notice under s 77. 181 Thus, provisions such as s 19(3)(b), read with s 77A(1) (which was s 77(3) in the previous version of the EPBC Act), condition the Minister's power in s 75 to decide that an action is not a controlled action where the basis for that decision is that the action proposed will be undertaken in a particular manner. Their terms must be satisfied if an exercise of power under s 75, relying on them, is to be lawful. 182 The terms of s 19(3)(b) (and similar provisions in other prohibitions in Ch 2, Pt 3) are expressed to provide relief from the relevant prohibition only if: (a) the Minister's decision was made for a particular reason; and (b) that reason was that the Minister believed the action would be undertaken in a manner; and (c) that manner is specified in a s 77 notice. 183 If there has been no lawful exercise of power under s 75 on the basis of s 77A(1), read with the relevant enforcement provision such as s 19(3)(b), then the person taking the action will remain exposed to the civil and criminal prohibitions in Pt 3 of Ch 2, if their action is likely to have a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance - a circumstance which will then be decided by a Court on admissible evidence, not by a Minister at an executive level. 184 The adjective "particular" appears in s 77A(1) but not in the Ch 2, Pt 3 exceptions such as s 19(3)(b). Given it appears in s 77A(1) and is read with the need for the manner to be "specified" in a s 77 notice, I consider it is clear that s 19(3)(b) (and comparable provisions) are directed at a "particular manner" (or manners) of undertaking an action. 185 Thus compliance with the limits in s 77A(1), read with s 19(3)(b) (and like provisions dealing with other matters of national environmental significance), goes to the power of the Minister under s 75, and to the validity of a notice issued under s 77. The delegate's reasons appear to recognise this when he states "Section 77A allowed me to find that the action is not a controlled action if I believed …", thus appearing to locate the limit imposed by s 77A on his power in s 75 to decide an action is not a controlled action. 186 Three further matters should be noted: (a) the exercise of the s 75 power to determine that an action is not a controlled action if it is taken in a particular manner operates on the Minister's belief about the particular manner in which an action will be undertaken; (b) the scheme identifies the formation of this belief for the purposes of s 75 by describing it as the making of a "component decision"; and (c) by requiring the s 77 notice to set out the "component decision", the controlling provision and the "manner", s 77A(1) is requiring a link to be identified between the manner of undertaking the action and the protection of a particular matter of national environmental significance (which is the purpose the identification of the controlling provision serves). 187 Section 77A(2) contains what I have described as the more straightforward enforcement mechanism. The assessment of contravention will turn on a comparison between what is specified in the s 77 notice and what a person has done, and whether the two are "inconsistent". The terms and operation of s 77A(2) (and, in the past, s 77(3)), emphasise why the contents of the s 77 notice when there is a "component decision" are so important. The s 77 notice is the chosen regulatory mechanism to protect matters of national environmental significance. 188 That is not to deny that a s 77 notice might itself be unlawful, without that unlawfulness affecting the exercise of power under s 75. Such a situation might arise where the Minister's belief, lawfully formed, has not been faithfully or completely translated into the terms of the notice. Whether or not that is what has occurred here is part of the appellants' arguments on ground 1, and I return to it below. 189 It is also necessary to say something of the use by the Parliament of the word "manner" in provisions such as s 19(3)(b) and s 77A. The word signifies the way in which an action is performed or undertaken. The use of the adjective "particular" is designed to connect the assessment of manner to the likelihood of significant impact. 190 This is not a complicated concept, and it is important not to over-complicate the analysis. There is the distinction between: (a) the key features of what is to be done (the action - which might include such matters as a general description to bring the conduct within s 523, the location and the size); and (b) how the action is to be undertaken; the measures that are to be used. Much of the "how" may not be relevant to a component decision: this is where, as I emphasise, the focus of the repository's analysis is on the connection between the "how" and any significant impact on a Ch 2, Pt 3 protected matter. 191 The final issue of construction which should be addressed is the meaning of the word "action". The word is given a broad definition in s 523: 523 Actions (1) Subject to this Subdivision, action includes: (a) a project; and (b) a development; and (c) an undertaking; and (d) an activity or series of activities; and (e) an alteration of any of the things mentioned in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d). 192 In Wilderness Society Inc v Hon Malcolm Turnbull, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources [2007] FCAFC 175; 166 FCR 154 at [1], Branson and Finn JJ described the "action" in that case - a very large project - in terms which directly reflected the breadth of the definition in s 523, and which was not a description disputed by any party in that case: Gunns Limited proposes to construct and operate a bleached Kraft pulp mill, and ancillary chemical production and infrastructure, ("the pulp mill") at Bell Bay in northern Tasmania. For the purposes of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) ("the EPBC Act") the construction and operation of the pulp mill is an "action" (see s 523 of the EPBC Act). (Emphasis added.) In some circumstances, as the Full Court in Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre at [77]-[80] made clear, there may be a number of activities, each of which might be identified as a separate "action" for the purposes of s 523, or alternatively which might collectively be seen as a "project" or "undertaking". 193 The terms of s 523 leave room for some decisional freedom, at least during the process of decision-making for which the Act provides, in how an "action" should be identified. The Minister submitted, both on the appeal and in support of his notice of contention, that the elements of the proposed "action" are objective, and the answer to the question "what is the action?" "does not depend on identifying the understanding of the delegate as to what those elements were." That may be correct as a general statement. Ultimately, the description identified by a decision-maker as the basis for an exercise of power will be legally correct or legally incorrect, but the term is a deliberately flexible one. 194 In the present case, the decision-maker - the delegate - made a choice to describe the "action" in his reasons in a specific way, and no party submitted that description was legally incorrect. The Minister's submissions on this issue did not involve - as I understood them - the submission that the way the delegate identified the "action" for the purposes of the exercise of the s 75 power was legally incorrect. 195 I have set out the description of the "action" given by the delegate at [126] above. Read that way, what is set out in those three paragraphs is a description of the "project" Tassal proposed to undertake. It was this description the delegate used to determine whether the action was a controlled action or not, and in turn, whether it would not be a controlled action because he believed the action (as described in those three paragraphs) would be carried out in a "particular manner". 196 In my opinion the parties' arguments, especially on ground 1, should be approached on that view of what constituted the "action" proposed by Tassal and assessed by the delegate. 197 For completeness, I note the Court was informed that there had been no other authorities where the proper construction and operation of s 77A had been determined, and that would appear to be the case.

Findings about the delegate's reasons 198 At [15] of his reasons the delegate correctly identifies the necessary connection to which I referred previously between the belief that needs to be formed for a component decision, and the avoidance of "adverse impacts" from the project on a Ch 2, Pt 3 protected matter (or, as I consider it should be framed, significant impacts). As the delegate states, if the project is undertaken in a "particular manner", that: …will ensure the action will not have, and is not likely to have, an adverse impact… (Emphasis added.) 199 At [18] the delegate then identifies examples of possible impacts an action is likely to have on a Ch 2, Pt 3 protected matter (relevantly for ground 1): For critically endangered and endangered species and ecological communities: • lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population • reduce the area of occupancy of the species • adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species • disrupt the breeding cycle of a population • modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline • result in invasive species that are harmful to a critically endangered or endangered species or ecological community becoming established in the habitat, or • interfere with the recovery of the species. For vulnerable species: • lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population of a species • reduce the area of occupancy of an important population • adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species • disrupt the breeding cycle of an important population • modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline • result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species' habitat, or • interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. For migratory species: • substantially modify, destroy or isolate an area of important habitat for a migratory species • result in an invasive species that is harmful to the migratory species becoming established in an area of important habitat for the migratory species, or • seriously disrupt the lifecycle (breeding, feeding, migration or resting behaviour) of an ecologically significant proportion of the population of a migratory species. 200 These were the impacts the delegate was assessing when considering the "particular manner" in which the salmon farm project was to be carried out. 201 Relevantly, the delegate then set out all the attributes or features of each of the species which had been identified as likely to suffer impact from the salmon farm project. The agreed emphasis on the appeal was on the delegate's reasoning about the southern right whale (see the delegate's reasons at [24]-[39]), the great white shark (see [54]-[58]), other whale species (see [81]-[87]) and dusky dolphins (see [90]). 202 It is clear, and I find, that the delegate spent a proportionately greater amount of time in his reasons on the impacts on the southern right whale. The reason for that, I find, is because the evidence and material before the delegate prompted closer and more detailed consideration being given to the impacts on that species, and that is what the delegate did. 203 The delegate's findings reveal: (1) He accepted the seasonal presence of the southern right whale, including with calves, in the Mercury Passage where the salmon farm project is to be conducted across an 86 ha area. (2) He accepted that female southern right whales exhibit high migration route fidelity. (3) He accepted the proposed salmon farm project had "the potential to impact the species due to vessel strike, entanglement and noise disturbance". (4) He accepted that entanglement is a key threat to the species. (5) He found (at [34]) that the Department considered, and he agreed, that the proposed salmon farm project in the Mercury Passage at the size proposed will have, or is likely to have, a significant impact on the southern right whale due to the potential impact from vessel strike, entanglement and noise disturbance. Having formed that opinion on the material, the delegate also found: (6) The mooring and netting design proposed by the proponent aims to minimise loose ropes or netting, to minimise risk to whales. (7) It does so by using taut moorings, bundled feed and servicing lines, and heat and resin treated knotless woven nets (which the delegate specifically identifies as "K-Grid technology"). (8) Those measures eliminate the need for anti-predator nets. (9) Tassal also committed to a number of mitigation measures to minimise marine debris, noise disturbance and vessel strike (and it was these measures only that were incorporated into the "particular manner" requirements specified in the s 77 notice). (10) The delegate focussed especially (at [31]) on what the expert report by GHD had said about the use of K-Grid technology, and how in GHD's opinion it "reduces the likelihood of entanglement". (11) The delegate also relied on the views in the GHD report that the proposed mitigation measures for noise attenuation and vessel strike were "likely to reduce the risk of disturbance, injury or death to southern right whales to a low level". (12) These findings led the delegate to conclude (at [35], and again in substance at [39]) that the adverse impacts on southern right whales "will be reduced below significant" if the salmon farm project is undertaken in the particular manner set out in the notice, being confined to the steps set out at [35] of the delegate's reasons. 204 In relation to great white sharks, at [56] the delegate refers expressly to Tassal's proposal to use K-Grid technology to reduce the likelihood of shark entanglement, having noted in the same paragraph that the salmon farm project "may impact the species through potential alteration to foraging behaviour, entanglement and vessel strike". At [58] the delegate takes account of that information and states that "given the mitigation measures including design of the moorings and netting and measures to minimise the risk of vessel strike" it is unlikely there will be a significant impact on the great white shark species from the salmon farming project. 205 The delegate adopts (at [85]) the same approach for other whale species (namely the humpback whale, the blue whale and the pygmy right whale) all of which he found (at [82]) may occur in the Mercury Passage, with cross-references to his findings about the southern right whale. 206 In relation to dusky dolphins, the delegate finds (at [90]) that although there have been interactions recorded between dusky dolphins and salmon farms involving dolphins' entanglements in anti-predator nets, Tassal does not propose to use anti-predator nets and the K-Grid netting "is rigid and has predator-exclusion properties without entanglement risk". This is the reason given by the delegate for his conclusion in the next sentence of [90] that it is unlikely the salmon farm project will have a significant impact on dusky dolphins. 207 When read as a whole, fairly and in their context, in my opinion it is not possible to understand the delegate's reasons as doing anything other than relying heavily on the use of K-Grid technology by Tassal as a core feature of how it proposed to operate its salmon farm, being a measure which would avoid what the delegate had otherwise found to be the likely significant impact of the salmon farm project on several listed threatened species and listed migratory species. 208 The delegate also clearly relied on the proposed use of bundled feed and servicing lines in relation to the southern right whale, and other whale species, as a measure intended to have similar effects. 209 These were matters the delegate used to identify the requisite connection between the manner in which the salmon farm project would be undertaken and the reduction of the risk of significant impact to four species of whales, to great white sharks and to dusky dolphins. 210 Although he mentioned the K-Grid technology in his description of the "action" at the start of his reasons (see [2]), when the reasons are read as a whole it is clear that the delegate believed the use of these nets was a measure that was integral, and essential, to the reduction of impact from the action. That is, in the requisite sense, the identification of a "particular manner" of carrying out the action.

The first factual limb: what did the delegate believe? 211 Based on the findings I have set out above, I accept the appellants' submissions that the delegate's reasons disclose he did believe that if the operation of Tassal's proposed salmon farm was (amongst other measures) undertaken using K-Grid technology and bundled lines it would (consistently with ss 19(3)(b), 20(2)(c), 20A(4)(c) and 77A(1)) not be a controlled action because there were not likely to be any significant impacts on the species protected by (relevantly) ss 18, 18A, 20 and 20A. 212 It is clear the delegate examined and relied on a range of measures aside from the K-Grid technology and the bundled lines, some of which made their way into the s 77 notice. 213 The disconformity between the belief which is revealed by the terms of the delegate's reasons, and what he says in [35] about the contents of the s 77 notice, together with the terms of the notice itself, is explained by the misunderstanding which forms the second limb of the appellants' contentions on ground 1. That is, the delegate misunderstood (and appears to have been wrongly instructed about) the effect of the conditioning of his power under s 75 by s 77A and other provisions such as s 19(3)(b), and appeared to confine the notice requirements about "particular manner" to matters which were additional and supplementary to measures that had been proposed by Tassal as part of its initial proposal. 214 It is important to observe, as the delegate's reasons make clear at [36] and [37], that the measures specified in the s 77 notice were measures that Tassal had proposed during the assessment process: The Department considers that, provided these particular manner requirements are implemented, the likelihood of impacts on the species due to vessel strike, entanglement, or noise disturbance will be very low, and that significant impacts to the species are therefore not likely. These particular manners were proposed by the proponent as part of additional information submitted to the Department during July 2017. (Emphasis added.) 215 It would appear this additional information was provided by Tassal at the request of the Department, for the purpose of informing the report prepared for the Department by GHD. 216 It can be accepted that the additional "mitigation measures" proposed by Tassal were also capable of forming part of the "particular manner" requirements in the s 77 notice. However, the point is that not all the "particular manner" requirements were set out in the notice.

The second limb: did the delegate misunderstand the requirements of s 77A? 217 No point was taken on appeal, nor before the primary judge, about the fact the delegate's reasons were prepared after the proceedings were issued. The Court has proceeded on the basis that these were the delegate's true reasons, conformably with s 13 of the AD(JR) Act. 218 I am satisfied that the delegate's reasons disclose a misunderstanding of the operation of ss 19(3)(b), 20(2)(c), 20A(4)(c) and 77A, in terms of what was required to be specified in the s 77 notice, given the findings the delegate had made. 219 That notice was not to be limited to matters that had arisen as part of discussions between the Department and Tassal during the assessment process. These were not the only measures the delegate relied on to conclude that there was not likely to be any significant impact to the species concerned. Rather, he relied on measures which were set out in Tassal's original proposal, and his assessment of the effects of those measures, on advice from the Department, and also GHD. 220 His reasons made it clear that without implementation of all the measures to which he referred (including use of K-Grid technology and bundled lines), he was satisfied there would be significant impact to the species concerned. Therefore, he was required by the legislative scheme to set out all the measures he had identified (the Court assumes, at the time of his exercise of power) that would avoid the impact he determined the salmon farm project was otherwise likely to have on species protected by ss 18, 18A, 20 and 20A of the EPBC Act. 221 This error, which is an error of law materially affecting the exercise of power, led to a disconformity between the delegate's reasons and the form of the s 77 notice.

Any remaining aspects of the respondents' arguments 222 I have dealt with most of the points made by the respondents in the analysis above. Only one further matter need be addressed. 223 The "difficulty in construing s 77A" identified in [6] of the Minister's submissions does not exist. From the "great deal of information provided", part of the task of the Minister, or her or his delegate, is to: (1) describe the "action" that she or he is assessing; and (2) having done so, to examine and consider that material to see if there is any connection, or relationship, between how the action is to be carried out, and the likelihood of significant impact on one or more Ch 2, Pt 3 protected matters. 224 Most of the assessment process is factually complex. The scheme is complex, and inherently involves assessment of a great deal of information. That fact is no reason to construe the operation of ss 77A and 75 (and related provisions such as a 19(3)(b)) as limited to matters that arise "in addition" to what was in the original proposal.

Conclusion on ground 1 225 The primary judge erred, in my respectful opinion, in confining the operation of s 77A(1), read with s 19(3)(b) and like provisions, to matters which were "additional" to what was contained in a proponent's original proposal to take an action. In the ability of the Minister to make a "component decision" as one way of exercising the power under s 75, the scheme does not distinguish between measures which form part of the original referral or proposal and measures which may be raised later in the assessment process and sit outside measures initially put forward by a proponent. 226 If an action is to be determined not to be a controlled action because the belief of the Minister is that the "particular manner" in which it is to be undertaken removes the likelihood of significant impact on a Ch 2, Pt 3 protected matter, then each measure which constitutes that "particular manner" must be specified in the s 77 notice, so that compliance can be monitored and enforced. That is the purpose of the alternative regulatory mechanism established by these provisions.

The Minister's Notice of Contention 227 It is apparent from my reasoning to this point on ground 1 that the Minister's notice of contention must be dismissed. 228 The primary judge was correct to see a correlation in the delegate's reasons between his identification of the K-Grid nets and bundled lines and a reduction in significant impact on Ch 2, Pt 3 protected species, and correct to see the delegate as having relied on this to determine that the significant impact he had identified was reduced below the level of likelihood, provided these measures were employed by Tassal. 229 Insofar as the Minister's arguments went beyond the approach of the delegate and primary judge in this matter, to more general submissions about what is, and what is not, properly within the concept of an "action" for the purposes of s 523 of the Act, and the use of that definition in the various prohibitions in the EPBC Act, it does not arise given the views I have reached on ground 1, and given the absence of any challenge to the delegate's description of the proposed action in the s 77 notice.

The bundled lines argument: ground 5 230 It is common ground that the primary judge did not refer to the appellants' contentions about the delegate's approach to Tassal's use of bundled lines. The appellants having succeeded on ground 1, there is nothing to be added by any further consideration of ground 5: on the conclusion I have reached, the use of bundled feed and servicing lines should also be specified in the s 77 notice.

The adverse impacts argument: grounds 2 and 3 231 As ultimately developed in oral argument, these grounds raise a narrow point. The point is that the delegate, having understood the issue was the visual impact of the action on the heritage values of Darlington Probation Station, did not refer to the visual impact of the barges in his reasons and, the appellants submitted, should be taken to have failed to consider the "adverse impacts" of the barges on those heritage values. Grounds 2 and 3 make the same point in different ways and senior counsel for the appellants did not suggest there was any real difference between the two grounds. 232 Just as with the concept of "action", the requirement in s 75(2) for the Minister to consider all "adverse impacts" is a requirement that is to be determined objectively, in terms of what is capable of being an "adverse impact". Thereafter, as the Minister and Tassal submit, if the decision-maker proceeds on a correct understanding of the phrase, whether or not an action has, or is likely to have, an "impact" and whether or not that impact is "adverse", will be a question of fact. In other words, simply because a consequence of an action is described as, or asserted to be, an "adverse impact" will not make it so. However, that contention does not resolve these grounds, because all parties accepted that the visual impacts of the salmon farm on the heritage values of the Darlington Probation Station were properly before the delegate as potential adverse impacts. All parties accepted that the delegate examined some of the visual impacts of the salmon farm: the debate is about whether he examined all the impacts he was required to examine. 233 The delegate's description of Tassal's action at [1]-[3] of the reasons, in [3], expressly refers to the mobile water barge: The referral documentation states that the proposed action includes a permanently moored mobile water barge located on the lease, which will include a desalination function to be used for fish washing purposes. 234 The delegate does not refer to the feed barge. 235 The straightforward answer to the grounds is that supplied by junior counsel for Tassal in her oral submissions, by reference to the first sentence at [94] of the delegate's reasons, which states: It is likely that the fish farm will be visible from the Darlington site, and the lease area has been an active commercial operation for seaweed and blue mussels for a number of years prior to this proposal. 236 As junior counsel submitted, the language used expressly indicates the delegate is considering the visual impact of the whole of the farm, not just the pens. A similar reference appears at [98] of the delegate's reasons, in relation to National Heritage values: As mentioned above, the Department considered the values for which the property was listed would not be lost, degraded or altered by the establishment of a finfish farm at Okehampton Bay. While the farm is likely to be visible, the presence of pens low to the water over 7 km distant from the site is unlikely to detract from the meaning derived from the buildings and structures, and what they represent in Australia's history. 237 It is true the emphasis in this paragraph appears to be on the visual effect of the pens. However, as I have noted, the delegate referred to the fact the farm would use a barge at [3] of his reasons, albeit the reference is only to one barge. I do not consider it can be inferred that when looking specifically at visual impacts, the delegate had forgotten or overlooked the fact that Tassal's farming operations involved the use of barges. 238 The primary judge was correct to find at [169] that the delegate was "well aware" that Tassal's salmon farming operations included the use of barges as well as stationary pens. There was no error in his Honour inferring the delegate had considered the visual impact of the barges. As I have noted, I consider the delegate's reasons indicate expressly that he considered it.

The inadequate or mistaken reasons arguments: grounds 4, 6 and 7 239 I accept the Minister's submissions that arguments directed at the inadequacy of reasoning of a trial judge are misdirected. 240 The centrality of adequate reasons to a proper exercise of judicial power is well-established: see the authorities collected by Griffiths J in COZ16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCA 46; 159 ALD 120 at [31]-[46], including this extract from the judgment of Flick J in SZKLO v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 735; 102 ALD 115 at [26]: Whatever the ground of review, however, the reasons of the Federal Magistrates Court must be sufficient to explain to both the litigant and others the basis upon which that Court proceeded and the reasons why the application to review the decision of the Tribunal is either to be dismissed or why the decision is said to be wrong in law. Reasons do not adequately address the grounds of review sought to be resolved if the litigant - or this Court - is left to speculate as to what it was that the Federal Magistrate had in mind when he reached the conclusions that formed the final decision. 241 Statements to similar effect can be found in DAO16 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCAFC 2; 353 ALR 641 at [48]. 242 Further, where the reasons of the Court disclose a failure to deal with the fundamental elements of a party's case, an appellate court might be persuaded the trial judge constructively failed to exercise the jurisdiction conferred on the Court: see COZ16 at [44]-[45], referring to the New South Wales Court of Appeal's decision in Goodwin v Commissioner of Police [2012] NSWCA 379. 243 The appellants have not made arguments of this kind on this appeal. Rather, their contentions relate to some of the details of the primary judge's reasoning. 244 The contention that the primary judge failed to disclose his reasoning for rejecting grounds 1 and 2 of the appellants' application is not made out. The primary judge's reasoning is fully disclosed, albeit that he had been confronted with rather a variety of descriptions of how the delegate had erred, which was an experience repeated on the appeal. The appellants' arguments moved about somewhat, and the primary judge cannot be criticised for the way he expressed his reasoning in those circumstances. 245 As the respondents accept, there are some mistakes in the primary judge's reasons (as alleged in grounds 6 and 7), in terms of descriptions of some of the appellants' arguments, or points attributed to them. However: (1) whether or not his Honour mistakenly attributed a submission to the appellants about what relief would flow from ground 1 is not material where it is the responsibility of this Court on appeal to decide appropriate relief if a ground is made out; (2) the mistake about the breadth of the appellants' submissions concerning whether the referral documentation mentioned K-Grid technology was not material to his Honour's conclusions; (3) the misunderstanding of the primary judge about whether there was an argument about a variation of Tassal's proposal again did not materially affect the conclusions he reached; and (4) there may well have been a misunderstanding by the primary judge when his Honour attributed (at [62]-[63]) a "concession" to the appellants, but since the subject-matter of those paragraphs related to statutory construction, and this Court will determine the appropriate construction, any misattribution is not material on the appeal. 246 Grounds 4, 6 and 7 fail.

Conclusion and appropriate relief 247 Although I have accepted as part of allowing ground 1 of the notice of appeal that the delegate misunderstood the conditions on his power under s 75, my present view is that the Minister's submissions on relief should be accepted. My present view is that the appropriate relief is to set aside the notice issued under s 77 of the EPBC Act and to require a fresh notice to be issued which includes in the "particular manner" specifications a specification that in its salmon farming operation Tassal must, first, use K-Grid nets and, second, must employ "bundled feed and servicing line" technology. The parties should, in light of these reasons, be able to agree on appropriate wording. 248 I consider this is the appropriate relief because the delegate's exercise of power miscarried only insofar as it led to the delegate not specifying in the s 77 notice all of the measures which should have been specified, according to his reasoning. The relief is important and has utility because the notice is a key regulatory mechanism under s 77A(2). 249 The parties should be given an opportunity to agree on an appropriate form of orders in light of these reasons, and to agree on appropriate orders for lump sum costs. Failing agreement on the latter, the parties should file submissions on appropriate orders as to costs, and if they are in dispute as to amounts, the matter should be referred to a Registrar for determination of appropriate lump sums. I certify that the preceding one hundred and sixty-two (162) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Mortimer.