Heath v Regina

Proceedings on sentence

1. The facts relied upon by the Crown at the proceedings on sentence were proved by the tender of an agreed statement of facts. In addition, ASIC provided a statement prepared by one of its lawyers setting out the extent of the applicant's co-operation in the investigation (which was considerable).
2. The defence material included a lengthy affidavit sworn by the applicant together with two affidavits sworn by his wife, two medical reports and five character references. Mrs Heath's affidavit addressed matters relating to a serious health condition suffered by their daughter which was relied upon to establish exceptional circumstances of family hardship. The parties also provided lengthy written submissions to the sentencing judge together with schedules of sentences imposed in other market misconduct cases.
3. The Crown did not require the applicant or any of his witnesses for cross-examination.

Circumstances of the offences

1. The agreed statement of facts stated that the applicant has traded in shares in public listed companies for over 20 years. He had previously worked as a solicitor, holding a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Laws. During the period of the offending, trading in shares and contracts for difference ("CFDs") was his primary source of income. The agreed facts explained CFDs as follows: CFD trading can multiply gains or losses arising from share price movements, in comparison to trading in the underlying security, because the trading is usually leveraged. This means that CFD investors are required to pay a fraction of the value of the underlying security but can obtain the benefit or detriment of changes in the price of the security. Accordingly, for the same amount of money, CFD investors can purchase a larger number of CFDs than underlying securities and can potentially make correspondingly larger profits or losses from relatively small changes in price. CFD trading effectively magnifies profits or losses.
2. At the commencement of the offending the applicant had (inter alia) a share and CFD portfolio worth approximately $1.4 million with net equity of about $850,000 and had recently sold a family home for $7.20 million with net equity of about $4.7 million.
3. As at the time of the proceedings on sentence, the applicant traded through nine separate online trading accounts with two brokers (five equities trading accounts with ETRADE Australia Securities Limited and four CFD trading accounts with First Prudential Markets Pty Ltd). It was noted in the agreed facts that ASIC did not assert the accounts were opened for any improper purpose but that the commission of the offences was facilitated by having multiple accounts. Some of the accounts were held jointly with or in the name of the applicant's wife or various companies but it was common ground that the applicant carried out all transactions on those accounts.
4. In about 2002 the applicant began buying shares in Petsec Energy Limited (known as PSA), an Australian company engaged in oil and gas exploration and production. In about 2012 he also began buying contracts for difference ("CFDs") relating to those shares. Shares in Petsec have traded on the Australian Stock Exchange ("ASX") since 1980. The applicant was described in the statement of facts as "a long term accumulator" of shares in Petsec.
5. The agreed facts were that, during the period of offending, the applicant acquired larger volumes of shares and CFDs in Petsec, peaking in October 2012, when he held approximately 2.7 million shares and approximately 2.3 million CFDs with an approximate market value of $673,386.
6. The market manipulation offence was described in the statement of facts in the following terms: [between 16 February 2012 and 19 August 2013], Mr Heath carried out 138 transactions of financial products relating to PSA shares on the ASX that had the effect of creating an artificial price for trading in the ordinary shares of PSA on the ASX, contrary to ss 1041A(c) and 1311(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) ("the Act").
7. The 138 transactions were summarised in schedule 1 to the statement of facts. Each was an online purchase of shares or CFDs through one of the two brokers. The statement of facts did not provide any context to allow an assessment of the significance of those trades. It did not say whether the shares were thinly traded or provide any detail as to the frequency of trades in those shares. Nor did it explain whether, in each instance, the applicant's bid must have matched an offer to sell at the same price or whether the ASX system allowed the match of a bid at a specified price with an offer to sell at a lower price.
8. The matched trade offence related primarily to Petsec but also to shares and CFDs in a small number of other public listed companies. That offence was described in the agreed facts as follows: [between 2 July 2012 and 11 October 2013], Mr Heath carried out 30 transactions of financial products relating to the relevant securities (primarily PSA) on the ASX that had the effect of creating a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price for trading in the Relevant Securities on the ASX, contrary to ss 1041B(1)(b) and 1311(1) of the Act.
9. The 30 transactions were summarised in schedule 2 to the statement of facts.
10. The elements of Commonwealth offences are addressed in chapter 1 of the Criminal Code. The Code specifies that an offence consists of physical elements and fault elements. A physical element can be conduct, a result or a circumstance in which conduct or a result of conduct occurs. The market manipulation offence had two physical elements: a conduct element (carrying out the transactions) and a result element (the transactions had the effect of creating an artificial price for trading in the ordinary shares of PSA on the ASX). The fault element for the result element is recklessness (see clause 5.6(2) of the Code) but that element is able to be satisfied by proof of intention, knowledge or recklessness (see clause 5.4(4) of the Code). The agreed facts did not specify which was relied upon in the present case.
11. The physical elements of the matched trade offence were, similarly, the conduct of carrying out the transactions and a result (that the transactions had the effect of creating or causing the creation of "a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price" for trading in Petsec and other shares). As with the market manipulation offence, the fault element was recklessness but proof of intention, knowledge or recklessness satisfied that element. In respect of the matched trade offence, it was an agreed fact (recorded at paragraph 38 of the statement of facts) that the applicant carried out the matched trades with the intention of creating a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price for trading in the relevant shares. In other words, the fault element for the "result" element was intention. That issue is considered further below.
12. It would have been preferable if the agreed facts had set out the elements of each offence at the outset of the document and clearly particularised the agreed proof of each element. As to the market manipulation offence, to the extent that the statement of facts addressed that issue, it tended to conflate the physical and fault elements of the "result" element of the offence. For example, paragraph 25 of the statement said (emphasis added): During the First Relevant Period, Mr Heath, contrary to s 1041A(c) of the Act, carried out 138 separate transactions of financial products relating to PSA shares on the ASX that had the effect of creating an artificial price for trading in the ordinary shares of PSA on the ASX ("the 138 Transactions"). In particular, each of the 138 Transactions, the details of which are set out in Schedule 1, was carried out by Mr Heath for the sole or dominant purpose of maintaining or increasing the price of PSA shares on the ASX.
13. That paragraph makes it clear that the applicant acknowledged that his dominant purpose was to maintain or increase the price of the shares and that his trading had that effect. What it does not do is explain or evaluate the extent to which that was achieved.
14. Similarly, paragraph 22 of the agreed facts said (emphasis added): Mr Heath entered into the transactions relevant to the Market Manipulation Offence and the Matched Trade Offence for the sole or dominant purpose of maintaining or increasing the share price for the Relevant Securities. Such an outcome personally advantaged Mr Heath by allowing him to: avoid Margin Calls; avoid having to contribute more funds to his CFD Trading Accounts; and/or increase the Free Equity in his CFD Trading Accounts, which he could use to trade in shares, or maintain or take other CFD positions.
15. A similar comment may be made about that paragraph. It does not explain the duration or significance of the impact of the applicant's trading on the share price in the context of the overall volume and frequency of trading in the shares or by reference to the range of share price throughout the relevant period. The actual effect of the transactions on the market was an important part of the assessment of objective gravity.
16. The elements of the offences are of course admitted by the applicant's plea of guilty. Each physical element is admitted, in terms, in the agreed facts. I do not seek to traverse those matters. My point is to observe that, apart from some arithmetic analysis of the transactions primarily by reference to the circumstance of the applicant (considered below), the agreed facts provided little by way of analysis or explanation of the nature or significance of the effect of the applicant's trading on the market (as distinct from his purpose).
17. The passage of the agreed facts set out above proved that, to the extent that the applicant's transactions achieved the object of maintaining or increasing the share price, that would allow him to avoid margin calls; avoid having to contribute more funds to his CFD trading accounts; "and/or" increase the free equity in his CFD trading accounts, "which he could use to trade in shares, or maintain or take other CFD positions".
18. Considerable detail was provided in relation to those matters, including dollar sums attributed to the notional gain obtained as a result of the applicant's trading. It is appropriate to set out the relevant passages of the statement of facts in full: Margin Calls and Free Equity 17. Mr Heath traded CFDs through his four Trading Accounts held with First Prudential Markets Pty Ltd ("FP Markets"). FP Markets is an Australian financial services company that offers CFDs to its clients through a Direct Market Access model ("DMA Model"). Under its DMA Model, FP Markets automatically hedged its exposure to any CFD position executed by a client by taking an equivalent one-for-one position in the underlying shares. Mr Heath was able to see his CFD positions translate to an actual buy or sell order in the underlying shares on the ASX. This hedging mechanism can result in CFD trades having an immediate impact on the price for the underlying shares in the same way as trading in shares directly. 18. FP Markets required Mr Heath, as a CFD client, to make an initial cash deposit or to have funds available in his account at the time of entering into a CFD, which is referred to as a "Margin". 19. The amount of free funds available for a client to enter into new CFD positions, withdraw funds from the account and/or absorb any margin calls made on the account is referred to as "Free Equity". Mr Heath was able to view, at all relevant times, the amount of Free Equity in each of his CFD Trading Accounts with FP Markets. If Mr Heath's Free Equity fell below a specified value, FP Markets could require additional funds to be deposited into his account or could require him to reduce his CFD positions ("Margin Call"). 20. FP Markets continuously calculated a client's Free Equity in each CFD Trading Account by calculating the difference between the share prices of the underlying shares at the time the contracts were created and until each contract was closed out. For example, where Mr Heath entered into a long position, if the price of the underlying shares increased on the ASX, Mr Heath's Free Equity immediately rose. Conversely, if the price of the underlying shares fell, the Free Equity simultaneously fell and, depending on his overall Free Equity in a particular CFD Trading Account, Mr Heath may be at risk of receiving a Margin Call. Therefore, the prevailing market price of the underlying shares was directly related to Mr Heath's Free Equity. 21. During the Relevant Period, Mr Heath held large volumes of shares and CFDs in PSA, with his peak exposure exceeding 5 million shares (comprised of approximately 2.7 million PSA shares and approximately 2.3 million PSA CFDs). Accordingly, the share price of PSA was central to Mr Heath maintaining Free Equity. The higher the PSA share price, the more Free Equity that was available to Mr Heath, which reduced the likelihood of Margin Calls and allowed Mr Heath to enter into new CFDs. During the Second Relevant Period, Mr Heath received a number of Margin Calls due to falls in the PSA share price reducing his Free Equity. 22. Mr Heath entered into the transactions relevant to the Market Manipulation Offence and the Matched Trade Offence for the sole or dominant purpose of maintaining or increasing the share price for the Relevant Securities. Such an outcome personally advantaged Mr Heath by allowing him to: avoid Margin Calls; avoid having to contribute more funds to his CFD Trading Accounts; and/or increase the Free Equity in his CFD Trading Accounts, which he could use to trade in shares, or maintain or take other CFD positions. 23. Mr Heath's stated purpose for carrying out the trading constituting the Market Manipulation Offence and the Matched Trade Offence was to provide price support for the Relevant Securities (in particular, PSA), and to minimise or avoid Margin Calls. 24. Since 2002, Mr Heath had been an accumulator of PSA shares. During the Relevant Period (a period of 20 months) Mr Heath's total PSA shareholding increased month-on-month (with the exception of a small decline in one month only). Mr Heath considered himself something of a 'champion' for PSA as a stock. This was Mr Heath's main motivation for providing price support for PSA across the Relevant Period. 26. Through the 138 Transactions, Mr Heath caused the price of PSA shares on the ASX to rise: on four occasions by 1.5 cents, representing increases of between 7.9% and 10.3% of the PSA share price; on 65 occasions by 1 cent, representing increases of between 4.4% and 11.5% of the PSA share price; and on 69 occasions by 0.5 cents, representing increases of between 4.0% and 5.0% of the PSA share price. 27. As identified in Schedule 1, the 138 Transactions had the following features: the volume of shares traded on each occasion was relatively small, ranging from 5 to 50,000 with an average of 3,221; the value of the shares traded on each occasion was relatively low, ranging from $1 to $8,750 with an average of $496; each Transaction caused an increase in the PSA share price, ranging from 4.0% to 11.5% with an average of 5.6%. most (but not all) of the Transactions resulted in an increase in Mr Heath's Free Equity, ranging from $40 to $9,437 with an average of $3,386; and each Transaction resulted in an increase in the market value of Mr Heath's PSA holding, ranging from $15,878 to $46,928, with an average of $24,009. 28. As those figures illustrate, in respect of the 138 transactions, Mr Heath purchased small volumes of PSA shares or CFDs, with an average value of $496, in such a way that they caused an average increase in his Free Equity by more than 6 times that amount, namely, $3,386. Further, the 138 Transactions caused an average increase in the market value of his PSA holding by more than 48 times the average value of the Transaction. 29. Mr Heath undertook each of the 138 Transactions for the sole or dominant purpose of maintaining or increasing the price of PSA shares on the ASX, for the reasons identified in paragraphs 23 and 24 above, and having the effect identified in paragraph 22 above.
19. The statement of facts also provided a detailed explanation as to how the applicant achieved an impact on price, as follows: 29. (continued) The increase in price was achieved by Mr Heath through the following methods of manipulative trading (as identified in the column headed "Market Manipulation Method" in the table at Schedule 1). 1st Method - Price Support 30. In relation to 123 of the 138 Transactions, Mr Heath purchased PSA CFDs or PSA shares to maintain or increase the price of PSA shares. On many occasions Mr Heath acted swiftly in response to a fall in the price of PSA shares. Mr Heath's intention in carrying out these 123 Transactions was to restore the price of PSA shares to its previous level or higher. For example, on 24 July 2013: at 10:43:12 am the price of PSA shares was 12.5c. at 10:57:25 am Mr Heath entered an order to buy 1,000 PSA CFDs at 13c (equating to $130). This CFD purchase, entered through FP Markets DMA Model, caused an order to buy 1,000 PSA shares at 13c to be entered onto the ASX. This order traded immediately resulting in a price increase in PSA shares from 12.5c to 13c (or 4.0%). immediately after that trade, the price of PSA shares fell to 12c due to trades executed by persons other than Mr Heath. at 11:37:42 am Mr Heath entered an order to buy 1,000 PSA CFDs at 12.5c (equating to $125). This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 1,000 PSA shares at 12.5c to be entered onto the ASX, which traded immediately resulting in a second price increase in PSA shares from 12c to 12.5c (or 4.2%). immediately after that trade, the price of PSA shares fell again to 12c due to trades executed by persons other than Mr Heath. at 11:44:52 am Mr Heath entered an order to buy 500 PSA CFDs at 12.5c (equating to $63). This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 500 PSA shares at 12.5c to be entered onto the ASX which traded immediately resulting in a third price increase in PSA shares from 12c to 12.5c (or 4.2%). at 11:45:51 am, one minute later, Mr Heath entered an order to buy 500 PSA CFDs at 13c (equating to $65). This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 500 PSA shares at 13c to be entered onto the ASX, which traded immediately, resulting in a fourth price increase in PSA shares from 12.5c to 13c (or 4.0%). at 1:04:17 pm the price of PSA shares fell to 12.5c due to trades executed by persons other than Mr Heath. at 1:05:00 pm Mr Heath entered an order to buy 1,200 PSA CFDs at 13c (equating to $156). This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 1,200 PSA shares at 13c to be entered onto the ASX, which traded immediately resulting in a fifth price increase in PSA shares from 12.5c to 13c (or 4.0%). at 2:12:35 pm the price of PSA shares fell to 12c due to trades executed by persons other than Mr Heath. at 3:06:34 pm Mr Heath entered an order to buy 1,150 PSA CFDs at 12.5c (equating to $144). This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 1,150 PSA shares at 12.5c to be entered onto the ASX, which traded immediately resulting in a six price increase in PSA shares from 12c to 125c (or 4.2%). the combined value of the above transactions was $683. 31. The above example does not show all trading in PSA share and CFDs on 24 July 2013. It is included to illustrate a particularly obvious and serious example of the Market Manipulation Offence. 2nd Method - Marking the Close 32. In relation to 15 of the 138 Transactions, Mr Heath purchased PSA CFDs or PSA shares late in the trading day in order to raise the reported closing price. This practice is known as "marking the close". For example, on 14 August 2013: from the time the ASX opened for trading until 4:10 pm the price of PSA shares traded between 10c and 11c. At 4:10 pm the last traded price was 10c and this appeared to be the likely closing price for PSA shares on 14 August 2013. however, at 4:10:32 pm Mr Heath entered an order to buy 2,500 PSA CFDs at 11c. This CFD purchase caused an order to buy 2,500 PSA shares at 11c to be placed on to the ASX, which traded immediately, and resulted in the share price increasing from 10c to11c. This was the final trade of the day. Mr Heath's CFD purchase resulted in the price of PSA shares closing at a price 1c or 10.0% higher than its previous price. the value of this Transaction was $275, but it resulted in a $32,704 increase in the market value of Mr Heath's PSA holding and a 47,592 increase in Mr Heath's Free Equity.
20. Similar detail was provided in respect of the matched trade offence, as follows: 33. During the Second Relevant Period, Mr Heath, contrary to s 1041B9(1)(b) of the Act, carried out 30 transactions of financial products relating to the Relevant Securities on the ASX that had the effect of creating a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price for trading in the Relevant Securities on the ASX ("the 30 Transactions"). In particular, in respect of each of the 30 Transactions (the details of which are set out in Schedule 2): Mr Heath effectively controlled or caused both the buy and sell of the transaction (commonly referred to as "matched orders"; and Mr Heath carried out the transaction for the dominant purpose of increasing or maintaining the price of the Relevant Securities on the ASX. 34. 25 of the 30 Transactions involved PSA shares and had the following features: the volume of shares traded on each occasion was relatively small, ranging from 200 to 60,000 with an average of 10,143; the value of the share traded on each occasion was relatively low, ranging from $25 to $5,940 with an average of $1,210; each Transaction caused an increase in the PSA share price, ranging from 3.1% to 6.9% with an average of 3.9%; and most (but not all) of the Transactions resulted in an increase in Mr Heath's Free Equity, ranging from $128 to $4,112, with an average of $1,842. each Transaction resulted in an increase in the market value of his overall holding ranging from $2,650 to $27,106, with an average of $13,420. 35. Two of the 30 Transactions involved LRL shares and had the following features: the volume of shares traded was 30,000 and 100,000 respectively; the value of the shares traded was $4,650 and $14,500 respectively; these Transactions caused an increase in the LRL share price of 3.3% and 3.6% respectively; and these Transactions caused an increase in the market value of Mr Heath's overall holding by $1,717. 36. One of the 30 Transactions involved MGY shares and had the following features: the volume of shares traded was 25,000; the value of the shares traded was $1,875; this transaction caused an increase in the MGY share price of 4.2%; and this transaction caused an increase in the market value of Mr Heath's overall holding shares by $625. 37. Two of the 30 Transactions involved OGY shares and had the following features: the volume of shares traded was 20,000 and 299,500 respectively; the value of the shares traded was $580 and $8,386 respectively; these Transactions caused an increase in the OGY share price of 3.6% and 3.7% respectively; and these Transactions caused an increase in the market value of Mr Heath's overall holding by $2,857. 38. Mr Heath undertook each of the 30 Transactions, effectively controlling or causing both the buy and sell side, with the intention of creating a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price for trading in the Relevant Securities on the ASX for the reasons identified in paragraphs 23 and 24 above, and having the effect identified in paragraph 22 above. 39. Examples of trades constituting the Matched Trade Offences are set out below. Example 1 - Matched Trades on 19 June 2013 40. On 19 June 2013: at 2:12:31 pm the price of PSA shares was 12c. at 2:28:31 pm Mr Heath entered an order through his FP Markets Trading Account to sell 394 PSA CFDs at 12.5c. This CFD sale caused an order to sell 394 PSA shares at 12.5c to be entered onto the ASX. at 2:28:33 pm Mr Heath entered an order, through his ETrade Trading Account, to buy 394 PSA shares at 12.5c, which traded immediately with the above sell order. this first matched trade, which had a value of $49.25, caused an increase in the PSA share price from 12c to 12.5c, or 4.2%. This caused the market value of Mr Heath's PSA holding to increase by $13,551, and resulted in his Free Equity increasing by $3,482. at 3:34:04pm the price of PSA shares fell to 12c due to a trade executed by persons other than Mr Heath. at 3:44:32 pm Mr Heath entered an order through his FP Markets Trading Account to sell 200 PSA CFDs at 12.5c. This CFD sale caused an order to sell 200 PSA shares at 12.5c to be entered onto the ASX. at 3:44:32 pm Mr Heath entered an order, through his ETrade Trading Account, to buy 200 PSA shares at 12.5c which traded immediately with the sell order. this second matched trade, which had a value of $25, caused an increase in the PSA share price from 12c to 12.5c, or 4.2%. This caused the market value of Mr Heath's PSA holding to increase by $13,551 and resulted in his Free Equity increasing by $3,466. Example 2 - Matched Trades on 12 April 2013 41. On 12 April 2013: at 1:00:00 pm the price of OGY shares was 2.7c. at 1:43:22 pm Mr Heath entered an order, through his ETrade Trading Account, to buy 320,000 CGY shares at 2.8c. at 1:43:28 pm Mr Heath entered an order through his FP Markets Trading Account to sell 299,500 OGY CFDs at 2.8c. This CFD sell caused an order to sell 299,500 OGY shares at 2.8c to be entered onto the ASX. this first matched trade, which had a value of $8,386, caused an increase in the OGY share price from 2.7c to 2.8c or 3.7%. This caused the market value of Mr Heath's OGY holding to increase by $476. at 1:36:54 pm Mr Heath entered an order, through his FP Markets Trading Account, to sell 20,000 OGY CFDs at 2.9c. This CFD sale caused an order to sell 20,000 OGY shares at 2.9c to be entered onto the ASX. at 1:44:01 pm Mr Heath entered an order, through his ETrade Trading Account, to buy 20,500 OGY shares at 2.9c, of which 20,000 shares traded immediately with the above sell order. this second matched trade, which had a value of $580, caused an increase in the OGY share price from 2.8c to 2.9c, or 3.6%. This caused the market value of Mr Heath's OGY holding to increase by $2,381.
21. The applicant's affidavit explained that, whatever he may have been attempting to achieve through his trading, it in fact achieved "no lasting support for PSA whatsoever". He explained why he had engaged in such a futile exercise: "I had a view of PSA's "real" value and I became consumed with being PSA's "champion" and defending the stock through its share price. I realise now (although I did not at the time) that this was quite obsessive behaviour. I did not think that the share price deserved to fall. Therefore, when I saw that happen, I would purchase more PSA shares or CFDs. In hindsight, my actions were silly in the extreme, as I knew then and I know now that all shares rise and fall and you wait it out until the market sees a stock's intrinsic value or you sell."
22. The Crown did not contest that evidence.
23. The ASIC statement relating to the applicant's co-operation reveals that, immediately after being contacted by ASIC in relation to its investigation of the offences, the applicant participated in an examination under s 19 of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001 (Cth) during which he made "full and frank admissions about the offending referred to in the statement of facts". The transcript of the s 19 examination was not before the sentencing judge and is not before this Court. The applicant made a deliberate, informed decision not to claim the protection against self-incrimination, with the result that the content of the examination was admissible against him in any subsequent proceedings including criminal proceedings.
24. The statement of co-operation records that the applicant made admissions that his transactions "had the effect of maintaining or increasing the price of securities on the ASX" and that he carried out transactions between accounts controlled by him with the intention of maintaining or increasing the price of securities on the ASX.
25. The applicant subsequently entered into negotiations with ASIC with a view to formally admitting and pleading guilty to "appropriate charges". During that period, the applicant was represented by a solicitor who worked co-operatively with ASIC to settle the statement of facts.

Grounds of appeal

1. The applicant relies on 7 grounds of appeal, as follows: 1. The Trial Judge erred by rejecting the undisputed and unchallenged evidence regarding Mr Heath's lack of knowledge of criminality. 2. The Trial Judge erred by rejecting the agreed evidence of Mr Heath regarding his motivation to provide price support to the Petsec stock. 3. The Trial Judge erred by finding that Mr Heath obtained and/or intended to obtain a financial benefit. 4. The Trial Judge erred by failing to consider all the factors relevant to the objective gravity of the offences. 5. The Trial Judge erred by failing to find exceptional circumstances concerning family hardship. 6. The Trial Judge erred by finding that there was inconsistency between Mr Heath's plea of guilty and Mr Heath's evidence. 7. The sentence imposed was manifestly excessive.

Ground 1

1. The first ground of appeal is: The Trial Judge erred by rejecting the undisputed and unchallenged evidence regarding Mr Heath's lack of knowledge of criminality.
2. The statement of facts said: Throughout the Relevant Period Mr Heath knew or should have known of the prohibitions against Market Manipulation and Matched Orders. For example, on opening the four FP Markets Trading Accounts on 18 May 2012, 20 May 2012, 5 September 2012, and 14 January 2013, he acknowledged that he had received, read, understood and agreed to FP Markets terms and conditions.
3. As noted by Johnson J during the hearing of this appeal, the agreed fact was ambiguous by reason of the adoption of the unfortunate formulation "knew or ought to have known". The appellant's affidavit relied upon at the proceedings on sentence accepted what he ought to have known but repeatedly asserted that he did not in fact know that his conduct was unlawful. The affidavit explained in detail the applicant's education and background in trading. In my view, his account was not inherently implausible.
4. As already noted, the Crown did not seek to cross examine the applicant. His affidavit accordingly stood as unchallenged evidence in the proceedings.
5. The applicant accepts, correctly, that a sentencing court is not obliged to accept unchallenged evidence. However, it was submitted that, where the Court is considering rejecting unchallenged evidence (for example on the basis that it is inherently improbable), the witness must be afforded an opportunity to address that proposition. The applicant submitted that, if that proposition is not put to a witness by the opposing party, it is the duty of the judge to put the assertion to the witness before rejecting the evidence.
6. The authority cited by the applicant for that proposition is a civil case: Ghazal v Government Insurance Office of New South Wales (1992) 29 NSWLR 336 at 344-5. The passage cited was from the judgment of Kirby J, who said: The duty to confront a person fairly with the suggestion that a case is false, even fraudulent, cannot be doubted. The duty arises from "common fairness" and the proper administration of justice … in a trial, the duty arises most clearly when what is being suggested is fraud and false testimony on the part of a witness. It is a well-established rule of our legal procedure that such contentions must be clearly identified and not raised accidentally, peripherally and nonchalantly in the course of litigation.
7. A similar principle has been recognised in the context of criminal proceedings. In O'Neil-Shaw v R [2010] NSWCCA 42, this Court said (at [27] per Basten JA; Howie and Johnson JJ agreeing at [40] and [41]; and see Johnson J's further remarks at [50]-[51]): It is a basic rule of procedural fairness that a party who does not accept the evidence of a witness should put the alternative view in cross-examination, both so that the witness may respond and so that the court has the benefit of assessing the response: R v SWC [2007] VSCA 201; 175 A Crim R 71 at [12]-[15] (Maxwell P, Kellam JA and Kaye AJA). Where there has been no cross-examination of witnesses to contest their evidence, "judges should in general abstain from making adverse findings about parties and witnesses": MWJ v The Queen [2005] HCA 74; 80 ALJR 329 at [39] (Gummow, Kirby and Callinan JJ).
8. Some caution should be applied in the application of authorities in civil cases to the task of fact-finding in sentence proceedings. In civil proceedings, the rules of engagement are determined by the parties according to their pleadings; in criminal proceedings, broader interests are invoked. In sentencing proceedings, the judge is not obliged "passively, and unquestioningly, to accept facts as the basis for sentencing which are presented by the prosecution and/or the accused". The judge's sentencing discretion must be exercised in the public interest: Chow v Director of Public Prosecutions (1992) 28 NSWLR 593 at 606; approved in O'Neil-Shaw at [23].
9. It must accordingly be accepted that, in the criminal context, there will be occasions when it will not be appropriate for the sentencing judge to let a matter pass as an accepted fact merely on the basis that the Crown has chosen not to challenge a witness about that fact. Conversely, however, the stakes are high in the case of criminal proceedings. Where a person faces the prospect of a custodial sentence, the content of the duty of procedural fairness is not less than in the case of a civil claim.
10. The applicant's affidavit setting out his evidence at the proceedings on sentence included repeated references to his absence of knowledge that the conduct with which he was charged was unlawful. At paragraph 56 of the affidavit, he said: While I was not specifically aware of the market manipulation or washing provisions of the Corporations Act, I have generally been aware of matters such as insider trading and market manipulation for over 20 years. However, after 20 years in the market, I should have been more aware of what would trigger those provisions. My somewhat naïve view was simply that market manipulation, or ramping as I knew it, involved driving up the price of a stock and then selling into that price increase. I never did that.
11. There were several other references to the applicant's ignorance of any law prohibiting his conduct.
12. In his reasons for sentence, the sentencing judge said: The offender is clearly a highly intelligent man as is demonstrated by his academic achievements and a very experienced trader over a period of some 20 years. He did not give evidence on sentence and I do not accept that he did not understand that what he was doing was in fact committing offences.
13. The statement that the applicant "did not give evidence on sentence" is not correct. His affidavit was admitted in the defence case at the proceedings on sentence. The judge's remarks must be taken to refer to the fact that the applicant did not go into the witness box. However, that was due to the election of the Crown not to require him for cross-examination. It was not a situation where an offender had chosen not to expose himself to cross-examination at the proceedings on sentence.
14. There was some debate in the submissions on appeal as to the significance of that finding. The Crown submitted that the judge's rejection of the undisputed and unchallenged evidence regarding the applicant's lack of knowledge of criminality was not relied upon by his Honour as an aggravating factor in itself but was rather only the rejection of a matter offered in mitigation. However the finding is characterised, it is clear in my view that it informed, and was informed by, his Honour's assessment of the objective seriousness of the offence. In particular, my assessment of the evidence and the judge's reasons has persuaded me that his Honour's rejection of the applicant's evidence as to his lack of knowledge of criminality was informed by a misapprehension as to the actual impact of the applicant's trading and the nature of the benefit obtained (considered in detail below).
15. In the circumstances, I do not think it was open to the sentencing judge, without raising the matter, to reject the applicant's evidence that he did not understand that what he was doing was in fact committing offences. The more difficult question is to determine what flows from that conclusion. The question whether it was open to a sentencing court to make a particular finding is ordinarily determined by reference to an assessment of the evidence before that court. The issue raised in the present appeal is not so much a question of the availability of the finding as of a denial of procedural fairness. Ordinarily, the appropriate course would be to remit the proceedings to the sentencing court for determination according to law. The difficulty in the present case is that to adopt that course would defeat the object of the appeal and visit considerable hardship on the applicant. The applicant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment commencing on 25 September 2015. By the time this appeal was heard on 2 February 2016, he had already served more than four months of his term of imprisonment.
16. As already noted, the applicant had adduced evidence to support a submission that there were exceptional circumstances of family hardship which warranted a more lenient sentence (the judge's treatment of that issue is the subject of ground 5). The same circumstances prompted Mr Thangaraj SC to submit on behalf of the applicant that a remitter of the proceedings would be a worse result (for the family) than dismissing the appeal. In my view, there is force in that submission. Even if the applicant were granted bail pending the remittal of the proceedings for redetermination in the District Court, and even if that Court, with all the pressure of its workload, were able to determine the matter promptly, the stress and delay inevitably involved in that course would defeat the very object of this appeal and so suffer this Court to become the instrument of an injustice: cf Green v R; Quinn v R [2011] HCA 49; 244 CLR 462 at [4].
17. Before proceeding to resolve that dilemma, it is appropriate to consider the remaining grounds of appeal relied upon by the applicant.

Objective seriousness of the offences: grounds 2, 3, 4 and 6

1. There is a degree of overlap in grounds 2, 3, 4 and 6. It is appropriate to consider the issues raised by those grounds together. They are: 2. The trial judge erred by rejecting the agreed evidence of Mr Heath regarding his motivation to provide price support to Petsec. 3. The trial judge erred by finding that Mr Heath obtained and/or intended to obtain a financial benefit. 4. The trial judge erred by failing to consider all the factors relevant to the objective gravity of the offences. 6. The trial judge erred by finding that there was an inconsistency between Mr Heath's plea of guilty and Mr Heath's evidence.
2. The judge set out the agreed statement of facts in full in his reasons for decision. His Honour then referred to the statement of co-operation, acknowledging that the applicant's co-operation had significantly assisted ASIC to resolve the matter in an expeditious and less costly manner and accepting that the co-operation was also relevant to the issue of contrition. His Honour concluded, "nonetheless, offences such as these are serious offences".
3. His Honour did not, in that section of the judgment, identify any specific aspect of the offending in this case or analyse the relative seriousness of these offences by reference to the range of conduct that might fall within the two sections.
4. The judge then turned to consider the subjective case, setting out a careful analysis of the evidence on that issue. His Honour then returned to the question of the kind of conduct involved in such offences, saying (at ROS 27): It is common in relation to matters such as this, involving share or CFD trading, that the offences are committed by persons who hold high positions in the community, whether that be in a private or public capacity, who are highly regarded by those who know them, who love and care for their family and have provided benefits to the community. Those who indulge in this type of conduct are frequently persons of such character who also have the means and the talents to commit offences of this nature. Persons who are not well off financially are of course not in the position to commit offences such as this. In Khoo v R [2013] NSWCCA 323 the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal endorsed a statement of principle made in relation to the offence of insider trading as provided by s 1043A of the Corporations Act but which is nonetheless applicable to market manipulation offences, which are similar in nature and carry the same maximum penalty. The Court said: "The acquisition or disposal of financial products by people having the unfair advantage of inside information is criminalised because it has the capacity to unravel the public trust which is critical to the viability of the market. It is, as previously observed by this Court, a form of cheating. The fact that people of otherwise good character and compelling personal circumstances attempt to engage in such conduct emphasises the need for the clear deterrent that insider traders should expect to go to gaol." The final sentence of that quote is a statement of principle which is just as applicable to this matter as it is to insider trading.
5. The passage from Khoo cited by his Honour quoted a statement made by me in the matter of R v Glynatsis [2013] NSWCCA 131; 230 A Crim R 99 at [79]. Khoo and Glynatsis were each cases of insider trading in which the objective seriousness of the offending was plainly higher than in the present case.
6. The judge's observation that the final sentence of that quote ("that insider traders should expect to go to gaol") is "just as applicable to this matter as it is to insider trading" suggests that his Honour equated the seriousness of the applicant's conduct with that of the offenders in Khoo and Glynatsis. It was against that premise that his Honour proceeded to assess the contents of the applicant's affidavit. After stating that he did not accept that the applicant did not understand that what he was doing was in fact committing offences (in the passage set out above), the judge continued: As to his being a "champion" in particular of Petsec Energy, as though he were some 'white knight' supporting the company, I am of the view that his conduct was not some altruistic aider of the company, but indeed his conduct was for the purpose stated in the statement of Facts: that is, that his conduct was to provide price support and in so doing to minimise or avoid Margin Calls that he may have been required to make if the stocks had traded free of his influence. It is not necessary in relation to offences of this nature that there be any financial gain by the offender. The gravamen of the offence is its effect on a free and open market, uncontaminated by conduct of this nature. What effect his conduct may have had on others is impossible to discern. What effect it may have had in relation to his own accounts, that is what effect it may have had in relation to any Margin Calls that might have been made if he had not indulged in the conduct is also impossible to determine as it is so hypothetical. Nonetheless, in those circumstances these matters remain serious offences. The conduct in total took place over a period of 20 months - some 18 months in relation to the Market Manipulation Offence and some 15 months in relation to the Matched Trade Offence. He first commenced the Market Manipulation Offence in February 2012 and five months later commenced the Matched Trade Offence.
7. As to the applicant's motive, the judge said: I find beyond reasonable doubt that his motive in carrying out the transactions was to increase or maintain the prices of the relevant securities at a level that would avoid him having to contribute more funds to his Trading Accounts or reduce the funds that he would have had to contribute to his Trading Accounts and increase his Free Equity which he could then use to trade in shares, maintain or take other CFD positions or withdraw directly as funds to pay for living expenses. The offending has also had the effect of protecting the value of the offender's substantial shareholding in the relevant securities and in particular PSA. During the period he also substantially increased his holding in both PSA shares and CFDs.
8. As contended by ground 2, the finding as to motive was inconsistent or at least in tension with the agreed fact (at paragraph 24 of the statement of facts) that Mr Heath considered himself something of a "champion" for PSA as a stock and that this was his "main motivation" for providing price support for PSA across the relevant period.
9. The judge's finding as to motive appears, in turn, to have been informed by his Honour's assessment of the benefit or potential benefit achieved by the applicant through his trading. The applicant's evidence was that his trading achieved no lasting price impact on the relevant stocks; that, at the very most, his trading had a short-lived impact on the market and that he did not in fact take advantage of any short term price impact which his trading may have caused. He also said that his debt to asset ratio was never more than 30 to 40% of the net present value of the assets and that he never had a margin call on any of his accounts.
10. The statement of facts does not address every trade in detail. As set out above, the trades were summarised in a schedule, the statement offering "a particularly obvious and serious example" of the market manipulation offence in the trading on 24 July 2013. That example illustrates the fleeting impact of the applicant's trading. In hindsight, this aspect of the offending could have been made clearer to the sentencing judge. The judge was presented with a vast amount of material which it was simply impractical for his Honour to absorb within the time available to the Court on the day of the hearing.
11. In the result, I am persuaded that the judge overlooked or misapprehended the fleeting impact of the applicant's trading on the market and the unlikelihood that he would in fact obtain any lasting financial benefit as a result of his trading. That misapprehension in turn informed his Honour's assessment of several other aspects of the objective seriousness of the offences. As already noted, his Honour was presented with a significant amount of complex material in which the fleeting nature of the impact of the trading may well have been obscured by the detail of other aspects of the offending conduct. Paragraphs 26 and 27 of the agreed facts provided an arithmetic analysis of the percentage increase in price, the volume and value of shares traded on each occasion and the resulting impact on the applicant's free equity. The level of detail provided on those issues was apt to distract attention from the futility of the applicant's trading. The "result" element of the market manipulation offence (that the transactions carried out by the applicant had the effect of creating an artificial price for trading in the ordinary shares of Petsec on the Australian Stock Exchange) was satisfied by the agreed fact that the applicant's trades had that effect. It was also an agreed fact that the applicant undertook each of those transactions "for the sole or dominant purpose of maintaining or increasing the price" of those shares. But, upon analysis, that purpose could never have been achieved by trading at the volume and frequency of the applicant's trading. An appreciation of that important aspect of the offending was essential for the proper assessment of the matters addressed in the applicant's affidavit and rejected by his Honour.
12. In rejecting the applicant's affidavit, the judge said: I do not accept that as an intelligent man with 20 years trading experience he was either naïve or unknowing in respect of his conduct. He was not a champion of PSA but a champion of his own financial interests. It is of some concern that despite the offender's co-operation and contrition that he continues to bury his head in the sand and claim naivety and lack of insight at the time into the obvious consequences of his action.
13. The applicant relied upon that passage of the judgment to support the contention made by ground 6 that the judge erred by finding there was an inconsistency between the applicant's plea of guilty and his evidence. Whether or not his Honour made a finding in those terms, his scepticism appears to have been misplaced.
14. The judge did not identify what he was referring to as the "obvious consequences" of the market manipulation offence. By reference to the material that was before his Honour, that can only have been a reference to the actual impact of the transactions on the share price or the actual financial benefit obtained. In fact, according to the matters explained in the applicant's affidavit, the consequence of his trading was that it would temporarily maintain or increase the share price but would have no lasting effect. Any consequential impact on the value of the applicant's equities must have been equally transitory. This was not a case in which the snapshot of a ramped up price was of utility to the applicant for a different purpose or where the share price at any particular time affected some third party obligation (cf Fame Decorator Agencies Pty Ltd v Jeffries Industries Ltd (1998) 28 ACSR 58).
15. In my respectful opinion, it is tolerably clear that the sentencing judge was under the misapprehension that the increase in the applicant's free equity and the increase in the market value of his share holdings identified in the statement of facts was a lasting benefit of real value to the applicant, reflecting a lasting improvement in his net worth (which is effectively the point raise by ground 3).
16. An assessment of the matched trade offence is more complex. According to the statement of facts, it was an agreed fact that the applicant undertook those transactions "with the intention of creating a false or misleading appearance with respect to the price for trading in [the relevant securities] for the reasons identified in paragraphs 23 and 24 above, and having the effect identified in paragraph 22 above". In other words, the fault element specified for the physical "result" element of the offence was intention.
17. In the present appeal, it was submitted that the judge overlooked an important aspect of that offence, which was that there were also some trades effected at below market price. There does not appear to have been evidence of that fact at the proceedings on sentence - it was a matter stated from the bar table in submissions (T16.23: the transcript says "at the low market price" but plainly should read "at below market price"). That was said to be a significant factor in the assessment of the applicant's motive for carrying out those transactions.
18. In his affidavit, the applicant said: Twenty of the 30 transactions were internal transfers of CFDs between FP Markets accounts. This occurred primarily to smooth out margins between those four accounts. I did not think about the washing aspect of it at all. I was very focused on managing our money and ensuring there was sufficient cash flow. I was very careful to make sure that my accounts would not be margin called. You could have a situation where one account was in healthy credit and another had slipped into negative equity. These 20 inter-account transfers were simply an exercise in money management.
19. In his consideration of that evidence, the judge correctly constrained himself by reference to the agreed fact as to the applicant's intention. His Honour said: Although the smoothing out of the accounts may have been an additional reason for committing the Matched Trade Offence his conduct was deliberate and not merely reckless. He intended to place himself in a favourable position and he did so at the expense and confidence of the investing community in the market for securities.
20. On the strength of the agreed facts, that is an unexceptionable description of the nature of that offence. However, the judge's other remarks as to the "consequences" of the applicant's conduct (considered above) were made with reference to both offences, indicating that his Honour overlooked the fleeting impact of the effect on price in assessing the matched trade offence as well as in his assessment of the market manipulation offence.
21. For those reasons, I am persuaded that the sentencing judge misapprehended the objective seriousness of both offences. While the foregoing discussion addresses a number of the applicant's grounds, it is enough to express the conclusion that ground 4 is made out. In the circumstances, it is not necessary to address grounds 5 and 7.
22. Leaving aside the complication created by the success of ground 1, it would follow from the success of ground 4 that this Court must exercise the sentencing discretion afresh.
23. The difficulty is to determine the proper approach to that task, having regard to the applicant's success on ground 1. For the reasons already explained, I do not think this Court should remit the proceedings to the District Court to make further findings of fact. The interests of justice require, in the circumstances, that this Court should rather proceed to determine the appropriate sentence. Ordinarily this Court would re-sentence the applicant on the strength of the findings of fact made below but that could not fairly include the finding as to knowledge of criminality reached by the sentencing judge without there being afforded to the applicant an opportunity to address the judge's concerns - that would be an affront to justice.
24. There is no perfect solution to this issue. In the circumstances, this Court in my view can and should take a practical course that accords with the interests of justice. For my part, the resolution is to be found in my analysis of ground 4. Once it is understood that the impact of the applicant's trading was fleeting and that the applicant did not in fact capitalise on the transitory benefits he achieved, it follows, in my view, that the applicant's evidence as to his knowledge of criminality was not inherently improbable or inconsistent with the agreed facts or the plea of guilty. Accordingly, in my view, the appropriate course is for this Court to re-sentence the applicant on the strength of its own assessment of that evidence and there is no occasion for further hearing, either in this Court or in the Court below.
25. My consideration of the applicant's affidavit has led me to conclude that, rather than engaging in a dishonest campaign of price manipulation which he must have appreciated was unlawful, the applicant's trading was manic, obsessive and ultimately misconceived. By his plea of guilty, he accepted that the effect of his trading was to create a price that was "artificial". However, the evidence also establishes that his purpose was to maintain or achieve the price he thought the stock was worth, not to ramp it up to a price he believed to be beyond its worth for personal gain. I would accept the applicant's evidence on that issue, unchallenged as it was by the Crown at the proceedings on sentence.
26. My analysis of the evidence leads me to conclude that the objective seriousness of the market manipulation offence was significantly lower than the sentencing judge assessed it to be. The seriousness of the matched trade offence was higher, since it was admitted in respect of that offence that the applicant intended to create a false and misleading appearance with respect to the price of the relevant securities. In my view, the sentence imposed for that offence should stand, notwithstanding my conclusions set out above.
27. Although it has not been necessary to consider ground 5, the material relied upon concerning family hardship must be considered on re-sentence. Section 16A(2)(p) of the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) requires the Court to have regard to "the probable effect that any sentence or order under consideration would have on any of the person's family or dependants". On the present state of the law, the Court must approach that issue on the basis that the degree of family hardship must be shown to be "exceptional" before it can be given any substantial weight: R v Togias [2001] NSWCCA 522; 127 A Crim R 23 at [16] per Spigelman CJ; R v Hinton [2001] NSWCCA 405; 134 A Crim R 286.
28. The Crown accepted at the proceedings on sentence that the circumstances relied upon in the present case were capable of amounting to exceptional hardship. I am persuaded that exceptional hardship has been established. It is neither necessary nor desirable to descend into the detail provided in the evidence. In short, it establishes that the applicant's daughter plainly needs intensive support from both her parents.
29. At the time of the proceedings on sentence, the daughter was interstate. She is evidently an extremely talented woman. Unfortunately, she suffers from debilitating illnesses that are life-threatening. The evidence provided extensive detail about her condition and treatment. It is enough to record that her parents' ongoing support remains critical to her wellbeing.
30. The applicant's other daughter is at school in Sydney where the family otherwise lives. She is now embarking on her HSC year. One of the features of the family circumstances relied upon at the proceedings on sentence was that it was necessary for one parent to be interstate to support the older daughter while the other remained in Sydney to support the daughter doing the HSC.
31. The evidence on re-sentence established that, as feared, the applicant's period of incarceration has seen a deterioration in the older daughter's condition and she has, for the time being, had to postpone her studies. It would be open to her to return interstate to resume her studies in the middle of this year, if she is well enough. Those matters, in my view, amount to exceptional circumstances such as to warrant some consideration in determining the portion of the term of imprisonment which the applicant should serve before being released on a recognisance release order.
32. In my view, based on my assessment of the objective circumstances of the offences and the applicant's subjective circumstances, the sentences imposed in the District Court should be quashed and the following sentences imposed in substitution for them (the total term for the matched trade offence remains the same): 1. for the matched trade offence, to a term of imprisonment of 18 months commencing on 25 September 2015 and expiring on 24 March 2017; 2. for the market manipulation offence, to a term of imprisonment of 18 months commencing on 25 December 2015 and expiring on 24 June 2017.
33. In my view, the period of 5 months already served by the applicant is an adequate reflection of the period of the sentence he should actually serve.
34. The orders I propose are: 1. That leave to appeal be granted; 2. That the appeal be allowed; 3. That the sentences passed in the District Court be quashed and, in substitution therefor, that the applicant be sentenced as follows: 1. for the matched trade offence, to a term of imprisonment of 18 months commencing on 25 September 2015 and expiring on 24 March 2017; 2. for the market manipulation offence, to a term of imprisonment of 18 months commencing on 25 December 2015 and expiring on 24 June 2017. 1. That the applicant be released today, 25 February 2016, on a recognisance release order in the sum of $10,000 without surety to be of good behaviour for a period ending on 24 June 2017.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 25 February 2016