EKH20 v Federal Circuit Court of Australia

(a) First applicant 4 The identifying information of the first applicant in a judgment of the FCCA was said to be: (a) his date of birth and his marital status as the husband of the bearer of another particular pseudonym; and (b) the date of his arrival in Australia and his type of visa. 5 The first applicant's fears of identification by the authorities in his country of origin are said to be aggravated by the following information in other judgments of various Courts: (a) The bearer of two particular pseudonyms is one and the same person, namely the first applicant. (b) The gender, country of origin and home region of the first applicant. (c) The first applicant is the husband of the bearer of two particular pseudonyms and both husband and wife are citizens of a particular country. 6 The first applicant complained about other information published in the judgments, including that he had made claims for protection in respect of his practice of, and adherence to, a particular ideology, for which he had been detained in his country of origin. The first applicant also claimed he had left his country of origin on a false passport having "skipped bail" after being detained for his actions in resisting the wrongful appropriation of his family land and the demolition of his house.

(b) Second applicant 7 The identifying information of the second applicant in a judgment of the FCCA was said to be: (a) her date of birth and her marital status as the wife of the bearer of a particular pseudonym; and (b) her date of arrival in Australia and her type of visa. 8 Information in other judgments of various Courts which it was said tended to identify the second applicant in addition to the above is that she: (a) is the wife of the bearer of two particular pseudonyms and that both she and her husband are citizens of a particular country; (b) is the bearer of a particular pseudonym; and (c) is from a particular region. 9 The second applicant complained about other information published in the judgments, including that she had made claims for protection as a Christian, a religion to which she had been introduced in a particular year and for which she had been harassed, dismissed from her position, detained along with others in her country of origin and subjected to human rights violations.

(c) Matching identifying information held by authorities in applicants' country of origin 10 The applicants have sought Ministerial intervention under s 48B of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (the Act) to allow them to re-apply for protection visas based on the harm they fear will result from the identification of each of them by authorities in their country of origin, when those authorities match the identifying information in the FCCA judgment with the information those authorities obtained from the applicants when they renewed their passports in Australia. 11 In particular, the first applicant fears significant harm on return to his country of origin for leaving on a false passport and for having made particular claims for protection. The second applicant fears harm on return to her country of origin for having made claims for protection as a Christian. 12 The applicants have subsequently withdrawn the s 48B request pending the determination of this proceeding. 13 The judgments accessible on the Austlii website have been redacted of the identifying information.

The applicants' claims for declaratory relief summarised 14 The applicants claimed that the Court has power under s 21 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) (FCA Act) to grant the declaratory relief sought. 15 Declaratory relief is sought to resolve whether the FCCA made an error of law and failed to afford the applicants procedural fairness by publishing the identifying information in its reasons for judgment. No relief is sought against any other Court. 16 The applicants contended that the Court's power under s 21 of the FCA Act to make binding declarations of right is not abrogated merely because the Minister's power under s 48B is non-compellable. This was said to be because the "right" referred to in s 21 is the very right to make a declaration and does not mean an antecedent right, interest or expectation. The applicants confirmed that they did not raise any jurisdictional error. 17 Rather, the applicants contended that the declaratory relief sought "would be of foreseeable consequence to the administration by the Minister's department of the Guidelines decided by the Minister by which the Department is to refer to the Minister for his consideration requests or cases for Ministerial Intervention under s 48B of the Act" (s 48B Guidelines). The s 48B Guidelines require there to be exceptional circumstances before matters are referred to the Minister, including the existence of any "new information" which is likely to engage Australia's protection obligations. 18 The applicants submitted that a declaration of judicial error on the face of reasons for judgment, where the error or breach gives rights to a sur place claim, could amount to "new information" for the purposes of warranting a referral under the s 48B Guidelines. They claim that the relief sought is different from that discussed in AVN20 v Federal Circuit Court of Australia [2020] FCA 584 at [2] and WZAUP v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 116 at [22]. 19 As to delay, the applicants said that the judgment by which some identifying details were published and the subsequent appeal which published the links to the other judgments giving further identifying information, were both delivered after the applicants had given the matching identifying information to relevant authorities from their country of origin when renewing their passports in Australia.

The Minister's submissions summarised 20 To avoid duplication, I will not summarise the Minister's submissions because they are substantially reflected in my reasons for dismissing the second further amended originating application.

(a) Relevant legislation 21 Section 48B provides the Minister with a non-compellable power of intervention: 48B Minister may determine that section 48A does not apply to non-citizen (1) If the Minister thinks that it is in the public interest to do so, the Minister may, by written notice given to a particular non-citizen, determine that section 48A does not apply to prevent an application for a protection visa made by the non-citizen in the period starting when the notice is given and ending at the end of the seventh working day after the day on which the notice is given. (2) The power under subsection (1) may only be exercised by the Minister personally. (3) If the Minister makes a determination under subsection (1), he or she is to cause to be laid before each House of the Parliament a statement that: (a) sets out the determination; and (b) sets out the reasons for the determination, referring in particular to the Minister's reasons for thinking that his or her actions are in the public interest. (4) A statement under subsection (3) is not to include: (a) the name of the non-citizen; or (b) any information that may identify the non-citizen; or (c) if the Minister thinks that it would not be in the public interest to publish the name of another person connected in any way with the matter concerned - the name of that other person or any information that may identify that other person. (5) A statement under subsection (3) is to laid before each House of the Parliament within 15 sitting days of that House after: (a) if the determination is made between 1 January and 30 June (inclusive) in a year - 1 July in that year; or (b) if the determination is made between 1 July and 31 December (inclusive) in a year - 1 January in the following year. (6) The Minister does not have a duty to consider whether to exercise the power under subsection (1) in respect of any non-citizen, whether he or she is requested to do so by the non-citizen or by any other person, or in any other circumstances.

(b) Declaratory relief 22 The Minister contended that the claim for declaratory relief amounted to an abuse of process because it could, and should, have been raised in an appeal to this Court in 2013. It is unnecessary to determine this contention because, for the reasons which will now be given, there is no basis for the substantive relief sought. 23 The applicants have not demonstrated any procedural unfairness. The references to the applicants' dates of birth, and arrival in Australia and other alleged identifying information did not contravene any statutory provision. 24 Whilst procedural fairness may require that a person be put on notice of any adverse finding to be made in the judgment of a Court, statements of fact and detail such as those contained in the judgments, cannot be considered adverse in the relevant sense. Those factual matters do not relevantly affect any right or interest of the applicant (Kioa v West [1985] HCA 81; 159 CLR 550 at 616-617 per Brennan J; Plaintiff S10/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] HCA 31; 246 CLR 636 at [66] per Gummow, Hayne, Crennan and Bell JJ). 25 The applicants contended that it was unfair of the FCCA to publish the identifying information and to put them at risk of harm. The applicants did not contend that they were entitled by procedural fairness requirements to see and comment on a draft of the FCCA's reasons for judgment. 26 It is evident that the applicants' complaint is not truly characterised as one of procedural unfairness, but rather as one of substantive unfairness directed to the content of the FCCA's reasons for judgment (see BBE15 at [59]). For this additional reason, their procedural fairness claim must fail. 27 Absent any established legal error, there is no basis for the grant of declaratory relief. I reject the applicants' contention that the Court's power to make "binding declarations of right" does not require the identification of an antecedent right. The purpose of a declaration is to resolve a real controversy regarding the legal rights and liabilities of the parties (Forster v Jododex Australia Pty Ltd [1972] HCA 61; 127 CLR 421 at 436-438; Gardner v Dairy Industry Authority of New South Wales (1977) 18 ALR 55 at 69 per Mason J and at 71 per Aickin J and Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission [1992] HCA 10; 175 CLR 564 at 581-582). 28 The applicants' claim for declaratory relief is not assisted by Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth of Australia [2010] HCA 41; 243 CLR 319. There, the High Court held at [76] that the decision to consider whether non-compellable powers under ss 46A and 195A should be exercised directly affected the rights and interests of those who are the subject of the assessment or any review because it prolonged their detention for so long as the assessment and any review took to complete. Furthermore, it held at [78] that consideration of the exercise of those non-compellable powers included steps taken to inform that consideration, which steps had to be procedurally fair and in accordance with legal principle. The High Court concluded that the applicant had been denied procedural fairness by the reviewer whose task was to determine whether Australia had protection obligations to a person. If the reviewer concluded that it did, the Department prepared a submission to the Minister for consideration of the exercise of his or her non-compellable powers under ss 46A or 195A. No such submission was made if the reviewer concluded that protection obligations were not owed. 29 Although concluding that mandamus was not available because the Minister's powers under ss 46A and 195A were non-compellable and there was no utility in granting certiorari to quash the reviewer's recommendation, the High Court concluded that declaratory relief should be granted because the reviewer had made an error of law and denied procedural fairness. The Court said at [103] (footnotes omitted): In the circumstances of this litigation it cannot be said that a declaratory order by the Court will produce no foreseeable consequences for the parties. Declaratory relief is directed here to determining a legal controversy; it is not directed to answering some abstract or hypothetical question. Each plaintiff has a "real interest" in raising the questions to which the declaration would go. In these cases, the procedures which are said to be infirm were conducted for the purpose of informing the Minister of matters directly bearing upon the exercise of power to avoid breach by Australia of its international obligations. The statutory powers to the exercise of which the inquiries were directed are placed in the statutory and historical context earlier described. That context demonstrates the importance attached to the performance of the relevant international obligations by both the legislative and executive branches of the Government of the Commonwealth. Moreover, there is a considerable public interest in the observance of the requirements of procedural fairness in the exercise of the relevant powers. 30 The circumstances in Plaintiff M61/2010E are very different from those here. That is because there was a finding in that case that the Minister had commenced to consider whether or not to exercise the relevant non-compellable powers (see at [70]). That is not the position here. The circumstances here are similar to those in Plaintiff S10/2011, where again no such consideration had commenced (see at [66] per Gummow, Hayne, Crennan and Bell JJ). Indeed, an earlier request for Ministerial intervention was withdrawn. There is no such request on foot at present (although one is foreshadowed). I do not consider that Plaintiff M61/2010E provides any support for the applicants' complaint of procedural unfairness. 31 Nor is there present in this case the kinds of matters which were identified by Heydon J in Edwards v Santos Ltd [2011] HCA 8; 242 CLR 421 at [38] as warranting the grant of declaratory relief. 32 Finally, the declaratory relief sought is inappropriate. The applicants acknowledged that the purpose of the declaratory relief sought is to attempt to influence the outcome of a future application to the Minister in respect of the non-compellable power in s 48B of the Act. The object of the grant of declaratory relief is to determine matters in controversy between the parties. Declaratory relief is inappropriate in circumstances where the relief would have no foreseeable consequence other than "some ill-defined prospect that the Minister might be moved to consider it" in relation to some separate decision-making process that may or may not occur (Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Ozmanian [1996] FCA 1017; 71 FCR 1 at 32-33 per Kiefel J (with whom Sackville J agreed) and AVN20 at [115]-[117] per Kenny J).

Conclusion 33 For these reasons, the second further amended originating application will be dismissed, with costs. I certify that the preceding thirty-three (33) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Griffiths.