Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions v Joyce

Offences 7 Count 1 relates to conduct between about 24 July 2009 and about 20 June 2017, when AOA intentionally gave effect to CAUs reached variously with Alkacorp, Alchem, Boehringer, Linnea, Vital and Kemimac that the parties to each of the CAUs would sell SNBB at a minimum price, variously ranging between about USD1,500 per kilogram and about USD5,000 per kilogram, knowing or believing that the cartel provisions had the purpose and/or effect or likely effect of fixing, controlling or maintaining the price of SNBB. Mr Joyce aided, abetted, counselled or procured AOA's contravening conduct, contrary to s 44ZZRG(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the TPA and CCA. This count is a rolled up offence which involves AOA giving effect to seven price fixing provisions in different CAUs with competitors over a number of years. Although it is one count, the offending involves multiple acts of criminality and a course of conduct. 8 In addition, in sentencing for this count, Mr Joyce asks this Court to take into account two further offences: between about 12 October 2009 and about 9 February 2017 AOA made a CAU, aided or abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce; and between about 20 June 2017 and about 28 July 2017 AOA attempted to make a CAU, aided, abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce. These offences are included in the Schedule as Item 1, contrary to s 44ZZRF(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the TPA and CCA, and Item 2, contrary to s 44ZZRF(1) with s 79(1)(aa) of the CCA. Again, Item 1 is a rolled up count which relates to the making of six of the CAUs to which effect was given in Count 1. 9 Count 2 occurred between about 9 December 2010 and about 26 July 2012, when AOA intentionally gave effect to a cartel provision in relation to the supply of SNBB, contained in a CAU made between Alkacorp, Boehringer, Linnea, AOA and Alchem, being that Alkacorp and/or Alchem, or subsidiaries thereof, would acquire the entire supply of Duboisia leaves from a grower named David Thamm, and obtain a commitment from him that he would not grow or produce, or cause any Duboisia to be grown or otherwise produced, on his Memerambi property, knowing or believing that the cartel provision had the purpose and/or effect or likely effect of fixing, controlling or maintaining the price of SNBB. Mr Joyce was knowingly concerned in AOA's contravention, contrary to s 44ZZRG(1) with s 79(1)(c) of the TPA and CCA. 10 In addition, in sentencing for this count, Mr Joyce asks this Court to take into account an offence, contrary to s 44ZZRF(1) with s 79(1)(b) of the CCA, that between about 7 December 2010 and about 21 January 2011, he attempted to induce others into making a CAU: Item 3 on the Schedule. 11 Count 3 occurred between about 19 September 2011 and about 28 December 2011, when AOA attempted to make a CAU with Alkacorp and Kemimac knowing or believing that it contained cartel provisions in relation to the supply of SNBB, that: each party would sell SNBB in accordance with a pricing structure inversely tiered on the basis of the quantity to be supplied, with a minimum price of no lower than USD1,500 per kilogram, to customers in Bangladesh, which had the purpose and/or effect or likely effect of fixing, controlling or maintaining the price of SNBB; and the supply contracts in respect of the likely acquisitions of SNBB by Fisions (Bangladesh) Ltd, Opsonin Pharma Ltd and Essential Drugs Company Limited would be allocated variously to AOA, Alkacorp, and Kemimac which had the purpose of allocating between any or all of the parties to the CAU SNBB, from any or all of the parties to the CAU, and/or had the purpose and/or effect or likely effect of fixing, controlling or maintaining the price of SNBB. Mr Joyce aided, abetted, counselled or procured this attempt by AOA, contrary to s 44ZRF(1) with ss 79(1)(aa) and 79(1)(a) of the CCA. 12 In addition, in sentencing for this count, Mr Joyce asks this Court to take into account four further offences that: first, between about 10 November 2011 and about 2 January 2012, AOA made a CAU aided or abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce (contrary to s 44ZZRF(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the CCA); second, between about 14 November 2011 and about 2 January 2012, AOA gave effect to cartel provisions aided or abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce (contrary to s 44ZZRG(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the CCA); third, between about 9 January 2018 and about 30 November 2018, AOA intentionally made CAUs aided or abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce (contrary to s 45AF(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the CCA); and fourth, between about 10 January 2018 and about 19 December 2018, AOA gave effect to cartel provisions aided, abetted, counselled or procured by Mr Joyce (contrary to s 45AG(1) with s 79(1)(a) of the CCA). 13 Mr Joyce's contravening conduct spans 9.5 years, although it is not alleged that AOA gave effect to any CAU in relation to the supply of SNBB between 1 September 2012 and 31 March 2015 within that period. The offending conduct involved the six major manufacturers of SNBB. One of those manufacturers, Boehringer, produced around 80 percent of the SNBB produced globally each year. Boehringer supplied 65 percent to 75 percent of the SNBB for generic equivalents. As a result of the CAUs, the price of the SNBB sold and quoted was higher than it otherwise would have been but for that conduct. 14 Before addressing the facts in more detail, it is appropriate to refer to the relevant sentencing principles.

Sentencing principles 15 Mr Joyce is to be sentenced for aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring cartel offences committed by AOA (counts 1 and 3) and being knowingly concerned in a cartel offence (count 2), which is an extension of criminal responsibility by force of s 79(1) of the CCA. An accessory within any of the paragraphs of s 79(1) "is taken to have contravened" the relevant cartel offence provision. 16 In respect to the culpability of an aider and abettor, the High Court observed in GAS v The Queen; SJK v The Queen [2004] HCA 22; (2004) 217 CLR 198 at [23]: … it is not a universal principle that the culpability of an aider and abettor is less than that of a principal offender… A manipulative or dominant aider and abettor may be more culpable than a principal. And even when aiders and abettors are less culpable, the degree of difference will depend upon the circumstances of the particular case. 17 The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (the Director) submitted that given the role of Mr Joyce in the offending, his culpability is, in effect, the same as AOA. That is, he was the company for the purposes of the offending. Given the basis of liability for the company relies on the acts of Mr Joyce, in the circumstances of this case, there is no relevant difference in Mr Joyce's culpability on account of his offences being via an extension of criminal liability. I accept that his role in the offences was, accordingly, at the same level as that of the principal offender, AOA. 18 Mr Joyce is to be sentenced in accordance with Pt 1B of the Crimes Act, which requires that the sentence imposed by the Court be of a "severity appropriate in all the circumstances of the offence": s 16A(1) of the Crimes Act. 19 In determining the sentence to be passed, in addition to any other matters, the Court must take into account the matters set out in s 16A(2) as far as they are relevant and known to the Court. This list relevantly includes: the nature and circumstances of the offence: s 16A(2)(a); if the offence forms part of a course of conduct consisting of a series of criminal acts of the same or a similar character, that course of conduct: s 16A(2)(c); any injury, loss or damage resulting from the offence: s 16A(2)(e); the degree to which the person has shown contrition for the offence: s 16A(2)(f); if the person has pleaded guilty to the charge in respect of the offence, that fact, the timing of the plea, and the degree to which that fact and the timing of the plea resulted in any benefit to the community, or any victim of, or witness to, the offence: s 16A(2)(g); the degree to which the person has cooperated with law enforcement agencies in the investigation of the offence or of other offences: s 16A(2)(h); the deterrent effect that any sentence or order under consideration may have on the offender: s 16A(2)(j) (specific deterrence); the deterrent effect that any sentence or order under consideration may have on other persons: s 16A(2)(ja) (general deterrence); the need to ensure that the person is adequately punished for the offence: s 16A(2)(k); the character, antecedents, age, means and physical and mental condition of the person: s 16A(2)(m); if the person's standing in the community was used by the person to aid in the commission of the offence, that fact as a reason for aggravating the seriousness of the criminal behaviour to which the offence relates: s 16A(2)(ma); the prospects of rehabilitation of the person: s 16A(2)(n); and the probable effect that any sentence or order under consideration would have on any of the person's family or dependents: s 16A(2)(p). 20 In Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha [2017] FCA 876; (2017) 254 FCR 235 at [220] (NYK) and later in Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [2019] FCA 1170; (2019) 137 ACSR 75 at [279]-[281] (K-Line) and Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Wallenius Wilhelmsen Ocean AS [2021] FCA 52; (2021) 386 ALR 98 at [174]-[175] (WWO), Wigney J recognised that some guidance as to relevant sentencing factors in this context can be gained from civil penalty cases in respect to cartel conduct. In those cases, his Honour referred to the convenient summary of the principles in Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited [2016] FCA 1516; (2016) 118 ACSR 124 (ANZ). Particularly relevant are [86]-[87]: [86] In general terms, the factors that may be relevant when fixing a pecuniary penalty may conveniently be categorised according to whether they relate to the objective nature and serious [sic] of the offending conduct, or concern the particular circumstances of the contravenor in question (what sentencing judges commonly refer to as the offender's "subjectives" or the "subjective circumstances"). [87] The factors relating to the objective seriousness of the contravention include: the extent to which the contravention was the result of deliberate, covert or reckless conduct, as opposed to negligence or carelessness; whether the contravention comprised isolated conduct, or was systematic or occurred over a period of time; if the contravenor is a corporation, the seniority of the officers responsible for the contravention; the existence, within the corporation, of compliance systems and whether there was a culture of compliance at the corporation; the impact or consequences of the contravention on the market or innocent third parties; and the extent of any profit or benefit derived as a result of the contravention. 21 As I observed in Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions v Vina Money Transfer Pty Ltd [2022] FCA 665 (Vina Money Transfer) at [109], although there are differences between the civil process and the criminal process, the factors referred to in ANZ are not surprising, and are really matters of common sense, given the nature of cartel offences: also see WWO at [175]. That said, care must be taken in considering these factors (and the potential weight to be attached to them) in a criminal context, given the different principles which apply in criminal sentencing: see, for example, Australian Building and Construction Commissioner v Pattinson [2022] HCA 13; (2022) 175 ALD 383 at [105]. 22 The sentencing process involves the judge weighing all the relevant circumstances and making a judgment as to what is the appropriate sentence. It involves the balancing of many different and conflicting features: Wong v The Queen [2001] HCA 64; (2001) 207 CLR 584 at [75] (Wong). This has been described as a process of "instinctive synthesis", namely, as described by McHugh J in Markarian v The Queen [2005] HCA 25; (2005) 228 CLR 357 at [51] (Markarian), "the method of sentencing by which the judge identifies all the factors that are relevant to the sentence, discusses their significance and then makes a value judgment as to what is the appropriate sentence given all the factors of the case". 23 That said, general deterrence is of particular importance given the nature of cartel offending, which like other "white collar" offending is difficult to detect, investigate and prosecute successfully: Vina Money Transfer at [110]-[112]; NYK at [273]-[274]. 24 As general deterrence is ordinarily a primary sentencing consideration for such offending, factors personal to the offender such as good character and other mitigatory factors are necessarily afforded less weight than they otherwise might be: Vina Money Transfer at [112]; and Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Page [2006] VSCA 224 at [37] (Page). 25 It is important to recall that in sentencing, a court may not take into account facts adverse to the interests of the offender unless those facts are established beyond reasonable doubt. For facts in favour of the offender, it is enough that those facts are proved on the balance of probabilities: R v Olbrich [1999] HCA 54; (1999) 199 CLR 270 at [27]. The onus is on the offender to establish those mitigating factors. That said, as noted above at [19], s 16A of the Crimes Act requires that those matters be taken into account so far as they are "relevant and known to the court". That phrase is not to be construed as imposing a universal requirement that matters urged in sentencing hearings be either formally proved or admitted: Weininger v The Queen [2003] HCA 14; (2003) 212 CLR 629 at [21]-[22]. 26 It is also important to recall the approach a court is to take when sentencing for a rolled up count. A rolled up count is a count in which more than one contravention of the relevant offence provision, or more than one episode of criminality, is particularised as part of the charge. Count 1 is a rolled up count. This approach is adopted in some cases where there is a guilty plea, and where there is consent of the offender's counsel, for otherwise the counts would be regarded as duplicitous: R v Jones [2004] VSCA 68 at [13] (Jones); NYK at [206]-[207]. The maximum penalty for the offence remains the same as if it were a single offence. However, the objective criminality of the offence is greater for the offender than if there was only one count: Jones at [13]; NYK at [207]. 27 Relevantly, in K-Line, Wigney J observed at [270]: [270] In sentencing a rolled-up charge, the Court is required to assess the criminality of an offender's conduct as particularised. The issue for the Court on sentence is the criminality disclosed by the offence, not the number of charges: R v Knight [2004] NSWCCA 145 at [25]-[26]. The more contraventions or episodes of criminality that form part of the rolled-up charge, the more objectively serious the offence is likely to be: R v Richard [2011] NSWSC 866 at [65(f)]; R v Glynatsis [2013] NSWCCA 131; 230 A Crim R 99 at [66]; R v De Leeuw [2015] NSWCCA 183 at [116]. That said, the maximum penalty for the rolled-up charge is the maximum penalty for one offence, not the aggregate of the penalties for what could have been charged as separate offences: R v Richard at [105]; R v Donald [2013] NSWCCA 238 at [85]. 28 In WWO, Wigney J further observed at [227]-[230]: [227] The objective of taking other offences into account pursuant to provisions such as s 16BA of the Crimes Act is to ensure that the sentence imposed "is one which best meets the situation": AG's Application at [30]. The Court takes into account the other offences "with a view to increasing the penalty that would otherwise be appropriate for the particular offence" for which the offender is to be sentenced: AG's Application at [42]. The increased penalty is effectively the product of the Court giving greater weight to two elements in the sentencing process: the first being the need for personal deterrence, as the commission of other offences will frequently indicate that the accused has engaged in a course of conduct; the second being "the community's entitlement to extract retribution for serious offences when there are offences for which no punishment has in fact been imposed": AG's Application at [42]. The additional penalty as a result of taking the s 16BA offences into account will not necessarily be small; sometimes it will be substantial: AG's Application at [18]. [228] The manner and degree to which other offences, which are taken into account pursuant to provisions such as s 16BA of the Crimes Act, can impinge upon elements relevant to the sentencing process will depend on a range of other factors pertinent to those elements and the weight to be given to them in the overall sentencing task. For that reason it will rarely be appropriate for a sentencing judge to attempt to quantify the effect on the sentence of taking those other offences into account: AG's Application at [44]. [229] Section 16BA must be applied having regard to the basic common law principle that no one should be punished for an offence of which he or she has not been convicted. Section 16BA offences constitute an admission of guilt only: there is, relevantly, no conviction: AG's Application at [23]. It follows that in taking the s 16BA offences into account, the sentencing judge is not imposing any punishment for those offences: AG's Application at [29]. Rather, when taking the other (s 16BA) offences into account, the Court is concerned and concerned only with imposing a sentence for "the principal offence"; it is no part of the task of the sentencing court to determine appropriate sentences for s 16BA offences or to determine the overall sentence that would be appropriate for all the offences and then apply a "discount" for the use of the procedure under s 16BA: AG's Application at [39]. The use of the s 16BA procedure, however, will generally result in a lower effective sentence than would have been imposed if the offender had been separately sentenced for the s 16BA offences: AG's Application at [34]. [230] The Court is given an overriding discretion to refuse to accede to the wishes of the prosecution and the offender in terms of the utilisation of the s 16BA procedure: AG's Application at [47]. That is a wide discretion which "should not be confined by the identification of a list of situations in which it should not be exercised": AG's Application at [48]. 29 It may be expected that use of the procedure set out in s 16BA will result in a lower effective sentence than would have been imposed if an offender had been sentenced for the principal offence and separately sentenced for each of the offences included in the s 16BA schedule. That said, "[i]t does not follow, however, that the increase to the penalty as a result of taking the two s 16BA offences into account will necessarily be small": WWO at [233]. 30 The maximum penalty for each offence in this case is a term of imprisonment not exceeding 10 years or a fine not exceeding 2,000 penalty units (which equates to $220,000), or both: s 79(1)(e) of the TPA and CCA. Mr Joyce accepted that no penalty other than imprisonment is appropriate. The issue is whether any of it ought to be immediately served, or how it ought to be served. 31 In this regard, in Markarian, the plurality observed at [31]: [31] … careful attention to maximum penalties will almost always be required, first because the legislature has legislated for them; secondly, because they invite comparison between the worst possible case and the case before the court at the time; and thirdly, because in that regard they do provide, taken and balanced with all of the other relevant factors, a yardstick.

Evidence relied on by Mr Joyce 32 Mr Joyce read the following affidavits and tendered the following statements: (1) affidavit of Christopher Kenneth Joyce affirmed 5 August 2022; (2) affidavit of Stephen Charles Kroker sworn 27 April 2022; (3) statement of Julie Marie Bird dated 3 August 2022; (4) statement of Jolyon Burnett dated 2 August 2022; (5) statement of Richard Hamilton Fisher dated 5 August 2022; (6) statement of David Lindsay Crawford dated 1 August 2022; (7) statement of Chris Lee dated 10 August 2022; (8) statement of Long (Laurence) Ma dated 25 July 2022; (9) statement of Peter Hall McLean dated 22 July 2022; (10) statement of Trevor Ranford dated 1 August 2022; and (11) statement of Barbara Wilby dated 4 August 2022. 33 Primarily they were directed to Mr Joyce's good character, and the impact these proceedings have had on him. In addition, Mr Kroker's affidavit addresses a conversation he had with Mr Joyce, between 1993 and 1995, regarding his "views on a trade practices issue".

Mr Joyce's evidence 34 As noted above, Mr Joyce provided an affidavit, affirmed 5 August 2022. He was required for cross-examination. Before that commenced, Mr Joyce was asked some brief questions in chief. 35 The focus of the cross-examination was Mr Joyce's assertion in his affidavit that he was not aware that the offending conduct was unlawful, as it related to goods exported from Australia. He stated in his affidavit that he first became aware the activities of the cartelists may have been contrary to Australian law when the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) raided his office on 17 September 2019. Mr Joyce's state of mind was a significant matter relied on in his written submissions to, inter alia, support that his conduct was less morally culpable. Notably, Mr Joyce's affidavit was silent on his state of mind as to the lawfulness of the conduct in respect to Count 2 (which occurred in Australia). The basis relied on by Mr Joyce that goods were exported, could not apply to that count. Mr Joyce gave additional evidence in chief on that topic. 36 Mr Joyce admitted in cross-examination that at the time of the conduct that forms the basis of Counts 1 and 3, he considered it was improper conduct. In respect to Count 2, at the time of the conduct he considered it was improper, unethical and probably unlawful (although he did not know what law it was contrary to). Those concessions are significantly more than what was in Mr Joyce's affidavit. As conceded by his counsel, they detracted from the submission he had advanced in writing, as to his moral culpability. 37 Although Mr Joyce submitted that he should be assessed as having been candid in his evidence, as a general proposition, I do not accept that. It may be accepted on some topics that he was candid. However, on some topics he sought to minimise his conduct. To give three examples. 38 First, in respect to Count 2, in examination in chief, Mr Joyce gave evidence that at the time he considered the conduct to be improper, and probably unlawful (although he did not know what law it was contrary to). Mr Joyce's answers in cross-examination on this topic were unsatisfactory. He initially denied having said that he thought the conduct was probably unlawful, before conceding that he had said that but it related to his current state of mind. That evidence could not be accepted, as he had pleaded guilty to the offence (and therefore at the time he gave evidence knew the conduct to be unlawful). He then returned to the position taken in examination in chief, admitting that was his state of mind at the time of the offending conduct. Mr Joyce's counsel attempted to attribute any inconsistencies in his evidence to a number of possible factors, including his age and the stress of giving evidence in the particular circumstances. Making allowances for such matters, I nonetheless do not accept they were the basis of this inconsistency. Mr Joyce was well aware of the significance of this issue. Rather, considered in the context of all his evidence generally, the inconsistency reflects an attempt on his part to diminish his responsibility. 39 Second, in the same vein, I do not accept Mr Joyce's evidence that he did not turn his mind to the issue of lawfulness of the conduct in the countries AOA was exporting to, or his denials that, at times, he was concerned about the legality of the conduct. An example of the latter is his evidence as to the circumstances of his conversation with Mr Kroker, which occurred in a casual social context (for example, a dinner or a barbeque). This conversation was sometime between 1993 and 1995 and in the context where Mr Joyce had known Mr Kroker, a competition lawyer, for some time. Mr Joyce raised with him, what he now accepts he knew was an unusual and improper business practice. The compelling inference in the circumstances is that Mr Joyce was concerned about the lawfulness of the conduct and sought reassurance. Mr Joyce's evidence that he raised the topic as casual conversation, in effect for enjoyment, cannot be accepted. Mr Joyce's denial that he raised the topic because of concerns he held as to the lawfulness of the conduct, is implausible. In any event, any advice was informally given and was not definitive, as is apparent by its terms. So much was accepted by Mr Joyce. Moreover, if he was concerned about the legality of the conduct, as he contends, he would have obtained legal advice outside the context of a casual social occasion at some stage over the many years over which the conduct was undertaken. 40 Third, Mr Joyce's answers to questions in cross-examination suggest that he undertook the conduct for financial gain. Although Mr Joyce ultimately admitted that was a motive, albeit a limited one, it took a number of questions to elicit that admission. The questions had been clear and direct. 41 Each of these examples reflect an attempt by Mr Joyce to diminish his responsibility. 42 Despite the concession referred to above as to the informal nature of the advice from Mr Kroker, that conversation is the basis on which he purportedly founded his view that the conduct was not unlawful. Mr Joyce's counsel described the factual basis for Mr Joyce's belief as to lawfulness as "feeble". On Mr Joyce's case as advanced in submissions, the belief was also based on a conversation with Mr Hannaford, the CEO and Managing Director of Joe White Maltings Ltd, who passed on advice from another board member who was a partner of a law firm. The advice passed on was said to indicate there was no problem with the arrangements because no other Australian companies were involved. That conversation was not focussed on in oral submissions. The conversation occurred in 1988 or 1989, was at best second hand hearsay, and again was not definitive advice. The purported basis for Mr Joyce's view was therefore not proper or reasonable. In any event, that purported view as to lawfulness could not apply to his conduct in respect to Count 2. 43 Mr Joyce gave evidence accepting that he should have obtained advice. He did not provide any explanation, or adequate explanation as to why he did not. Moreover, it begs the question of why a person in his position (also considering the extent of his involvement in other businesses), who believed the conduct was improper, did not do so. 44 Mr Joyce chose not to get any legal advice. When he returned to work with AOA in 2009, he did so that knowing the improper practice was still in place. He did not seek any advice at that time, even though many years had passed since the informal advices he relied on were given. This is in a context where he knew that laws had changed in the nut industry, in which he also worked. After there was more than a two year gap in the offending conduct between 1 September 2012 and 31 March 2015, Mr Joyce recommenced the same practices without apparent question. Mr Joyce points to an email he sent to his solicitor directly after the ACCC raids which states, inter alia, "[t]here is no conspiracy to my knowledge. Even if there where [sic] hyoscine butylbromide is only sold internationally … My understanding of the Trade Practices Act is that it only covers domestic Australian activities?". This was said to be evidence of state of mind. However, as explained above, it is difficult to accept that a person in his position could consider there was a proper or reasonable basis for that belief. If Mr Joyce was genuinely concerned about the lawfulness of the conduct, as he said, he would have obtained legal advice. 45 I am satisfied Mr Joyce undertook this conduct believing it was improper and, in respect to Count 2, unethical and probably unlawful. He went ahead regardless. I accept the Director's submission that Mr Joyce undertook the conduct being reckless as to whether it was unlawful. I am satisfied that Mr Joyce was not concerned about AOA's customers or how this conduct impacted on others. Rather, he was indifferent as to the effect. He, with the other cartelists, had been undertaking this conduct undetected and for financial benefit for such a long time, he wanted the position to continue. 46 That said, I accept Mr Joyce's evidence as to the impact these proceedings have had on him, including that he has felt "[d]eep humiliation, guilt and regret".

The nature and circumstances of the offending 47 This matter proceeded by way of a statement of agreed facts (SOAF), a copy of which is attached to this judgment as Annexure B. 48 Before addressing the particular counts it is appropriate to make some general observations. 49 These offences were committed over a substantial period of time, reflective of an ongoing course of anti-competitive conduct. 50 AOA is a family owned and operated Australian company incorporated in 1986 and based in Kingaroy, Queensland. During the Relevant Period and to date: the directors of AOA are all members of the Crumpton family; AOA is beneficially owned by members of the Crumpton family; and AOA employs no more than 34 employees or contractors at any point in time. At various times the directors have included Glenn Crumpton, John Crumpton and Sonie Crumpton. 51 AOA began producing SNBB in Australia, and supplying it to overseas markets, in around 1986. AOA is the only known SNBB manufacturer in Australia. In the Relevant Period, AOA owned approximately 100 hectares of Duboisia plantations in and around Kingaroy. AOA also maintains an SNBB extraction facility, located in nearby Memerambi. 52 AOA generates its revenue from the sale of SNBB, hyoscine hydrobromide and Duboisia leaf. 53 During the Relevant Period, AOA sold over 29 tonnes of SNBB. Of this, approximately 6 kg of SNBB was sold by AOA to Australian customers. 54 During the period between 2012 and 2016, natural weather events and other supply issues affected the price of SNBB. 55 From the figures in SOAF [31], it is apparent that revenue from SNBB sales accounted for a substantial proportion of all revenue generated by AOA. 56 As previously explained, throughout the Relevant Period, Mr Joyce was AOA's Export Manager, with responsibility for all aspects of the marketing and sale of SNBB produced by AOA, including deciding the price at which SNBB was sold. He was an independent contractor. At all material times, he acted within the scope of his actual authority as Export Manager, and with the authority of the Crumptons. As reflected in the SOAF, Mr Joyce kept the Crumptons informed of matters relating to the marketing and sale of SNBB, including the pricing arrangements with other SNBB Suppliers. 57 Mr Joyce was paid a monthly retainer of $9,500 and a commission of 2 percent of AOA's SNBB sales revenue. Between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2017, after meeting his expenses, Mr Joyce received in the order of $1,450,000 in respect of his role with AOA, ranging between $22,439 in FY2011 and $430,250 in FY2016.

Count 1: Giving effect to a CAU 58 This rolled up count encompasses Mr Joyce aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring AOA giving effect to seven different CAUs containing price fixing provisions. As reflected in the SOAF, the seven price fixing provisions have titles for ease of reference to assist, which reflect, in most cases, the location where the arrangement was made. Those names are 2009 Geneva CAU: SOAF [44]-[55]; 2009 Madrid CAU: SOAF [56]-[76]; 2011 Shanghai CAU: SOAF [77]-[95]; 2015 AOA/Alkacorp CAU: [96]-[103]; 2015 Madrid CAU: SOAF [104]-[120]; 2016 Sydney CAU: SOAF [121]-[136]; and 2017 AOA/Alkacorp/Linnea CAU: [137]-[149]. 59 On this count, Items 1 and 2 of the Schedule are to be taken into account. Item 1 is also rolled up, and includes aiding or abetting, counselling or procuring the making of six CAUs, namely the last six CAUs referred to immediately above (the first agreement was made before the conduct was made a criminal offence). 60 The offending conduct involved six of the major manufacturers of SNBB (Boehringer, Linnea, Alchem, Alkacorp, Vital and AOA), who between them produce Buscopan and supply the SNBB used to manufacture the vast majority of its generic equivalents. The offending conduct raised the price of SNBB, which potentially affected SNBB customers around the world. It may be safely inferred that SNBB medications were available for sale to Australian pharmacies. 61 The offending the subject of the count occurred during a period spanning about 7 years, 10 months and 27 days (between 24 July 2009 and 31 August 2012, and 31 March 2015 and 20 June 2017), noting as above that it is not alleged AOA gave effect to the CAU between 1 September 2012 and 31 March 2015 (meaning the period of offending is reduced to 5 years 3 months and 26 days), with a further 38 days once the additional admitted offending in Items 1 and 2 of the Schedule are considered. The offending conduct was on foot since before the charge period commenced on 24 July 2009. The Director accepted that Mr Joyce is not to be punished for conduct prior to the charge period, and it does not aggravate the offence. It provides background in respect to giving effect to the 2009 Geneva CAU. It also reinforces that the offending conduct was not anomalous. 62 In respect to each of the seven CAUs, the SOAF contains, inter alia, facts as to: the number of sales made; and the occasions on which AOA gave effect to the relevant CAU by quoting the price in accordance with the CAU. In respect to each CAU, Mr Joyce, acting on behalf of AOA, communicated with the other parties to the CAU in furtherance of the relevant price fixing provision, including to request and/or exchange commercially sensitive price information. 63 Taking the first CAU, the 2009 Geneva CAU, as an example. 64 Between 24 July 2009 and 11 October 2009, AOA gave effect to a provision contained in the 2009 Geneva CAU which stated that each party to the CAU would sell SNBB at a minimum price of USD1,500 per kilogram (2009 Geneva Price Fixing Provision). During that time AOA, aided and abetted by Mr Joyce, made at least 18 sales of SNBB to 10 different customers at a price of USD1,500 per kilogram (net, excluding agent commission) or above. Those sales had a total value of USD714,047. Mr Joyce, acting on behalf of AOA, quoted SNBB at or above USD1,500 per kilogram (excluding agent commission) in accordance with the 2009 Geneva Price Fixing Provision. The quotes in the below table have been identified as giving effect to the 2009 Geneva Price Fixing Provision in the SOAF at [47]: Date Quoted price per kg to agent Destination country 27 July 2009 USD1,575 (incl commission) Yemen 8 July 2009 USD1,550 (incl commission) Oman 11 August 2009 USD1,550 (incl commission) Oman 11 August 2009 USD1,650 (excl commission) Brazil 18 August 2009 USD1,500 (excl commission) Singapore 27 August 2009 USD1,500 (excl commission) Jordan 28 August 2009 USD1,500 (excl commission) Benin 2 September 2009 USD1,565 (incl commission) Guatemala 4 September 2009 USD1,500 (excl commission) Guatemala 10 September 2009 USD1,575 (incl commission) Kenya 30 November 2009 USD1,575 (incl commission) Nepal 16 September 2009 USD1,550 (incl commission) Taiwan 7 October 2009 USD1,500 (excl commission) Singapore

65 As explained in Vina Money Transfer at [123], any one act which is undertaken to give effect to a CAU, constitutes an offence. It follows that an offence is committed each time a person engages in conduct which gives effect to a cartel provision: also see NYK at [205]. 66 The SOAF refers to many acts, as demonstrated by the table at [64] above. The number of times the CAU was given effect to varies in respect to each CAU covered by this count, as reflected in the SOAF at [63], [83], [102], [111], [127] and [146]. Depending on the nature of the CAU being given effect to, the number of acts of giving effect to it may impact on the seriousness of the offending. In this case, it reflects that an ongoing course of conduct was undertaken in implementing the relevant CAU. 67 The range of destination countries for which the quotes were made giving effect to the CAUs is also illustrated in the table above at [64] (which is consistent with the broad range of destination countries involved in the other CAUs the subject of this count). It illustrates that each of these CAUs relates to a global cartel. It also reflects the breadth of the international impact or reach of Mr Joyce's conduct. 68 It is appropriate at this stage to also refer to the agreed fact that over the same period of this CAU, it is approximated that AOA made seven sales below the price of USD1,500 per kilogram, which had a total value of USD$292,135: SOAF [47(a)(i)]. Similar agreed facts exist in relation to each of the CAUs: SOAF [63(a)(i)], [83(a)(i)], [102(a)(i)], [111(a)(i)], [127(a)(i)] and [146(a)(i)]. 69 Mr Joyce actively monitored and policed other parties' adherence to price fixing agreements (who were also competitors of AOA) and sought to hold them to the arrangement. Mr Joyce was forceful in advocating compliance. This was accomplished, for example, through local agents or distributors in each country who reported the prices being quoted by others back to Mr Joyce. If Mr Joyce suspected a departure from the CAU, he would follow up by email. The SOAF also reflects that meetings were held and that Mr Joyce's counterparts in the CAUs would similarly police compliance. 70 For example, in relation to the 2009 Geneva CAU, the following extracts from the SOAF illustrate the policing undertaken by Mr Joyce to ensure other parties to the CAU acted pursuant to it: [49] Between 7 August 2009 and 13 August 2009, JOYCE had an email exchange with MEHTA that included the following statements. JOYCE: It is reported that Alchem sold to Pharmadesh at 1,500 and that both Alchem and AlkCorp of India are generally offering in Bangladesh at 1500 to 1520… I would appreciate your comments asap. We have sold nothing in Bangladesh for over 6 weeks as we are hardball at 1575 for 5-10kg and 1550 CFC3 for 20kg+. Obviously we are not likely to continue sit and see the disappearance of our Bangladesh market for much longer. MEHTA: As you know Bangladesh is not a market for Alchem simply because it is a rumor market Alchem last sale was at $1500 Nett to Pharmadesh so pl check your sources JOYCE: I am not sure if you are confirming that Alchem sale to Pharmadesh at 1500 net or saying this is merely a rumour. In any event, the important thing is that we can report to each what is rumour and hence determine what is fact - we need confidence and trust between us to be maintained." MEHTA: I am supposed to have got a small order from them at 1500 nett but god alone knows BD is not imp for us and I do not want to lose sleep over it. JOYCE: Thank you for the frank reply. We have finally today achieved some business in BD at 1,540. It was hard work but at least you have obviously convinced your eager staff to stop doing 1,500. Hopefully, we will get it back to 1,575 at long as my "friends", like you and BI, cease making the occasional unrestrained sales there at silly prices. If the BDs tell you we are at a silly price, please check with me. … [51] On 12 August 2009, JOYCE exchanged the following emails with GARA, having forwarded an email from a distributor reporting that Linnea was selling at between USD l,400 and 1,420/kg in Taiwan. JOYCE: I have received the following from our Taiwan agent… I assume that it is not correct, but I sure you would like to know that people are talking about you. … PS. Thanks for laying off in Nepal, we are now happily achieving 1,575 for 5-10kg. Hopefully, we can get this back to 1600. GARA: Had no sales nor offers for long, long time to Taiwan. Our minimum price is and remain USD 1575 and sometimes for large quantities USD 1550… as you can imagine we are getting similar stories using your name. … [53] On 14 September 2009, MITCHARD sent an email to JOYCE, forwarding a report from a third party that AOA had offered to sell at USD1,455/kg to Sanofi Aventis. By way of reply, JOYCE forwarded an earlier email he had sent to SPOENEMANN. Interestingly, I sent the email below to Hellmuth earlier tonight. We offered to Sanofi at 1550 CFC3% three weeks ago… you will note that Kemimac is allegedly at 1500/1520 (not 1450!!). We obtained the last Sanofi business three months ago at 1540 after weeks of being told that Kemiac and Linnae were much cheaper and that we had to go to 1500. We stayed at 1550, we finally agreed to 1540 to allow them to save some face. … I think we just have to stand… [54] The following day, JOYCE sent an email to MITCHARD, copying SPOENEMANN, forwarding an email from a distributor reporting that Kemimac had offered to sell at USD1500/kg to Sanofi Aventis, stating: "You will note that our agent says Kemimac is cheap at 1500/1520. At least you are higher than the reported 1455 that we are offering at!!! Please confirm what you are doing". Later that day, MITCHARD sent the following reply: "I instructed Kemimac to do 1550 ...". 71 These communications are typical of what occurred in in relation to each of the CAUs the subject of this count. 72 Parties to the CAUs were also concerned that non-compliance in one market might affect others. For example, in relation to the 2011 Shanghai CAU: [90] In the course of email exchange with TITULSKI in late July 2012, JOYCE stated that: "We really need to stop these silly prices in Bangladesh. Sooner or later, they will spill over into other markets". 73 The Director submitted that the relevant two items of additional offending in the Schedule reinforce the enduring nature of the arrangements and Mr Joyce's active participation in AOA's offending. That was said to represent additional criminality that should be reflected in the sentence imposed for this offence and elevate the importance of specific deterrence. 74 As referred to above, Item 1 concerns aiding or abetting, counselling or procuring the making of six of the CAUs that were subsequently given effect to, which are the subject of Count 1. 75 Although there is some overlap in the offending, there is an additional criminality. Item 1 demonstrates Mr Joyce's active involvement in making the CAUs which were then given effect. A cartel can be given effect to by a person without their having been involved in its making. Once that is appreciated, it can readily be accepted that Mr Joyce's conduct in making the CAUs reflects additional criminality. Further, the active role taken by Mr Joyce is evident from the SOAF. The conduct which gave rise to the offences was deliberate. 76 Item 2 is different, in that it involves an attempt to make a CAU between about 20 June 2017 and about 28 July 2017. It appears that a CAU did not materialise because others were unwilling to agree. The Director submitted that it demonstrates that, as late as mid-2017, Mr Joyce was still perpetuating AOA's attempts to engage in the same kind of cartel conduct. 77 Mr Joyce submitted that: he was not the instigator of the arrangements; they were in place prior to his involvement in the industry; and they continued in the absence of his involvement. So much may be accepted. Although, as submitted by the Director, the only arrangements for which Mr Joyce is to be sentenced are those which he aided, abetted, counselled or procured. 78 Mr Joyce also submitted that this offence was below mid-range in terms of seriousness. In reply, the Director took issue with that characterisation, submitting that it was mid to high range. That said, both parties recognised the inherent difficulties in putting such a label on the conduct, and the usefulness of that approach. 79 I make the following additional observations regarding Count 1. 80 First, the offending conduct in this count occurred over a very significant period of time and can only be characterised as deliberate and systematic. 81 Second, Mr Joyce, was actively involved in policing and enforcing compliance with the CAUs. 82 Third, as explained above, the CAUs were repeatedly given effect to, in giving quotes in various countries. This conduct raised the price of SNBB. 83 Fourth, there was an ongoing course of conduct in respect to each CAU, with it being given effect to until the next CAU was made, with the exception of the gap between 1 September 2012 and 31 March 2015 (see [61] above). 84 Fifth, I accept that the offending conduct was covert in nature, which is typical of cartel conduct. It was not published to and would not have been readily apparent to the market. 85 Sixth, the conduct admitted to in the Schedule adds to the criminality of the conduct in this count, in that it reinforces Mr Joyce's willingness to be actively involved in the CAUs, as well as their enduring nature. It illustrates the scale and scope of his conduct.

Count 2: Giving effect to a CAU 86 There is a dispute between the parties as to the characterisation of the conduct the subject of this count. Although the facts are agreed, what is said can be drawn from them as to Mr Joyce's role is in issue. This count was particularly prominent in oral submissions because, as explained above, Mr Joyce ultimately accepted he knew the conduct involved was probably unlawful. Further, the advice Mr Joyce purportedly relied on as to the lawfulness of the conduct, on any scenario, could not apply to this count. 87 The primary difference between the parties is that Mr Joyce submitted that he was not involved in the making of the CAU to which effect was given, and he is not charged with that. Mr Joyce submitted that the CAU was communicated to him after it had been made and that he did not have any contact with Mr Thamm. The Director submitted that on the agreed facts, although Mr Joyce may not have been involved in the making of the ultimate CAU, he was nonetheless involved in the lead up to it. It also submitted that a failure to consider the surrounding circumstances would be to consider the offence in a vacuum. 88 It is to be recalled that this offending involved five of the major manufacturers of SNBB, who between them produce Buscopan and supply SNBB to manufacturers of the vast majority of its generic equivalents. It targeted an Australian grower of Duboisia, Mr Thamm, seeking to eliminate him as a competitor. The CAU involved: Alkacorp entering into an agreement with Mr Thamm; Alkacorp acquiring his equipment; and a compensation payment from AOA to Alkacorp. The purpose of acquiring the entire crop and securing a commitment from Mr Thamm not to grow or produce any further Duboisia was to prevent him (or any other person through him) supplying Duboisia to a third party who intended to enter the market (Sarv Biotech), thereby preventing that third party from becoming the "seventh player" and putting downward pressure on prices. 89 It is trite that Mr Joyce is not to be sentenced for any offence with which he is not charged. As Mr Joyce emphasised, he is to be sentenced for knowingly giving effect to the CAU that materialised and is the subject of Count 2. That said, the circumstances in which that offence was committed are a relevant consideration in assessing the offence. It may be accepted that on the agreed facts Mr Joyce was not involved in making the CAU to which effect was given. However, that is not the complete picture. It is apparent that the discussion between the relevant parties as to the potential options for dealing with Mr Thamm evolved over time. It can be accepted that the SOAF reflects that Mr Joyce was concerned about addressing the issue of Mr Thamm and the effect he had on the competition in the market. It can also be accepted that Mr Joyce provided suggestions as to ways to deal with Mr Thamm, all directed to eliminating competition, in order to prevent a seventh SNBB competitor entering the market and upsetting the price status quo. That is part of the context in which the CAU arose. 90 The fact that Mr Joyce did not have direct contact with Mr Thamm does not diminish the significance of his conduct. Nor does the fact he did not personally make the payment to Alkacorp because he checked with John Crumpton as to whether AOA had made the payment, actively ensuring that AOA fulfilled its obligation. Properly read, and in context, Mr Joyce's characterisation of the conduct as "simply passing on communications to John Crumpton about payment and seeking confirmation of whether payment had been made", is to understate his role. Mr Joyce had full knowledge of the CAU when he gave effect to it. In that context, the SOAF at [179] records the following communication by Mr Joyce with others involved in the cartel: Thank you for your summary of the situation… I will take this opportunity to restate our position: 1. We bear our share of the costs of the harvester/drier purchase and our share of the Thamm crop 2. We will continue to support the decisions of the group, even if we happen to be holding a minority view. I would also like to state our assessment of the dangers in the current situation of the duboisia/hyoscine markets… A new player entering the game. This situation is being dealt with by the acquisition of the dryer and the Thamm crop as far as the current potential market entrant is concerned… 91 Although it is only the latter part of the proposal, being that Mr Thamm would not grow or produce Duboisia in the future, that gives rise to the charged offence, in light of the above communication, Mr Joyce supported whatever activities the group determined was necessary. In accordance with the arrangement, he sent an email on 15 April 2011, to Alkacorp, Alchem and Linnea, stating "We do all need to settle with Mr Karnani [Alkacorp]. His efforts are well appreciated by all of us. How much and when?": SOAF [180]. 92 The surrounding circumstances reflect the deliberate nature of Mr Joyce's conduct in Count 2 and the extent to which he was knowingly concerned in giving effect to it. 93 Mr Joyce submitted that the conduct the subject of this count was not sophisticated because Alkacorp drove the arrangements with Mr Thamm, with Mr Joyce having a far more limited role. He also submitted that it was less serious than Count 1, and could be characterised as well below mid-range in terms of seriousness. 94 The offending in this count occurred over about 1 year and 7 months. Although it is of a different nature to that in Count 1, the motivation underpinning it was the same. The offending occurred while Count 1 was on foot. It occurred over a relatively long period of time, albeit, there was no activity by Mr Joyce giving effect to it for periods of time. Given the nature of the CAU and Mr Joyce's conduct giving effect to it, this does not detract from its seriousness. Mr Joyce's commitment to giving effect to it continued throughout that period. 95 I note that during this period, Mr Joyce undertook the conduct in Item 3 of the Schedule. Namely, intentionally attempting to induce, between 7 December 2010 and 21 January 2011, Alchem, Alkacorp and Linnea to make a CAU with Vital, containing a provision that the parties would not cause to be replanted Duboisia trees that had been destroyed due to flooding and were grown by or on behalf of the parties, or their related bodies corporate, which had the purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting the production, or likely production of Duboisia and/or SNBB. Vital represented a significant threat to the parties' ability to maintain the price of SNBB by limiting the production of Duboisia. 96 It is unclear from the SOAF why the attempt failed. I note the last communication recorded is from Mr Joyce to Linnea on 20 January 2011, which includes the following, "[t]his is a unique opportunity that should not be missed. The number of [D]uboisia trees will be significantly reduced although we do not know at this time by how many. There needs to be a commitment NOT to replant dead trees and orchards": SOAF [198]. 97 It is apparent from the SOAF that the opportunity being referred to arose as a result of major flooding in Queensland. 98 Item 3 reflects additional criminality and highlights Mr Joyce's active involvement in persuading others to agree to cartel conduct. 99 Although this conduct is different to that in Count 1, the object was the same. It reflects on the breadth of the actions taken by Mr Joyce to achieve his aim. Again, the conduct was deliberate. There was a level of sophistication.

Count 3: Attempt to enter a CAU 100 The conduct the subject of this count occurred over about three months, although the relevant admitted offending in Items 4 to 7 of the Schedule falls within a much larger date range. 101 The 2011 Attempted Bangladesh CAU that is the subject of Count 3 would have been with Alkacorp, which was one of the major manufacturers of SNBB, and Kemimac, which is not itself a manufacturer. The CAU was to have two cartel provisions: a price fixing provision and a provision which allocated supply contracts between the participants. 102 The offending conduct was systematic and deliberate, involving a degree of sophistication. It took place by discussions in person in Germany, and by email. Again, the conduct was covert in the sense that there is nothing to suggest the market was aware of it. 103 This count is not as serious as the offending the subject of the other counts, but I accept the Director's submission that it was nevertheless significant. 104 A number of admitted offences which add to the criminality of this count are to be taken into account. These items occurred over an extended period, the last being 19 December 2018. Items 4 and 5 involve two CAUs containing bid rigging provisions, with Mr Joyce aiding or abetting, counselling or procuring the making of each (rolled up as Item 4) and aiding or abetting, counselling or procuring the giving effect to each (rolled up as Item 5). Items 6 and 7 similarly concern two further CAUs, one containing a bid rigging provision and a price fixing provision, with Mr Joyce aiding or abetting, counselling or procuring the making of and aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the giving effect to each (being rolled up into the two items). Mr Joyce submitted that the conduct the subject of these items reflected two distinct periods of offending, with the conduct the subject of Items 4 and 5 overlapping with the existing price fixing agreement in place between the parties and the subject of Count 1 and Item 1. Nonetheless, Mr Joyce accepted that the items add to the seriousness of the offending in Count 3. 105 A number of matters relevant to the offences in all three counts require further consideration.

Benefit attributable to the conduct 106 The whole point of price fixing and market sharing is to obtain the benefit of prices greater than those which would be obtained in a competitive market: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) [2007] FCA 1617; (2007) 244 ALR 673 at [314] per Heerey J (Visy Industries). This conduct was engaged in by AOA, through Mr Joyce, for the purpose of financial gain. 107 The fact that it is not possible to quantify precisely the profit or other financial benefit derived by giving effect to a CAU does not lessen or mitigate the seriousness of its offending conduct: WWO at [223]. Moreover, as Wigney J aptly observed in K-Line at [307]: [307] It may also be inferred that the offending conduct may have given rise to less direct and tangible benefits to K-Line, including benefits derived from the increased certainty arising from stable market shares and customer allocations and the absence of any, or any aggressive, price competition. 108 And see NYK at [247]. 109 A motive for Mr Joyce was also financial benefit to him. Mr Joyce's evidence on this topic was rather unsatisfactory because he failed, on a number of occasions, to answer questions put to him: see above at [40]. Mr Joyce ultimately accepted that part of his motive in undertaking this conduct, albeit a limited one, was for financial benefit to himself. He stated that his prime motives were to: "do a good job" for AOA, a company he worked for; continue using his exporting and sales skills; and ensure that the company made a good profit, for which he would be adequately rewarded. 110 It can be accepted that Mr Joyce earned substantial wages from his work with AOA. In addition to the monthly retainer he received, he earned a commission of 2 percent of AOA's SNBB sales revenue, being about $1,723,502.86, and AOA's conduct ultimately led to it being able to charge higher prices. I accept that Mr Joyce benefited financially from his offending conduct.

Injury, loss or damage resulting from the offences 111 Mr Joyce accepted that generally, cartel conduct is presumed to have an anti-competitive effect for the reasons identified by Wigney J in WWO at [170]. 112 That said, it was submitted that the extent to which the cartel conduct was connected to Australia, and had implications for the Australian economy, is relevant to the assessment of the objective seriousness of the offence. Mr Joyce submitted that there was no connection between the cartel conduct and the price of SNBB medications in Australia. He accepted that the offending conduct resulted in AOA quoting and supplying SNBB at prices higher than it otherwise would have in the export market but for the offending conduct. Accordingly, the cartel conduct had an effect on SNBB customers in the export market. However, he submitted that due to the small amount of sales of SNBB to Australian consumers, the connection of the offending to Australia was very limited. The fact that the cartel conduct did not have an impact on Australian consumers was said to diminish the objective seriousness of the offence. Although there was a focus on the connection to Australia, Mr Joyce accepted that there was harm caused overseas as a result of the CAUs, which was not irrelevant. It was also accepted the effect on Australia's business reputation is relevant. Specifically, it was accepted that Australia's "reputation as a society that promotes the free market and discourages those who engage in anti-competitive conduct from our shores is relevant" and that this reputation was detrimentally affected. 113 The Director accepted that almost a hundred percent of the SNBB manufactured was exported and in that sense, the effect of the cartel was in the export market, and it cannot be established beyond reasonable doubt that there was an effect on prices of SNBB medications sold in Australia. It was submitted however, that does not significantly diminish the objective seriousness of the offence. 114 Mr Joyce also noted that courts have had regard to the industry in question, submitting that the level of strategic importance of the nut industry (as compared to, for example, oil or freight) lessens the objective seriousness of the offending. I note that the concept of strategic importance of the industry the subject of the conduct is not found in the CCA. In any event, as submitted by the Director, the industry in question directly affects the welfare of Australians as it relates to an active ingredient in medicines. It follows that the nature of the industry is strategically important. 115 As to the prices, the Director submitted that it is impossible to compare the effects of the cartel arrangements against a counterfactual scenario where the conduct did not occur because of the multiplicity of factors that may have borne upon prices. The Director submitted that the longstanding and widespread nature of the offending would have distorted the market for SNBB (and derivative markets for SNBB medications). Prices, quality and range of services throughout the market could realistically have been different but for the conduct. It is wrong, therefore, to proceed as if sales not subject to the cartel arrangements were not likely to be affected by them. It is also wrong to stop the assessment at 19 December 2018. Given the longstanding and widespread nature of the offending, it is improbable that the market for SNBB (and derivative markets for SNBB medications) would have snapped back to a state unaffected by the cartel arrangements upon the offending ceasing or at any point in time when there was no cartel agreement being given effect. The Director submitted that it does not follow from the fact the pricing for SNBB medications decreased that the offending conduct had no anticompetitive effect, either generally or in Australia. It does not negate the possibility that the decreased price of SNBB medications in real terms could have been all the greater but for the cartel conduct. I accept that submission. 116 Moreover, any effect or purported lack thereof on SNBB prices is entirely fortuitous. There is no evidence that Mr Joyce had any concern at all as to the impact of his conduct, including on the prices of SNBB medications or the quantity of SNBB medications that would end up in Australia. 117 The Director did not dispute that the extent of the conduct's connection with Australia is relevant to the assessment of its objective seriousness, but submitted that is not to say that loss or harm caused to overseas customers is unimportant. The Director submitted that s 2 of the CCA refers to "the welfare of Australians" and noted that cartels are corrosive to the economy generally and to international confidence in Australian businesses. General deterrence remains important (see also [124]-[128] below). 118 It is appropriate to recall that in the context of considering the application of s 16A(2)(d) and (e) of the Crimes Act in WWO, Wigney J stated at [242]: [242] It would be wrong, however, to approach this offence as if it were a victimless offence, simply because no specific individual or quantified loss can be identified. The cartel offence in s 44ZZRG(1) is part of a suite of provisions in the CCA that are designed to protect the integrity of Australia's markets and economic system: see also s 2 of the CCA. Australia's economy, like other free-market economies, is based on the philosophy that private enterprise and competition will foster productivity, efficiencies and innovation for the greater good of the economy and the community generally. Cartel conduct, like other anti-competitive behaviour, is inimical to, destructive of and may lead to a loss of public confidence in, Australia's markets and economic system. That is so even where the conduct, as here, is eventually uncovered and punished. 119 And see K-Line at [313] to similar effect, and Vina Money Transfer citing the passage with approval at [113]. Cartel conduct is inimical and destructive of public confidence in Australia's markets and economic system generally. 120 Breaches of Australia's competition laws are destructive of competition on which the market economy depends. It is recognised that it is in the nature of the cartel conduct to protect inefficiency and cause market distortions. That is so even when the direct purchasers of the goods and services are located outside of Australia. Cartel conduct engaged in by Australian businesses is corrosive to the economy generally and to international confidence in Australian businesses. That necessarily impacts on the Australian economy and the welfare of Australians. Competition enhances the welfare of Australians. 121 As referred to above, the Director accepted the particular relevance of loss or damage in Australia. There is no basis to assess the loss or damage outside Australia. Suffice to say that there must have been a loss as foreign customers lost the ability to enjoy the potential benefits of competition between AOA and its competitors. This occurred over a substantial period of time. It is readily apparent that it resulted in customers paying, at least at times, higher SNBB prices than there would have been but for the CAUs. In any event, given the lack of information about the extent of the loss or damage, it can only be taken into account at the level of generality described above. 122 As to Count 2, in so far as Mr Joyce submitted that the effect was the same as that of the other conduct because AOA did not compete with Mr Thamm, the submission is too narrow. The offending in Count 2 directly impacted Australia by removing a Duboisia grower. Further, although Mr Thamm was not a competitor to AOA in respect to SNBB, the effect of the CAU was to take out a potential supplier of Duboisia to a competitor who would not form part of the cartel arrangements. The additional competitor sought to be prevented, a "seventh player", would have put downward pressure on prices. The CAU the subject of Count 2 was therefore given effect to preserve the effectiveness of the cartel conduct the subject of Count 1. Taking out a potential supplier in Australia has a distortive effect on the Australian economy. Duboisia plants, from which SNBB is derived, grow in volume in Australia and Brazil. In that context, there is a real likelihood that lessening competition at the SNBB level would also have had consequential impacts upon Duboisia growers in Australia.

Seniority of those involved 123 Mr Joyce was the most senior AOA representative in charge of exports. With AOA's authority, he had responsibility for all aspects of the marketing and sale of SNBB produced by AOA. He has said he "was responsible to make all of the sales; execute all of the necessary export documentation; supervise the actual shipment; and to oversee the collection of the sales proceeds". He also agreed that he "pretty much did everything on behalf of AOA in relation to the marketing and sales of the product hyoscine": SOAF [36]. 124 Although AOA may not have provided oversight or had a culture of compliance, it should be expected that as a senior representative of a company undertaking such a role that Mr Joyce ensure he, and the company, comply with Australian competition law.

Deterrence 125 Every case must be determined on its own facts. Nonetheless, and in that context, guidance can be given about the accommodation that is to be made between the various sentencing considerations in s 16A of the Crimes Act, and in the requirement that the severity of the sentence be appropriate in all the circumstances: Wong at [71]. 126 As noted above at [23], it has been recognised that ordinarily general deterrence plays a weighty role in offending of this nature. 127 In K-Line, Wigney J observed at [358]-[359]: [358] First, as has already been noted, cartel conduct is notoriously difficult to detect, investigate and prosecute. It often involves large and sophisticated corporate offenders who can deploy their considerable resources and position to minimise the risk of detection. It is well accepted that general deterrence is a weighty consideration in sentencing for offences which are difficult to detect and investigate. The importance of general deterrence has also been accepted in imposing penalties for anti-competitive conduct in the civil penalty context. [359] Second, cartel conduct is an essentially economic or commercial crime that generally involves the offender weighing up whether the benefit or profit from the conduct is likely to outweigh the risks of detection and punishment. Sentences imposed for such offences should be set so that others who may engage in such a weighing exercise will come to appreciate that the risks are likely to outweigh the benefits: that the likely penalty will be such that it could not be regarded as an acceptable cost of doing business. This consideration has also been accepted in the civil penalty context. 128 Properly read, such observations do not to detract from the proposition that they must be applied to the individual circumstances of a case: cf Totaan v R [2022] NSWCCA 75; (2022) 400 ALR 578 at [98]-[100] (Totaan). As the Director submitted, what was said in Totaan plainly does not mean that in some cases general deterrence (and/or denunciation, punishment and retribution) will play a more dominant role in the instinctive synthesis. 129 There are features of this offending which lead to general deterrence being a primary sentencing consideration, for example: its nature as a long standing deliberate systemic course of conduct; that it was undertaken for financial gain; and difficulties in detection, investigation and prosecution of these offences. Mr Joyce accepted that general deterrence was a significant sentencing factor and a primary consideration. 130 On the other hand, for the reasons given below (see, for example, [153]-[155]), in addressing subjective features of Mr Joyce's case, I accept that specific deterrence has less of a role to play in imposing his sentence.

Guilty plea 131 The Court is required to take into account not only the fact of the plea of guilty, but also its timing and the degree to which the timing resulted in any benefit to the community or any victim of, or witness to, the offence: s 16A(2)(g). This requires the Court to take into account the utilitarian effect of the plea, in addition to any subjective significance that may flow from it (for example, as a reflection of remorse or contrition, or a willingness to facilitate the course of justice). The utilitarian value involves an objective assessment to be undertaken. On the other hand, if an offender has demonstrated contrition involving facilitating the course of justice as evidenced by the plea, this is a subjective factor and involves an enquiry as to the attitude of the offender and an assessment of contrition. It may be taken into account in the offender's favour: s 16A(2)(f), see Bae v R [2020] NSWCCA 35 at [55]-[57] (Bae); Khalid v R [2020] NSWCCA 73; (2020) 102 NSWLR 160 at [88]. Although there is no requirement in the Crimes Act to specify or quantify the reduction given for the guilty plea, it has become the practice in some states to do so (NSW, for example, but cf Victoria). It follows, though, that the failure to do so is not an error. 132 Following the introduction of s 16A(2)(g), its operation was considered by Johnson J in Bae (with whom Bell P and Walton J agreed), who concluded at [57]: [57] The utilitarian value of a plea of guilty is an objective factor to be considered and preferably quantified (Xiao v R at [280]; Huang v R (2018) 332 FLR 158; [2018] NSWCCA 70 at [9], [49], [55]), with the subjective side involving demonstration of contrition to be an unquantified factor assisting the offender on sentence as part of the process of instinctive synthesis, but with the sentencing court guarding against double counting of these aspects in a manner favourable to the offender. 133 The approach described in Bae has repeatedly been applied. 134 The advantage of specifying the reduction for the utilitarian value of the plea is that it recognises the degree of discount for the step taken, and provides, inter alia, guidance to others as to the possible impact of a plea of guilty on the sentencing process. It also provides transparency in the sentencing process, as it is (with assistance to law enforcement authorities) the only aspect of the sentencing process where a discount is given. Other factors, both mitigatory and otherwise, are weighed in the instinctive synthesis sentencing process. 135 The Director submitted that the fact that an offender has pleaded guilty may itself be evidence of contrition. It was also accepted that Mr Joyce's guilty plea evidences a subjective willingness to facilitate the course of justice, remorse and contrition. However, the Director also submitted that the nature of the explicit communications set out in the SOAF indicated that the prosecution case was strong and the guilty pleas were a recognition of the inevitable. Mr Joyce did not accept the latter submission given the complexity of matters of this kind. 136 Mr Joyce entered guilty pleas on 26 October 2021, in the Downing Centre Local Court. The Director accepted that these guilty pleas were entered at an early stage and have resulted in a utilitarian benefit to both the community and witnesses in avoiding the need for a trial, which is likely to have been a great cost to the community given the number of offences and the complexity of cartel offences. 137 I give Mr Joyce a 25 percent reduction in his sentences for the utilitarian value of the pleas. I take into account the subjective aspects evidenced by the pleas, in the weighing of all the relevant factors in the instinctive synthesis sentencing process.

Cooperation with the authorities 138 Mr Joyce has cooperated with the authorities by: giving interviews to the ACCC; providing an induced statement; and giving an ongoing undertaking to cooperate. Past cooperation with law enforcement agencies is a mandatory consideration on sentence, and is a factor to be taken into account with the other sentencing considerations: see [19] above. As to future cooperation, s 16AC is applicable. Where a federal sentence is reduced as a consequence of an offender having undertaken to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in future proceedings, the Court must specify that the sentence and/or non-parole period is being reduced for that reason, and specify the sentence that would have applied but for the reduction: s 16A(2). This is so, as in the event that the promised assistance is not provided, the matter may be subject of a Crown appeal and the discount to which the offender is not entitled may readily be identified. Any discount for a promise of future cooperation is the last discount to be applied in the sentencing process: R v Baldrock [2010] WASCA 170; (2010) 269 ALR 674 at [125]. 139 In K-Line, Wigney J at [330] referred to factors which may be relevant to the assessment of cooperation as: the effectiveness of the cooperation and its practical value to law enforcement agencies; the extent to which the offender has disclosed everything of relevance and not tailored the disclosure to material already known; the extent to which the cooperation relates to offences that are otherwise difficult to detect and investigate; the extent to which the cooperation disclosed the offender's guilt in respect of other offences; the motive for the cooperation, including whether it was motivated by genuine contrition, rather than self-interest; and whether the cooperation has caused others to cooperate. His Honour also observed at [331] that cooperation which is ineffective or provides little practical value must nevertheless be considered because it: might provide some evidence of contrition; might be of some intelligence value; and should otherwise be encouraged in the public interest. 140 As the Director submitted, where an offender pleads guilty and provides cooperation, a combined discount will normally be appropriate: R v El Hani [2004] NSWCCA 162 at [69] (El Hani). That said, there is no obligation for the sentencing court to separately quantify a discount for past cooperation. It may be impossible or inappropriate to specify a separate discount where cooperation forms part of a complex of interrelated considerations relating to the plea of guilty, contrition and rehabilitation: R v Gallagher (1991) 23 NSWLR 220 at 227-228; El Hani at [68]; K-Line at [332]. Rather it is a factor that can be taken account with the other sentencing considerations in the instinctive synthesis process: El Hani at [69]. 141 There is no fixed tariff or range for a discount for cooperation, although the authorities tend to refer to the usual or "customary" range, which is typically said to be between 20 percent and 50 percent: see, for example, K-Line at [333]. A discount exceeding 50 percent should be reserved for an exceptional case: K-Line at [333] citing SZ v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 19; (2007) 168 A Crim R 249 at [3], [53]. Where the offender will not suffer more onerous conditions of custody as a result of cooperation, unless exceptional circumstances are shown, the combined discount for plea and assistance should usually be no more than 40 percent: Isaac v R [2012] NSWCCA 195 at [47]. Relevantly, as Wigney J noted in K-Line at [333], the cases which discuss the range of discounts for assistance and cooperation almost invariably involve circumstances where the offender has implicated a co-offender or co-offenders, with many having reason to fear retribution or harm arising from those circumstances. The cases also consider circumstances such as having to serve a period of incarceration in protective custody because of the assistance provided. 142 The Director provided to the Court an undertaking to cooperate signed by Mr Joyce pursuant to s 16AC with a witness statement attached to it, and a letter of assistance from the ACCC. I note in this context, the ACCC said that Mr Joyce demonstrated a poor recollection of events. 143 In summary, the ACCC evaluated the information provided in the interview and induced statement process to be of low assistance. Mr Joyce did not provide any material information regarding the offending conduct that was not already known to the ACCC. His assistance has not been used in any current ACCC investigation and is unlikely to be used in any future investigation. The offer to assist has been communicated to two international investigators (one of which declined the offer, the other of which accepted it). In evaluating the assessment of the cooperation, the ACCC took into account the potential for future assistance to the latter. 144 The evaluation from the ACCC is that, overall, the value of Mr Joyce's assistance is low to medium. 145 Mr Joyce submitted, in relation to the evaluation that he had a poor memory, that these events occurred many years ago. Although that submission is correct to a degree, some of the conduct was much more recent, and the letter of assistance does not distinguish between the events. Mr Joyce also directed attention to the observation of Wigney J at [331], where even if of limited value, cooperation is still relevant. In that context, Mr Joyce also emphasised the public interest aspect in determining any weight or discount given for the cooperation. 146 Having considered the material, the past cooperation is of low value. It appears to have been assessed as low to medium because of the possibility of further cooperation with one international regulatory agency. However, the induced statement reflects poor recollection, which impacts the likelihood and possible extent of any future cooperation. I accept there is nonetheless a public interest in rewarding cooperation, in encouraging others to do so. I take into account the past assistance as discussed below, by providing a combined discount with the plea of guilty.

The character and antecedents 147 Mr Joyce is 74 years of age. As he submitted, "[a] sentencing judge cannot overlook the fact that each year of the sentence represents a substantial proportion of the period of life which is left of him": R v Hunter (1984) 36 SASR 101 at 103 per King CJ. 148 Mr Joyce has no prior convictions. His evidence and the references tendered in evidence attest to: his good character; and his significant contribution to the nut industry in Australia, both through his businesses, and on the broader national and international scale. Mr Joyce also outlines that he has provided significant financial contributions to a number of charities and community causes, including his former public high school, the Art Gallery of NSW and the National Library of Australia. 149 It has been recognised that weight is a relative concept. Not surprisingly, if more weight is given to one factor, less weight may be afforded others. As explained above, if general deterrence is a primary sentencing consideration in a particular case, factors personal to the offender such as good character and other mitigatory factors are necessarily afforded less weight than they otherwise might be. That is not to say that the other factors are not taken into account, or might not, depending on the facts, be an important factor. 150 As to the issue of good character, the observations in R v Kennedy [2000] NSWCCA 527 at [21]-[22] (Kennedy), have recently been cited with approval in Kabir v R [2020] NSWCCA 139 at [81]-[83] and Decision Restricted [2022] NSWCCA 24 at [234]-[242]. In Kennedy, Howie J (with whom Simpson J, as her Honour then was, agreed) said: [21] It is unnecessary for the purposes of determining this appeal to consider the circumstances in which a court may legitimately determine that it will give less weight to prior good character as a mitigating factor. Generally speaking such a situation might arise where general deterrence is important, the particular offence before the court is serious and it is one frequently committed by persons of good character. Another situation may be where the prior good character of the offender has enabled him or her to gain a position where the particular offence can be committed. [22] Less weight might also be given to prior good character in a case where there is a pattern of repeat offending over a significant period of time… 151 This is not to suggest that prior good character is not a relevant, or an important matter. The Court is bound to take good character into account: Crimes Act s 16A(2)(m). What weight is to be attached to it, to an extent, depends on the character of the offence committed: R v Gent [2005] NSWCCA 370; (2005) 162 A Crim R 29 at [51]; Ryan v The Queen [2001] HCA 21; (2001) 206 CLR 267 at [33], [143] (Ryan); Lee v R [2020] NSWCCA 307 at [129]. 152 Mr Joyce relied on the statements of McHugh J at [30] of Ryan as to the relevance of good character in the sentencing process. So much cannot be disputed. That said, it is appropriate to put the application of that in context, where at [33] his Honour stated (footnotes omitted): [33] Sentencing is not a mathematical process. Various factors have to be weighed. The otherwise good character of the prisoner is one of them. It is a mitigating factor that the sentencing judge is bound to consider. But the nature and circumstances of the offences for which he or she is being sentenced is a countervailing factor of the utmost importance. The nature of the offences for which the appellant was being sentenced meant that his otherwise good character could only be a small factor to be weighed in the sentencing process. 153 I accept the evidence of Mr Joyce's good character and antecedents is relevant, and important. That said, the circumstances of this offending call for general deterrence to be a primary consideration. Moreover, the offending in this case involved repeated offending over a significant period of time.

Contrition and rehabilitation 154 Mr Joyce has good prospects of rehabilitation, which means specific deterrence is of less importance. The consequences of discovery of the offending conduct and the effect it has had on Mr Joyce, as well as punishment, make recidivism unlikely. Mr Joyce is no longer involved in SNBB sales. He has consented to being disqualified from holding a position as a director, which will require him to step down from that position in his own business, and from other boards. 155 As explained above, when giving evidence, Mr Joyce attempted to diminish the seriousness of his role in the offending (in the manner described above at [37]-[41]). Despite that, I am prepared to accept that he is generally remorseful and contrite. This is evidenced by his early pleas of guilty, his evidence to that effect, and the statements tendered on his behalf. I accept that by pleading guilty at an early stage, Mr Joyce evinces an intention to facilitate the course of justice. 156 As explained above, Mr Joyce also submitted that his cooperation with the authorities reflects his contrition, remorse and acceptance of responsibility. I accept that submission.

Impact on the offender's family 157 Mr Joyce cares for his 95 year old mother, who is largely immobile. He visits her once or twice a week and contributes to her care. Further, Mr Joyce is married and has been caring for his wife during a recent diagnosis and treatment. The impact on Mr Joyce's mother and wife if he were to be imprisoned is self-evident. It is unnecessary to recite the personal detail of this impact. 158 I accept that these matters are to be taken into account, with there being no requirement, as previously understood, that there be exceptional circumstances: Totaan at [93]; and see Vina Money Transfer at [179].

Extra-curial punishment 159 The weight to be given to any extra-curial punishment depends on the particular facts and circumstances of each case: NYK at [277]. 160 Mr Joyce, in his written submission, identified matters which it was said may properly be taken into account as instances of extra-curial punishment, including: declining appointment as a member of the Order of Australia; resigning from a number of board positions, including Nuts for Life, which he founded; significant difficulties in conducting banking, both personally and for his businesses; inability to travel overseas (both now and in the future) for work and personal trips; and loss of professional reputation. 161 The Director submitted that the only matters properly relied on in this context are the disqualification from holding office, loss of career and professional reputation: Ryan at [54]; Kenny v R [2010] NSWCCA 6 at [44]; Rich v Australian Securities & Investments Commission [2004] HCA 42; (2004) 220 CLR 129 at [37]. 162 Despite his written submission, Mr Joyce in oral submissions accepted those are the only matters which may fall within this concept. I note that the other facts may impact on the likelihood of Mr Joyce reoffending.

Need for adequate punishment 163 The importance of the need to impose an adequate punishment in all the circumstances, is self-evident, given the nature of this offending: see for example, NYK at [275]; K-Line at [367]. 164 In WWO, Wigney J observed at [107]: [107] It is trite to observe that cartel conduct generally involves anti-competitive conduct of a very serious nature that should be emphatically condemned and deterred by the imposition of appropriately stern penalties. Prior to 2009, cartel conduct attracted only civil penalties. The fact that cartel conduct was criminalised in 2009 no doubt reflects the fact that Parliament regarded it sufficiently serious as to attract "opprobrium and societal condemnation in a way that the imposition of a civil penalty cannot". 165 And see K-Line at [278]; Vina Money Transfer at [102].

Disposition 166 The Director's submission is that, having regard to the maximum penalty, the objective seriousness of Mr Joyce's conduct and the relevant sentencing principles and their application to the facts of this case, a sentence of imprisonment is the only appropriate sentence. Given all the circumstances of this case, the Director did not make any submission against that advanced by Mr Joyce that an intensive correction order (ICO) with an appropriate "additional condition" (community service work or home detention) is within the range of available dispositions. The Director submitted that if that latter course is determined to be appropriate, the Court also has power to impose a significant fine. 167 Mr Joyce accepted that no penalty other than imprisonment is appropriate. In that context, he submitted that taking into account all the circumstances, including the matters in mitigation, the aspects of deterrence and punishment can be met with the imposition of a sentence other than one served by way of full-time custody. He submitted that the Court could either: release him immediately pursuant to s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act; or impose a sentence of imprisonment to be served by way of an ICO pursuant to s 7(1) of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) (CSP Act). Given that submission, at the request of Mr Joyce, I ordered pursuant to s 17C(1) of the CSP Act, a sentencing assessment report so that he could be assessed for suitability for additional conditions and the Court could make an assessment of their appropriateness. 168 An ICO is an alternative State sentencing option that can be applied to federal offenders by virtue of s 20AB of the Crimes Act: see for example, R v Zamagias [2002] NSWCCA 17 at [26] (Zamagias). Any procedural steps governing the operation of the State or Territory provision are also picked up by s 20AB of the Crimes Act: Mourtada v R [2021] NSWCCA 211 at [20]. The steps involved in imposing an ICO are that: (1) the Court must be satisfied that, having considered all possible alternatives, no penalty other than imprisonment is appropriate: Crimes Act s 17A; R v Douar [2005] NSWCCA 455 at [70]; R v Hamieh [2010] NSWCCA 189 at [76]; (2) the Court determines the length of sentence without regard to how it is to be served: Zamagias at [26]; (3) if (given the number of offences) the sentence is three years or less, the Court must then consider whether any alternative to full-time imprisonment should be imposed: Zamagias at [28]; and (4) in determining whether to make an ICO, community safety must be the Court's paramount consideration: CSP Act s 66(1). It is a mandatory consideration regardless of the weight it is ultimately given: Wany v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) [2020] NSWCA 318; (2020) 103 NSWLR 620 at [56], [60]; R v Fangaloka [2019] NSWCCA 173 at [65]. When considering community safety, the Court must assess whether making the order or serving the sentence by way of full-time detention is more likely to address the offender's risk of re-offending: s 66(2). This requirement recognises that: community safety is not achieved simply by incarcerating an offender, but that incarceration may have the opposite effect; and the concept of community safety is linked with considerations of rehabilitation, which is more likely to occur with supervision and access to programs in the community: R v Pullen [2018] NSWCCA 264; (2018) 87 MVR 47 at [84], and see Mandranis v R [2021] NSWCCA 97 at [54]. 169 I have discussed the relevant sentencing factors in this matter, and made findings accordingly. 170 For the reasons previously given, general deterrence in this case is a significant and indeed primary sentencing factor. 171 The offending involves anti-competitive conduct occurring over a very significant period of time and can only be characterised as deliberate, systematic, coordinated and covert. The CAUs were repeatedly given effect to, in giving quotes in various countries. The offending conduct raised the price of SNBB, which potentially affected SNBB customers around the world. These cartels had global impact. A significant amount of SNBB medications were sold to Australian pharmacies. Mr Joyce was very actively involved in monitoring the CAUs being given effect to, and in enforcing their compliance. Although Count 1 is the most serious of the offences (being a rolled up count involving giving effect to seven CAUs and taking into account two further admitted offences, one of which involves making six of the CAUs given effect to), the remaining counts are also directed to the same end (and included taking into account further admitted conduct). In particular, Count 2 (and the offences to be taken into account thereon) reflects the breadth of the conduct undertaken to further the financial interests of cartelists. Mr Joyce committed these offences, which began in 2009, knowing that the conduct was improper, and in relation to Count 2, unethical and probably unlawful. He chose to return to work for AOA in 2009 knowing that the conduct which he knew to be improper was to be undertaken. Although there was a gap in the offending in 2012-2015, he chose to be involved in recommencing the conduct. The conduct was for the financial gain of AOA, and even on his admission, partly motivated by financial gain to himself. 172 In that context, the matters personal to Mr Joyce, his good character and other mitigating factors, necessarily must been given less weight. 173 The most significant of the matters in mitigation are the early pleas of guilty by Mr Joyce with all that entails. I place great weight on that factor. As previously explained, the discount in respect to the plea of guilty and for cooperation with the authorities, is often combined. For the utilitarian aspect of the plea of guilty, I have given a 25 percent discount. I have given a 30 percent combined discount for that and the past assistance. In addition, the other factors taken from the plea (the subjective factors of remorse, contrition, and the willingness to facilitate the course of justice) have been taken into account in Mr Joyce's favour in the instinctive synthesis process. 174 I take into account the matters identified above in considering the submissions as to Mr Joyce's subjective case. 175 Noting the maximum penalty, and given the relevant sentencing principles and their application to the facts of this case, I am satisfied that a sentence of imprisonment for each offence is the only sentence appropriate in all the circumstances of the case. 176 The parties agreed that an aggregate sentence of imprisonment should be imposed: see s 53A of the CSP Act; Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Beattie [2017] NSWCCA 301 at [146]; and Ibrahim v R [2022] NSWCCA 161 at [121]. 177 I impose an aggregate sentence of 32 months imprisonment. In doing so, it is necessary to indicate the sentences that would have been imposed for each offence, had separate sentences been imposed: s 53A(2) of the CSP Act. 178 The following explains the sentences appropriate to each offence, which would have been imposed if sentenced separately. This provides transparency. 179 The appropriate sentence is a term of imprisonment in respect to Count 1, taking into account the admitted offences in Items 1 and 2 in the Schedule, of 26 months. That indicative sentence reflects a 30 percent discount for the utilitarian value of the plea of guilty and past assistance. 180 The appropriate sentence is a term of imprisonment in respect to Count 2, taking into account the admitted offences in Item 3 in the Schedule, of 8 months. That indicative sentence reflects a 30 percent discount for the utilitarian value of the plea of guilty and past assistance. 181 The appropriate sentence is a term of imprisonment in respect to Count 3, taking into account the admitted offences in Items 4-7 in the Schedule, of 4 months. That indicative sentence reflects a 30 percent discount for the utilitarian value of the plea of guilty and past assistance. 182 Although these are separate offences, each reflecting significant criminality and different cartel conduct, there should be some degree of accumulation of the sentences as there is overlap in the periods during which the offences were committed. Consequently, I propose to order a degree of concurrency between the indicative sentences: see, for example, the oft cited Cahyadi v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 1; (2007) 168 A Crim R 41 at [37]. I am mindful of the principle of totality which obliges a judge "who is sentencing an offender for a number of offences to ensure that the aggregation of the sentences appropriate for each offence is a just and appropriate measure of the total criminality involved": Postiglione v The Queen [1997] HCA 26; (1997) 189 CLR 295 at 307-308, citing Mill v The Queen [1988] HCA 70; (1988) 166 CLR 59 at 63. 183 I am also mindful in that context that those indicative sentences, given the use of rolled up charges and with offences taken into account by the Schedule, have an inherent element of leniency. 184 The sentence in relation to Count 2 would have commenced after 22 months have been served on the sentence imposed on Count 1. The sentence for Count 3 would have commenced after 6 months have been served in relation to the sentence in relation to Count 2. 185 The consequence is the aggregate sentence of 32 months imposed, as referred to above. 186 In respect to future assistance, the task is very difficult. The significance of any real assistance eventuating is speculative. This is unlike what is often the case where an offender is to give evidence against a co-accused in upcoming proceedings. In that context, and given the length of the total sentence, the impact is so minimal as to be of little significance. Nonetheless, as required by s 16AC, I indicate that but for that undertaking, the sentence imposed would have been 34 months. 187 As noted above, Mr Joyce submitted that he could be released forthwith on a recognizance release order, pursuant to s 20(1)(b) of the Crimes Act. That section enables a court to release the offender, upon giving security of the kind referred to in s 20(1)(a), either forthwith or after they have served a specified period of imprisonment in respect of that offence or those offences that is calculated in accordance with s 19AF(1): Hili v The Queen; Jones v The Queen [2010] HCA 45; (2010) 242 CLR 520 at [27]. Although the considerations taken into account at this stage are the same as those applicable to fixing the sentence of imprisonment, the weight attached to them may differ due to the different purposes to be served. In determining if a period is required to be served, the objective gravity of the offending and general deterrence must also be taken into account, as well as the interests of the community which imprisonment is designed to serve: see, for example, Page at [53]-[54]. 188 I do not accept Mr Joyce's submission that he could be released forthwith on a recognizance release order. That approach fails to reflect the nature and seriousness of the offences, and the importance of general deterrence. 189 Turning to the submission that the sentence of imprisonment imposed be served by way of an ICO. This sentencing option is only available because the aggregate sentence imposed is less than 3 years. In that context, the significance of the pleas of guilty and the cooperation in the sentencing process is self-evident. 190 I have received the Sentencing Assessment Report, which assessed Mr Joyce as suitable candidate for such an order. He is assessed as suitable to undertake community service work and suitable to undertake home detention. That report also assessed Mr Joyce as a low risk of reoffending. 191 In the particular circumstances of this case, and taking into account the relevant considerations, I am satisfied that the sentence of imprisonment should be served by way of an ICO, pursuant to s 7(1) of the CSP Act. The standard conditions in s 73 apply, namely, that Mr Joyce: must not commit any offence; and must submit to supervision by a community corrections officer. I have considered whether the ICO should have a home detention component, but in the circumstances (regarding both the offences and the offender) the requirement to undertake significant community service work as directed by a community corrections officer, is more appropriate in this case. Accordingly I also impose, pursuant to s 73A(2)(d), the additional condition that Mr Joyce perform community service work for 400 hours. 192 Mr Joyce did not oppose that the sentence imposed could include a fine and made no submission that he did not have capacity to pay a fine imposed. That is sufficient for the purposes of 16C of the Crimes Act, which provides that before imposing a fine on a person a court must take into account, inter alia, the financial circumstances of the person. In the circumstances, including the nature of this offending, I am satisfied that a fine should be a component of the sentence on Count 1. I impose a fine of $50,000. 193 I also make an order pursuant to s 86E(1A) of the CCA disqualifying Mr Joyce from managing corporations for a period of 5 years. As noted above, those orders were sought by the Director and consented to by Mr Joyce.

Conclusion 194 A conviction is recorded in respect to Mr Joyce to the three offences to which he pleaded guilty. 195 I impose an aggregate sentence of imprisonment of 32 months, , commencing on 29 November 2022, which is to be served by way of an ICO, pursuant to s 7(1) of the CSP Act. The standard conditions in s 73 apply, namely, that Mr Joyce: (1) must not commit any offence; and (2) must submit to supervision by a community corrections officer. 196 In addition, Mr Joyce must perform community service work for 400 hours. 197 I also impose a fine of $50,000 in respect to Count 1. 198 Pursuant to s 86E(1A) of the CCA Mr Joyce is also disqualified from managing corporations for a period of 5 years. I certify that the preceding one hundred and ninety-eight (198) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Abraham.