Beck v L W Furniture Consolidated

The application under s 1322(4)(a) 129A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock (and ostensibly LWC itself) seek relief under s 1322(4)(a) of the Corporations Act . The particular order they seek is described in their interlocutory process as: "an order declaring that: "(a) the resolution of the First Defendant made on 29 June 1973, being, 'that Tamar Beck and Amiram David Weinstock be appointed Directors and they shall hold office until the holding of the next Annual General Meeting of the Company'; and (b) the matters referred to in paragraphs 13(c), 13(d), 14, 20 and 21 of the Points of Claim filed by the Plaintiff on 28 October 2010, were not invalid by reason of any contravention of any provision of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) or the constitution of the First Defendant." 130Paragraph (b) of this form of order makes it necessary to set out paragraphs 13(c), 13(d), 14, 20 and 21 of the points of claim (the references to "Tami" are references to Mrs Beck, the references to "Ami" are references to A D Weinstock and the references to "Helen" are references to Helen Weinstock): "13. (c) At the AGM held on 31 December 1973 the members passed a resolution that 'any Director retiring in accordance with the provisions of the Company's Articles of Association be re-appointed'; (d) Tami and Ami did not 'retire' at that AXGM or, if they did so, did not do so 'in accordance with the Company's Articles of Association in that Tami and Ami's purported appointments as directors (if effective, which is denied) came to an end as a result of the terms of their appointment rather than retirement under Article 66. 14. Alternatively, if the resolution took effect as a resolution of members and Tami and Ami were re-elected at the AGM held on 31 December 1973 (both of which are denied); (a) There was no resolution passed that retiring directors be re-elected; (b) Tami and Ami did not offer themselves for re-election as directors at the AGM held on 30 December 1990; (c) Accordingly, Tami and Ami were not deemed to have been re-elected pursuant to Article 67. 20. On or about 30 July 2003 Ami purported to pass a resolution appointing Helen as a director. Particulars Minutes of purported meeting of directors held on 30 July 2003. 21. The said resolution purporting to appoint Helen as director was void and of no effect by virtue of the fact that Ami is not a director of the Company as pleaded herein." 131The form of the order sought shows (and submissions confirmed) that A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock seek to invoke s 1322(4)(a) of the Corporations Act . I should set out s 1322(4)(a), as well as the relevant part of s 1322(6): "(4) Subject to the following provisions of this section but without limiting the generality of any other provision of this Act, the Court may, on application by any interested person, make all or any of the following orders, either unconditionally or subject to such conditions as the Court imposes: (a) an order declaring that any act, matter or thing purporting to have been done, or any proceeding purporting to have been instituted or taken, under this Act or in relation to a corporation is not invalid by reason of any contravention of a provision of this Act or a provision of the constitution of a corporation; ... and may make such consequential or ancillary orders as the Court thinks fit. ... (6) The Court must not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied: (a) in the case of an order referred to in paragraph (4)(a): (i) that the act, matter or thing, or the proceeding, referred to in that paragraph is essentially of a procedural nature; (ii) that the person or persons concerned in or party to the contravention or failure acted honestly; or (iii) that it is just and equitable that the order be made; and ... (c) in every case--that no substantial injustice has been or is likely to be caused to any person." 132A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock do not call in aid s 1322(2) which is confined in its operation to proceedings under the Corporations Act and the effect of "procedural irregularity". They seek an order under s 1322(4)(a). 133It is clear that, subject to a matter to be mentioned presently, the application advanced by A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock is, in terms of s 1322(4)(a), made by "an interested person". A D Weinstock is an interested person as regards the question of his status as a director and the effectiveness of his 2003 actions calculated to make Helen Weinstock a director. Helen Weinstock, in turn, is an interested person in relation to her own appointment and therefore has an interest also in the ability of A D Weinstock to make that appointment. Both are interested persons as to the general question of the present composition of the board of directors of LWC. 134The application is an application for an order declaring that each of seven things is "not invalid by reason of any contravention of" any provision of the present Corporations Act or LWC's constitution. Since the Corporations Act was not in force at the time of any of the relevant events except those concerning installation of Helen Weinstock as a director in 2003, the application can be regarded as one concerned, except as to that 2003 matter, only with "contravention of . . . a provision of" LWC's constitution. 135The things that A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock wish to see the court declare "not invalid" by reason of a relevant "contravention" are: (a) the 29 June 1973 resolution for the appointment of Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock as directors (paragraph (a) of the prayer for relief in the interlocutory process); (b) the resolution at the 31 December 1973 annual general meeting purporting to re-appoint any director retiring in accordance with the articles (paragraph 13(c) of the points of claim); (c) the expiry of the terms of office of Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock as a consequence of their having been appointed "only until" the 31 December 1973 annual general meeting (paragraph 13(d) of the points of claim); (d) the absence of any resolution of the 31 December 1973 annual general meeting that retiring directors be re-elected (paragraph 14(a) of the points of claim); (e) the absence of any "offering" by Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock of themselves for re-election at the 31 December 1973 annual general meeting (paragraph 14(b) of the points of claim); (f) the failure of the "default" part of article 67 (beginning "in default") to cause Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock to be deemed to have been re-elected at the 31 December 1973 annual general meeting (paragraph 14(c) of the points of claim); and (g) the act of A D Weinstock in July 2003 by which he, acting alone, purported to appoint Helen Weinstock as a director (paragraphs 20 and 21 of the points of claim). 136It is necessary to consider whether and, if so, how an order under s 1322(4)(a) might sensibly be formulated in relation to each of these matters - in other words, whether, leaving to one side the merits of the case, the circumstances are such as to accommodate the making of a validating order under the section.

Items (a), (b), (d) and (e) 137It can be said at once that no order under s 1322(4)(a) will be made in relation to either item (a), item (b), item (d) or item (e) above. 138As to item (a), the conclusion already stated in relation to the 29 June 1973 appointment of Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock as directors is that it was a valid appointment under article 69 causing them to hold office until the next annual general meeting. There is accordingly, in that respect, nothing requiring validation. 139As to items (b) and (d), the conclusion that neither Mrs Beck nor A D Weinstock was, in terms of article 67, a director who "so retires" or a "retiring director" means that the purported resolution for re-appointment at the 31 December 1973 meeting had nothing to do with them and is irrelevant to the question whether either of them remained in office beyond that date. Accordingly, neither A D Weinstock (nor, through him, Helen Weinstock) is an "interested person" as regards that matter. This is particularly the case since, to the extent that the issue of who was a "retiring director" has any bearing on the question of the composition of the board after 31 December 1973, it goes to the positions of Mr Weinstock and Mrs Weinstock only and they are obviously not directors today. 140As to item (e), my finding that Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock "offered" themselves for re-election at the 31 December 1973 meeting means that there is, in that respect, nothing in need of validation. 141Remaining for consideration under s 1322(4)(a), therefore, are items (c), (f) and (g) at paragraph [135] above.

Item (c) 142In relation to item (c), the first step is to identify the "provision of the constitution" of LWC "by reason of" the "contravention" of which the matter in question is (or, perhaps, may be) "invalid". That process of identification is necessary since the order under s 1322(4)(a) is one declaring a matter to be "not invalid by reason of" a "contravention", so that it is the invalidating effect of the "contravention" that is displaced or reversed by the order. The search for the relevant provision and the contravention of it must be made in relation to the "act, matter or thing purporting to have been done" or the "proceeding purporting to have been instituted or taken" the invalidity of which it is sought to cure. 143Item (c) is concerned with the operation of article 69, according to its terms, to fix the point identified by the words "only until the next following annual general meeting" as the expiry of the tenure arising from appointment as a director under that article. The relevant "act, matter or thing" is elusive, as is the relevant "proceeding". It is either the appointment itself or its expiry. But neither of those is called into question, as to its validity, by any "contravention" of the constitution. It is true that "contravention", in this context, has a wide meaning and has been held to extend beyond failure to obey some positive command and to include failure to execute some voluntary step in a conforming way: see, for example, NRMA Ltd v Gould (1995) 18 ACSR 290 at 293; Winpar Holdings Ltd v Goldfields Kalgoorlie Ltd [2001] NSWCA 427; (2001) 166 FLR 144 at [74]; Re Centennial Coal Co Ltd [2006] NSWSC 62; (2006) 226 ALR 341 at [15]; Gangemi v Osborne [2009] VSCA 297 at [67]. In Sheahan v Londish (above), Young JA observed at [160] that "contravention" of a provision entails not just infringing the provision but also failing to take advantage of it. Lindgren AJA expressed a similar opinion at [234] - [235]. 144But even allowing for the broad meaning of "contravention", I confess myself unable to identify a "contravention" in relation to item (c) at paragraph [135] above. No provision of the constitution was disobeyed. An attempt to take some course allowed by the constitution did not miscarry because of failure to take a step contemplated by the constitution. Mr Weinstock and Mrs Weinstock made appointments under article 69. The appointments took effect in accordance with that article and continued until the end point fixed by the article. There was no "contravention" when, at that end point, the appointments expired. 145It follows from what I have just said that there was not, in relation to the item (c) matter, any invalidity capable of being remedied pursuant to s 1322(4)(a) or otherwise.

Item (f) 146I consider next item (f) at paragraph [135] above. Again, I must say that I can see no "contravention" of the constitution, even allowing for the broad meaning of "contravention" appropriate to the context. 147The constitution operated in such a way that Mrs Beck and A D Weinstock were not caught by any deeming that might have been effected by the "default" part of article 67 on 31 December 1973. This is because neither was a director "who so retires" or a "retiring director". That conclusion and its consequences are in no sense a product of anyone's failure to observe or abide by a provision of the constitution; nor do they involve any departure from the terms of the constitution. The conclusion and its consequences arise simply from the operation of the constitution upon and in relation to the particular factual situation.

Item (g) 148Remaining for consideration in relation to the s 1322(4)(a) claim, therefore, is item (g) at paragraph [135] above. 149The true characterisation of the events relevant to that matter is that a person who was not validly in office as the company's sole extant director purported to do something that, if it were to be validly and regularly done, had to be done by the person who was, at the time, validly in office as the company's sole extant director. This, unlike the other items considered, was a case of positive action in relation to the company and an attempt, by means of that positive action, to bring about a particular result for and within the company, namely, the appointment of Helen Weinstock as a director. 150There was, in my view, a "contravention" of the constitution in that the person who purported to make the appointment allowed by the constitution did not formally and regularly occupy the position of director necessary to make the appointment a valid appointment. It cannot be said that there was no action or that the person acting was a mere interloper. A D Weinstock was not only a member holding one "C" share but also a former director whose appointment, validly made, had expired and who had then functioned as a de facto director for some thirty years. Those connections with the company did not make him capable of acting under the combination of article 87 and article 69 under which he ostensibly acted. 151The conclusion that there was, in these circumstances, a "contravention" of the constitution is confirmed by the following passage in the judgment of Lehane J in Nece Pty Ltd v Ritek Incorporation (1997) 24 ACSR 38 ". . . [C]ases such as North Sydney Brick & Tile [ North Sydney Brick & Tile Co Ltd v Darvall (1989) 17 NSWLR 327 ] and Omega Estates [ Omega Estates Pty Ltd v Ganke (1962) 80 WN (NSW) 1218] proceed on the basis that if something is done which has not been properly authorised because, for example, appropriate resolutions have not been passed or because there is in office no validly elected board of directors, the doing of it without authority may be regarded as a contravention, for these purposes, of the articles of association." 152Acceptance here of the proposition that something not properly authorised "because there is in office no validly elected board of directors" is a "contravention" of the constitution is of particular significance. The absence of the formal status of sole extant director that would have enabled A D Weinstock to act as he purported to act on 30 July 2003 is of the same quality as non-existence of a validly elected board of directors and therefore within the relevant concept of "contravention". 153The particular contravention - entailing, as it did, absence of necessary status and authority - was, moreover, a matter of substance rather than of form or procedure. Its effect was not that there was a defective appointment but that there no appointment at all. That raises the question whether the remedial force of s 1322(4) is available in a case of nullity. 154The section itself readily provides the answer. The court is given power to declare "not invalid" that which is in truth "invalid", so that a case of nullity is clearly covered. This is confirmed by the decision of Gillard J in Jordan v Avram (1997) 23 ACSR 153 the facts in which were in some ways similar to those of the present case. 155In Jordan v Avram , the board of directors had been reduced by death and resignation to one. Arthur Avram was the only director. Peter Jordan wrote a letter to the company's external accountant referring to an agreement compromising proceedings between the Jordan family and the Avram family who were, in a beneficial (although not a direct) sense, the shareholders of the company. In his letter, Peter Jordan nominated himself and another Jordan family member to replace Jordan directors who had died or resigned and asked the accountant to make "the necessary alterations which will bring the company's records up to date". Notification of appointment of two new directors was later lodged. Arthur Avram at no time took issue with the appointment of the two Jordan family members as directors. A few days after the purported appointments he participated in a meeting of directors at which they too were present. 156Gillard J's assessment of the effect of what had been done in relation to the purported appointment of the two new directors was as follows (at 156): "The purported appointment does not conform with the articles of association. The purported appointment by notice pursuant to the agreement of 7 April 1997 did not in any way enliven the procedures laid down in the articles. Accordingly, the purported appointment was not performed in accordance with the constitution of the corporation and was in contravention of it." 157His Honour then stated his view of the applicability of s 1322(4)(a) to the circumstances before him (at 157): "In my opinion s 1322(4)(a) is not confined to procedural irregularities. It covers irregularities, errors or mistakes of a general nature and is expressed in very wide language. It clearly gives power to declare an act which is not in accordance with the articles of association, not invalid. . . . There are different approaches to what might be described as procedural irregularities and other irregularities. In my view the act under consideration, that is, the purported appointment, is clearly capable of falling within the wide words of s 1322(4)(a) and if thought appropriate the court could declare the appointment not invalid. I am satisfied the court has the jurisdiction, in the present circumstances."

Section 1322(4)(a) is available in relation to item (g) 158On that basis, I am satisfied that the act of A D Weinstock by which he ostensibly appointed Helen Weinstock as a director on 30 July 2003 was an act purporting to have been done in relation to LWC which is invalid by reason of a contravention of the company's constitution. 159The discretionary power of the court under s 1322(4)(a) is therefore exercisable in relation to that act if s 1322(6) does prevent its exercise.

Whether s 1322(6)(a) precludes a s 1322(4)(a) order 160Section 1322(6) is set out at paragraph [131] above. Section 1322(6)(a) says that the court "must not" make an order under s 1322(4)(a) unless it is satisfied as to one of the three matters to which s 1322(6)(a) refers, while s 1322(6)(c) says that the court "must not" make such an order unless it is satisfied that no substantial injustice has been or is likely to be caused to any person. Even if the court is satisfied as to these and thereby freed from the s 1322(6) prohibition, it retains discretion whether or not to make a validating order. 161The questions to which s 1322(6)(a) directs the court's attention are: (a) whether the act, matter or thing (or the proceeding) in question is "essentially of a procedural nature" (s 1322(6)(a)(i)); (b) whether the person or persons concerned in or party to the contravention or failure acted honestly (s 1322(6)(a)(ii)); and (c) whether it is just and equitable that the order be mad e (s 1322(6)(a)(iii)) . 162The prohibition imposed on the court by s 1322(6) does not operate if the court is affirmatively satisfied as to any one of these three s 1322(6)(a) matters, as well as the s 1322(6)(c) matter. That the s 1322(6)(a) barrier is removed by a positive finding on any one of the three matters in (i) to (iii), regardless of any view that might be formed on the other two, was confirmed in Sheahan v Londish (above) at [160] by reference to cases including Re MLC Ltd [2006] FCA 1357; (2006) 60 ACSR 187. The matter was put thus by French J in Re Ausam Resources Ltd [2004] FCA 823 at [19]: "The conditions referred to in s 1322( 6) have been treated as disjunctive by Barrett J in a decision which he made which is referred to in the submissions. That was Re Continental Pacific Insurance Co [2002] NSWSC 789 and I am prepared to accept that that construction is a correct construction and that notwithstanding that the act, matter or thing is not necessarily of a procedural nature it may be validated when the person or persons concerned in or party to the contravention or failure have acted honestly or it is just and equitable that the order be made." 163In relation to the first of the three s 1322(6)(a) matters, I cannot be satisfied that the matter at hand is "essentially of a procedural nature" (s 1322(6)(a)(i)). As I have said, the purported appointment of Helen Weinstock by a de facto director having no formal power to appoint is a matter of substance going beyond mere procedure or form. 164As to s 1322(6)(a)(ii), it has not been suggested that A D Weinstock, as the person "concerned in or party to the contravention", acted dishonestly. That negative conclusion is, however, insufficient for the purposes of s 1322(6)(a)(ii). It must be affirmatively proved that the person in question acted honestly: Mentha v Colorbus Pty Ltd [2004] VSC 486: (2004) 51 ACSR 677 at [24]. There is, in the present case, no evidence upon which to base any such positive finding of honesty. 165That leaves for consideration the question posed by s 1322(6)(a)(iii), that is, whether it is "just and equitable" that a validating order be made. 166The circumstances on 30 July 2003, as A D Weinstock must have seen them, were that (a) his parents had recently ceased to be directors of the company (his father through death on 29 July 2003 and his mother through mental infirmity); (b) his sister, who had been appointed a director when he was himself appointed some thirty years earlier, had lodged her resignation on 8 January 1982 and was no longer a director; (c) he was left as the sole director, having acted as a director continuously and without challenge from 1973; (d) the company needed another director, since two was the minimum allowed by article 65 and the quorum prescribed by article 86; and (e) his wife would be a suitable director of a family company. 167There is and could be no suggestion that, for someone in A D Weinstock's position who did not know of the various technical and legal deficiencies discussed in this judgment, it was otherwise than perfectly rational and reasonable to act as he did in the belief that his action was effective to install his wife as the second director of the family company. Furthermore, that rational and reasonable action stood unchallenged until the commencement of these proceedings more than seven years later. During that period, Mrs Beck initiated other proceedings (referred to at paragraph [10] above) and, as will be seen presently (paragraph [212] below), those proceedings called into question the purported redemption of shares but not on any basis going to the capacity of A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock to act as directors in the matter of redemption. Neither Mrs Beck nor any other relevant person sought to question the purported appointment of Helen Weinstock - itself a rational and reasonable response to the situation existing when it was purportedly made - for a period of seven years; and this was despite attempts by Mrs Beck during that period to challenge other aspects of proceedings within LWC. 168The question of what is "just and equitable" is a question of fact to be answered by reference to the surrounding circumstances: Re Bleriot Manufacturing Aircraft Co (1916) 32 TLR 253 at 255 . The context that I have just described makes it just and equitable, in terms of s 1322(6)(a)(iii), that the well-established de facto position of Helen Weinstock as a director should be validated by an order under s 1322(4)(a) - unless substantial injustice has been caused or is likely to be caused to any person. The absence of such injustice is, in terms of s 1322(6)(c), something about which the court must be satisfied in order to allow it to make a s 1322(4)(a) order; and unless the court were so satisfied, it is unlikely that it could come to a positive conclusion on the s 1322(6)(a)(iii) matter: Re The Chinese Cultural Club Ltd [ 2004] NSWSC 432; (2003) 83 FLR 33 at [23]. 169I turn therefore to s 1322(6)(c). The question it poses relates to the impact of the defective process itself: did "substantial injustice" arise from the purported appointment of Helen Weinstock as a director on 30 July 2004? 170It is not permissible to inquire into prejudice that might flow from things that could or might be done as a consequence of Helen Weinstock's appointment. The question is whether "substantial injustice" arose from the circumstance that she was purportedly appointed a director, not whether "substantial injustice" arose more remotely from what she did or could do in exercise of the powers thereby obtained: Re Broadway Motors Holdings Pty Ltd (1986) 6 NSWLR 45 at 58; Re Pembury Pty Ltd [1993] 1 QdR 125 at 127; Poliwka v Heven Holdings Pty Ltd (1992) 7 ACSR 85 at 97-98; Mamouney v Soliman (1992) 9 ACSR 63 at 71; Sutherland v Robert Bosch (Aust) Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 32; (2000) 33 ACSR 680 at 690; Twin v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [2003] QSC 329; [2004] 1 Qd R 450 at 457-458. 171No basis has been suggested on which Mrs Beck or anyone else connected with LWC - or indeed the company itself - could be said to be prejudiced by the presence of Helen Weinstock as a director. There is no suggestion that she is an unsuitable person to be a director. And even if, contrary to what I have just said about remoter matters, it were permissible to have regard to what Helen Weinstock could do as a director (or has done, to this point, as a de facto director of more than years standing), there is not and, on the material before me, could not be any basis for concluding that prejudice has accrued or will accrue to anyone from her actions in the performance of her functions of a director. The history of family litigation in recent years shows that there is mutual animosity between Mrs Beck and her brother A D Weinstock and that Helen Weinstock is probably bound up in this. But that, for present purposes, is beside the point. 172Section 1322(6) does not preclude the making of an order under s 1322(4)(a) in relation to item (g) at paragraph [135] above.

Decision on the s 1322(4)(a) application 173Helen Weinstock has acted in the office of director of LWC continuously for more than seven years. She has done so on the apparent understanding that her husband is also a director, he having acted in that office for more than 37 years. 174The true legal position is that A D Weinstock, although previously validly in office, was not a director when he purported to appoint Helen Weinstock. Had he then been a duly appointed director rather than a person in fact acting in the office of director without due appointment, Helen Weinstock's appointment would have been valid. 175The matters that have resulted in the stated conclusions on the s 1322(4)(a)(iii) and s 1322(6)(c) aspects make it appropriate to exercise the discretion to make an order under s 1322(4)(a) validating the act or proceeding of 30 July 2003 by which A D Weinstock purported to appoint Helen Weinstock as a director of LWC. 176That validating order will have no curative effect upon A D Weinstock's directorship. But it will mean, first, that Helen Weinstock's status is that she was validly appointed as a director on 30 July 2003 under a combination of article 87 and article 69 and, second, that, since the limitation on tenure in article 69 ("only until the next following annual general meeting") has been devoid of content since 1982 (see paragraph [83] above) or, at the latest, since 1995 (see paragraph [84] above), Helen Weinstock's validated appointment is not subject to any time limit under article 69 and will be a continuing appointment.

Returning to the central issue 177Because, as just stated, the s 1322(4)(a) order will produce the result that Helen Weinstock is validly in office as a director, the situation will not in truth be one in which there is an irremediable absence of workable governance mechanisms within LWC. 178On the contrary, Helen Weinstock will be able to act under the combination of article 87 and article 69 to appoint an additional director to bring the number of directors in office up to the quorum of two (which is also the permitted minimum). Indeed, she will no doubt consider herself duty-bound to do so in order that a functioning board may exist. Any director so appointed by Helen Weinstock will hold office free from the limitation on tenure stated in article 69. 179Helen Weinstock and the new appointee will be able to exercise all the powers of the board of directors, including the power to manage the business of LWC and to exercise all the powers of the company that are not reserved to the company in general meeting (article 75). 180Among the powers thus at the disposal of the board of directors will be the power to issue new shares (article 4), including shares in classes "E" to "N" which carry voting rights. I say nothing about whether it would or might be appropriate for that power to be exercised. The point is that there exists (or, rather, can be brought into existence) a means of changing the present situation in which no member is entitled to vote at a general meeting of the company. 181These conclusions are sufficient to dispose of the application for an order that LWC be wound up on the just and equitable ground. In short, the making of the order under s 1322(4)(a) in relation to the purported appointment of Helen Weinstock's as a director will mean that the company is not affected by incurable paralysis making it impossible for it to function. Rather, means will be at hand to restore a validly appointed and fully functioning board of directors. 182Having regard to the basis on which the winding up application is advanced, it is unnecessary to come to any view about the likelihood that voting members will be introduced. The company will be able to function through its reconstituted board of directors whether or not that happens, although it can be said, in an abstract sense, that elements of ideal corporate governance will be lacking until there exists a body of voting shareholders capable of exercising the power of a general meeting to remove directors (article 70) and to increase or reduce the number of directors (article 68). Until such a body of voting shareholders exists, it will not be possible for the directors to be remunerated (article 71 and Re George Newman & Co Ltd [1895] 1 Ch 674 at 686).

The outcome of the proceedings 183There will be an order under s 1322(4)(a) validating the purported appointment of Helen Weinstock as a director on 30 July 2003. I am inclined to think that the order should be to the following effect: "Declare that the proceeding purporting to have been taken on 30 July 2003 by which Amiram David Weinstock purported to act as a director of L W Weinstock Furniture Consolidated (Aust) Pty Ltd and in that capacity to appoint Helen Weinstock to be a director of that company is not invalid by reason of the contravention of the provision of the constitution of that company consisting of non-observance of the requirement that such proceeding be taken only by a person in office as a director by virtue of valid appointment or election as such." 184I shall, however, invite the parties to submit an agreed form of the order or, in default of agreement, to make submissions on the matter. 185Beyond that, the only order that could be made is the order sought in item 5 of the originating process: "A declaration that none of the issued shares of the first defendant have voting rights." 186It is desirable, however, that I hear submissions on the question whether, in the circumstances, there is real utility in the making of such a declaration. 187The claims in items 1 to 4, 6 and 7 of the originating process will be dismissed. 188As to costs, I can, at this stage, see no reason why the plaintiff should not be ordered to pay the costs of the defendants. I shall hear submissions on the subject should a party so wish.

Other matters 189This outcome makes it unnecessary for me to decide certain of the questions that were the subject of submissions. It is desirable, however, that I express my conclusions on some of those questions in case the matter is taken further. 190I will address: (a) the question (relevant to the undoubted discretion under s 467(1)(a) to withhold a winding up order even where grounds for making the order are established) whether, upon any winding up of LWC, any surplus remaining after repayment of capital paid on "A" class, "C" class and "D" class shares would pass to the Crown as bona vacantia (see paragraph [9]) above; (b) the question whether an Anshun estoppel would have operated operate to defeat Mrs Beck's claim for a winding up order had she made out a case for that relief (see paragraph [10] above); and (c) the question (also noted at paragraph [9] above) whether delay or acquiescence on the part of Mrs Beck would have resulted in the withholding of a winding up order even if grounds for winding up had been established.

Surplus on any winding up - bona vacantia ? 191The shares now on issue are confined to "A" shares, "C" shares and perhaps "D" shares. 192By article 3(2)(c)(i), the "A" shares "shall rank . . . in a winding up both as regards return of capital and dividend accrued up to the commencement of the winding up and not declared . . . in priority to all other shares in the Company". Article 3(2)(d) then says that the "A" shares "shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus assets or profits". 193By article 3(4)(b), the "C" shares "shall rank as regards return of capital in a winding up" next after any issued "A" shares and the "B" shares "and subject thereto (but pari passu with any ['D' shares]) in priority to all other shares in the capital of the Company". By virtue of article 3(4)(f), the "C" shares "shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus profits or assets". 194By article 3(5)(b), the "D" shares "shall rank as regards return of capital in a winding up" next after the "A" shares and the "B" shares "and subject thereto (pari passu with any ['C' shares]) in priority to all other shares in the capital of the Company". Article 3(5)(f) states that the "D" shares "shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus profits or assets". 195There are also analogous provisions with respect to the "B" shares, none of which have been issued. In relation to the several classes of ordinary shares ("E" class to "N" class), nothing is said in the specific provisions applying to those shares about rights on a winding up, whether in relation to return of capital, participation in surplus assets or otherwise. 196The only provision that says anything about distribution by a liquidator is article 115 which allows the liquidator, with the sanction of a special resolution, to "divide amongst the members in kind the whole or any part of the assets of the Company", to ascribe a fair value to any such property "for that purpose" and to "determine how the division shall be carried out as between members or different classes of members". This, at least, contemplates that, in a winding up, there will be a division of assets "amongst the members". 197If accrued but unpaid dividends are left to one side, the effect of the provisions in article 3 to which I have referred is that each "A" share, each "C" share and any "D" share enjoys a certain priority as regards "return of capital in a winding up" and does not "carry the right to any further participation in surplus assets or profits". The articles thus do not give to a holder of "A" shares, "C" shares or "D" shares does not have any right to participate in surplus assets remaining in a liquidator's hands after the capital paid up on the shares has been repaid. 198Nor, having regard to what the articles actually say, however, would any holder of ordinary shares of any class have, by virtue of the holding of those shares, any right to participate in those surplus assets, although the fact that a priority is conferred in relation to certain shares as regards "return of capital" implies that other shares are entitled also to "return of capital" albeit on a deferred or subordinated basis by comparison with the shares given the priority. The position is thus that a right to have capital returned in a winding up is, in relation to all shares, recognised expressly or by implication and that, as regards participation in surplus assets after capital has been returned, there is, in relation to certain shares, an explicit statement that the shares do not carry any right to participate and, in relation to all other shares, no statement either that they carry or that they do not carry a right to paticipate. 199It is useful to consider a hypothetical situation. Assume that the company is wound up, that "A" shares, "C" shares, "D" shares and "N" shares are the only shares on issue and that a surplus remains after creditors have been paid in full. The holders of the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares would assert a right, by virtue of the constitution, to have the surplus applied first in repaying the capital paid up on their shares, with the relativities among them as stated in the provisions of the constitution I have mentioned. The holders of the "N" shares would then assert a right, by virtue of the constitution, to prevent any part of the remaining surplus being paid to the holders of the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares. But no member could, at that point, point to a positive right to enjoyment of that remaining surplus. The holders of the "N" shares would, however, no doubt assert an implied right to such enjoyment to the exclusion of the holders of the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares. They would argue that the implication was a necessary corollary of a combination of, first, the explicit statement that the holders of the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares were not entitled to participate in surplus assets beyond return of capital paid up and, second, the absence otherwise of any statement as to the destination of surplus. 200The void thus caused could be filled in one of two ways: first, by implying a right on the part of the holders of the "N" shares to the whole of the surplus not absorbed by the explicitly stated rights of the holders of the "A", "C" and "D" shares to a return of capital out of surplus; or, second, by adopting a construction under which surplus was to be applied in satisfying those explicitly stated rights of the holders of the "A", "C" and "D" shares and, as to any balance, was not to be applied at all and, as far as the constitution was concerned, was simply to be left undisposed of. 201The court would, in my opinion, adopt the second of these approaches only if it found in the constitution a very clear expression of intention that the balance of surplus was not in any circumstances to pass to any member: see the observation of Vaisey J in Re Merchant Navy Supply Association Ltd [1947] 1 All ER 894 at 895 that, had it been the intention of those forming the company that no member should enjoy surplus in a winding up, "they should have put in an express provision to deal with the surplus in a winding up", such as the usual provision in the case of charitable and like companies to the effect that surplus is to be transferred to some entity with objects like those of the company (see also Re Yanollee Pty Ltd [2006] NSWSC 705; (2006) 24 ACLC 1087 at [29]). 202Thus, in the case postulated at paragraph [199] above, it seems to me that the court would conclude that, despite the silence regarding rights of the holders of "N" shares in respect of surplus in a winding up, the constitution reflected, by implication, an intention that they, as the holders of shares in the company's capital, should have such of the surplus as remained after fulfilment of the specific rights in that regard of the holders of the "A", "C" and "D" shares. 203The statutory directive to be obeyed by the liquidator regarding surplus in a court-ordered winding up is in s 485(2) of the Corporations Act : "The Court must adjust the rights of the contributories among themselves and distribute any surplus among the persons entitled to it." 204The Act itself does not seek to prescribe the entitlements to which s 485(2) refers. To the extent that Re Merchant Navy Supply Association Ltd , (above) and Illawarra Suburbs Lawn Tennis Association Ltd v Commissioner of Land Tax (1985) 16 ATR 664, may appear to hold otherwise, those declarations are, in my respectful opinion, not supportable. The entitlements come not from the legislation but from a combination of the holding of shares in the company's capital and the provisions of the constitution. This was made clear by Wright J in Re Driffield Gas Light Company [1898] 1 Ch 451 at p.455 : "The winding-up sections (s.109 and s.133) of the Companies Act , 1862, do not of themselves supply any rule for the mode of adjusting loss of capital or of distributing surplus, but only supply the necessary powers for giving effect to the rights and interests of the parties." 205Wright J continued: "Those rights in the case of a company constituted under the Companies Act must, in the absence of any provision in the memorandum or articles of association, be ascertained, in the view of one of the noble and learned Lords who took part in the decision of Birch v Cropper (1889) 14 App Cas 525, by recourse to general principles of equity; in the view of another of them, by reference to the principles and provisions of the Companies Acts . But in either view the result is the same, namely, that the capital account must first be equalized, and then there remains no ground for appropriating the balance in any other way than according to the nominal amount of the shares in the capital." 206The approach taken by all members of the House of Lords in Birch v Cropper (1889) 14 App Cas 525 was that shareholders are prima facie "entitled", in the sense now reflected in s 485(2), in proportion to their shareholdings, measured by the nominal amounts of shares (since the abolition of par value referred to at paragraph [13] above, the proportions are measured by numbers of shares: Re Yanollee Pty Ltd (above). The basis of proportionate participation according to shareholdings may, however, be altered by the constitution. These matters were recently summarised by Crawford CJ in Crawford v De Kantzow [2011] TASSC 9 as follows (at [48]): "The general principle is that a surplus upon winding up belongs to the members according to their proportionate interests in the share capital, measured according to the nominal amount - subject, however, to recognition of any preferred or superior claims created by the company's constitution. Birch v Cropper (1889) 14 App Cas 525 at 543; Re Driffield Gas Light Company [1898] 1 Ch 451 at 455. That general principle applies equally to the holders of all classes of shares, although its application is subject to the provisions of the company's constitution and the terms on which the respective shares have been issued by the company. The right of a member in accordance with the principle is a legal right that attaches to the shareholding itself. Archibald Howie Pty Ltd v Cmr of Stamp Duties (NSW) (1948) 77 CLR 143 at 153; Re BM2008 Pty Ltd (in liq) [2010] VSC 337 at para [11]. Since the abolition of the concept of par value and nominal amount of shares by the Company Law Review Act 1998 (Cth), the reference to nominal amount in the general principle is now taken to mean the sum of all amounts paid to the company at any time for the share, not including any premium. Re Yanollee Pty Ltd (in liq) (2006) 24 ACLC 1087 ; [2006] NSWSC 705 at para [13]". 207In the hypothetical case outlined at paragraph [199] above, proportionate participation according to shareholdings would be modified by the constitution so that the holders of the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares received priority distributions of surplus by way of return of the capital paid up on their shares and the balance of surplus thereafter remaining was enjoyed by the holders of "N" class shares alone. Proportionate participation according to shareholdings would, in those circumstances, be overtaken by the terms of the constitution making it subject to the superior (in terms of ranking) but limited (in terms of amount) rights of participation in surplus expressly created by the constitution in relation to the "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares. The holders of the "N" shares, as the only other members, would enjoy proportionate sharing in the balance available after the superior but limited rights had been satisfied. 208In fact, of course, the only shares on issue are "A" shares, "C" shares and perhaps "D" shares. All those shares are affected by a provision of the constitution which, after conferring a preferential right to return of capital, says that the shares in question do not carry any right to further participation in surplus assets. On the view I consider to be correct, however, that is a provision that aims to preserve the rights of other members to participation in proportion to shareholdings and to ensure that, after the priority rights of the holders of "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares to return of paid up capital have been satisfied, those holders are required to stand back and to cede to other members (according to their proportionate shareholdings) exclusive participation in the remaining surplus. 209If, when the time for distribution of surplus arrives, there are no such other members - that is, there are no members who are not affected by a provision limiting participation in surplus to return of paid up capital - there are no beneficiaries of the requirement that the holders of "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares stand back and cede exclusive participation in remaining surplus. The requirement to stand back and cede to others exclusive participation therefore does not operate, with the result that the rights of the holders of "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares to proportionate participation in the balance of surplus according to shareholdings is not denied. The denial operates only in favour of members not affected by the denial. 210On this basis, any winding up at a time when there were on issue either "A" shares and "C" shares or "A" shares, "C" shares and "D" shares (and no other shares) would be on the basis that surplus assets remaining after payment of all debts and expenses payable in the winding up were to be applied, first, in satisfying the preferred rights of the holders of the outstanding shares with respect to return of capital paid up (according to the respective rankings of the classes) and, thereafter, equally among all members in proportion to the numbers of the shares held by them. There would be no basis on which it could be said that the balance should be transferred to the Crown as bona vacantia .

The Anshun question 211It is necessary, at this point, to say more about the proceedings commenced in 2007 (see paragraph [10] above). 212Those proceedings raised a large number of issues concerning family dealings and arrangements over a long period, including matters relevant to a number of family companies and trusts, the estates of Mr Weinstock and Mrs Weinstock and the use of a power of attorney. As they touched upon LWC and its affairs, the 2007 proceedings seem to have raised only the issues already briefly mentioned, that is, issues concerning the purported redemption of shares held by Mrs Weinstock and the question whether they were truly redeemable preference shares. The only claims for relief concerning LWC were claims for a declaration that the shares in question were not preference shares and were accordingly not able to be redeemed by the company, a declaration that the purported redemption of the shares was void and of no effect, an order rectifying the register of members of LWC by reinstating the supposedly redeemed shares and an order for "compensation". All these claims were based on the characteristics of the shares themselves. 213The principle associated with Port of Melbourne Authority v Anshun Pty Ltd [1981] HCA 45; (1981) 147 CLR 589 is, in essence, that there cannot be raised in later litigation matters that should have been put in issue in earlier proceedings between the same parties. The test is whether the matter sought to be litigated subsequently is "so relevant" to the matters litigated previously that it was "unreasonable" not to raise it in the earlier proceeding: Champerslife Pty Ltd v Manojlovski [2010] NSWCA 33; (2010) 75 NSWLR 245 at [4] per Allsop P, at [52] per Giles JA. 214I am not satisfied that the question whether LWC should be wound up was so relevant to the matters in issue with respect to that company in the 2007 proceeding that it was unreasonable for Mrs Beck not to have raised it there. Her objective regarding LWC in the 2007 case was to establish that the relevant shares had not been validly redeemed and that the register should be rectified so as to reflect their continuing existence. She succeeded in that part of her case and thus produced certainty as to the state of the company's share capital and the way in which it is held (or, at least, such certainty as exists in the context of a pending appeal from Hamilton AJ's decision). The attainment of that certainty may, in my view, be regarded as a legitimate preliminary to any decision whether or not to institute winding up proceedings in relation to the company. 215I am not persuaded that Mrs Beck should, in the relevant sense, have put the question of winding up of LWC in issue in the 2007 proceedings. I therefore do not accept the defendants' submission that Anshun principles would have precluded the making of a winding up order in these proceedings.

Delay or acquiescence 216The circumstances on which Mrs Beck relied in making her winding up application have existed for many years. This is not a case in which the application has been precipitated by some recent event. Nor is it a case in which Mrs Beck has only just become aware of relevant facts. The relevant circumstances prevailing today have existed in their present form since 2003. Mrs Beck could have commenced the proceeding at any time after her parents ceased to be directors and the supposed vacuum and paralysis on which she relies arose. 217Mrs Beck did not act at any such earlier time. In 2007 she initiated litigation on a wide front. Her claim that the purported redemption of "C" class shares was invalid was put solely on the basis that those shares were not redeemable preference shares and could not lawfully be redeemed. The supposed redemption flowed from a purported resolution recorded as having been passed at a meeting of directors on 21 July 2004 by A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock. Mrs Beck did not take issue with their ability to function as directors. 218If, in these present proceedings, the court had found the legal position to be such that the constitutional and administrative vacuum postulated by Mrs Beck existed, her past actions and attitudes would have been relevant to the ultimate question whether it was just and equitable that the company be wound up. The question would not have been as to the availability of equitable defences based on delay or acquiescence. Rather, Mrs Beck's acceptance over a long period of the ability of A D Weinstock and Helen Weinstock to function as directors would have been one of the factors to be weighed in deciding whether the justice and equity of the case required the making of a winding up order. 219Had complete and irremediable corporate paralysis been established, the circumstance that the company simply could not function would have caused a winding up order to be made. Delay or acquiescence on Mrs Beck's part, although a relevant consideration, would not have stood in the way of the practically unavoidable step of creating, through a winding up order, the only available remedy for the complete and irremediable corporate paralysis that would otherwise have continued indefinitely.

Conclusion 220The outcome of the proceedings is as stated at paragraphs [183] to [188] above. I will make directions for the settling of orders and for any submissions on costs. 221If, contrary to my findings, Mrs Beck had succeeded in establishing a case for winding up on the just and equitable ground, none of the matters discussed at paragraphs [191] to [219] would have caused the court to withhold a winding up order in the exercise of its discretion.

APPENDIX Article 3: (1) The Capital of the Company is Twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00) divided into twenty thousand (20,000) shares of One dollar ($1.00) each including 5 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares, 5 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares, 10 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares, 10 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares, 1,997 'E' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'F' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'G' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'H' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'I' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'J' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'K' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'L' Class Ordinary Shares, 1,997 'M' Class Ordinary Shares and 1,997 'N' Class Ordinary Shares. (2) The rights privileges and conditions attached to the said 5 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares are as follows:- (a) The said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares shall not confer any right to vote at any general meeting of the Company but the holders thereof shall be entitled to notice of and to attend any general meeting of the Company. (b) The said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares shall carry the right to a fixed cumulative preferential dividend at the rate of 5% per annum on the capital paid up thereon respectively in priority to all other shares in the Company. (c) The said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares shall rank (i) in a winding up both as regards return of capital and dividend accrued up to the commencement of the winding up and not declared, and (ii) in a reduction of capital as regards return of capital in priority to all other shares in the Company. (d) The said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus assets or profits. (e) Until the death of LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK or until he shall cease to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares (whichever shall first happen) the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK may by notice in writing left at the registered office of the Company elect to convert the 5 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares into 5 'A' 5% Preference Shares having attached thereto the following right privileges and conditions viz:- (i) Until the death of the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK or until he shall cease to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'A' 5% Preference Shares (whichever shall first happen) the said 'A' 5% Preference Shares shall be the only shares in the capital of the Company which shall confer the right to vote at any general meeting of the Company. (ii) Except as hereinbefore provided the said 'A' 5% Preference Shares shall not confer any right to vote at any general meeting of the Company but the holders thereof shall be entitled to notice of and to attend any general meeting of the Company. (iii) The said 'A' 5% Preference Shares shall carry the right to a fixed cumulative preferential dividend at the rate of 5% per annum on the capital paid up thereon respectively in priority to all other shares in the Company. (iv) The said 'A' 5% Preference Shares shall rank (a) in a winding up both as regards return of capital and dividend accrued up to the commencement of the winding up and not declared, and (b) in a reduction of capital as regards return of capital in priority to all others shares in the Company. (v) The said 'A' 5% Preference Shares shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus assets of profits. and the said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares shall thereupon become 'A' 5% Preference Shares as aforesaid. (3) The rights privileges and conditions attached to the said 5 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares are as follows:- (a) If upon the death of the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK or upon his ceasing during his lifetime to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares or 'A' 5% Preference Shares HEDY JADWIGA WEINSTOCK (wife of the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK) shall be living and shall be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares then from and after the death of the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK or the date of his ceasing to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares or 'A' 5% Preference Shares (whichever shall first happen) and until the death of the said HEDY JADWIGA WEINSTOCK or until she shall cease to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares (whichever shall first happen) the said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall be the only shares in the capital of the Company which shall confer the right to vote at any general meeting of the Company. (b) Except as hereinbefore provided the said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not confer any right to vote at any general meeting of the Company but the holders thereof shall be entitled to notice of and to attend any general meeting of the Company. (c) The said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall carry the right to a fixed cumulative preferential dividend at the rate of 5% per annum on the capital paid up thereon respectively and shall rank for dividend pari passu with the said 'A' 5% Preference Shares and subject thereto in priority to all other shares in the Company. (d) The said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall rank in a winding up and in a reduction of capital both as regards return of capital and dividend accrued but not declared pari passu with the said 'A' 5% Preference Shares and subject thereto in priority to all other shares in the Company. (e) The said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus profits or assets. (f) Subject to the provisions of section 61 of the Act and subject to the company having given to LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK seven (7) days notice in writing of its intention to exercise such option the said 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares shall at the option of the Company be liable to be redeemed at par at any time prior to whichever is the earlier of (i) 30th June, 2016, or (ii) the date upon which the said LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK shall die or cease during his lifetime to be the registered holder of at least four of the said 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares or 'A' 5% Preference Shares (whichever shall first happen). Any such redemption shall be effected by notice in writing to the holders at their respective registered addresses and each notice shall be accompanied by the Company's cheque or by a bank cheque bank draft or money order for the amount payable to the holder to whom the notice is sent. (4) The rights privileges and conditions attached to the said 10 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares are as follows:- (a) The said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not confer any right to vote at any general meeting of the Company but the holder thereof shall be entitled to notices of and to attend general meetings of the Company. (b) The said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares shall rank as regards return of capital in a winding up and in a reduction of capital next after any 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares or 'A' 5% Preference Shares and any 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares issued in the capital of the Company and subject thereto (but pari passu with any 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares) in priority to all other shares in the capital of the Company. (c) Subject to the provisions of section 61 of the Act the said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares shall at the option of the Company be liable to be redeemed at par on or before 30th June 2016 by notice in writing to the holders at their respective registered addresses and each such notice shall be accompanied by the Company's cheque or by a bank cheque bank draft or money order for the amount payable to the holder to whom the notice is sent. (d) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained the said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares or the number thereof then issued and unredeemed shall be redeemed by the Company upon the death of the holder thereof and in the event of redemption in consequence of the death of the holder payment of the amount required for such redemption to the auditor for the time being of the Company on trust for such holder's personal representatives shall be deemed payment to such holder's personal representatives and such payment to the said auditor shall be a full and sufficient discharge to the Company for such payment and shall relieve the Company and its directors from all liability to see to the application of the moneys so paid. (e) The said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares shall confer on the holders thereof the right to receive such dividends as may be declared thereon pursuant to Article 101 hereof and subject to the provisions of sub-clause (3) of that Article shall rank as regards such dividends pari passu with the Ordinary Shares in the Company. Such dividends (if any) shall be non-cumulative. (f) The said 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus profits or assets. (5) The rights privileges and conditions attached to the said 10 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares are as follows:- (a) The said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not confer any right to vote at any general meeting of the Company but the holder thereof shall be entitled to notices of and to attend general meetings of the Company. (b) The said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares shall rank as regards return of capital in a winding up and in a reduction of capital next after any 'A' 5% Convertible Preference Shares or 'A' 5% Preference Shares and any 'B' Redeemable Preference Shares issued in the capital of the Company and subject thereto (pari passu with any 'C' Redeemable Preference Shares) in priority to all other shares in the capital of the Company. (c) Subject to the provisions of section 61 of the Act the said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares shall at the option of the Company be liable to be redeemed at par on or before 30th June 2016 by notice in writing to the holders at their respective registered addresses and each such notice shall be accompanied by the Company's cheque or by a bank cheque bank draft or money order for the amount payable to the holder to whom the notice is sent. (d) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained the said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares or the number thereof then issued and unredeemed shall be redeemed by the Company upon the death of the holder thereof and in the event of redemption in consequence of the death of the holder payment of the amount required for such redemption to the auditor for the time being of the Company on trust for such holder's personal representatives shall be deemed payment to such holder's personal representatives and such payment to the said auditor shall be a full and sufficient discharge to the Company for such payment and shall relieve the Company and its directors from all liability to see to the application of the moneys so paid. (e) The said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares shall confer on the holders thereof the right to receive such dividends as may be declared thereon pursuant to Article 101 hereof and subject to the provisions of sub-clause (3) of that Article shall rank as regards such dividends pari passu with the Ordinary Shares in the Company. Such dividends (if any) shall be non-cumulative. (f) The said 'D' Redeemable Preference Shares shall not carry the right to any further participation in surplus profits or assets. (6) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'E' Ordinary Shares. (7) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'F' Ordinary Shares. (8) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'G' Ordinary Shares. (9) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'H' Ordinary Shares. (10) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'I' Ordinary Shares. (11) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'J' Ordinary Shares. (12) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'K' Ordinary Shares. (13) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'L' Ordinary Shares. (14) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'M' Ordinary Shares. (15) The Company shall be at liberty from time to time to create and issue further shares ranking in all respects pari passu with the said 1,997 Class 'N' Ordinary Shares. Article 4: The shares of the Company for the time being unissued (whether forming part of the original capital or of any increase in capital) shall be under the control of the directors who may allot or otherwise dispose of the same to such persons on such terms and conditions and at such times as the directors think fit without regard to any implied rights of the holders of any of the issued shares for the time being to participate in such allotment or disposition and with full power to give to any person the call of any shares either at par or at a premium during such time and for such consideration as the directors think fit. Article 45: An annual general meeting of the Company shall be held in accordance with the provisions of the Act. All general meetings other than the annual general meetings shall be called extraordinary general meetings. Article 48: All business shall be special that is transacted at an extraordinary general meeting and also all that is transacted at an annual general meeting, with the exception of declaring a dividend, the consideration of the accounts, balance-sheets, and the report of the directors and auditors, the election of directors in the place of those retiring, and the appointment and fixing of the remuneration of the auditors. Article 56: Subject to any special rights or restrictions for the time being attaching to any special class of shares in the capital of the Company - (a) on a show of hands every member (not being a corporation) present in person shall have one vote and every member being a corporation present by a representative authorised pursuant to the Act or by proxy or by attorney shall have one vote. (b) on a poll every member (not being a corporation) present in person or by proxy or by attorney shall have one vote for every share held by him and every member being a corporation present by a representative authorised pursuant to the Act or by proxy or by attorney shall have one vote for every share held by it. Article 65: Until otherwise determined by a general meeting the number of directors shall not be less than two nor more than five. The first directors shall be LEO AIRE WEINSTOCK and HEDY JADWIGA WEINSTOCK. Article 66: At every annual general meeting each director shall retire from office and be eligible for re-election. Retiring directors shall act as directors throughout the meeting at which they retire. Article 67: The Company at the meeting at which a director so retires may fill the vacated office by electing a person thereto, and in default the retiring director shall if offering himself for re-election and not being disqualified under the Act from holding office as a director be deemed to have been re-elected, unless at that meeting it is expressly resolved not to fill the vacated office or unless a resolution for the re-election of that director is put to the meeting and lost. Article 68: The Company may from time to time by ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting increase or reduce the number of directors and may also determine in what rotation the increased or reduced number is to go out of office. Article 69: The directors shall have power at any time and from time to time to appoint any person to be a director either to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing directors but so that the total number of directors shall not at any time exceed the number fixed in accordance with these Articles. Any director so appointed shall hold office only until the next following annual general meeting and shall then be eligible for re-election but shall not be taken into account in determining the directors who are to retire by rotation at that meeting. Article 70: The Company may by ordinary resolution remove any director before the expiration of his period of office and may by an ordinary resolution appoint another person in his stead; the person so appointed shall be subject to retirement at the same time as if he had become a director on the day on which the director in whose place he is appointed was last elected a director. Article 71: The remuneration of the directors shall from time to time be determined by the Company in general meeting. That remuneration shall be deemed to accrue from day to day. The directors may also be paid all travelling, hotel and other expenses properly incurred by them in attending and returning from meetings of the directors or any committee of the directors or general meetings of the Company or in connection with the business of the Company. Article 73: The office of director shall become vacant if the director:- (a) ceases to be a director by virtue of the Act; (b) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; (c) becomes prohibited from being a director by reason of any order made under the Act; (d) becomes of unsound mind or a person whose person or estate is liable to be dealt with in any way under the law relating to mental health; (e) resigns his office by notice in writing to the Company; (f) for more than six months is absent without permission of the directors from meetings of the directors held during that period. Article 75: The business of the Company shall be managed by the directors, who may pay all expenses incurred in promoting and registering the Company and may exercise all such powers of the Company as are not, by the Act or by these Articles, required to be exercised by the Company in general meeting, subject nevertheless, to any of these articles, to the provisions of the Act and to such regulations being not inconsistent with the aforesaid Articles or provisions as may be prescribed by the Company in general meeting; but no regulation made by the Company in general meeting shall invalidate any prior act of the directors which would haved been valid if that regulation had not been made. Article 82: The directors may meet together for the despatch of business adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit. A director may at any time and the secretary shall on the requisition of a director summon a meeting of the directors. Article 86: The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be fixed by the directors, and unless so fixed shall be two. Article 87: The continuing directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in their body, but if and so long as their number is reduced below the number fixed by or pursuant to the Articles of the Company as the necessary quorum of directors, the continuing directors or director may act for the purpose of increasing the number of directors to that number or of summoning a general meeting of the Company, but for no other purpose. Article 115: If the Company is wound up the liquidator may, with the sanction of a special resolution of the Company, divide amongst the members in kind the whole or any part of the assets of the Company (whether they consist of property of the same kind or not) and may for that purpose set such value as he deems fair upon any property to be divided as aforesaid and may determine how the division shall be carried out as between members or different classes of members. The liquidator may, with the like sanction, vest the whole or any part of any such assets in trustees upon such trust for the benefit of the contributories as the liquidator, with the like sanction, thinks fit but so that no member shall be compelled to accept any shares or other securities whereon there is any liability. DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 15 June 2011