American Express International Inc v Commissioner of Taxation

THE FACILITIES IN QUESTION 9 The Charge Card Facility is different from the Credit Card Facility, although aspects of the Credit Card Facility are similar to aspects of the Charge Card Facility. It is nevertheless desirable to deal with each separately.

The Charge Card Facility 10 The Charge Card Facility involves three separate bilateral contracts, each of which is separate and independent from the others (see American Express International Inc v Commissioner of State Revenue (2004) 10 VR 145 at [3] (the American Express Case)). The parties to the three contracts are the card issuer, the card holder and the merchant. The three contracts are as follows: · Between the card issuer and the merchant; · Between the card issuer and the card holder; · Between the merchant and the card holder. The Commissioner accepts that there are separate and independent contracts and that the three independent bilateral contracts do not form part of a single tripartite arrangement. 11 The terms of the contract between the card issuer and the merchant are to be found in the Merchant Terms and Conditions. The essential terms may be summarised as follows: · The card issuer agrees with the merchant to pay to the merchant the face amount of all purchases that cardholders make with a card, together with any amounts incidental to such purchase, such as GST, other taxes or duties, service or delivery charges and gratuities submitted by the merchant less specified amounts, such as a merchant service fee, taxes, credits any amounts owing by the merchant to the card issuer; · The card issuer will either make a direct payment to the merchant's business bank account on the third business day after the card issuer receives a charge summary form from the merchant or will transmit payment direct to the merchant's business bank account on the business day after the card issuer receives charges submitted electronically; · A cardholder who acquires goods or services from the merchant will be treated by the merchant as having discharged the cardholder's obligation to pay for those goods and services by producing the card to the merchant and signing a record of charge form evidencing the acceptance by the cardholder of the goods supplied or services provided by the merchant. 12 The terms of the contract between the card issuer and the card holder are to be found in the Charge Card Terms and Conditions. The essential terms can be summarised as follows: · A card may be used at any merchant displaying the American Express card's logo to pay for goods or services provided by the merchant: the card may also be used by mail, telephone order or through the internet. · The cardholder pays an annual fee for the use of the card and the services provided by card issuer. · The card holder is liable to the card issuer for all Charges on the card: a Charge is a transaction made with the card or charged to the cardholder's account. · The card issuer sends to the card holder once a month a statement for each period during which there is any activity or balance outstanding on the cardholder's account and the cardholder must pay the card issuer the full amount of the closing balance shown in the monthly statement. · If the card holder fails to pay the balance of the cardholder's account when due, the cardholder is liable to pay liquidated damages. · No provision is made for the deferral of payment of any part of the balance of an account. 13 The essential terms of the contract between the merchant and the cardholder may be summarised as follows: · The merchant agrees to supply goods or provide services to the cardholder for a price; · The merchant agrees that the obligation to pay the price may be discharged by the production of the card and the signing of a record of charge form; · The transaction between the merchant and the cardholder is complete at the time when the goods are supplied or the services are provided and the cardholder has no continuing liability or obligation to the merchant in respect of the price for the goods or services (see In Re Charge Card Services Limited [1989] 1 Ch 497).

The Credit Card Facility 14 A similar analysis applies in relation to the Credit Card Facility. That is to say, when a credit card holder uses a credit card to acquire goods or services from a merchant, there are three separate contracts involving the same three parties as for the Charge Card Facility. As between the card issuer and the merchant and as between the merchant and the card holder, the analysis is the same as for the Charge Card Facility. 15 However, there is a difference in relation to the contract as between the card holder and the card issuer. The difference is that, under the Charge Card Facility, the card holder must pay in full the balance shown on the monthly statement upon receipt of the statement from the card issuer, or within a short time after receipt of the statement. However, under the Credit Card Facility, the card holder has the option of paying the amount of the minimum payment or such further amount as the card holder chooses. The card holder then becomes liable to pay to the card issuer interest on the balance of the account outstanding from time to time under and in accordance with the provisions of the Credit Card Terms and Conditions. So long as the card holder pays at least the minimum amount, there is no breach of the Credit Card Terms and Conditions.

STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 16 Under s 9-40 of the GST Act, a person must pay the goods and services tax (GST) payable on any taxable supply that the person makes. Under s 9-5, a person makes a taxable supply, relevantly, if the person makes a supply for consideration and the supply is made in the course or furtherance of an enterprise that the person carries on. Under s 9-10, a supply is any form of supply whatsoever. 17 Under s 195-1, consideration, for a supply or acquisition, means any consideration, within the meaning given by s 9-15, in connection with the supply or acquisition. Section 9-15(1) provides that consideration includes: · any payment, or any act or forbearance, in connection with a supply of anything; and · any payment, or any act or forbearance, in response to or for the inducement of a supply of anything. Under s 9-15(2), it does not matter whether the payment, act or forbearance was voluntary, or whether it was by the recipient of the supply. Further, under s 9-15(2A), it does not matter whether the payment, act or forbearance was in compliance with an order of a court or in compliance with a settlement relating to proceedings before a court. 18 Under s 11-20 of the GST Act, a person is entitled to the input tax credit for any creditable acquisition that the person makes. Under s 11-25, the amount of the input tax credit for a creditable acquisition is an amount equal to the GST payable on the supply of the thing acquired. Under s 11-5, a person makes a creditable acquisition if the person acquires anything solely or partly for a creditable purpose, the supply of the thing to the person is a taxable supply and the person provides, or is liable to provide, consideration for the supply. Under s 11-15(1), a person acquires a thing for a creditable purpose to the extent that the person acquires it in carrying on the person's enterprise. However, under s 11-15(2), a person does not acquire the thing for a creditable purpose to the extent that the acquisition relates to making supplies that would be input taxed. 19 However, the amount of the input tax credit is reduced if the acquisition is only partly creditable. Under s 11-30(1) of the GST Act, an acquisition that a person makes is partly creditable if it is a creditable acquisition to which one or both of the following apply: · the person makes the acquisition only partly for a creditable purpose, or · the person provides, or is liable to provide, only part of the consideration for the acquisition. Section 11-30(3) sets out a method for calculating the amount of the input tax credit on an acquisition that a person makes that is partly creditable. 20 Section 9-30(2) relevantly provides that a supply is input taxed if it is input taxed under Division 40. Under s 40-5, which is in Division 40, a financial supply is input taxed. Financial supply has the meaning given by Division 40 of the GST Regulations. 21 Regulation 40-5.09(1) relevantly provides that the provision, acquisition or disposal of an interest mentioned in r 40-5.09(3) is a financial supply if: · the provision, acquisition or disposal is for consideration; and in the course or furtherance of an enterprise; and · the supplier is a financial supply provider in relation to the supply of the interest. 22 Regulation 40-5.02 provides that an interest is anything that is recognised at law or in equity as property in any form. Under Item 2 in the table in r 40-5.09(3), the interest referred to in r 40-5.09(1) includes an interest in or under a debt, credit arrangement or right to credit. 23 Regulation 40-5.06(1) provides that an entity, in relation to the supply of an interest that was: · immediately before the supply, the property of the entity, or · created by the entity in making the supply, is the financial supply provider of the interest. Regulation 40-5.06(2) provides that the entity that acquires that interest is also the financial supply provider of the interest. 24 Schedule 7 to the GST Regulations sets out examples of financial supply. In Item 2 in Part 2 of Schedule 7, the following are given as examples of a debt, credit arrangement or right to credit, within r 40-5.09(3): · opening, keeping, operating, maintaining and closing charge and credit card facilities, · supply of credit cards In the dictionary in the GST Regulations: · charge card is defined as an article, commonly known as a charge card, for use in obtaining cash, goods or services by incurring a debt with the issuer of the card, and · credit card is defined as an article commonly known as a credit card and any similar article for use in obtaining cash, goods or services on credit; it also includes an article commonly issued by persons conducting business to their customers, or prospective customers, for use in obtaining goods or services from the business on credit. 25 However, r 40-5.12 specifies certain supplies that are not financial supplies. Under Item 4 in r 40-5.12, the supply of something, or an interest in or under something, that is a payment system is not a financial supply. In the dictionary to the GST Regulations, payment system is defined as a funds transfer system that facilitates the circulation of money, including any procedures that relate to the system.

THE PRIMARY ISSUES 26 The primary issues in both proceedings arise in the context of the contention by Amex and Amex Wholesale that they are entitled to input tax credits in respect of creditable acquisitions. However, they are only entitled to a credit for a proportion of the GST imbedded in creditable acquisitions that have been made. The relevant acquisitions made by Amex and Amex Wholesale are only partly for creditable purposes and the amount of the credit to which they are entitled will depend upon the calculation of the extent of the creditable purpose under s 11-30(3). 27 In calculating claims for input tax credits, Amex and Amex Wholesale use a formula to calculate the extent of the creditable purpose. The Commissioner accepts that the formula used by them is in accordance with s 11-30(3). The formula used is as follows: The Commissioner contends that the Fee Payments should be included in both the numerator and the denominator of the fraction in that formula. However, Amex and Amex Wholesale contend that the Fee Payments should only be included in the denominator, thereby increasing the extent of the creditable purpose. 28 The Commissioner contends that the Fee Payments are made in connection with a supply of an interest in a debt, a credit arrangement or a right to credit and are therefore consideration for a financial supply. Amex and Amex Wholesale dispute that contention and say that they are payments made as a consequence of default by the card holder. Alternatively, they rely on the exception relating to payment systems. 29 Thus, the primary issues raised in the proceedings are as follows: · whether the Fee Payments are consideration for a supply of an interest by the relevant card issuer; and · if so, whether any supply was not a financial supply, because it was the supply of something, or an interest in or under something, that is a payment system.

Consideration for a Supply of an Interest 30 The first question is whether there is a provision or an acquisition or a disposal of an interest, being something that is recognised as property. Assuming there is a provision, an acquisition or a disposal of an interest, the second question is whether the Fee Payments are consideration payable in connection with that provision, acquisition or disposal.

Supply of an Interest 31 By r 40-5.02, the word interest includes anything that is recognised as property in any form. However, r 40-5.09 makes clear that an interest must be something that is capable of being provided, acquired or disposed of. Further, the effect of r 40-5.06 is that an interest must be capable of either being property of an entity that supplies the interest or must be capable of being created by an entity in making the supply. The Commissioner contends that, under the Charge Card Facility and under the Credit Card Facility, there is a supply of an interest in or under a credit arrangement or right to credit.

Merchant and Card Holder 32 As between the merchant and the card holder, there is no question of credit. In the ordinary course, the transaction between merchant and cardholder will be one whereby the card holder agrees to pay a price to the merchant in exchange for supply of goods or the provision of services. In each case, the price is fixed in money. The contract between the merchant and the card holder would normally be concluded and performed at the same time, by the supply of the goods or provision of the services to the card holder, in exchange for the signature of a record of charge form. 33 Alternatively, there could be an executory contract between card holder and merchant for the sale of the goods or the provision of the services, for the price agreed. The card holder and the merchant will each have obligations that are interdependent. In such a case, at a point in time after the making of the contract, the obligation of the cardholder to pay the price is performed by the production of the card and the signature of a record of charge form; the merchant's obligation is performed by the supply of the goods or the provision of the services. The contract between the merchant and the cardholder will then be fully executed. There could, of course, be circumstances where the discharge of the price is effected in advance of the supply of the goods or the provision of the services, and vice versa. In every case, however, the obligation of the cardholder to pay the price is extinguished by the production of the card and the signing of the record of charge form. In no sense could it be said that the merchant gives credit to the cardholder. 34 On the other hand, if the merchant, rather than requiring production of the card and the signature of the record of charge form by the cardholder, permitted the cardholder to have goods or services without requiring immediate payment, a debt may arise in respect of the price and there may be a credit arrangement or there may be a right to credit. However, by definition, no such debt, credit arrangement or right to credit arises as between merchant and cardholder when the price is paid on the due date, by means of the card.

Merchant and Card Issuer 35 Further, there can be no suggestion that there is a credit arrangement or a right to credit as between the merchant and the card issuer. The contract between the merchant and the card issuer is that, at the agreed time, the card issuer will make a payment to the merchant of the amount of the price for which the merchant supplied goods or provided services to the cardholder, less the merchant fee.

Card Issuer and Card Holder 36 In so far as a fee is paid to establish a facility between card holder and card issuer, the fee would be consideration for the supply of the credit card. Further, an annual fee payable by a card holder to the card issuer as consideration for the rights conferred on the cardholder under the Charge Card Terms and Conditions or the Credit Card Terms and Conditions would be consideration in connection with the operating or maintaining of the facility. 37 Clearly enough, in the case of the Credit Card Facility, there will be a credit arrangement or a right to credit in relation to the deferral, after the due date for payment of the minimum amount, of the payment of the balance after payment of the minimum amount. As I have said, there is no issue about the payment of interest in relation to that deferral, which would be consideration in connection with the operation of the credit card facility. 38 When the card holder discharges the obligation to pay the price for goods supplied or services provided by the merchant, by means of producing the card and signing the record of charge form, the card holder obtains an advantage. That is to say, the card holder is not required to pay any amount to the card issuer until the due date shown in the monthly statement. The advantage derived by the card holder is that the card holder has the benefit of the goods or services from the merchant without having to part with any money until that due date. 39 The Commissioner contends that, under both the Charge Card Facility and the Credit Card Facility, the card holder is afforded credit, because the card holder is not required to make immediate payment for the goods supplied or the services provided to the cardholder by the merchant. The Commissioner says that, in the understanding of business people and people of commerce, the period, from the time of the supply of goods or the provision of services to the time when a payment is required to be made, would be regarded as a period of credit for the card holder. 40 The Commissioner says that the card issuer offers a service whereby the card holder can settle a debt with the merchant unconditionally yet can defer payment for a period thereafter. The card holder pays a fee for that service, as well as interest under the Credit Card Facility, and only pays more, by way of the Fee Payments, if full payment is not made by the required date in the case of a Charge Card Facility or the minimum amount is not paid by the required date in the case of a Credit Card Facility. The merchant, on the other hand, receives the service of assuring payment that is offered by the card issuer and is willing to pay the merchant fee in return for that service. 41 The Commissioner says that, from the point of view of the card issuer, the service provided by it is a commercial opportunity to profit both from the card holder and from the merchant. In doing so, the card issuer assumes a debt obligation to the merchant, which is balanced by the assumption by the card holder of a debt obligation to the card issuer. In that way, the Commissioner says, the card holder gets credit in the form of time to make a payment in respect of the acquisition of goods or services from the merchant. By using the card, the cardholder minimises the need to carry cash and obtains at least a period of "free credit" until payment is due to the charge card issuer or the minimum payment is due to the credit card issuer (see In Re Charge Card Services [1989] Ch 497 at 509G). 42 The examples of financial supply given in Part 2 of Schedule 7 include opening, keeping, operating, maintaining and closing a charge card facility or a credit card facility. Another example is the supply of a credit card. The Commissioner says that it is to be inferred, from the fact that a reduced input tax credit is available under r 70-5.02 for "processing, settling, clearing and switching… charge, credit and debit card transactions", that, for the purposes of the GST Act, the interest that the card issuer supplies to a card holder is a supply under a credit arrangement. The Commissioner contends that the card holder, by granting to the card issuer an interest in the cardholder's debt, places the card issuer in the position of making an acquisition supply of such an interest and therefore of making a financial supply. 43 A debt owing by the card holder to the card issuer will be created at some point in the course of the process described above. No later than the time when the card issuer forwards a monthly statement to the card holder, a debt will exist. Indeed, it may be that the debt is created at the time when the merchant submits a charge to the card issuer, thereby creating an entitlement, on the part of the card issuer, to debit the account of the card holder with the amount of the charge. On the other hand, the debt that is then created will not be payable until the time when the card issuer forwards the monthly statement to the card holder. 44 In a commercial context, credit is trust or confidence in a buyer's ability and intention to pay at some future time, exhibited by entrusting the buyer with goods or services without requiring present payment in return (see OED Definition 9a). Similarly, a person may have a reputation of solvency and probity, such that a supplier of goods or provider of services might be prepared to trust that person with the goods or services without payment, in the expectation that payment will be made in the future. Alternatively, a person's reputation of solvency and probity may be such that a person will be trusted with money in the expectation that the money will be repaid in the future (see OED Definition 9b). Again, a sum of money placed at a person's disposal in the books of another person, such as a banker, against which that person may draw to the extent of the amount might constitute a credit (OED Definition 10a). Each of those cases might involve a credit arrangement or right to credit. 45 Thus, credit entails the giving of time to pay a financial obligation or forbearance in respect of payment of an obligation, or an arrangement under which money is payable where time to pay that money or some part of it has been deferred, the forbearance carrying interest or attracting a payment of consideration for that benefit from the debtor. A vendor who agrees to accept his price by instalments can fairly be said to be giving credit. On the other hand, a loan is not relevantly the giving of credit, even if it is obtained as an alternative to seeking deferment of the payment of the price of goods. A bank affording overdraft accommodation to enable goods to be purchased does not give credit to the customer (see UG Insurances Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duties for the State of New South Wales (1973) 128 CLR 353 at 360). 46 Upon the supply of goods or provision of services by a merchant to a card holder, by use of a charge card or credit card, the merchant accepts the obligation of the card issuer in full satisfaction of any obligation of the cardholder to pay the price. The card holder becomes indebted to the card issuer, pursuant to Credit Card Terms and Conditions or the Charge Card Terms and Conditions, for the relevant amount shown in the monthly statement sent by the card issuer to the cardholder upon receipt of the monthly statement. The contract between the card issuer and the card holder is not for the provision of credit by deferring the obligation of the cardholder to pay the card issuer. 47 The debt that is discharged by the payment made by the card issuer to the merchant is the debt of the card issuer. It is not a debt of the card holder to the merchant, since the liability of the card holder to the merchant to pay the price is extinguished when the merchant accepts the card and the signature of the record of charge form as the method of paying the price. The card holder assumes a direct liability to the card issuer for the charges that appear on the monthly statement, although those amounts will differ from the amount actually paid to the merchant by the card issuer, after deducting the merchant fee. The Credit Card Terms and Conditions and the Charge Card Terms and Conditions contain no provision for any advance to or on behalf of the card holder by the card issuer (see American Express Case at [17]). 48 A short period of grace may be allowed before the card holder is regarded as being in default under the Charge Card Terms and Conditions or the Credit Card Terms and Conditions. However, the obligation to pay is fixed by the contract between the card holder and the card issuer. The terms of that contract give the card holder a reasonable opportunity to make payment before the card holder is in default and before the card holder becomes liable to pay one or other of the Fee Payments. However, there is no forbearance by the card issuer to require payment of money owing. There is, from the outset, an agreement between the card issuer and the card holder as to the time for payment. The card issuer does not exercise any forbearance. The contract between the card issuer and the card holder is not one under which the obligation of the card holder to pay an amount to the card issuer is deferred. Accordingly, there is no credit arrangement (see American Express case at [18] and [21] and Prime Wheat Association Limited v Chief Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1997) 42 NSWLR 505 at 512). 49 The Commissioner contends that the legislative history of the relevant provisions indicates a legislative intention that the Fee Payments should be treated as consideration for a financial supply. In the original form in which s 40-5 of the GST Act was introduced into the Parliament on 2 December 1998, the section provided for the making of regulations to define the treatment of financial services. A table to s 40-5(2) in its original form contained an exhaustive list of financial supplies. Under that, charge cards were covered by Item 1 as dealing with money, including: · lending or borrowing money, · creating or transferring a debt or an interest in a debt, and · making any advance or granting credit. Item 12 in that table included incidental supplies, amongst others, as supplies of anything directly in connection with a supply covered by Item 1, but only if the same supplier made both the supply incidental to the supply in Item 12 and the supply in Item 1. Thus, the supplier of a credit facility could include a number of incidental things apart from the provision of an interest in a credit arrangement or debt. 50 Para 5.143 of the explanatory memorandum circulated in connection with the original form of the GST Act contained a number of examples of the activities intended to be covered by Item 1. An example that deals with lending was as follows: Unauthorised borrowing, interest and charges, including charges for overdrawn accounts and demands for repayment. The Commissioner draws attention to the words "and charges" in that example. He says that the word charges is broad enough to cover the Fee Payments and that the clear intention of the Parliament was that payments such as the Fee Payments were simply an aspect of a lending arrangement being a financial supply. Before commencement of the GST Act, the provisions were repealed and replaced with the provisions described above. The Commissioner says, however, that the provisions that were enacted should be construed to the same intent as the repealed provision. 51 I do not consider that the legislative history bears on the construction of the words of the relevant provisions as they were actually enacted. In complex and technical taxation legislation such as the GST Act, only the words actually used must be given effect. There will be no credit, in the relevant sense, arising under either the Charge Card Facility or the Credit Card Facility by reason only of the benefit derived by a card holder in deferring, by use of a card, the time when the card holder must part with money, in some form, in respect of the supply of goods or the provision of services by a merchant.

In Connection With 52 The question is whether the Fee Payments can be said to be payments in connection with the credit arrangement or right to credit arising under the Credit Card Facility. The interest on the balance of the account from time to time outstanding after the due date for payment of the minimum amount is clearly a payment in connection with that credit arrangement or right to credit. There is no dispute as to the appropriate treatment of those payments. The question is whether, if there is a credit arrangement or right to credit as between the card holder and the card issuer, the Fee Payments can be said to be in connection with the supply of such a credit arrangement or right to credit. Alternatively, the question is whether the Fee Payments are made in connection with a supply of a debt. 53 In the case of a charge card, the card holder pays consideration to the card issuer, by way of an annual fee, for the acceptance by the card issuer of the card holder as a debtor each month, without further charge, if payment is made on time. The Commissioner would characterise the Fee Payments as being referrable to a supply, or an additional supply, of a credit arrangement, debt or right to credit, as part of the pre-existing commercial relationship between the card holder and the card issuer. He says that, since there is a pre-existing commercial relationship between the card issuer and the card holder, the Fee Payments are consideration, or further consideration, for something that has been provided in the course of that relationship, namely, the supply of a credit arrangement, debt or right to credit that had already been effected. 54 The Commissioner says that Fee Payments are routinely and predictably paid in connection with the Charge Card Facilities and Credit Card Facilities. The evidence demonstrates that they represent a not insignificant part of the revenue of Amex and Amex Wholesale. The Commissioner says, therefore, that they are consideration for a financial supply in the context of the commercial relationship that obtains between card issuer and card holder. The Commissioner contends that the Fee Payments would be regarded in commerce as related to the supply of the credit arrangement, debt or right to credit. He says that their character is inexplicably linked to the supply that is made by the card issuer to the card holder. 55 The phrase in connection with signifies, in its broadest sense, any relationship between two subject matters, no matter how remote. The phrase is capable of describing a spectrum of relationships ranging from the direct and immediate to the tenuous and remote (see Commissioner of Taxation v Amway of Australia Limited (2004) 141 FCR 40 at [65] and Collector of Customers v Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Limited (1993) 43 FCR 280 at 288). 56 However, while the obligation to make Fee Payments to a card issuer would not arise unless there was the Credit Card Facility or Charge Card Facility in place between the card holder and the card issuer, the liability to make the Fee Payments arises because the card holder has failed to perform that card holder's obligations under the Credit Card Terms and Conditions or the Charge Card Terms and Conditions, as the case may be. They are not consideration in connection with opening, keeping, operating, maintaining or closing the relevant facility. A card holder becomes liable to make the Fee Payment only because that card holder has failed to discharge, that is, has breached, the card holder's contractual obligations under the relevant facility. 57 The "liquidated damages" that become payable as a consequence of failure to pay, when due, the debt created upon a charge being debited to the card holder's account, is not consideration in connection with the provision, acquisition or disposal of that debt. The primary obligation of the cardholder is to pay the debt when due. The agreement to compensate the card issuer for the card holder's failure to perform the contractual obligation is the result of a novus actus interveniens, being the breach by the card holder of the contractual obligation under the Charge Card Terms and Conditions. 58 The Credit Card Facility clearly involves a credit arrangement as between card holder and card issuer, in that the Credit Card Terms and Conditions involves the provision of credit to the card holder in respect of the discharge of the amounts shown on the monthly statement over and above the minimum payment. However, the failure to pay the amount of the minimum payment is a breach of the terms of that credit arrangement. The "late payment fee" is also payable by reason of a novus actus interveniens, namely, the card holder's breach of the Credit Card Terms and Conditions in failing to make the minimum payment on the due date.

Conclusion 59 It follows that none of the Fee Payments can be said to be consideration in connection with the provision, acquisition or disposal by the card issuer of an interest. Accordingly, the Fee Payments are not consideration in connection with a financial supply.

Payment System 60 Alternatively, Amex and Amex Wholesale contend that, if there is a supply involved in a Charge Card Facility or a Credit Card Facility, the supply is not a financial supply because it is a supply under a payment system within Item 4 in r 40-5.12. Amex and Amex Wholesale call in aid the reasoning of the Court in Visa International Service Association and Anor v Reserve Bank of Australia (2003) 131 FCR 300 (the Visa Case). The distinction between charge cards and credit cards was recognised in the Visa Case (see the Visa Case at [73]). 61 In the Visa Case, the distinction between four party card schemes and three party card schemes was noticed. A three party card scheme is a scheme such as that operated by Amex and Amex Wholesale. Under a four party card scheme there are four parties involved in the operation of the scheme as follows: · the card holder, · the card issuer, · the merchant, · the merchant's financial institution. The cardholder uses the credit card to acquire goods or services from the merchant. The cardholder agrees to pay fees to the card issuer, and also agrees, in the case of a credit card, to pay interest if the cardholder takes advantage of a line of credit. The merchant's financial institution is reimbursed by the card issuer for the value of the goods or services and the merchant's financial institution pays the card issuer an interchange fee. The merchant's financial institution pays to the merchant the full value of the authorised card transaction, less the merchant fee, which includes the interchange fee. Under such a four party scheme, system administrators provide the card issuers and the merchant's financial institution with network administration services. The payment process involves a flow of information and payment instructions between parties to ensure that payment is made by the card holder to the merchant (see the Visa Case paragraphs [71] and [72]). 62 A four party card system such as that just described is a payment system within s 7 of the Payment Systems (Regulation) Act 1998 (Cth) (the Payment Systems Act). Under that provision, a payment system is a funds transfer system that facilitates the circulation of money, and includes any instruments and procedures that relate to the system. Thus, the term payment system under consideration in the Visa Case is very similar to, but not identical to, the term payment system as defined in the GST Act. The four party card system described provides payment instruments and procedures that operate from at least the stage of authorisation of a transaction. Those instruments and procedures relate to a transfer of funds, which facilitates the circulation of money. That circulation takes place at the final stage of settlement. While there is no transfer of funds at the merchant and card holder stage, or at the authorisation stage, those relationships are within the broad description of instruments and procedures that relate to a funds transfer system that facilitates the circulation of money (see Visa Case at [260]). 63 The Commissioner contends that the definition of payment system in the Regulations must be construed in its own particular statutory context. He says that, if, as he contends, the card issuer makes financial supplies to the card holder, it is self evident that the construction of payment system contended for by Amex and Amex Wholesale would undercut the operation of Item 2 in the table to Regulation 40-5.09(3) to bring about a capricious result. The Commissioner says that there is no transfer of money in the transaction as between card holder and merchant and that, to the extent that there is a payment system for the purpose of the GST Act, it should not include any supply made to the card holder by the card issuer. 64 The Commissioner points to the legislative history of Item 4. Prior to the enactment of the amendment to the Regulations that introduced the present wording of Item 4 of the table to r 40-5.12, Item 4 was in the following terms: Payment Facilities for Transaction Cards The explanatory memorandum promulgated in connection with the Regulations in that form explained the legislative intention behind those words as follows: Amongst other supplies, this category includes: · the fees charged by an electronic funds transfer terminal network owner to a card issuer for access to and use of the network; · the fees charged between a card provider and a third party to a transaction with an account holder (that is, a merchant) regarding the transaction; and · processing of transactions between a card account provider and the third party as above, such as a merchant. For example transactions relating to direct debit and credit, cheque, electronic funds transfer, ATM, B-pay, Internet banking and GiroPost. 65 The explanatory statement circulated in connection with the amendment to the Regulations commented on the previous wording as follows: Payment Facilities

Table Item 4 of Regulation 40-15.12 currently provides that the supply of payment facilities for transaction cards for account providers is not a financial supply.

There is doubt whether the item as currently drafted covers all the payment facilities it was intended to cover. For example, payment facilities and transactions often occur between entities that are not "account providers" in a particular transaction.

New Item 4 achieves the policy intent. Under new Item 4 the supply of, or an interest in or under, a payment system will not be a financial supply. The dictionary was amended to insert the current definition of payment system. The dictionary was also amended to define a participant to be a person who is a participant in the system in accordance with the rules governing the operation of the system. 66 The Commissioner says that, while the explanatory statement indicates that there was an intention to expand the coverage of Item 4, the amendment was not intended to have the consequences contended for by Amex and Amex Wholesale. The Commissioner says that, therefore, the contentions of Amex and Amex Wholesale should be rejected in so far as they rely upon the payment system exception. 67 The only difference between the definition of payment system in s 7 of the Payment Systems Act and in the GST Act is that the definition in the latter includes only "procedures" and does not include "instruments and procedures". There is nothing in the Visa Case to suggest that any significance at all was attached to the word "instruments" when dealing with the arrangements that were held to constitute a payment system. At no time was any distinction drawn between instruments, on the one hand, and procedures, on the other. Indeed, it is difficult to see what, if anything, the omission of "instruments and" from the definition makes. 68 The inclusion in the definition of the words "and includes any instruments and procedures" operates to extend the first part of the definition. The word "relates" is an expression of wide import, which covers matters that related directly or indirectly to the funds transfer system. The words are capable of describing a continuum of relationships from the direct and immediate to the tenuous and remote (see Visa Case at [289]). The definition indicates that a broad meaning should be given to the expression. 69 The question in the Visa Case was whether there was a funds transfer system provided for in the instruments and procedures of the four part credit card system, as described above, that facilitates the circulation of money. A system for the transfer of funds is not confined to the transfer of money. The definition extends to the process leading up to the stage of settlement as between the card issuer and the merchant's financial institution. The credit cards, records and forms and the procedures at the level of the card issuer, merchant and merchant's financial institution are within the definition of payment system (see Visa Case at [295], [304] and [305]). 70 There is no material distinction between the four party card system described above and the three party card system operated by Amex and Amex Wholesale. I consider that that system constitutes a payment system within the GST Act. Accordingly, there is no financial supply involved in the operation of the Charge Card Facility and Credit Card Facility by Amex and Amex Wholesale.

PENALTY 71 The secondary issue, in relation to Amex Wholesale, is whether additional tax, by way of penalty, is properly payable by Amex Wholesale pursuant to s 284-75(1) in Schedule 1 of the Administration Act. It is necessary to say something about the statutory framework within which the Commissioner imposed a penalty on Amex Wholesale pursuant to the notice of assessment of 27 April 2006. That calls for an examination of provisions of the Administration Act. 72 Division 284 in Schedule 1 to the Administration Act deals with administrative penalties. Under s 284-75(1), a person is liable to an administrative penalty if the person makes a statement to the Commissioner, the statement is false or misleading in a material particular and the person has a shortfall amount as a result of the statement. The effect of Item 2 in s 284-80(1) is that a person has a shortfall amount if an amount that the Commissioner must pay or credit to the person under a taxation law for an accounting period worked out on the basis of the statement is more than it would be if the statement were not false or misleading. The shortfall amount is the amount by which the payment or credit is more than it would otherwise have been. 73 Section 284-85(2) specifies a formula to be used to work out the amount of penalty. One of the factors in the formula is the base penalty amount. The effect of Item 3 in the table in s 284-90(1) is that, if the shortfall amount resulted from a failure by the person to take reasonable care to comply with a taxation law, the base penalty amount is 25% of the shortfall amount. 74 The business activity statements lodged by Amex Wholesale in respect of relevant periods constituted statements for the purposes of the provisions described above. Assuming, contrary to the contentions of Amex and Amex Wholesale, that the Fee Payments constituted consideration for a supply made by Amex Wholesale, the business activity statements were false or misleading. As a consequence of the statements made in the relevant business activity statements, there was a shortfall amount of approximately $1,455,000. 75 The Commissioner concluded that there was a lack of reasonable care on the part of Amex Wholesale in making the relevant business activity statements. Amex Wholesale complains that, in assessing the penalty, the Commissioner failed to identify the statements that were said to be false or misleading and also failed to identify the taxation law with which Amex Wholesale is said to have failed to comply. Amex Wholesale says that there is no relevant taxation law with which it has failed to comply. Thus, Amex Wholesale says, it complied with its obligations under the GST Act to file a business activity statement for each relevant period. It says that an error in the legal characterisation of Fee Payments is not a failure to comply with a taxation law: there is no dispute about the quantum of the Fee Payments. 76 It must be accepted that s 284-75 imposes a liability to pay an administrative penalty in the circumstances set out in that provision. However, s 284-75 does not contain any requirement or impose any obligation for a person not to make a statement that is false or misleading in a material particular. It does no more than impose a penalty if a person makes such a statement. There is no complaint by the Commissioner that Amex Wholesale failed to comply with s 284-75. The complaint is that there was a failure to comply with Division 31 of the GST Act. 77 Division 31 of the GST Act deals with the obligation of persons to give GST returns to the Commissioner. Under s 31-5(1), a person who is registered or required to be registered must give to the Commissioner a GST return for each tax period. Under the dictionary in s 195-1, a GST return is a return that complies with the requirements of ss 31-15 and 31-25 of the GST Act and s 388-75 in Schedule 1 to the Administration Act. Section 31-15(1) requires that a GST return must be in the approved form. Under s 388-50(1) in Schedule 1 to the Administration Act, a return is in the approved form if, and only if: · it is in the form approved by the Commissioner for that kind of return; · it contains a declaration signed by a person as the form requires; · it contains the information that the form requires and any further information as the Commissioner requires, whether in the form or otherwise; · it is given in the manner that the Commissioner requires, which may include electronically. Section 388-75 contains requirements for the signature of declarations in a return. 78 Amex Wholesale is registered. Accordingly, the effect of those provisions is that Amex Wholesale was required to give to the Commissioner a GST return for each relevant tax period that contained the information that the form approved by the Commissioner requires to be contained in it. That form requires amounts relating to GST to be included. On the assumption that the Commissioner's stance in relation to the Fee Payments is correct, the business activity statements lodged by Amex Wholesale did not contain the information that the form required. There was therefore a failure to comply with ss 31-5 and 31-15 of the GST Act. Accordingly, if the Commissioner's stance in relation to the Fee Payments is accepted, there was a failure to comply with a taxation law, namely, ss 31-5 and 31-15 of the GST Act. 79 The question of whether or not there was a failure on the part of Amex Wholesale to take reasonable care to comply with the requirements of s 31-5 and s 31-15 was not explored. In concluding that there was such a failure the Commissioner had regard to the fact that Amex Wholesale had deviated from the position it had originally taken in relation to the Fee Payments, in that it originally accepted that they were within the scope of the GST Act. The Commissioner considered that there were no sound reasons for that deviation. Secondly, the Commissioner considered that the level of late payment fee is designed to recover additional costs incurred by in relation to managing credit card accounts. Thirdly, the Commissioner considered that Amex Wholesale failed to consider the tax implications before deviating from its original position and taking the view that the Fee Payments are in effect compensatory payments for the cardholder's breach in failing to pay the minimum amount by the due date. The Commissioner considered that those three factors, when examined closely, indicated that there was a clear deviation from the established view that the supply of a credit card facility involved the provision, acquisition or disposal of an interest in a credit arrangement. 80 The Commissioner considered that a credit card issuer would not be able to rule out altogether the possibility of late payment by at least some cardholders. Accordingly, a credit card issuer would be expected to include a contractual provision to cover such an event and to recover associated additional expenses from such a defaulting cardholder pursuant to a specific term of the contract with the cardholder. The Commissioner concluded that there could not be a nexus between the Fee Payments and anything other than the input taxed supply of credit. The Commissioner concluded, therefore, that it would not be unreasonable to assume that Amex Wholesale had not taken reasonable care in preparing the business activity statements that led to the shortfall amount. 81 The contention of Amex Wholesale in its appeal statement is that no amount of the shortfall was caused by a failure to take reasonable care to comply with a taxation law. However, the material in the Commissioner's reasons for the assessment of the administrative penalties indicate that Amex Wholesale was aware of the view taken by the Commissioner as to the appropriate treatment of the Fee Payments. While the stance adopted by Amex and Amex Wholesale may well be reasonably arguable, it appears that it was only during the course of an audit by the Commissioner that Amex Wholesale voluntarily disclosed the deviation from the position that it had previously adopted in relation to the treatment of the Fee Payments. The fact that there was a voluntary disclosure at that stage was taken into account by the Commissioner in remitting part of the penalties. 82 However, the fact that the stance that Amex Wholesale took was reasonably arguable may not, of itself, be a basis for concluding that the Commissioner erred in concluding that the false or misleading statements resulted from a failure to exercise reasonable care. In that regard, Amex Wholesale points to what it says may be an anomalous aspect of the table in s 284-90(1). 83 Under Item 1 in the table, the base penalty amount is 75% of the shortfall amount, if the short fall amount resulted from intentional disregard of a taxation law. Under Item 2, the base penalty amount is 50% of the shortfall amount if the shortfall amount resulted from recklessness as the operation of a taxation law. As indicated above, under Item 3, the base penalty amount is 25% of the shortfall amount if the shortfall amount resulted from a failure to take reasonable care to comply with the taxation law. Items 4, 5 and 6 also provide a base penalty amount of 25% of the shortfall amount. Items 5 and 6 are concerned with trusts and partnerships respectively but Item 4 is not so limited. Each of those items deals with a shortfall amount that results from treating an income tax law as applying in a particular way that was not reasonably arguable. 84 While the GST Act is a taxation law and is therefore encompassed by Items 1, 2 and 3, it is not an income tax law and is therefore not encompassed by Item 4. It is curious that there is no counterpart of Item 4 in relation to the treatment, in a way that is not reasonably arguable, of a taxation tax law that is not an income taxation law. That may suggest that Item 3, which encompasses any taxation law, has no application where what is in issue is a reasonable, though incorrect, treatment by a taxpayer of a taxation law. However, having regard to the conclusion reached above concerning the substantive question, it is not necessary to answer the questions raised in relation to penalty.

CONCLUSION 85 It follows that the appeals should be upheld. The objection decision should be set aside. The matters should be remitted to the Commissioner for determination according to law. The Commissioner should pay the costs of the appeals. I certify that the preceding eighty-five (85) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Emmett.

Associate: Dated: 19 June 2009 Counsel for the Applicant: Mr J de Wijn QC with Dr M Sharpe

Counsel for the Respondent: Mr A Robertson SC with Mr R Quinn

Solicitor for the Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor