The regulations hinge around a small number of core legal concepts; understanding these is necessary to identify who may act, where the rules apply and what conduct is regulated.

• Regulated land (regulation 2, regulation 3). The term is defined in regulation 2 and the application clause at regulation 3 lists the categories of Crown land covered: unallocated Crown land, unmanaged reserves (except where care, control or management is provided under another Act), and the Schedule 1 reserves. The Schedule 1 reserves are individually enumerated (Schedule 1, items 1-6). The coverage therefore distinguishes between land managed under other Acts and land to which the rules in this instrument specifically attach (regulation 3).

• Controlling body (regulation 2). For Schedule 1 reserves the "controlling body" is the management body of that reserve; for any other regulated land it is the Minister. This determines who may erect signs (regulation 9), appoint authorised persons (regulation 4(1)), and exercise other controlling‑body functions, including the ability to amend or revoke permissions (regulation 6(5)).

• Authorised person (regulation 2, regulation 4). The regulations provide a twofold mechanism for authorisation. The Minister and controlling bodies may appoint people or classes of people as authorised persons (regulation 4(1)). Additionally, the regulation lists specific office‑holders or officers under other statutes who are authorised persons for the relevant areas (regulation 4(2)(d)-(l)). An authorised person may exercise functions for the area for which they are authorised (regulation 4(6)).

• Permission (regulation 6). An authorised person may grant written permission that allows conduct otherwise prohibited. Permissions can be for a specific instance, a period, or until revoked; they may be amended or revoked by the authoriser (regulation 6(1)-(5)). Conduct done in accordance with a permission is a defence to the offence otherwise created by the regulation (regulation 6(6)).

• Direction (regulation 8). Authorised persons may give directions on regulated land to require or prohibit conduct if necessary for the "proper care, control and management of the land" (regulation 8(1)). Directions are binding, and failure to comply attracts a penalty (regulation 8(2)-(3)).

• Signage (regulation 9). Controlling bodies may erect signs to indicate restrictions, permissions or other regulatory purposes. Contravening a sign that restricts entry or activity is an offence (regulation 9(1)-(3)). The regulations define "sign" broadly (regulation 9(5)).

• Specific conduct rules (regulations 10-19). The instrument contains express prohibitions covering vehicles, property protection, environmental and species protection, fire and camping rules, prohibited events, commercial activity and general behaviour. Penalties are stated in each regulation.

• Schedule 1 reserves (Part 3). For these named managed reserves additional entry, vessel, aircraft and animal rules apply (regulations 20-23). The Schedule identifies the reserves and has been amended since insertion (Schedule 1; Notes).

• Interaction with other written law (regulation 7). A person authorised under any other written law to do something contrary to these regulations does not commit an offence under these regulations when acting pursuant to that other authority.

• Operational powers (regulation 18). Authorised persons may move obstructions (including vehicles) obstructing roads, access or waters, subject to obligations to inform the owner and allow reasonable time before exercising the power, and subject to reasonableness in means and force used (regulation 18(1)-(3)).

The instrument therefore blends prescriptive rules (statutory prohibitions and penalties) with a grant of discretionary, operational powers to authorised persons and controlling bodies (permissions, directions, signage, removal powers). The regulations also expressly cross‑refer to other Acts for definitions and to preserve other statutory authorities (for example the Road Traffic (Administration) Act 2008 for definitions of vehicle and road, and the Fish Resources Management Act 1994 for fish and fishing definitions; regulation 2; regulation 13(6)).

The regulations create legal obligations and powers that affect several identifiable groups. Each group's roles and likely legal exposure can be read from the text.

• Visitors and members of the public on regulated land. Any person who enters unallocated Crown land, unmanaged reserves where these regulations apply, or a Schedule 1 reserve is subject to the conduct rules. Specific obligations include vehicle conduct and parking rules (regulation 10), not damaging property (regulation 11), environmental and species protections (regulations 12-13), fire and camping rules (regulations 14-15), event restrictions (regulation 16), prohibitions on commercial activity and advertising (regulation 17), general behaviour, and alcohol rules (regulation 19). Many of these are framed as "must not" offences with fixed monetary fines.

• Controlling bodies. For Schedule 1 reserves, the controlling body is the local management body; for other regulated land the controlling body is the Minister (regulation 2). Controlling bodies can appoint authorised persons (regulation 4(1)), erect signs (regulation 9(1)), grant and revoke permissions (regulation 6(5)), and otherwise exercise the functions conferred on them. A controlling body can also act as an authorised person for the land it controls (regulation 4(3)).

• Authorised persons. A diverse set of office‑holders may act as authorised persons: controlling bodies, the Minister, police, persons appointed under regulation 4(1), and officers authorised under a list of named statutes (regulation 4(2)). Authorised persons may grant written permissions (regulation 6), give binding directions (regulation 8), erect signs (via controlling body), move obstructions subject to notice and reasonableness (regulation 18), and enforce compliance. The regulations authorise them to exercise those powers in respect of the land for which they are authorised (regulation 4(6)).

• Owners of things on regulated land. The definition of "owner" for the purposes of these regulations is a person who has a right to immediate possession of the item on the land (regulation 2). Owners have protections: an authorised person must take reasonable steps to notify and allow reasonable time before moving an owner's property that obstructs (regulation 18(2)). Owners are the exception to offences that prohibit interference with vessels, aircraft, machinery, or equipment (regulation 11(2)).

• Businesses and commercial operators. The regulations bar selling goods or services, carrying on business for reward, distributing advertising or collecting money without a permit (regulation 17). A person conducting events that are rallies, races or events with more than 100 attendees must not organise, promote, conduct or participate without permission (regulation 16). Commercial operators therefore face pre‑conditions: they must seek written permission under regulation 6 or not operate on regulated land.

• Event organisers and promoters. Regulation 16 prohibits organising, promoting or conducting a "restricted event" (a rally, race, navigation exercise or an event likely to attract more than 100 people) on regulated land without permission. This restricts large gatherings and certain activities without authorisation.

• Recreational vessel operators and pilots. For Schedule 1 reserves in particular, vessel use may be restricted by designation, and the regulations proscribe dangerous or obstructive vessel behaviour and unattended boats (regulation 21). Aircraft operations on Schedule 1 reserves are substantially restricted (regulation 22).

• People with animals. General rules in Part 2 protect animals and plants by forbidding the capture, killing or feeding of animals and removal of plants (regulation 13). Part 3 imposes an additional restriction on bringing animals onto Schedule 1 reserves, subject to designated exceptions (regulation 23).

• Agencies exercising complementary functions under other Acts. The regulations expressly recognise persons authorised under other written law and preserve their authority to act in ways that might otherwise contravene these regulations (regulation 7; regulation 4(2)(d)-(l)). Those officers will continue to act under the scope of their parent legislation, but their jurisdiction on regulated land is acknowledged.

Who ultimately pays depends on conduct. The immediate legal exposure (fines) falls on persons who breach the statutory prohibitions. Controlling bodies and authorised persons incur administrative tasks and choices: appointing authorised persons (regulation 4(1)), erecting appropriate signage (regulation 9), granting and revoking permissions (regulation 6), and operational decisions such as moving obstructions (regulation 18) subject to procedural constraints set by the regulations.

The regulations allocate discrete duties and rights to controlling bodies, authorised persons and the public. Those rights and duties are expressed either as grants (may) or obligations (must) and are frequently associated with explicit penalties for non‑compliance.

Duties and rights of authorised persons and controlling bodies

• Appointment power. The Minister and each controlling body may appoint people or classes of people as authorised persons (regulation 4(1)). That is a right to delegate enforcement functions.

• Exercise of functions. An authorised person may exercise functions "in respect of the area of regulated land for which he or she is an authorised person" (regulation 4(6)). The textual limit ties personal authority to the area specified in the appointment or implied by the enabling statute for certain listed roles (regulation 4(5)).

• Grant, amend and revoke permissions. An authorised person may grant written permissions for otherwise prohibited acts; permissions may be for single instances or periods, and may be amended or revoked by the authoriser (regulation 6(1)-(4)). A controlling body may amend or revoke permissions granted by it or by an authorised person (regulation 6(5)). Conduct done in accordance with a permission is not an offence under the regulations (regulation 6(6)). This creates a statutory licensing mechanism with unilateral revocation power.

• Give binding directions. An authorised person may direct a person on regulated land either to do something not otherwise permitted or to refrain from doing something that is permitted, if the authorised person considers it necessary for proper care, control and management of the land (regulation 8(1)). Persons must comply (regulation 8(2)); complying with a direction is a defence to offences under the regulations (regulation 8(3)). Directions are therefore immediate, binding regulatory acts.

• Erect signs. A controlling body may erect any sign required by the regulations, indicating restrictions, permissions or other purposes (regulation 9(1)). Signs create enforceable area restrictions (regulation 9(2)-(3)).

• Move obstructions. An authorised person may move anything obstructing roads, access or waters, using reasonable means and force (regulation 18(1), (3)). However the authorised person must take reasonable steps to inform the owner and allow a reasonable time to move the thing before acting (regulation 18(2)). This creates a statutory power to remove hindrances subject to procedural safeguards.

Duties and rights of the public and owners

• Duty to comply with directions and signs. Persons on regulated land must comply with directions from authorised persons (regulation 8(2)) and must not contravene area restrictions indicated by signs (regulation 9(2)-(3)). Penalties are specified.

• Duty not to obstruct or impersonate authorised persons. A person must not obstruct an authorised person in the performance of functions, nor pretend to be one (regulation 5). The penalty for obstruction or impersonation is a $1 000 fine.

• Duty of care when using vehicles. Driving and parking rules require use of roads, tracks or designated parking areas; compliance with posted speed limits; due care and attention; and avoidance of obstruction (regulation 10(1)-(4)). Special rules apply for parking on tracks and in designated bays.

• Duty to avoid damage and protect the environment. Persons must not deface, damage or interfere with structures, vessels, aircraft or natural features without being the owner or authorised person (regulation 11; regulation 12). They must not take or pollute water or remove rock or soil (regulation 12). They must not damage plants or interfere with animals or habitats (regulation 13).

• Camping and fire duties. Camping is permitted only in designated areas, with duties to use provided sanitary facilities and keep the site clean (regulation 15). Lighting or using fires is generally prohibited except in specified circumstances (regulation 14); persons who light fires have duties to supervise and extinguish (regulation 14(4)).

• Prohibition on commercial activity and collection of money. Selling goods, carrying on business for reward, distributing advertising or collecting money are prohibited unless a permit under another Act applies (regulation 17). Collections must be under a permit issued under the Street Collections (Regulation) Act 1940 (regulation 17(3)).

• Rights preserved by other written law. A person authorised under another written law to do something contrary to these regulations does not commit an offence under these regulations (regulation 7). This operates as a statutory carve‑out for actions taken under other statutory authority.

• Special rules for Schedule 1 reserves. Entry, access, vessel use, aircraft landing and bringing animals onto Schedule 1 reserves are subject to additional prohibitions and designations (regulations 20-23). Owners or persons in charge of animals authorised to be on Schedule 1 reserves must keep animals under control (regulation 23(3)).

Enforcement and penalty architecture

• Monetary penalties are set within the regulations and vary by offence. Many serious contraventions carry fines of $1 000 (for example interference with plants and animals regulation 13, pollutants regulation 12), while others carry fines of $500 or $200. The instrument relies on fixed pecuniary penalties rather than a combination of civil orders and criminal sanctions.

• Defences: actions taken in accordance with a written permission (regulation 6(6)), or in compliance with a direction (regulation 8(3)), are excluded from criminal liability under the regulations.

In sum, the regulations create a statutory framework of obligations on visitors and operational powers for controlling bodies and authorised persons, with written permissions and immediate directions as the principal tools for permitting or restraining conduct on regulated land.

The regulations deploy a straightforward enforcement model composed of designated authorised persons with statutory powers, area signage, written permissions and a schedule of monetary penalties tied to specific offences. Enforcement is primarily pecuniary and administered through the statutory powers vested in authorised persons and controlling bodies.

Penalty structure

• Fixed fines. The regulations specify monetary penalties for contraventions. The amount varies by offence: $1 000 is the stated penalty for a number of more serious breaches including obstructing certain protected resources, damaging plants and animals, polluting water, lighting prohibited fires, and dangerous vehicle or vessel operation (for example regulations 5, 10(1) and (6)(a), 11(1), 12(1), 13(1), 14(1), 21(2)). Many other offences attract $500 fines (for example failing to comply with a direction regulation 8(2); parking or obstruction rules regulation 10(2)-(4); camping outside designated areas regulation 15). A smaller penalty of $200 applies to opening, unlocking or removing a gate or barrier at a controlled entrance to a Schedule 1 reserve (regulation 20(4)).

• Offences are expressed as "must not" prohibitions accompanied by the specified penalty. The regulations do not set out additional enforcement measures such as infringement notice processes or court procedures; they instead create statutory offences with pecuniary penalties that are enforceable by relevant authorities under general enforcement processes (as this text stands, the enforcement mechanism beyond the fixed fines is not set out in further procedural detail in the regulations themselves).

Who enforces

• Authorised persons. A broad class of persons may enforce the regulations. The Minister and controlling bodies appoint authorised persons (regulation 4(1)), and a range of public office‑holders and officers under other Acts are automatically authorised persons for the relevant areas (regulation 4(2)). Controlling bodies are authorised persons for land they control (regulation 4(3)). Authorised persons have the power to give directions (regulation 8), grant permissions (regulation 6), erect signage (regulation 9, a function of controlling bodies), and move obstructions after procedural steps (regulation 18).

• Police. Police officers are listed among the authorised persons (regulation 4(2)(b)), giving them enforcement authority on regulated land within their jurisdiction.

• Other statutory officers. The regulation lists officers authorised under other Acts (for example Conservation and Land Management Act, Bush Fires Act, Dog Act, Litter Act, Local Government Act) who may exercise their functions as authorised persons on regulated land within the areas where their parent Acts grant jurisdiction (regulation 4(2)(d)-(l), (5)).

Powers enabling enforcement

• Directions (regulation 8). Authorised persons may give directions to require or prohibit conduct. The directions must be complied with and non‑compliance is a $500 offence.

• Signage (regulation 9). Controlling bodies can erect signs that restrict entry or certain activities. Whether a person has seen a sign is not expressly regulated; contravention of a sign restriction is an offence (regulation 9(2)-(3)).

• Permissions (regulation 6). Authorised persons can lawfully permit acts that would otherwise be offences, and doing an act under a valid written permission is a defence to the offence.

• Removal of obstructions (regulation 18). Authorised persons may move things that obstruct roads, access or waters using reasonable means and force, subject to notice and a reasonable opportunity for owner action.

Limitations and procedural protections

• Notice and opportunity before moving owner property. Before moving an owner’s thing under regulation 18, an authorised person must take reasonable steps to inform the owner of the intention and allow a reasonable time to move the thing (regulation 18(2)). The authorised person may only then use reasonable means and force to move it (regulation 18(3)).

• Preservation of other written law. A person who has authority to do something under another written law does not commit an offence under these regulations for doing that thing (regulation 7). This creates a preservation for actions authorised by other statutes.

• Emergency vehicle exceptions. Certain prohibitions for vehicles are subject to an exception for emergency vehicles when expedient and safe (regulation 10(7)-(8)).

Operational enforcement risk and uncertainties

• Overlapping jurisdictions. Numerous classes of authorised persons are defined, some by appointment and some by reference to other statutes (regulation 4(2)). Where more than one authorised person has authority in the same area, the regulations do not provide a hierarchy for issuing directions or permissions. That may require operational coordination in practice, though as a text it simply confers authority to each authorised person to act within their relevant area (regulation 4(5)-(6)).

• Signage enforcement. The controlling body may erect a "sign" (widely defined) and contravention of it is an offence (regulation 9). The regulations do not specify minimum sign content or placement obligations; the statutory enforceability of a sign therefore depends on the controlling body’s proper erection of it and factual proof of contravention.

• Penalty quantum and enforcement mechanism. The regulations specify fines but do not contain detail in this text on infringement notice mechanisms, recoverability, or the exact prosecutorial route for collection. Those procedures are governed by court and administrative practice beyond the regulations' text.

In short, enforcement is designed to be carried out by authorised persons through a mixture of area signage, directions and use of permissions, with specified fines applying to named breaches. The regulations provide some procedural constraints on enforcement action (for example regulation 18(2)), and preserve other statutory authorities for actions taken under other written law (regulation 7).

The regulations are explicitly framed to operate alongside, and not to displace, certain other statutes. Cross‑references and declared authorised persons under other Acts create a network of interaction. The regulations both import definitions from other Acts and preserve the effect of other statutory powers.

Preservation of other statutory authority

• Regulation 7: authorisation under another written law. The regulations provide that a person who has authority under any other written law to do something contrary to these regulations does not commit an offence under these regulations when doing that thing. That is a statutory non‑derogation clause that preserves the operation of other Acts where they confer authorisation that may otherwise conflict with the regulations.

Authorised persons by reference to other Acts

• Regulation 4(2) lists numerous officers authorised under other statutes who are to be treated as authorised persons under these regulations, "for all regulated land within the area in which he or she may exercise functions under the Act referred to in the relevant paragraph": section 4(2)(d)-(l) references the Land Administration Act 1997 (ss 34(1), 139(2)), Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 (s 102), Bush Fires Act 1954 (Chief/Deputy Chief Bush Fire Control Officer), Caravan Parks and Camping Grounds Act 1995, Control of Vehicles (Off‑road Areas) Act 1978, Dog Act 1976, Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1960 Part XX (rangers), Litter Act 1979, and Local Government Act 1995 s 3.39. This turns officers performing functions under those Acts into authorised persons on regulated land, subject to the geographical reach of their enabling statute.

Cross‑referenced definitions

• Several definitions are imported by reference. Regulation 2 adopts "road" and "vehicle" as defined in the Road Traffic (Administration) Act 2008 section 4. Regulation 13(6) takes "fish" and "fishing" from the Fish Resources Management Act 1994. Regulation 10(8) defines "emergency vehicle" by reference to functions under the Fire and Emergency Services Act 1998 (FES activities). Regulation 17(3) references the Street Collections (Regulation) Act 1940 for collections. These cross‑references mean that applicable definitions and, in some cases, procedural frameworks, are those under the named Acts.

Operational overlaps and implied coexistence

• Authorised functions under other Acts remain effective. Because many roles originate from separate statutory regimes, authorised persons may exercise powers under their parent Acts on regulated land and also exercise functions under these regulations. The text does not expressly subordinate one set of powers to the other; instead it recognises and slots those officers into the universe of authorised persons (regulation 4(2), regulation 7). This suggests layered jurisdiction that requires inter‑agency coordination in practice.

• Rights of public navigation preserved. Regulation 21(5) states that nothing in the regulations affects any public right of navigation over tidal water. That preserves common law or statutory navigation rights, limiting the regulations' capacity to exclude navigation where such public rights exist.

• Permits under other Acts required for some conduct. Collecting money is prohibited unless made in accordance with a permit issued under the Street Collections (Regulation) Act 1940 (regulation 17(3)), and fishing remains subject to the Fish Resources Management Act definitions and likely its licence and bag‑limit framework (regulation 13(6)). The regulations therefore sit alongside regulatory regimes that continue to regulate particular activities.

• Emergency services exceptions. Regulation 10(7)-(8) allows emergency vehicle operation contrary to vehicle rules when expedient and safe, referencing urgent police duties and FES activities. That creates an operational exception for emergency responses.

Limits and gaps in interaction set out in the text

• No procedural enforcement machinery in the regulations. The instrument lists fines but does not itself set out the court or infringement notice processes for how fines are imposed and recovered; those processes sit in general prosecutorial or administrative law frameworks beyond the text.

• No hierarchy among authorised persons is specified. When multiple authorised persons from different Acts are present, the regulations confer the ability to act on each but do not establish a protocol for conflicts, leaving coordination to practice or other governing instruments.

• Definitions and scope determined by other Acts. Because the regulations borrow definitions and identify authorised persons under other Acts, users must consult those Acts for the full legal picture. The regulations explicitly require cross‑reading of the Road Traffic (Administration) Act, Fish Resources Management Act, Fire and Emergency Services Act and Street Collections Act where relevant.

In sum, the regulations are designed to operate as part of a mosaic of statutory regimes. They delegate enforcement functions to officers under other Acts, preserve existing statutory authorities, adopt key definitions from other Acts and require that certain activities obtain permits under other legislation. Compliance therefore requires attention to both these regulations and the referenced statutory instruments.

The text contains a compilation table that records the regulation's amendment history from enactment in 2006 through later amending instruments. The compilation table and the marginal notes in the regulations record the timing and effect of several amendments which materially affect the instrument's scope and content.

Key dates and amending instruments recorded in the compilation table

• Original enactment: Land Administration (Land Management) Regulations 2006, Gazetted 14 June 2006; commencement 14 June 2006.

• 2007 amendment: Land Administration (Land Management) Amendment Regulations 2007, Gazetted 10 August 2007 (rules other than r.1 and r.2 commenced 11 August 2007). The marginal notes show amendments to the defined terms (regulation 2 amended, Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4075) and to substantive provisions (for example regulation 10 amended, Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4076; regulation 18 amended, Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4077). Regulation 11 was inserted by Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4076.

• 2012 amendments: Amendment Regulations 2012 and an Amendment Regulations (No. 2) 2012 (Gazettes dated 31 July 2012 and 19 February 2013 respectively). The marginal notes record a 2013 amendment (regulation 10 amended: Gazette 19 Feb 2013 p.983-4) indicative of updates to vehicle provisions.

• 2014/2015 amendments: An amendment with Gazette 8 Jan 2015 and an amendment in July 2015 (Gazette 21 Jul 2015 p. 2935). Regulation 2 shows amendment entries for 8 Jan 2015 and 21 Jul 2015.

• 2016 amendment and Schedule 1 insertion: The Land Administration Regulations Amendment Regulations 2016 Pt. 3 (Gazette 6 Sep 2016 p. 3826-7) added or altered Schedule 1. The Schedule 1 heading was inserted and Schedule 1 itself was inserted (Gazette 6 Sep 2016 p. 3827). The notes state the Schedule 1 was inserted at that time.

• 2018 amendment: Land Administration (Land Management) Amendment Regulations 2018, Gazetted 11 May 2018 (regulations other than r.1 and r.2 commenced 12 May 2018). Schedule 1 was amended (Gazette 11 May 2018 p. 1509).

Documentary evidence in the text for the amendments

• The footnotes and bracketed marginal notes in the text next to certain regulations indicate when particular provisions were amended or inserted (for example regulation 2 amended: Gazette 10 Aug 2007; regulation 10 amended: Gazette 10 Aug 2007 and later entries; regulation 11 inserted: Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4076; regulation 18 amended: Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4077; Schedule 1 inserted: Gazette 6 Sep 2016 p. 3827; Schedule 1 amended: Gazette 11 May 2018 p. 1509).

• The compilation table beneath the Schedule records each amending instrument, gazettal date and commencement date. It also records Reprint 1 as at 3 March 2017 (which includes amendments up to that date).

Observable amendment themes

• Insertion of regulation 11 in 2007 introduced or clarified protections for property, indicating an early revision to address interference with structures and vehicles on regulated land (regulation 11 inserted: Gazette 10 Aug 2007 p. 4076).

• Vehicle and parking provisions have been subject to multiple amendments (regulation 10 amendments recorded in Gazette 2007, 2013, 2015), suggesting iterative refinement of vehicle‑related controls.

• Schedule 1 was added only in 2016 and subsequently amended in 2018 to list specific managed reserves to which Part 3 applies (Schedule 1; notes). The introduction of Schedule 1 created a two‑tiered structure: general regulated land rules and special rules for named managed reserves.

What the amendment history in the text does not show

• The text lists the statutory instruments, dates and page citations but does not provide the legislative policy materials, explanatory memoranda, parliamentary second‑reading speeches or administrative guidelines that motivated the amendments. The compilation table provides formal amendment chronology but not legislative intent.

• The text does not include transitional provisions or detailed amendment‑effect statements within the regulations themselves; it records amendment insertions and deletions by Gazette references.

To interpret the present regulation text fully, a user should consult the listed amending Gazettes and any associated explanatory documents for the amending instruments. The compilation notes provide the primary statutory trail to identify when and how the current regulatory provisions were enacted or changed (see the Notes and Compilation table).

The regulation text and the compilation notes provided do not include any case law or reported judicial or tribunal decisions interpreting these specific regulations. The document records statutory text, defined terms, the Schedule and amendment history, but does not name or summarise litigation. Consequently the instrument as presented here contains no internal account of litigation or judicial construction.

What the absence of litigation references in the text means practically

• No precedent in the source. The printed regulations do not identify any judicial interpretations, so readers cannot rely on the text alone for an understanding of how courts have construe terms such as "proper care, control and management", "reasonable steps", "reasonable time", or what content is required on a "sign" for enforcement. Absent court decisions in the provided text, those standards remain fact‑specific and may require legal advice or case law research outside this instrument.

• Enforcement practice uncertain on contested points. Where regulations delegate large discretionary powers (for example directions under regulation 8 or moving obstructions under regulation 18) the absence of judicial guidance in the text means that how enforcement agencies exercise or justify those discretions, and how courts might review exercise of power, is not addressed here.

• Need for external research. Practitioners or compliance officers seeking to understand potential defences, enforcement reliability, or administrative review options will need to search case law databases and administrative tribunal records for any decisions that have applied or interpreted these regulations, or relevant decisions addressing comparable provisions in other land or reserve management instruments.

What the text does record that could be relevant in litigation

• Clear statutory architecture. The regulations contain explicit defences and carve‑outs. For example, a person acting in accordance with a written permission under regulation 6 or complying with a direction under regulation 8 does not commit an offence under the regulations (regulation 6(6), regulation 8(3)). Such provisions can be relied upon in enforcement proceedings, and their interpretation would be a natural focus of litigation.

• Procedural constraints. Regulation 18 obliges authorised persons to take reasonable steps to inform owners before moving obstructions and to allow a reasonable time. If an owner alleges procedural unfairness or unlawful seizure, these textual requirements would be the reference points in litigation.

• Interaction with other legislation. Regulation 7 preserves actions done under other written law. Disputes about whether a person had valid authorisation under another statute to do something contrary to these regulations would require cross‑statute interpretation and, if litigated, would engage both the parent Act and these regulations.

Summary

The provided statutory text contains no litigation history. Users requiring precedential interpretation of ambiguous standards or enforcement practices under these regulations must consult external judicial and tribunal records and administrative decisions. The regulations do, however, include express legal hooks that would likely feature in litigation, such as defences for acting under permissions or directions (regulations 6 and 8), notice requirements for removal of obstructions (regulation 18(2)), and the preservation of other statutory authorisations (regulation 7).

The regulations are compact but include several technical features and operational traps that users and advisers should note. These "gotchas" arise from the text’s allocation of discretion, the interplay of permissions and directions, signage enforceability, and cross‑statutory dependencies.

1. Permissions can be unilaterally amended or revoked; controlling body can revoke permissions granted by authorised persons (regulation 6(4)-(5)). Practical consequence: persons undertaking activity pursuant to a written permission should expect it may be amended or revoked at the controlling body’s discretion; the permission does not guarantee a stable entitlement beyond its stated period or the controlling body’s will.

2. Directions can prohibit conduct otherwise permitted (regulation 8(1)(b)). An authorised person may direct a person not to do something that would otherwise be permitted by the regulations (for example, a person acting under a permission). Complying with a direction is mandatory and non‑compliance carries a $500 penalty (regulation 8(2)). Practical consequence: a permission does not insulate the holder from on‑the‑spot directions; permissions and directions interact such that immediate regulatory needs can temporarily override prior permissions.

3. Broad delegation of "authorised person" status with overlapping jurisdictions (regulation 4(2), 4(5)). The list includes officers under multiple Acts and police. Each is an authorised person for the regulated land within the area where they can exercise their parent Act functions. Practical consequence: multiple agencies may have the power to direct or enforce on the same piece of land, without an internal hierarchy set out in the regulations; coordination issues and inconsistent directions are possible.

4. Signage enforcement but no minimum standards in the text (regulation 9). A "sign" is widely defined and contravention is an offence, but the regulations do not prescribe form, wording or placement requirements. Practical consequence: whether a sign is reasonably visible or gives adequate notice may be a contested factual question in enforcement; lack of prescribed standards may lead to disputes about enforceability.

5. Gate and entrance rules are strict and carry a lower penalty (regulation 20(3)-(4)). A person must enter Schedule 1 reserves only through provided entrances and must not open or remove gates. The penalty for tampering with gates is $200 (regulation 20(4)), comparatively lower than many other offences. Practical consequence: enforcement strategy may prioritise low‑level penalties for access violations; users should be vigilant about using official entrances only.

6. Owner protections before removal of obstructions (regulation 18(2)) create process requirements for authorised persons. The authorised person must take reasonable steps to inform the owner and allow reasonable time before moving a thing. Practical consequence: if an authorised person fails to take those steps, an owner could challenge the legitimacy of removal and any associated fine or damage.

7. Commercial and collection prohibitions interact with other legislation (regulation 17). Collection of money requires a permit under the Street Collections (Regulation) Act 1940. Practical consequence: commercial operators or charities must secure appropriate permits under the stated Act , relying on a controlling body's permission alone may not suffice.

8. Schedule 1 creates additional prohibitions and must be checked specifically (Part 3; Schedule 1). Some lands are subject to extra restrictions (for example, no animals except in designated areas, vessel restrictions, aircraft landings prohibited except in necessity). Practical consequence: checking whether a parcel is listed in Schedule 1 is essential; the general rules in Part 2 still apply but are supplemented by specific Schedule 1 rules.

9. Definitions imported from other Acts require cross‑reading (regulation 2; regulation 13(6); regulation 10(8)). For example "vehicle" and "road" are defined by the Road Traffic (Administration) Act 2008, and "fish" by the Fish Resources Management Act 1994. Practical consequence: compliance requires consulting the parent Acts for full definitional scope and any licensing consequences arising under those Acts.

10. Emergency exceptions are narrow and fact‑sensitive (regulation 10(7)-(8), regulation 22). For aircraft, landing is permitted only if reasonably necessary to avoid or mitigate danger to human life or significant property damage. For vehicles, emergency vehicles may contravene certain prohibitions only "if it is expedient and safe to do so." Practical consequence: reliance on emergency exceptions requires clear factual justification; otherwise, the operator risks penalty.

11. Monetary penalties are fixed and modest in modern administrative terms ($200-$1 000). Practical consequence: the monetary scale may not reflect costs of remediation or damage caused; an authorised person may have other remedies not specified here, but the regulations themselves rely on fixed fines that may not fully internalise external costs.

12. No procedural enforcement detail in the regulations. The text sets the offences and penalties but does not establish the precise procedural mechanism for issuing or contesting fines. Practical consequence: enforcement and dispute resolution will follow general administrative and court processes, meaning enforceability and timeliness may depend on local prosecutorial practice and resource allocation.

These textual features create practical risks for users and administrators. The two most consequential operational interactions are the ability of controlling bodies and authorised persons to grant and revoke permissions (regulation 6) and to give immediate directions that may override permissions (regulation 8). For any regulated activity, the safe approach is to obtain written permission, confirm any signage and be prepared to comply with on‑site directions.

Practical compliance requires a rule‑by‑rule approach: identify whether the land is regulated, determine who controls it, obtain necessary permissions, observe signs and directions, and adhere to behavioural rules set out in the regulations. The following is a stepwise compliance checklist tied to the regulations.

1. Confirm whether the land is regulated (regulation 3; Schedule 1)

• Check if the parcel is unallocated Crown land or an unmanaged reserve not managed under another Act, or listed in Schedule 1. If the parcel is listed in Schedule 1 (see Schedule 1 items 1-6), additional rules in Part 3 apply. Do not assume public parkland is outside scope without checking its management arrangements.

2. Identify the controlling body and authorised persons (regulation 2; regulation 4)

• For Schedule 1 reserves, the controlling body is the reserve’s management body; for other regulated land, the controlling body is the Minister (regulation 2).
• Determine which authorised persons have jurisdiction in the area (regulation 4(2), (3), (5)-(6)). If clearance from a specific agency or an appointed authorised person is required obtain it in writing.

3. Obtain written permission where required (regulation 6)

• If you plan activity that would otherwise be prohibited (for example commercial activity, a restricted event, launching a vessel in a restricted area), seek a written permission from an authorised person or controlling body under regulation 6. Permissions can be for single instances or periods; ensure the permission is written, specifies duration and conditions, and is retained as documentary evidence because action done in accordance with a permission is exempt from the offence (regulation 6(6)).
• Be aware permissions can be amended or revoked (regulation 6(4)-(5)). Confirm whether any conditions require ongoing compliance.

4. Observe and respect signs and entrances (regulation 9; regulation 20)

• Check for signs erected by the controlling body indicating restricted areas, permitted activities or rules. Contravening sign restrictions is an offence (regulation 9(2)-(3)).
• For Schedule 1 reserves, enter only through provided entrances (regulation 20(3)). Do not open or remove gates; gate tampering is a $200 offence (regulation 20(4)).

5. Comply with directions from authorised persons (regulation 8)

• If an authorised person gives a direction on site, comply. Directions are binding and non‑compliance attracts a $500 penalty (regulation 8(2)). Acting in accordance with a direction is a defence to any offence that the act would otherwise contravene (regulation 8(3)).

6. Follow vehicle, parking and vessel rules (regulation 10; regulation 21)

• Drive only on roads, tracks or designated parking areas, obey posted speed limits and park as prescribed on tracks and in bays (regulation 10(1)-(4)). Emergency vehicles have narrow exceptions (regulation 10(7)-(8)).
• On Schedule 1 reserves, observe any vessel‑use designations and avoid dangerous or obstructive vessel behaviour; moor unattended craft securely (regulation 21).

7. Protect natural and built environment (regulations 11-13)

• Do not deface, damage or interfere with structures, vessels, machinery or natural features unless you are the owner or an authorised person (regulation 11).
• Do not take or pollute water or remove soil, rock or other natural substances (regulation 12).
• Do not pull up, damage or remove plants; do not kill, capture, chase, disturb, interfere with or feed animals; do not remove plants or animals from regulated land (regulation 13). Note the limited exceptions for generally accepted fishing and permitted collection of firewood (regulation 13(2), 14(5)).

8. Fire and camping compliance (regulations 14-15)

• Do not light or use fires unless the exception applies: authorised fireplace/barbecue provided by controlling authority, gas barbecue, or portable barbecues/stoves in designated picnic/camping areas and subject to signage and safety rules (regulation 14(2)-(3)). Always supervise and extinguish fires promptly (regulation 14(4)).
• Camp only in designated camping areas and use sanitary conveniences provided; keep the site clean (regulation 15).

9. Commercial activities and advertising (regulation 17)

• Do not sell goods, carry on business for reward, display or distribute advertising, or collect money unless authorised. Collections must have a permit under the Street Collections (Regulation) Act 1940 (regulation 17(3)). Seek written permission (regulation 6) and the relevant statutory permit from the other Act where required.

10. Restricted events and notices (regulation 16)

• Do not organise, promote, conduct or participate in a restricted event (rally, race, navigation exercise or event likely to attract more than 100 people) without permission. Obtain written authorisation from the relevant authorised person or controlling body in advance.

11. Animal control (regulation 13; regulation 23)

• Do not bring animals onto Schedule 1 reserves unless the area is designated to allow those animals (regulation 23). When animals are lawfully on the land, keep them under control (regulation 23(3)). Also avoid disturbing animals or their habitats anywhere on regulated land (regulation 13(1)(b)-(c)).

12. Avoid obstructing authorised persons and do not impersonate (regulation 5)

• Do not obstruct authorised persons in the performance of their functions or pretend to be one. Doing so attracts a $1 000 fine.

13. If your property is obstructing access, expect removal procedures (regulation 18)

• If your property obstructs a road, track, access or water, an authorised person may move it but must first take reasonable steps to notify you and allow reasonable time for you to move it yourself (regulation 18(2)). If you are the owner, respond promptly to any such notification to avoid removal and possible penalties.

14. Preserve evidence of permissions and signage

• Keep written permissions, photographic records of signage, and contemporaneous notes of any directions given by authorised persons. Those records support defences under regulations 6(6) and 8(3) if enforcement action is taken.

15. Cross‑check other statutory obligations

• Because definitions and certain licences or permits are regulated under other Acts (Road Traffic (Administration) Act 2008, Fish Resources Management Act 1994, Street Collections Act 1940, and Fire and Emergency Services Act 1998 references), check those Acts for any additional licensing or operational obligations.

For controlling bodies and authorised persons , operational compliance checklist

• Document appointments of authorised persons (regulation 4(1)) including the area of regulated land covered (regulation 4(4), (6)).
• Erect reasonably legible and placed signage consistent with regulation 9 and retain records of sign locations and content.
• Issue written permissions when necessary and keep a register of permissions, including conditions, duration and revocation or amendment actions (regulation 6).
• Follow regulation 18(2) procedural steps before removing owner property and keep records of notices, time allowed and how property was moved, including justification for use of force if any.
• Coordinate with other agencies whose officers are authorised persons under regulation 4(2) to avoid conflicting directions.
• Provide public information about permitted camping areas, fire and vehicle rules and address queries for events and commercial activities via a published contact point.

Complying with the regulations therefore involves mapping the site to the statutory definitions, engaging proactively with the controlling body and authorised persons for permissions where relevant, strictly observing signs and directions on site, and retaining documentary evidence of lawful authorisations and compliance steps.