Woolworths Limited v About Life Pty Ltd

Effect of cross-claims by directors

The first argument by counsel for AL focussed on the cross-claims against Maddocks by the individual directors. Counsel argued that because Maddocks was now facing those cross-claims, which could not be the subject of a security for costs order, the claim by AL made no practical difference from Maddocks' point of view. Counsel relied on the decision of the Full Court of the Supreme Court of Queensland in Harpur v Ariadne Australia Ltd [1984] 2 Qd R 523 ("Harpur") and the first instance decisions of Studdert J in Maples v Hughes [2002] NSWSC 617 ("Maples") and Brereton J (as his Honour then was) in Di Francesco v Pioneer Energy Pty Ltd (No 2) [2014] NSWSC 1923 ("Di Francesco").
In Harpur, the Full Court of the Supreme Court of Queensland had to consider an application for security for costs by the defendants in proceedings brought by an individual (Mr Harpur) and a number of his companies. The claims were effectively joint ones. The Chamber Judge ordered that the companies provide security. The plaintiffs' appeal was allowed. In a frequently cited passage, Connolly J, speaking for the Full Court, said (at 532): The mischief at which the provision [the Companies (Queensland) Code, s. 533(1), the forerunner of the Corporations Act, s 1335] is aimed is obvious. An individual who conducts his business affairs by medium of a corporation without assets would otherwise be in a position to expose his opponent to a massive bill of costs without hazarding his own assets. The purpose of an order for security is to require him, if not to come out from behind the skirts of the company, at least to bring his own assets into play. If however he is already available for whatever he is worth, the object of the legislation is seen to be satisfied.
Connolly J went on to say (at 533): It was suggested before us that the evidence of [Harpur's] worth was not convincingly demonstrated. For my part I did not find this convincing and, in any event, in the view which I take of this case the question is not really relevant. Once it be seen that this action is Harpur's and that he is liable for the costs of the action, the fact that the law calls for the joinder of his companies ought not to put him in any different position from any other plaintiff in this court. In my opinion, the learned Chamber Judge was led, by applying the wrong approach to the weight to be attached to s 533(1), to overlook the highly relevant factor that the action is in truth the first plaintiff's and that in no relevant sense is he in any different position from any other plaintiff.
Maples concerned allegedly negligent advice by the defendant, a solicitor, concerning the acquisition of a parcel of land for subdivision. The solicitor was consulted by the first plaintiff, an individual. The property was acquired by the second plaintiff, a company, in which the first plaintiff was one of the shareholders. The loss claimed by the second plaintiff was the acquisition of the land at an overvalue. The loss claimed by the first plaintiff was the diminution of value in his shares in the second plaintiff. Studdert J said (at [14]): Had the second plaintiff been the only plaintiff in this cause I would not have hesitated to order security for costs. However, the defendant has another plaintiff, [the first plaintiff], against whom an order for costs could be enforced should the plaintiffs' claims fail. Whilst security for costs may be ordered where there is a natural plaintiff and a company joined as plaintiffs, if the overlap of their claims is small (see, for example, John Bishop (Caterers) Limited & Anor v National Union Bank Limited & Ors (1973) 1 All ER 707), such an order will not generally be made if the overlap of claims is such as would attract a liability in costs in the natural person should the claims fail.
A similar situation arose in Di Francesco where the second plaintiff was a natural person and the third and fourth plaintiffs were companies. Brereton J was not satisfied there was sufficient likelihood that the corporate plaintiffs would be unable, if unsuccessful, to meet the defendant's costs. He also pointed to delay in bringing the application. Then he added (at [24]): More decisively, the albeit belated acknowledgement on the part of the second plaintiff that he would be liable for any costs order that might be made against the third or the fourth plaintiff would have resulted in the refusal of the application on discretionary grounds. The existence of a natural plaintiff in the jurisdiction, regardless of his or her financial capacity or even solvency, has always been a very important consideration against making an order for security against a joint foreign plaintiff or a joint corporate plaintiff. I accept that it is not decisive, and that where there is not an overlap of the cases brought by the natural plaintiff with the case brought by the plaintiff who would otherwise be amenable to a security order, the court may well still make an order.
Brereton J supported these observations by referring to Harpur and Maples, among other authorities.
The initial argument by counsel for AL was that the individual directors were in effect co-cross-claimants with AL. Counsel submitted that the directors' cross-claims covered the same ground as AL's and that if AL's cross-claim failed then the cross-claims by the directors would likewise fail. He submitted that, accordingly, if AL's claim failed then Maddocks would have the benefit of costs orders against both AL and the individual directors.
I am not sure that this is correct. Each of the directors' cross-claims is based on the proposition that Maddocks owed a duty of care to the individual director. The existence and scope of any such duty of care depends on the particular dealings between the client or putative client on the one hand and Maddocks on the other. It is conceivable that the claim by AL could fail but at the same time the claim by one or more of the individual directors, because of that director's individual circumstances, could still succeed. The considerations which apply to the defence of contributory negligence also differ between AL on the one hand and each individual director on the other.
The losses which are the subject of the directors' claims are losses which may be suffered by them should HFM's cross-claim against them succeed. These include any liability the directors ultimately have for the costs of HFM's cross-claim, and their own costs, if any, of defending that cross-claim. They also include HFM's costs liabilities to Woolworths. But they do not include all of the losses which HFM is claiming from AL. HFM's claims against AL include claims for loss of profits as a result of AL's failure to complete the Sale Contract. The directors were not parties to the Sale Contract and only AL can be liable to HFM for such losses. Furthermore, AL claims from Maddocks losses it allegedly suffered from breach by Maddocks of its retainer. These include the losses as a result of entry into the Sale Contract. These losses were suffered by AL and fall outside the scope of any losses claimed by the directors from Maddocks. There is also AL's claim to recover damages reflecting its liability for Woolworths' costs.
In supplementary written submissions, counsel forwarded the following undertaking from Ms Phillips: Ms Phillips undertakes to assume liability on a joint and several basis with [AL], for any adverse costs order made against [AL] in favour of the Cross Defendants in relation to the Amended Second Cross-Claim or any subsequent version of that pleading which is filed. In providing this undertaking, Ms Phillips accepts that in the event that a costs order is made against [AL], she may be liable for costs which she otherwise would not be liable for in the absence of the undertaking.
Counsel for Maddocks criticised the formulation of this undertaking and suggested that it did not go far enough to ensure that should AL's cross-claim fail, Ms Phillips would be responsible for all of AL's costs and in all circumstances. In response, counsel for AL forwarded the following letter purporting to clarify the scope of the previous undertaking: Whilst it is not accepted that the complaints in relation to the alleged ambiguity of [the previous undertaking] are justified, for the avoidance of doubt we are instructed by Ms Phillips that she accepts full liability for all adverse cost orders made against [AL] in favour of [Maddocks].
Maddocks criticised AL's clarification on the basis that it was still ambiguous and did not resolve the issues it flagged earlier. I do not accept these residual criticisms. I think it is clear enough that if AL fails on its cross-claim and a costs order is made against it, Ms Phillips will be personally liable for the whole of the costs irrespective of the outcome of her own cross-claim.
Although not referred to in Maples or Di Francesco, or in counsel's submission, both of those decisions accord with the reasoning of Cooper J in Gentry Bros Pty Ltd v Wilson Brown & Associates Pty Ltd (1992) 8 ACSR 405. Cooper J said (at 415): Once the shareholders have been exposed to personal liability for the applicant's costs, the weight to be given to the statutory purpose is gone. Those who stand behind the applicant once they accept personal liability for the applicant's costs are in no worse position than they would be as litigants in person in the court: Harpur at 533; [Yandil Holdings Pty Ltd v Insurance Co of North America (1985) 3 ACLC 542 at 546]. The offer by the shareholders of the applicant to accept personal liability for the applicant's costs is a factor weighing heavily against the making of an order against the applicant for provision of a cash or other security for costs notwithstanding that the worth of the shareholders may ultimately prove insufficient to satisfy any judgment in whole or in part.
On the face of it, AL's argument is directly supported by this approach. But doubt has been cast on the thinking behind the approach by subsequent decisions of intermediate appellate courts.
In Intercraft Cabinets Pty Ltd v Sampas Pty Ltd (1997) 18 WAR 306 an application was made by the defendant in proceedings in the Commercial Tribunal of Western Australia for security for costs. Security was ordered in the form of a deed of guarantee by the individual shareholders of the company, over the opposition of the defendant, which argued that this was inadequate. The defendant unsuccessfully appealed to the Supreme Court and then appealed to the Full Court. Malcolm CJ (with whom Pidgeon and Steytler JJ agreed) said (at 316): …To the extent that the judgments in Harpur and other cases suggest that once a personal undertaking is available, that is necessarily "sufficient" security as a general principle, I cannot agree. The availability of such an undertaking is not the only consideration. The issue has to be looked at in the light of all relevant considerations including the merits of the action and whether the ordering of security will stifle an action which has some apparent merit.
The Full Court concluded that in holding that the provision of individual guarantees was, as a matter of law, sufficient security, the Tribunal had made an error of law. But having analysed the evidence concerning the financial position of the individual directors, and concluding that an order for security in the form of a cash deposit would frustrate an apparently meritorious claim, the Full Court declined to interfere with the Tribunal's decision and the appeal was dismissed.
In Epping Plaza Fresh Fruit & Vegetables Pty Ltd v Bevendale Pty Ltd [1999] 2 VR 191; [1999] VSCA 43 directors and shareholders of an impecunious company, which was the corporate trustee of a unit trust, offered personal undertakings to the Court to meet any adverse cost order made against the company. Those directors and shareholders were themselves impecunious and unable to satisfy such an order. The beneficiaries of the trust did not provide similar undertakings or otherwise offer to expose their personal assets to meet a cost order against the company. The Master hearing the application ordered the company to provide security. The company's appeal to a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria was dismissed. The company appealed again to the Victorian Court of Appeal. The appeal was dismissed.
Winneke P and Phillips JA said (at [13]-[14], citations omitted): 13. The evident purpose behind statutory provisions such as s 1335 is to draw a distinction between corporate plaintiffs and individual plaintiffs. Thus, whilst it may be said that "[t]he basic rule that a natural person who sues will not be ordered to give security for costs, however poor he is, is ancient and well established", it is also true that "the whole concept of the general practice with regard to companies is just the opposite. It is the poverty of the company that attracts the power"… 14. It is thus apparent that the justification for the statutory rule is that the defendant, not being a voluntary litigant, deserves to be protected from the consequences of limited liability. Those who seek to conduct their businesses through limited liability companies expect to receive the benefits which such liability attracts. It seems to us a necessary corollary that they should be prepared to accept the strictures imposed by the section if the company embarks upon litigation...
Their Honours reviewed the authorities, including Intercraft and Harpur, concluding that an undertaking by those who stand behind an impecunious corporate plaintiff to expose themselves to a liability for the defendant's costs was but one relevant factor to be taken into account in exercising the discretion. Their Honours continued (at [23]-[24]): 23. The fact that those who stand behind the company are prepared to give an undertaking to the court to pay a successful defendant's costs might be a factor which, on balance, will influence the court's discretion in a particular case -- or, more strictly perhaps, influence the manner of its exercise. But to elevate it to a position of critical importance or decisive significance in general seems to us to be requiring the judge to enter upon his or her discretion with a particular predisposition, something which the authorities make clear that the judge should not do. 24. Furthermore, in our view the court should not readily accept an undertaking to pay costs from impecunious individuals who, at least at the time when such an undertaking is given, have no chance of making it good… Perhaps, as contended in Intercraft, such an undertaking could have some worth if given by established businessmen who, though impecunious for the time being, might feel impelled by the threat of bankruptcy to honour the undertaking by gaining assistance, perhaps, elsewhere. But, if so, that can be but a relevant consideration; no rule can be laid down -- which is how the matter was approached in Intercraft where in all the circumstances the court approved the order for security in the form of a personal guarantee from shareholders and directors though the guarantors were impecunious. In this instance the offer of personal liability was not from all those behind the trusts, nor, on the material put forward, could it be seen as being of any real significance.
The third member of the Court, Callaway JA, agreed with Winneke P and Phillips JA. He added (at [38]-[41]): 38. Any decision of Cooper J commands respect, and I was at first strongly attracted to his Honour's reasoning. Indeed the case had appeared to me in the same light even before I read Gentry. I was not dissuaded by the questions to which it gives rise, such as the position where all but one of the shareholders are willing to stand behind the company and there are genuine difficulties in securing the co-operation of the remaining shareholder. He or she may, for example, be antagonistic to the others, on reasonable or unreasonable grounds, or may be under a disability. Where one or more of the shareholders is a trustee, questions arise as to whether all, or some only, and which, of the beneficiaries should be required to bring their own assets into play. These and other difficulties could be overcome on a case by case basis if the essential proposition in Gentry is correct. 39. That proposition is, as I understand it, that where -- (a) a small group of shareholders is in substance the company and the litigation is their litigation as much as it is the company's; and (b) the shareholders are willing to be personally liable to satisfy an order for costs against the company if the proceeding is unsuccessful, they should be in no worse position (sc. from the point of view of resisting an application for security for costs) than litigants in person even if neither the company nor the shareholders have any assets. 40. It is not uncommon for a small number of people to set up a business and carry it on by means of a company. Although the company is the proper plaintiff, it may seem unfair if the position with regard to security for costs is any different from that which would obtain if they had been able to bring the proceeding in their own names. 41. In the course of the argument the learned President gave as a counter-example an impecunious company with impecunious shareholders and a trial that will last for six months. Can the defendant not invoke s. 1335 of the Corporations Law? Is it a complete answer that the shareholders are willing to stand behind the company? To my mind the defendant can invoke the section and the willingness of the shareholders to put their exiguous assets at risk is not an answer. The reason is limited liability. If the order for security means that the company cannot prosecute its claim, becomes or remains insolvent and is wound up, all that the shareholders lose, as shareholders, is their investment. Those who incorporate a limited company must take the disadvantages of such incorporation along with its advantages even if they have given guarantees. Contrary to first impressions, the proposition in Gentry is not dictated by fairness. Those who would rely on it are trying to have their cake and eat it too.
Jazabas Pty Ltd v Haddad (2007) 65 ACSR 276; [2007] NSWCA 276 involved a group of impecunious companies that were controlled by four individuals who between them comprised all the shareholders and directors of the companies. In an application for the companies to provide security for costs, two of the individuals gave undertakings to meet the costs of the companies' proceedings in the event it was unsuccessful. The primary judge ordered the companies to provide security. The company appealed to the Court of Appeal.
Basten JA disagreed with the views expressed by Callaway JA. His Honour said (at [25], [27]): 25. Whether shareholders who forego the protection of limited liability to permit their company to pursue litigation are "trying to have their cake and eat it too" may be doubtful. Similarly, the assertion that the principle established in Gentry Bros is not dictated by "fairness" may require some elucidation of the specific aspect of fairness in issue: c.f. the references to fairness in Pacific Acceptance Corporation Ltd v Forsyth (No. 2) [1967] 2 NSWR 402 at 407, in a passage adopted by Street CJ in Buckley at 304. More importantly, the passage illustrates a principle which may also inform the reasoning in the joint judgment, namely that the purpose underlying s 1335 is not in fact fulfilled by foregoing the protection of limited liability enjoyed by the corporate litigant. In the example given at [41] one might ask why it is that s 1335, and its equivalent provisions such as UCPR r 42.21(d), would not provide protection to a defendant if the plaintiffs were individuals, but does provide such protection where the plaintiff is a corporation. The line of authority derived from Buckley, Harpur and Gentry Bros is based upon an understanding that s 1335 confers a power to order security against a corporate plaintiff in order to avoid the disadvantage of a defendant involuntarily facing an impecunious plaintiff with limited liability. To reject the logic of Gentry Bros is to reject that understanding. … 27. … The preferable approach is for this Court to accept the reasoning in Buckley, which has not been expressly rejected, and to accept the logic of Gentry Bros, which, whilst not inexorable, provides a principled basis upon which to exercise the discretionary power to order security for costs, in circumstances where the principle is engaged…
His Honour noted (at [20]-[21]) that in Epping Plaza not all the beneficiaries of the trust had provided an undertaking to pay the costs and that "to an extent" the discussion in Epping Plaza was obiter. Similarly, in Jazabas, not all the individuals standing behind the companies had offered undertakings. Basten JA therefore concluded (at [29]) that the Gentry proposition was not engaged, and the appeal should be dismissed.
McClellan CJ at CL gave separate reasons for dismissing the appeal. His Honour emphasised the discretionary nature of the decision. He referred to Gentry but described the decision as one that had since been criticised, and quoted from the judgment of Winneke P and Phillips JA in Epping Plaza at [23]-[24], part of which has been quoted above. He dealt with the undertaking issue as one going to impecuniosity of those standing behind the plaintiffs and stultification of the proceedings. He concluded that the evidence did not establish that the making of an order for security would stultify the proceedings and accordingly that "a fundamental element relevant to the discretion in favour of the claimants has not been made out" (at [91]).
Mason P said he had read the judgments of both Basten JA and McClellan CJ at CL and agreed with that of McClellan CJ at CL. He added (at [2]-[3]): 2. …I am strongly inclined to agree with the remarks of Winneke P and Phillips JA in Epping Plaza Fresh Fruit & Vegetables Pty Ltd v Bevendale Pty Ltd [1999] VSCA 43; [1999] 2 VR 191 at [19] - [23] that are set out by McClellan CJ at CL. I do not need to take the matter further, given that the matter was not fully argued in this Court and it is not critical to the disposition of this appeal. 3 If and when the issue presents itself again in this Court, any tension between the Victorian decision and earlier decisions of this or other intermediate appellate courts will need to be explored, perhaps by a bench of five judges and in the context of an application for leave to challenge Buckley v Bennell Design & Constructions Pty Ltd (1974) 1 ACLR 301 if it is truly inconsistent with the views in Epping Plaza.
Clearly there is an unresolved controversy about the Gentry proposition. That controversy goes beyond the question of whether adopting the Gentry proposition would inappropriately fetter the court's discretion. There is a debate, represented by the views of Calloway JA in Epping Plaza on the one hand and of Basten JA in Jazabas on the other, about whether the Gentry proposition is sound at all. Neither protagonist's view was expressly endorsed by the other members of the court. It seems to me that there is an issue of principle to be resolved. But I do not need to attempt to resolve it in this application.
In this case, only Ms Phillips has offered an undertaking to meet Maddocks' costs of the cross-claim. It is not suggested that Ms Phillips is the only person (creditor or shareholder) who stands to benefit if AL's claim succeeds; indeed the evidence does not even identify who those persons are.
This is clearly a point of distinction from Harpur where Mr Harpur was the only person standing behind the corporate plaintiffs. The issue was not raised in Maples or Di Francesco, and the observations in Di Francesco were obiter because Brereton J was not satisfied on the evidence that there was reason to believe that the corporate plaintiffs would be unable to meet the defendants' costs.
I respectfully agree with Basten JA that the Gentry proposition, if it is sound, would usually require all of those who may benefit from the litigation to offer their undertakings. Where a plaintiff seeks to resist an order for security on the grounds that it would stultify the litigation, that "defence" cannot even be considered unless all of those who stand behind the company lack the means to fund the litigation: Bell Wholesale Co Ltd v Gates Export Corp (1984) 2 FCR 1 at 4. If the Gentry proposition is to be adopted at all, it must involve the same requirement.
There may (as Callaway JA foreshadowed) be scope for an exception to such a requirement where it would be unreasonable to expect all of the persons standing behind the company to provide security and to insist on that would result in the litigation being stultified. But no such exception was said to apply here. There is no evidence that Ms Phillips alone has sufficient means to meet Maddocks' costs. It is not suggested that an order for security would stultify the litigation. And there has been no attempt to explain why the other persons who stand to benefit from the cross-claim have not offered their own personal undertakings. In my opinion, the undertaking offered by Ms Phillips is no answer to Maddocks' application for security.

Cause of AL's impecuniosity

AL's next argument is that an order for security should be refused because Maddocks is responsible for AL's inability to meet the costs of the cross-claim. AL was said to have been experiencing cash flow problems in April 2017. It was said that if notice had been given to Woolworths under the 2011 Deed, Woolworths would have purchased AL's lease and the purchase would have been completed in June. Instead, the sale did not complete until December with the proceeds of sale being eroded by breach of banking covenants (presumably resulting in higher interest charges) in the meantime. Counsel for AL argued that this was a sufficient nexus to refuse Maddocks' application.
Where the defendant is responsible for the plaintiff's inability to meet an adverse costs order, this will be a relevant consideration militating against awarding the defendant security for their costs: see Fiduciary Ltd v Morningstar Research Pty Ltd (2004) 208 ALR 564; [2004] NSWSC 664 at [85]-[87] and the cases there cited. But the circumstances in which this "defence" is available are restricted.
Both McClellan CJ at CL and Basten JA considered the causation "defence" in Jazabas. McClellan CJ at CL said (at [33]): 33. The impecuniosity of the plaintiffs was the basis on which orders for security were made, but there was a further complaint that her Honour did not identify the activities of the defendants as giving rise to the relevant impecuniosity. Had she made such a finding, that would have militated against an order for security for costs. The evidence in this respect was sparse to say the least. The courts do not assume that because a successful claim against the defendants would result in an award of damages it follows that it was the tortious conduct of the defendants (assuming the claim could be made out) which led to the impecuniosity. The conduct complained of occurred no later than June 1994, by making representations and omitting to disclose certain matters. The present impecuniosity of the plaintiffs would appear to have arisen from a decision by those in control not to continue to carry on business through those entities. That decision may, in turn, have been affected by the earlier unsuccessful litigation involving Jazabas. Further, a more cautious approach is taken than usual in relation to the cause of impecuniosity where the claim is based upon a loss of profit, rather than the infliction of damage: see Fat-sel Pty Ltd v Brambles Holdings Ltd (1985) ATPR 40-544 at 46,428 (Beaumont J). No error was made out in failing to take this consideration into account, as a basis for not ordering security for costs.
Basten JA said (at [95]-[96]): 95. In "Law of Costs", G E Dal Pont says: "[T]he plaintiff must be able to support the allegation with relatively straightforward and unambiguous evidence of a fairly compelling nature, because otherwise the hearing of the issue of security might become a trial within a trial. For this reason, it is not enough that the defendant's conduct is merely a contributing factor - it must be the material contributor to or cause of the plaintiff's impecuniosity." (at [29.96] emphasis added) (see also M A Productions Pty Ltd v Austarama Television Pty Ltd (1982) 7 ACLR 97 at 100 per Needham J; Fiduciary Ltd v Morningstar Research Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC 664; (2004) 208 ALR 564 at [88] per Austin J; Pioneer Park (in liq) v ANZ [2005] NSWSC 832 at [14] per Einstein J; Sharjade v Darwinia Estate [2006] NSWSC 708 at [17]-[20] per McDougall J) 96. The events of which complaint is made occurred in 1993-1999. It may be that those events, whether by result of actionable fault of the opponents or otherwise, deprived the claimants of anticipated profits. It is conceivable that since those events to date their working capital has diminished, making it more difficult to continue their development activities and take advantage of available business opportunities. However, the evidence before her Honour would not enable these conclusions to be drawn. The fact that the claimants were unable to realise profits from the proposed venture does not, without other evidence, establish that their present impecuniosity has been caused or even materially contributed to by the opponents.
The first difficulty with AL's argument is that the loss which has allegedly made AL unable to meet Maddocks' costs of the cross-claim does not flow directly (if it flows at all) from the alleged breach of duty by Maddocks. The loss alleged flows from a failure by AL to recognise that the obligation to Woolworths under the 2011 Deed meant that an offer should be made to Woolworths before any sale was made to any other party. The hypothesis is that Woolworths would have accepted the offer and no contract would ever have been entered into with HFM.
But it is not alleged that Maddocks were retained to advise AL, in advance of the deal having been struck with HFM, as to what it should do. Rather, the allegation is that, having been instructed to act on a proposed sale to HFM, Maddocks failed to suggest inquiries which would have revealed the existence of the conflicting obligation in the 2011 Deed. It may be that had Maddocks suggested those inquiries, and had they resulted in the competing obligation to Woolworths coming to the attention of AL's executives, that they would have altered their course accordingly; but the connection between the breach and the alleged loss resulting in inability to pay costs is remote and indirect at best.
Furthermore, AL's argument is clearly one where the alleged cause of impecuniosity was a loss of profit rather than the infliction of damage. On AL's argument, the underlying cause of its financial difficulties lay in the cash flow problems it was experiencing in April 2017 which had nothing to do with Maddocks. In my view, there is insufficient nexus between the alleged breaches of duty by Maddocks and AL's inability to meet Maddocks' costs to refuse an otherwise justified application for security for costs.

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