United Firefighters Union of Australia v Country Fire Authority

The parties 8 The UFU is a registered organisation of employees pursuant to the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 (Cth) and a body corporate capable of being sued. It is a registered organisation that may apply for orders in relation to contraventions of the Agreement pursuant to s 539 Items 4 and 5 and s 540 of the FW Act. It has members employed by the CFA and covered by the Agreement. 9 Under the Country Fire Authority Act 1958 (Vic) ("CFA Act") the CFA is vested with the duty to prevent and suppress fires in country Victoria. It is a body corporate with perpetual succession and is capable of suing and being sued pursuant to s 6 of the CFA Act.

The enterprise agreement 10 It is common ground that the UFU, the CFA and all CFA employees in the relevant classifications of employees covered by the Agreement. It was approved by the Commission on 21 October 2010 and commenced operation on 28 October 2010. It specifies a nominal expiry date of 30 September 2013 in accordance with s 186(5) of the FW Act and has not been terminated or replaced. It includes clauses relating to: (a) consultative processes (cl 13); (b) the introduction of organisational change (cl 14); (c) dispute resolution (cl 15); (d) the role of the Consultation Officer and disputes regarding consultation and change (cl 16); (e) contracting out and the maintenance of various employment classifications (cl 26); (f) safe staffing levels (cl 27); (g) current staffing arrangements (Schedule 1); (h) secondment and lateral entry (cl 28); (i) allowances and reimbursements (cl 38); and (j) lateral entry (cl 122). 11 Importantly, under the heading "Safe Staffing Levels", cll 27.4.2 to 27.4.4 and 27.4.7 of the Agreement provide: 27.4.2 The CFA will employ an additional 342 career firefighters over the next 6 years. 27.4.3 The CFA will conduct a minimum of 3 recruit training courses per year, or a greater number of recruit training courses to be agreed between the UFU and the CFA to train the new recruits to give effect to clause 27.4.2. Neither party will unreasonably withhold agreement for a greater number of recruit training courses per year. 27.4.4 Each recruit training course will train a minimum of 30 recruits, or a greater number to be agreed between the UFU and the CFA. Neither party will unreasonably withhold agreement to a greater number of recruits per course. … 27.4.7 On or before September 1 of each year, the CFA will request that its employees approve a proposed variation to Schedule 1 of the agreement to record all deployments in the preceding year. For the avoidance of doubt, each variation will insert into Schedule 1 the deployments undertaken in the preceding year. Following each approval by the CFA's employees, the CFA and the UFU will take all necessary steps to cause Fair Work Australia to approve the variation to the agreement.

The recruit training dispute 12 In or about late February or early March 2011 a dispute arose between the UFU and the CFA as to the operation of cl 27 of the Agreement. On 7 March 2011, in accordance with the dispute resolution procedures in cl 15 of the Agreement, the UFU applied pursuant to s 739 of the FW Act to Fair Work Australia (the predecessor to the Commission) seeking resolution of the dispute. 13 On 20 June 2011, Fair Work Australia published a Statement with an attached document setting out a resolution of the dispute concerning the implementation of clause 27.4.3 of the Agreement ("the Agreed Resolution"). The Statement records that the parties had agreed to a recommendation of the Commission of 16 June 2011. The Agreed Resolution provides that: (a) during the calendar year 2012 the CFA would conduct four recruitment courses and train 100 recruits; (b) those four courses, each comprising 25 recruits, would be held on the following dates: (i) 20 February 2012 to 8 June 2012; (ii) 16 April 2012 to 3 August 2012; (iii) 25 June 2012 to 12 October 2012; and (iv) 20 August 2012 to 7 December 2012; (c) during 2013 the CFA would conduct four recruitment courses and train 100 recruits; (d) those four courses, each comprising 25 recruits, would be held on the following dates: (i) February 2013 to June 2013; (ii) April 2013 to August 2013; (iii) June 2013 to October 2013; and (iv) August 2013 to December 2013; (e) any variation to the agreement regarding the number of recruit training courses per year, their timing and the number of recruit firefighters in each course would be by the consent of both parties; and (f) that Fair Work Australia would not have the power to arbitrate on the reduction in the number of recruit courses held in any one year or the total number of recruits to be involved in any one year. 14 The UFU contends that the Agreed Resolution records an agreement reached by the parties as to the implementation of cl 27.4. The CFA did not deny this. It conducted the first two abovementioned training courses in 2012, training 50 recruits as agreed. 15 However, in March 2012 the CFA notified the 25 recruits accepted into the third course, scheduled to be conducted between 25 June and 12 October 2012, that the course had been cancelled and the next recruitment course would be conducted between 6 August and 7 December 2012. The CFA then failed to conduct that recruitment course as well. 16 In summary, the CFA conducted two and not four recruit courses of 25 recruits per course in 2012. In relation to recruitment in 2013, the evidence is that the CFA intended to conduct two recruitment courses, training 15 recruits in the first course and 20 recruits in the second. It follows that the CFA again failed to conduct the agreed number of recruit training courses, and failed to train the agreed number of recruits, as set out in either the Agreement or the Agreed Resolution. 17 As at 1 September 2012 the CFA had made various deployments of firefighters in fire stations around Victoria. It is uncontentious that the CFA did not request its employees to approve a proposed variation to Schedule 1 to record the deployments for the year ending 31 August 2012, as required by cl 27.4.7 of the Agreement.

ISSUES FOR DETERMINATION 18 The UFU alleges that in March 2012 the CFA unilaterally decided to conduct recruitment courses on terms other than those in the Agreed Resolution. Regardless of whether or not the CFA made any such unilateral decision, it is uncontentious that the CFA did not meet the terms of either the Agreement or the Agreed Resolution in relation to the number of recruitment courses or the number of recruits trained. 19 Section 50 of the FW Act provides that a person must not breach a term of an enterprise agreement. The UFU claims that: (a) by conducting fewer than four recruit courses or training fewer than 100 recruits in 2012 the CFA contravened the Agreed Resolution, which is alleged to form part of the Agreement; or, alternatively (b) by conducting fewer than three recruit courses of 30 recruits each in 2012 the CFA contravened the Agreement; and (c) by deciding to conduct fewer than four recruit courses and train fewer than 100 recruits in 2013, the CFA contravened the Agreed Resolution, which is alleged to form part of the Agreement; and (d) by failing, refusing or neglecting to request its employees to approve a proposed variation to Schedule 1 of the Agreement to record its deployments for the year ending 31 August 2012, the CFA contravened the Agreement. 20 The CFA defends the proceeding on grounds including that: (a) the CFA is not a "constitutional corporation" for the purposes of s 51(xx) of the Constitution. It says therefore that the Commission's power to approve the Agreement only arises by operation of the Fair Work (Commonwealth Powers) Act 2009 (Vic) ("the Referral Act"); and (b) cl 27 of the Agreement: (i) is invalid and unenforceable by reason of s 5(1)(a) and (b) of the Referral Act; (ii) is invalid and unenforceable by reason of the implied constitutional limitation on Commonwealth legislative power described in Re AEU; and alternatively (iii) is of no effect and unenforceable because it is not a term about a permitted matter for the purpose of s 253(1) of the FW Act; or (c) cl 27.4.7 is of no effect and unenforceable because it is inconsistent with s 255(1) of the FW Act and/or the scheme of the FW Act including Part 2-4 of the FW Act; 21 The CFA argues that because the Agreed Resolution relates to cl 27 it is of no effect. Alternatively it argues that Fair Work Australia failed to comply with the statutory requirements necessary to vary the Agreement. It argues that the Agreed Resolution is therefore unenforceable under the FW Act. 22 The CFA also cross-claims that: (a) cll 26, 28 and 122: (i) are invalid and unenforceable by reason of s 5(1)(a) of the Referral Act; or (ii) are invalid and unenforceable by reason of the implied constitutional limitation mentioned above; or (iii) are of no effect and unenforceable because each is not a term about a permitted matter for the purposes of s 253(1) of the FW Act; (b) cll 13, 14 and 16 are: (i) "objectionable terms" for the purpose of s 12 of the FW Act and, by reason of s 253(1)(b) and/or s 356 of the FW Act, have no effect; and/or (ii) "unlawful terms" for the purpose of s 194 of the FW Act and, by reason of s 253(1) of the FW Act, have no effect; (c) cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement are not "consultation terms" as required by s 205 of the FW Act and therefore of no effect, and the model term prescribed by the Fair Work Regulations 2009 (Cth) ("the Regulations") is taken to be a term of the Agreement; (d) sub-clauses 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 of the Agreement are invalid as they are inconsistent with various provisions and with Pt 2-4 of the FW Act, and because they are not permitted matters as defined in s 172 of the FW Act; (e) clause 38.3 of the Agreement is invalid and unenforceable; and (f) the Commission has no jurisdiction to arbitrate in respect of: (i) the UFU's dispute resolution application filed with the Commission and dated 20 December 2012; and (ii) change-over allowances as provided by cl 38.3 of the Agreement. 23 The parties agreed that various issues required determination. With some small changes my decision follows the agreed structure.

(a) Issue 1 Is the CFA a constitutional corporation within the meaning of s 51(xx) of the Constitution and therefore a "constitutional corporation" within the meaning of that expression in the FW Act?

(b) Issue 2 If the CFA is a constitutional corporation, are cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement or any of them (including in their combined or cumulative operation) in whole or in part invalid by reason of the implied limitation on Commonwealth power referred to in Re AEU?

(c) Issue 3 If the CFA is not a constitutional corporation, are cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement or any of them (including in their combined or cumulative operation) in whole or in part invalid by reason of the operation of s 5 of the Referral Act?

(d) Issue 4 If the clauses or any of them are valid: (a) has the CFA acted in contravention of cl 27 by failing to comply with the Agreed Resolution? (b) does the Agreed Resolution constitute an agreement pursuant to cl 27.4.3 of the Agreement? (c) are the terms of the Agreed Resolution enforceable as a term of the Agreement? (d) does any breach of a term of the Agreed Resolution constitute a breach of the Agreement? (e) alternatively, has the CFA acted in contravention of cll 27.4.3 and 27.4.4 of the Agreement? (f) has the CFA acted in contravention of cl 27.4.7 of the agreement by failing to request its employees approve a proposed variation to Schedule 1 of the Agreement to record the deployments in the preceding year ending 31 August 2012?

(e) Issue 5 Are cll 26, 27, 28 and 122, of the Agreement or any of them in whole or in part invalid or unenforceable by reason of s 253(1)(a) of the FW Act because they are not about permitted matters as defined in s 172 of the FW Act?

(f) Issue 6 Is cl 27.4.7 of the Agreement invalid or unenforceable by reason of the operation of s 255(1) and/or the objects and scheme of the FW Act?

(g) Issue 7 Are cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement in whole or in part: (a) objectionable terms for the purpose of s 12 of the FW Act; and/or (b) unlawful terms for the purposes of s 194 of the FW Act; and therefore to the extent that they are objectionable or unlawful of no effect by reason of s 253(1)(b) or s 356 of the FW Act?

(h) Issue 8 Are cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement or any of them consultation clauses for the purpose of s 205(1) of the FW Act?

(i) Issue 9 If cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement or any of them are invalid and of no effect, is the model consultation clause as prescribed by the Regulations a term of the Agreement?

(j) Issue 10 Are cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with: (a) ss 186(6)(a), 739(1)(4) and (5) and 738(b); (b) part 2-4 of the FW Act; and therefore invalid?

(k) Issue 11 Is cl 15.1.3 of the Agreement a permitted matter as defined in s 172 of the FW Act?

(l) Issue 12 If cl 15.1.3 of the Agreement is not a permitted matter is it invalid or unenforceable by reason of s 253(1)(a) of the FW Act?

(m) Issue 13 Is cl 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) a permitted matter as defined in s 172 of the FW Act?

(n) Issue 14 Is cl 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with: (a) ss 186(6)(a), 739(1), (4) and (5) and 738(b); (b) Part 2-4 of the FW Act; and therefore invalid and of no effect?

(o) Issue 15 Is cl 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with the requirement that an agreement have sufficient certainty under the FW Act and is therefore of no effect?

(p) Issue 16 Is cl 38.3 a term that provides a procedure for dealing with disputes as referred to in ss 738(b) and 739(1) and therefore invalid and of no effect?

Issue 1 - Is the CFA a constitutional corporation within the meaning of section 51(xx) of the Constitution and therefore a "constitutional corporation" within the meaning of that expression in the FW Act? 24 The Commission has jurisdiction to approve an enterprise agreement involving a "national system employer". The term national system employer is defined in s 14 of the FW Act to include a "constitutional corporation." Section 12 defines "constitutional corporation" as a corporation to which s 51(xx) of the Constitution applies. 25 Section 51(xx) of the Constitution provides: 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: … (xx.) foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth; … 26 The test to be applied when considering whether a corporation is a "trading corporation" under s 51(xx) has been the subject of much judicial consideration. As Black CJ and French J (as he was then) said in Quickenden v O'Connor (2001) 109 FCR 243 ("Quickenden") at [41]: The criteria for identifying a corporate entity as a trading or financial corporation have evolved out of a contest between narrow and more expansive approaches adopted by Justices of the High Court, generally reflecting like approaches to Commonwealth power and the scope of federal jurisdiction. 27 The CFA contends that it is not a "trading corporation". Although the issue is not without difficulty, for the reasons I set out below I consider that it is.

The CFA's purpose 28 First, the CFA submits that corporations which are not formed for the purpose or predominant purpose of engaging in trading activities and which do not carry on activities for that purpose are not properly characterised as trading corporations notwithstanding that the activities of the corporation otherwise appear to be trading activities. In this regard it relies on the reasoning of the majority in The Queen v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council (1974) 130 CLR 533 ("St George") per Gibbs, Menzies and McTiernan JJ. Gibbs and Menzies JJ held that whether a corporation is a trading corporation is to be determined by consideration of its purpose as a guide to its character, rather than simply a consideration of those activities in which it actually engages. McTiernan J reached the same outcome as Gibbs and Menzies JJ by a process of statutory interpretation. In dissent, Barwick CJ and Stephen J found that the council in question was a trading corporation because it engaged in significant trading activities. 29 I accept the CFA's contention that its predominant purpose is not one of trading or commerce. The CFA is under a statutory duty to prevent and suppress fires in country Victoria and the CFA Act vests control of the prevention and suppression of such fires in the CFA, together with an obligation to protect life and property in case of fire: see CFA Act ss 6, 14 and 20. These are its purposes and on the reasoning of at least Gibbs and Menzies JJ in St George the CFA is not a trading corporation. 30 However, in my opinion the view of the majority in St George is no longer good law. The dissenting view in St George found favour with a majority of Barwick CJ, Mason, Murphy and Jacobs JJ in The Queen v The Judges of the Federal Court of Australia; ex parte The Western Australian National Football League (1979) 143 CLR 190 ("Adamson"). In this case the High Court was required to determine whether or not various corporations involved in the promotion and presentation of Australian Rules Football were trading corporations despite various factors distinguishing those corporations from other corporations created for the purpose of trade and the pursuit of profit. In reaching its conclusion the majority determined that the relevant corporations' activities were trading activities such that the companies themselves were correctly described as trading corporations. 31 Describing how the term "trading corporation" in s 51(xx) should be interpreted, Barwick CJ said at 208: The full connotation of the description "trading corporation" cannot be displaced by the denotation it may have had at any past time. It is a power evidently intended to be available in circumstances current in future times. Like other descriptive expressions in the Constitution, e.g. telephonic communication, the description "trading corporation" must be allowed to embrace all that may fall within it according to its natural meaning and the circumstances of the time at which a decision as to validity or constitutional power has to be made. In modern times having regard to the diversification of corporate activity and the virtual elimination of ultra vires from the law relating to companies registered under Companies Acts, e.g. s.20 of the Companies Act, 1961 (N.S.W.), the nature of a company may not be discernible from a perusal of its memorandum. The only sure guide to the nature of the company is a purview of its current activities, a judgment as to its nature being made after an overview of all those activities. 32 Similarly Mason J at 233, with whom Jacobs J concurred at 237, said that the term trading corporation: …is not and never has been a term of art or one having a special legal meaning… Essentially it is a description or label given to a corporation when its trading activities form a sufficiently significant proportion of its overall activities as to merit its description as a trading corporation. 33 At 234 Mason J further explained: Not every corporation which is engaged in trading activity is a trading corporation. The trading activity of a corporation may be so slight and so incidental to some other principal activity, viz. religion or education in the case of a church or school, that it could not be described as a trading corporation. Whether the trading activities of a particular corporation are sufficient to warrant its being characterized as a trading corporation is very much a question of fact and degree. 34 At 239 Murphy J said: The constitutional description of trading corporations includes those bodies incorporated for the purpose of trading; and also those corporations which trade. A corporation which trades is a trading corporation even if it gained incorporation under an Act which forbids trading. The suggestion that such a corporation ceases to be one when engaged in the forbidden activity resembles the submission which was rejected by Fullagar J. in Williams v. Hursey where he stated that the notion of qualified legal personality is unintelligible. … Even though trading is not the major part of its activities, the description, "trading corporation" does not mean a corporation which trades and does nothing else or in which trading is the dominant activity. A trading corporation may also be a sporting, religious, or governmental body. As long as the trading is not insubstantial, the fact that trading is incidental to other activities does not prevent it being a trading corporation. For example, a very large corporation may engage in trading which though incidental to its non-trading activities, and small in relation to those, is nevertheless substantial and perhaps exceeds or is of the same order in amount as the trading of a person who clearly is a trader. (Citations omitted.) 35 In the later decision of State Superannuation Board v Trade Practices Commission (1982) 150 CLR 282 ("State Superannuation Board") the Court considered the analogous question of the test for whether a corporation was a "financial corporation" for the purpose of s 51(xx). The majority, per Mason, Murphy and Deane JJ, took an approach which was in substance the same as that in Adamson. At 303 to 304 their Honours said: It is our view that the Court's approach to the ascertainment of what constitutes a "financial corporation" should be the same as its approach to what constitutes a "trading corporation", subject to making due allowance for the difference between "trading" and "financial". After all, the two adjectives form part of the general category "and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth". The two classes are not mutually exclusive - a corporation may be a financial as well as a trading corporation. In this respect the decision in Adamson is of importance for two reasons. First, the majority of the Court (Barwick C.J., Mason, Jacobs and Murphy JJ.), rejecting the argument that the purpose for which a corporation is formed is the sole or principal criterion of its character as a trading corporation, concluded that the relevant character of the football leagues and the football club was to be ascertained by reference to their established activities. In adopting this view their Honours disapproved the approach taken by the majority in St. George which placed emphasis on the purpose for which the County Council was formed (see, for example, p. 562). Secondly, the judgments of the majority in Adamson make it clear that, in having regard to the activities of a corporation for the purpose of ascertaining its trading character, the Court looks beyond its "predominant and characteristic activity" (cf. p. 213 per Gibbs J.). Barwick C.J. spoke of making a judgment "after an overview" of all thc corporation's current activities, the conclusion being open that it is a trading corporation once it is found that "trading is a substantial and not a merely peripheral activity". Mason J. said that it "is very much a question of fact and degree" having earlier stated that the expression is essentially "a description or label given to a corporation when its trading activities form a sufficiently significant proportion of its overall activities as to merit its description as a trading corporation." Murphy J. said "As long as the trading is not insubstantial, the fact that trading is incidental to other activities does not prevent it being a trading corporation". Indeed, it was essential to the majority's approach and to its rejection of St. George that a corporation whose trading activities take place so that it may carry on its primary or dominant undertaking, e.g., as a sporting club, may nevertheless be a trading corporation. The point is that the corporation engages in trading activities and these activities do not cease to be trading activities because they are entered into in the course of, or for the purpose of, carrying on a primary or dominant undertaking not described by reference to trade. As the carrying on of that undertaking requires or involves engagement in trading activities, there is no difficulty in categorizing the corporation as a trading corporation when it engages in the activities. (Citations omitted and emphasis added.) 36 Similarly in Commonwealth of Australia v The State of Tasmania and Ors (1983) 158 CLR 1 ("Tasmania Dam Case") Mason, Murphy and Deane JJ found that the Hydro Electric Commission of Tasmania was a constitutional corporation, based on the fact that the Commission was engaged in large scale trading activities: Tasmania Dam Case at 156 per Mason J, 269 to 272 per Deane J and 179 per Murphy J. 37 This activities based test has been applied by various appellate courts: see Quickenden at [47] per Black CJ and French J; Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia (Inc) v Lawrence (No 2) (2008) 37 WAR 450 ("Aboriginal Legal Service") at [68] per Steytler P and at [79] per Pullin J; Bankstown Handicapped Children's Centre Association Inc v Hillman (2010) 182 FCR 483 ("Bankstown") at [48] per Moore, Mansfield and Perram JJ. 38 The CFA submits that the "purpose" test applied in St George is to be preferred in the present case, and that to the extent that Adamson, State Superannuation Board, and the Tasmania Dam Case held that the extent of a corporations' trading activities determined the issue, they were incorrectly decided. I do not agree. In my view the better approach is that the corporation's actual activities are predominantly determinative of whether it is a constitutional corporation. That is not to say that the purpose for which the corporation was created will never be influential in deciding whether or not it is a constitutional corporation, but where a corporation is active, it is what the corporation does rather than what it was set up to do that will usually be determinative: see Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570 at 601-602 per Mason, Murphy, Brennan and Deane JJ. In any event, I am bound to follow Adamson and the other authorities cited.

What constitutes a trading activity? 39 The term "trading activities" generally connotes activities of a commercial nature involving, in essence, the exchange of goods and services for reward: Aboriginal Legal Service at [67] per Steytler P and at [104] per Le Miere JA. The test for whether a corporation's activities amount to trading is a broad one. In Adamson Mason J said at 235: I do not limit the concept of trading to buying and selling at a profit; it extends to business activities carried on with a view to earning revenue. 40 In Aboriginal Legal Service at [68] Steytler P summarised the relevant law and I respectfully adopt that summary. It was also endorsed by the Full Court in Bankstown and at [48] the Court said: The notion of what is a trading corporation for the purposes of s 51(xx) of the Constitution has evolved and expanded in the last three decades. The applicable principles were conveniently and helpfully summarised by Steytler P in Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia (Inc) v Lawrence (No 2) (2008) 37 WAR 450 in the following passage (at [68]): (1) A corporation may be a trading corporation even though trading is not its predominant activity: Adamson at CLR 239; ALR 473; State Superannua- tion Board [(1982) 150 CLR 282] at CLR 303-304; ALR 14-15; Tasmanian Dam case at CLR 156, 240, 293; ALR 625, 789, 833; Quickenden at [49]-[51], [101]; Hardeman [(2007) 166 IR 196] at [18]. (2) However, trading must be a substantial and not merely a peripheral activity: Adamson at CLR 208, 234, 239; ALR 473, 478, 542-543; State Superannuation Board at CLR 303-304; ALR 14-15; Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Association Inc (1986) 19 FCR 10 at 20; 69 ALR 660 at 671 (Hughes); Fencott [(1983) 152 CLR 570] at CLR 622; ALR 49; Tasmanian Dam case at CLR 156, 240, 293; ALR 625, 789, 833; Mid Density [(1992) 39 FCR 579] at 584; Hardeman at [22]. (3) In this context, "trading" is not given a narrow construction. It extends beyond buying and selling to business activities carried on with a view to earning revenue and includes trade in services: Ku-ring-gai at ALR 624, 644; FLR 139, 159-160; Adamson at CLR 235; ALR 474; Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169 at 184-185, 203; 40 ALR 609 at 618, 635; Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse (1985) 7 FCR 325 at 330; 59 ALR 334 at 339; 4 IPR 467 at 472; Quickenden at [101]. (4) The making of a profit is not an essential prerequisite to trade, but it is a usual concomitant: St George County Council at CLR 539, 563, 569; ALR 372, 375, 379; Ku-ring-gai at ALR 625, 645; FLR 140, 167; Adamson at CLR 219; ALR 461; E at FCR 343, 345; ALR 633, 635; Pellow [(unreported, AIRC, O'Callaghan SDP, PR973365, 19 July 2006)] at [28]. (5) The ends which a corporation seeks to serve by trading are irrelevant to its description: St George County Council at CLR 543; ALR 377; Ku-ring- gai at ALR 643; FLR 160; State Superannuation Board at CLR 304-306; ALR 15; E at FCR 343; ALR 633. Consequently, the fact that the trading activities are conducted in the public interest or for a public purpose will not necessarily exclude the categorisation of those activities as "trade": St George County Council at CLR 543; ALR 377 per Barwick CJ; Tasmanian Dam case at CLR 156; ALR 625 per Mason J. (6) Whether the trading activities of an incorporated body are sufficient to justify its categorisations as a "trading corporation" is a question of fact and degree: Adamson at CLR 234; ALR 473 per Mason J; State Superannuation Board at CLR 304; ALR 15; Fencott at CLR 589; ALR 52; Quickenden at [52], [101]; Mid Density at FCR 584. (7) The current activities of the corporation, while an important criterion for determining its characterisation, are not the only criterion. Regard must also be had to the intended purpose of the corporation, although a corporation that carries on trading activities can be found to be a trading corporation even if it was not originally established to trade: State Superannuation Board at CLR 294-295, 304; ALR 7, 15; Fencott at CLR 588-589, 602, 611, 622-624; ALR 52, 70, 74, 80; Hughes at FCR 20; ALR 671; Quickenden at [101]; E at FCR 344; ALR 636; Hardeman at [18]. (8) The commercial nature of an activity is an element in deciding whether the activity is in trade or trading: Adamson at CLR 209, 211; ALR 453, 455; Ku-ring-gai at ALR 624, 627-628, 643, 648; FLR 139, 142, 160, 167; Bevanere at FCR 330; ALR 339; IPR 472; Hughes at FCR 19-20; ALR 671; E at FCR 343; ALR 633; Fowler; Hardeman at [26]. 41 As this passage indicates, services of a type analogous to those provided by the CFA are not excluded from the ambit of trading activities. Although the CFA may not seek to produce profits or to expand its market share for the benefit of its private interests, its activities may still mean that it is properly seen as a trading corporation. The fact that it conducts its activities in the public interest also does not exclude the activities from being trading: Aboriginal Legal Service at [68(5)], [70] to [71]. For example, in Bankstown, although the activities of the corporation were focussed on the provision of welfare services to handicapped children the corporation was found to be engaging in trading activities: Bankstown at [55].

The CFA's activities 42 In the hearing significant time was spent on evidence and submissions regarding CFA activities which produced revenue. The revenue sources relied upon were: (a) fire insurance company contributions made to the CFA; (b) owner and insurance intermediary payments to the CFA; (c) charges made by the CFA for the provision of firefighting at uninsured properties; (d) charges made by the CFA for attendance at false alarms; (e) charges made by the CFA for services involving hazardous materials; (f) charges made for the provision of reports to property owners seeking consent to proposed variations from the building safety codes relating to fire safety; (g) charges made by the CFA for fire equipment maintenance services; (h) monies received from the sales of fire safety related goods; (i) property rental income; (j) charges made by the CFA for consultancy services provided; (k) charges made by the CFA to the TAC for road accident rescue services provided; and (l) charges made by the CFA for the provision of advice regarding dangerous goods. 43 What follows is an analysis of each or these revenue sources in order to determine whether it is properly characterised as arising from a trading activity. For the purpose of the analysis I have relied on the CFA's activities for the 2010-11 financial year which is the period in which the Agreement was approved. The references to the CFA Act and the Country Fire Authority Regulations 2004 (Vic) ("CFA Regulations") are references to those provisions as they existed in that period.

The CFA's trading activities 44 The CFA concedes that three of these activities are trading activities. Those activities and the approximate income received by the CFA from them in the 2010-11 financial year are: (a) fire equipment maintenance services - $5,743,798; (b) sale of goods - $4,787,336; and (c) property rental, excluding subsidised property rental for CFA employees - $615,854. 45 In its amended outline of argument the CFA conceded that consultancy work that it performs is trading, but in final submissions it departed from that concession. It submits that the consultancy work was provided in return for what, on the evidence of Michael John Wootten, the Executive Director of Business Services of the CFA, was grants and contributions from other government departments and agencies. 46 I do not see Mr Wooten's evidence as taking those payment outside the ambit of trading activities. The CFA provides consultancy services to other parties and receives payment for the provision of that service. It matters not that the service is provided for the benefit of the community, nor that the revenue may only cover the cost associated with providing the service, nor that the payment may be by way of grants or contributions from other state government agencies or departments. It is a trade in the CFA's expertise in return for revenue. In my view the CFA was correct to originally concede that the sum of $212,961 received for those services was revenue from trading. 47 In my view further CFA activities, beyond those which it concedes, are also trading activities. I now deal with those activities.

Subsidised rental of properties 48 The CFA provides subsidised rental properties to some employees as a part of their remuneration. The rental income derived from this scheme in the relevant year was $48,320. The CFA concedes that its other property rental income is revenue from trading, but seeks to distinguish the subsidised rent received. Mr Wootten states that the subsidised rent is designed to assist the CFA to attract and retain employees in country towns. The CFA submits that such income is not properly characterised as a part of trade. 49 I do not agree. In Quickenden rental income from properties owned by the University was designated as trading income: Quickenden [23]-[24] and [49]-[51]. In Bankstown at [50] the question as to whether making a profit is a usual concomitant of trade was treated as barren on the basis that it is the commercial nature of an activity which indicates whether it amounts to trading. The CFA's rental of property to its employees, even though at a discount, is not altruistic and remains a commercial activity which involves the payment of money by tenants in return for enforceable property rights. In my view the rental of property for a financial return is a trading activity.

Road accident rescue services 50 The CFA provides road accident rescue services and it charges the Traffic Accident Commission ("TAC") for doing so where its service involves a "compensable incident". A compensable incident is a road accident where an injured person is freed from a vehicle by a CFA brigade accredited to perform specialised road accident rescues. In the relevant year the CFA received $1,495,470 from the TAC for such services. 51 Section 97B of the CFA Act provides: Authority may provide road accident rescue service (1) The Authority may provide a road accident rescue service for persons involved in road accidents by the use of brigades which have been specifically approved for that purpose by the Co-ordinator in Chief of Emergency Management under the Emergency Management Act 1986. (2) The Authority may charge for the provision of services under subsection (1) in accordance with the regulations. (Emphasis added.) 52 At the relevant time r 100 provided: Road accident rescue (1) In respect of road accident rescue services provided to people entitled to compensation under section 60(2)(a) of the Transport Accident Act 1986, the Authority may charge the Transport Accident Commission fees agreed with the Commission, having regard to the matters set out in subregulation (3). (2) In respect of road accident rescue services provided to people entitled to compensation under section 99(1)(a) of the Accident Compensation Act 1985, the Authority may charge the Accident Compensation Commission the fees agreed with the Commission, having regard to the matters set out in subregulation (3). (3) The fees agreed must take into account - (a) the relevant portion of the purchase or replacement cost of vehicles, equipment and protective clothing used to provide the services and other items used for the service; and (b) the operating costs of providing the services, including maintenance costs and the costs of employing staff to operate the services; and (c) the organisational costs, including the cost of training people to provide the services, the co-ordination of the services, the welfare of people providing the services and the corporate support costs incurred in providing the services; and (d) any other costs incurred in providing the services. 53 Under these provisions the CFA is empowered to provide these services and is able to charge a fee to the TAC for their provision. The CFA contends that the provision of road accident rescue services is of the same character as the CFA's fire fighting services. It submits that it is a critical operational function which does not have a commercial character and that the charges are made for cost recovery only. 54 In my view this activity has a sufficiently commercial character to be a trading activity. First, while the CFA is empowered to provide a road accident rescue service it is not under a statutory duty to provide such a service, which distinguishes it from the CFA's fire prevention and suppression activities. Nor is it an activity directly related to the prevention and suppression of fires. I note also that not all CFA firefighters perform this work. Only CFA brigades that have been provided extra training and task specific equipment, and which are approved to do so, may perform the road accident rescue service. 55 Secondly, the statutory provisions that underpin the road accident rescue service and the payment for it are different to the provisions relating to insurance company, owner and intermediary payments for attendance at fires which I discuss below. In my view the language and context of s 97B and r 100(3) is more suggestive of a trading activity than the provisions relating to contributions by insurers and others.. This may be seen in the fact that r 100(3) envisages that the CFA and the TAC will agree on the value of the fee to be paid. Embedded in this is an aspect of bargaining as to the fee to be paid to the CFA. It is distinguishable from those activities where the CFA's cost recovery is determined by reference to a statutory formula. The capacity to bargain gives to the CFA and the TAC a freedom which is indicative of commerciality and evidence of trading: Adamson at 211; Bankstown at 48]. 56 In this regard I also note that the CFA is entitled to charge a fee only where its attendance involves a compensable incident. This itself indicates that the CFA is being compensated by the TAC for the provision of the service, which further indicates its commercial aspect. There is an element of exchange of the service for the payment of the fee. 57 It appears that the TAC payments do not cover the CFA's estimated costs of providing the road accident rescue service and have only increased by reference to the CPI index in recent years. But, in conformity with the regulations, the CFA must have had a negotiation with the TAC and there is nothing in the legislative provisions to prevent that negotiation from being an ongoing one. The bargaining in relation to the fee is another indication that the fee is in exchange for the service and indicates commercial activity. 58 Thirdly, activities performed on a full or partial cost recovery basis may nevertheless be trading activities. In Bankstown at [51] the Full Court asked rhetorically: Does the fact that a corporation likewise provides such services but on effectively a cost recovery basis only, render it inappropriate to characterise that corporation as a trading corporation? The Court held that the relevant corporation which provided welfare services to the community, in large part paid for by the New South Wales Government, was a trading corporation. The Court also noted that the corporation had to bargain in a competitive environment for the contract to provide those services, and decided that the corporation's activities were properly viewed as trading activities: Bankstown at [56].

Advice regarding dangerous goods 59 The CFA charges organisations that hold "fire protection quantities" of various dangerous goods a fee for the provision of advice on fire protection, placarding and emergency management planning. The amount of revenue earned through the provision of this advice in the relevant period was $31,433. 60 Members of the public are obliged under the regulations to seek the CFA's advice if they desire to store dangerous goods in prescribed quantities. The CFA submits that it only charges a fee so as to recover some of its costs incurred in providing the advice rather than to make a profit. It contends that it is not a trading activity, arguing that there is no commercial activity involved. 61 I do not agree. Regulation 96(1)(b) allows the CFA to set its own fee for provision of this advice, without reference to any externally fixed criteria. The evidence is that the CFA sets the fee based upon the size and complexity of each job. This distinguishes this situation from Quickenden where the amount of the student's liability for the provision of tertiary education was set by law: Quickenden at [51]. The fact that the CFA has chosen to provide the service on a cost recovery basis is no reason to treat it as a non-trading activity: Bankstown at [55] to [56]. I consider it has a sufficiently commercial character to be seen as a trading activity.

The CFA's non-trading activities 62 The UFU seeks to characterise various other CFA activities as trading activities. I do not consider that they are for the reasons I now set out.

Insurance Company Contributions 63 Under s 75 of the CFA Act the total quantum of monies to be paid to the CFA by the Victorian government and by fire insurance companies are set by the relevant Minister. Section 75 requires the CFA to give the Minister an estimate of expenditure for the following year, but the decision as to how much money is to be made available to the CFA is at the discretion of the Minister and contingent on the approval of the Governor in Council. 64 Pursuant to s 76 of the CFA Act, 77.5% of the total funds paid to the CFA are paid by insurance companies. It relevantly provides: (1) The total amount of contributions are to be contributed as follows - (a) 22.5 per cent from the Consolidated Fund; (b) 77.5 per cent by the insurance companies insuring against fire property situated within the country area of Victoria. 65 In 2010-11 insurance companies paid a total of $309.2 million to the CFA. The UFU contends that under this legislative scheme the CFA provides the service of suppressing and fighting fires in exchange for these payments by the insurers, and argues that it is irrelevant that the percentage contribution is fixed by statute. In effect, the UFU contends that the UFU's activities in fighting and suppressing fires are trading activities. 66 I do not accept this contention. The CFA has a statutory duty to prevent and suppress fires in country Victoria. Although I do not see the existence of its statutory duty as fatal to the contention that the CFA is a constitutional corporation, I see no indicia of commercial activity in the CFA's provision of these services. I do not see its fulfilment of its statutory duty in fire prevention and suppression as a business activity carried on in exchange for the revenue derived from the insurer's contributions. To use the words of Mason J in Adamson at 235, it is not a business activity carried on with a view to earning revenue. The payments made by the insurers under s 76 are properly seen as being made to ensure that the CFA has sufficient resources to carry out its statutory functions, rather than being treated as commercial activity by it. 67 Amongst other things, the CFA's activities in preventing and suppressing fires involve no element of freedom of choice which is a common feature of commercial or trading activity. For example, it has no discretion to decide that it will not attend a particular fire on the basis that the relevant insurer has refused or failed to make the required contribution. Its position is quite different to that of a party to a commercial arrangement. 68 In Quickenden the Full Court was asked to decide whether a university's provision of education in return for fees was a trading activity. While Black CJ and French J did not decide that question, their Honours said at [51]: The Act creates a liability for each student to the University in respect of each course of study undertaken in a semester. The amount is not fixed by the University but rather by the Minister under published guidelines. The concept of "trading" is a broad one. It is doubtful, however, that it extends to the provision of services under a statutory obligation to fix a fee determined by law and the liability for which, on the part of the student, appears to be statutory. (Emphasis added.) 69 I share Black CJ and French J's doubt. I add that the scheme in Quickenden revolved around a student choosing to attend the university and pay fees related to the education received. There is even less scope for freedom of choice by the parties in the present case as the CFA Act requires the CFA to prevent and suppress fires and requires the insurers to pay for 77.5% of its likely expenditure in doing so.

Owner and Intermediary Payments 70 The CFA's next largest source of non-government revenue is payments made to it pursuant to s 80A of the CFA Act. Under s 80A compulsory contributions are required to be made to the CFA by insured property owners and insurance providers who are not caught by ss 75 to 76. The amount of the contribution is to be determined by reference to a prescribed formula. 71 In 2010-11 these payments totalled $14,726,912. This revenue also arises from the CFA's performance of its statutory obligation to suppress and prevent fires. For essentially the same reasons as I have already given in relation to the insurers' contributions, I can see no element of commercial exchange or other indicia of commercial activity underpinning these payments. The compulsory payments are properly seen as having been legislated so as to ensure that the CFA has sufficient resources to carry out its statutory functions. I do not consider that these contributions arise from trading activity.

Section 87 - Uninsured Property Attendance 72 Where the CFA provides a fire fighting service to a person whose property is not insured, that person can be held liable to pay the reasonable expenses associated with the attendance. Section 87 of the CFA Act provides the mechanism by which this liability is created. In the relevant period the CFA recovered $15,531 of its costs in providing fire fighting services to uninsured property owners. 73 For the reasons previously given, I consider that this revenue has no bargaining element nor is there any other element of commercial exchange in the activity. I do not accept the UFU's contention that the property owner is liable to pay money in exchange for services rendered. The activity was not entered into with a view to earning revenue.

Attendance at False Alarms 74 Under s 20B of the CFA Act the CFA may charge a fee to the owner or occupier of premises for attendance at a false alarm of fire, where it considers there was no reasonable excuse for the false alarm. CFA Regulation 97 prescribes the charge for attendance by reference to the number of fire-fighting appliances required to attend and the length of time they were in attendance. In 2010-11 the CFA received $1,810,504.30 from compulsory charges associated with attendance at false alarms. 75 The UFU contends that these activities are trading activities. For essentially the same reasons as I have already given, I do not agree. I can see no element of exchange or other commercial indicia in the payment. Looked at one way it has the appearance of a levy that the CFA may impose so as to deter careless behaviour in relation to fire alarms. Viewed another way, it reflects a legislative policy to require persons who carelessly allow false alarms to occur to pay the cost of the CFA's attendance. It is not business activity entered into with a view to earning revenue.

Hazmat Services 76 Under r 97(1)(d) liability for the cost of CFA attendance at a hazardous materials incident is borne by the owner or occupier of the premises at which the incident occurred or, in the case of an incident occurring on a road, the owner of the vehicle transporting the hazardous material. Regulations 97(2) and 98 set out the method of calculation of the fee. They do not prescribe the actual fee but the calculation of the fee is limited to specified costs, and the CFA has no capacity to bargain in relation to the fee. 77 In the relevant year the CFA received $430,749 in relation to attendance at hazardous materials incidents. The UFU contends that because people are liable to pay a fee to the CFA for its attendance, thereby generating revenue, the activity is trading. I do not agree. 78 The CFA has a statutory duty to attend any incident involving hazardous materials where it involves a risk of fire, and there is no capacity for the CFA to reach an agreement with the recipient of the service in relation to the fee. It is unable to refuse to attend a Hazmat incident on the basis that the cost of the attendance cannot be recovered from the person made liable to pay it under the CFA Regulations. While it is a question of degree, I can discern no sufficient element of commerciality in the service to treat it as trading activity.

Building Fire Protection Services 79 The National Construction Code and other construction standards set various fire safety standards. Persons seeking permits to build outside these standards are able to seek a variation of the fire safety requirements in the codes from the CFA. Regulation 309 of the Building Regulations 2006 (Vic) provided: Requirements for permits involving fire safety matters (1) The report and consent of the chief officer must be obtained to an application for a building permit which involves any of the following fire safety matters if those matters do not meet the deemed to-satisfy provisions of the BCA - (a) fire hydrants; (b) fire hose reels; (c) fire control centres or fire control rooms; (d) fire precautions during construction; (e) fire mains; (f) control valves; (g) booster assemblies; (h) emergency vehicle access; (i) fire indicator panels; (j) proscenium curtain drencher systems; (k) fire services controls in passenger lift cars. (2) In a report under subregulation (1), the chief officer may consent to a variation of the requirements of the BCA if the chief officer is satisfied that a satisfactory degree of fire safety is achieved. (3) When a building permit is issued which involves the installation of fire sprinklers and the installation does not meet the deemed-to-satisfy provisions of the BCA the relevant building surveyor must forward details of the installation to the chief officer. 80 In the relevant year the CFA received $192,896 in such fees. The UFU argues that the CFA is able to charge any amount for the provision of reports and consents to variations of fire safety standards (up to a prescribed maximum set out in r 312) and submits that this is a trading activity. 81 I do not accept this contention. The Chief Officer of the CFA has a statutory duty to consider applications for reports and consents in relation to building permits which involve fire safety matters. This duty is closely related to the CFA's central statutory duty to prevent and suppress fires. For essentially the reasons previously given, I see insufficient indicia of commercial exchange or other commercial indicia to treat it as trading activity.

Is the CFA a trading corporation? 82 The UFU contends that the CFA carries the onus of establishing that it is not a constitutional corporation because of the presumption of validity in relation to the Agreement: Stenhouse v Coleman (1944) 69 CLR 457 at 466 per Starke and at 470 per Dixon J; O'Toole v Charles David Pty Ltd (1990) 96 ALR 1 at 41 per Deane, Gaudron and McHugh JJ. I accept this contention but given the evidence before the Court nothing turns on the issue. The question falls to be determined on the evidence . 83 In total in 2010-11 the CFA received about $12.93 million in revenue from trading activities. There can be little doubt that this amount of trading in most circumstances would be considered "substantial". However, the CFA is a large organisation and in that year its total revenue was approximately $466.5 million. As a proportion of total revenue, that referrable to trading activities accounts for about 2.7%. 84 The CFA submits that the Court must also take into consideration the value derived from the approximately 55,000 volunteers that carry out CFA functions. According to a paper published in 2008 by the Centre for Risk and Community Safety at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University the value of the CFA's volunteers to the Victorian community can be estimated at about $840 million. 85 These volunteers plainly play a valuable role in the CFA and are vital in the delivery of its services to the Victorian community. However, I do not give much weight to the CFA's estimate that they added $840 million of value. First, the evidence did not make clear the process by which that figure was reached, the academic responsible for the calculation was not made available for cross-examination, and the CFA led no evidence as to the veracity of the estimate. 86 Secondly, there are many organisations that must be seen as trading corporations even though supported by the community who see value in the maintenance and promotion of the organisation's work. In State Superannuation Board the majority said at 304: The point is that the corporation engages in trading activities and these activities do not cease to be trading activities because they are entered into in the course of, or for the purpose of, carrying on a primary or dominant undertaking not described by reference to trade. As the carrying on of that undertaking requires or involves engagement in trading activities, there is no difficulty in categorizing the corporation as a trading corporation when it engages in the activities. Indeed, we would go on to say that there is nothing in Adamson which lends support for the view that the fact that a corporation carries on independent trading activities on a significant scale will not result in its being properly categorized as a trading corporation if other more extensive non-trading activities properly warrant its being also categorized as a corporation of some other type. 87 It may be accepted, as the CFA contends, that it is properly categorised as a "volunteer and community based fire and emergency services organisation". But whether it is also a trading corporation requires consideration of how the trading activities of the CFA sit within the organisation overall and whether they are "substantial" or "not insubstantial", to apply the test used in Adamson. 88 In Adamson Barwick CJ held at 208 that if trading was "substantial" then the corporation would be a constitutional corporation. At 234 Mason J, with whom Jacobs J agreed at 237, described the question of whether a corporation was a trading corporation as "very much a matter of fact and degree". His Honour elaborated in explaining that a corporation should not be considered a trading corporation if the trading activities were so slight and incidental to some other principal activity that the corporation could not be correctly defined as a trading corporation. Murphy J characterised the matter slightly differently again, explaining at 239: A trading corporation may also be a sporting, religious, or governmental body. As long as the trading is not insubstantial, the fact that trading is incidental to other activities does not prevent it being a trading corporation. 89 Both parties made submissions about whether the substantiality of trading activities must be assessed in absolute terms, or whether it should be assessed relative to the corporation's overall activities. In Bankstown the majority of the Full Court said at [52]: There is no bright line delineating what is or is not a trading corporation. That is exemplified by the division of opinion in Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia (Inc) where a minority of the Court characterised the Service's activities as that of a trading corporation but the majority did not. As Black CJ and French J observed in Quickenden 109 FCR 243 at [52] "… the characterisation of a body corporate as a trading corporation is a matter of fact and degree" repeating similar observations of Mason J in Actors and Announcers Equity 150 CLR at 211. I respectfully agree. It is this which guides my analysis. 90 In determining whether the Bankstown Handicapped Children's Centre Association was a constitutional corporation, the majority focussed its attention on the large sums of money received by way of contract between the Association and the New South Wales Government. The Full Court appeared to prefer a relative test in relation to substantiality saying at [53]: In the present case we, as the parties did, focus on the services provided by the Association under the arrangements it had with DOCS [Department of Community Services] and particularly the provision of OOHC services. As noted earlier, we review the position in 2006. Plainly those activities were a substantial part of its activities and not a peripheral activity. During 2005/2006 these arrangements generated a substantial part of the income of the Association. In 2005/2006, the fees received from DOCS for welfare services agreed to be provided by the Association were in excess of $3.3 million. In that year, that income was some 35% of the income as disclosed in the profit and loss statement of the Association. The Court went on to conclude at [54] that if the services provided under the DOCS arrangement were trading activities then the Association would be a constitutional corporation. 91 In Quickenden it was contended that the University of Western Australia was a trading corporation despite its predominant purpose and activity being the provision of tertiary education. The majority held that it was not necessary to decide if the income derived from HECS fees paid by both students and by the Commonwealth Government to the university in return for the education provided was income received in trade. The substantial rental and investment income received by the university was sufficient to warrant its characterisation as a trading corporation. In the relevant financial years the investment income amounted to approximately 17% of the university's annual operating revenue. In relation to whether that figure was significant enough to justify the conclusion that the corporation was a trading corporation, the majority said at [51]: For present purposes, however, this aspect of the claimed trading activities can be disregarded. For it is plain that the other activities cited are trading activities and are a substantial, in the sense of non-trivial, element albeit not the predominant element of what the University does. The University was not established for the purpose of trading and at another time, closer to the time of its creation, it may not have been possible to describe it as a trading corporation. But at the time relevant to this case and at present, it does fall within that class. (Emphasis added.) 92 The term "substantial" is imprecise but it at least encompasses trading amounts that are "not so small as to be trivial": Quickenden at [51]. In that case the majority treated substantial and nontrivial as synonymous. In the present case the CFA contends that their trading activities are peripheral, insignificant or otherwise incidental. These terms are drawn from the various cases: see for "peripheral" Adamson at 208 per Barwick CJ; State Superannuation Board at 304 per Mason, Murphy and Deane JJ; for "incidental" Adamson at 234 per Mason J; for "significant" see Adamson at 233 per Mason J; E v Australian Red Cross Society and Ors (1991) 27 FCR 310 ("E v Red Cross") at 345 per Wilcox J; Quickenden at [47] per Black CJ and French J. 93 The ordinary meaning of these words is straightforward. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary defines them to include the following: (a) "peripheral" means marginal, superficial, of minor importance, not essential or relevant to but subordinate to; (b) "insignificant" means lacking significance, meaningless, devoid of weight or force, ineffective, ineffectual, of no importance, trivial, trifling, or contemptible; and (c) "incidental" means occurring as something casual or of secondary importance; not directly relevant to; following up on as a subordinate circumstance. 94 The CFA is plainly dependent upon the state government and the fire insurers for the vast bulk of its financial support. It is also clear that its activities are not predominantly trading activities. However, I do not see the CFA's trading activities as peripheral, insignificant, incidental or trivial when considered either in absolute terms or relative to its overall activities. 95 Six different CFA revenue sources arise from trading activities, three which are conceded and three which I have found to be so. The six activities are: (a) fire equipment maintenance services; (b) sales of goods; (c) property rental, including subsidised property rental to employees; (d) consultancy services; (e) road accident rescue services; and (f) advice as to dangerous goods. 96 The scope of these activities is broad. While they are secondary to the CFA's primary purpose I would not describe any of them as insignificant, incidental, trivial or unimportant. For example, the road accident rescue service is a specialised emergency service that the CFA has agreed to provide in country areas, which has required special training of CFA employees beyond the usual fire training, and which the CFA recognises as an important part of the range of services it provides. The CFA has no statutory obligation to provide this service and it does so at a cost to road users and the State through the Traffic Accident Commission. I would not describe the provision of this service as incidental to the CFA's activities nor as a fortuitous or casual occurrence of subordinate importance. Nor should its provision, viewed in the context of all of its services, be described as trifling, ineffective, superficial or marginal. 97 For essentially the same reasons the provision of fire equipment maintenance services, consultancy on matters related to fire safety, the provision of advice related to the storage of dangerous goods and the sale of goods related to fire safety should not be seen as insignificant, incidental, trivial or unimportant activities considered against the range of services the CFA provides. I infer from the evidence that these activities are seen as important by the CFA, although they are not its central or predominant focus. 98 Nor do I consider that the revenue from these trading activities is incidental in the sense of arising fortuitously or as a result of some other activity. The income is earned deliberately by the CFA from these six specific sources and on the basis that the CFA have special expertise or products of value which they provide in exchange. Taken together the income from these activities is substantial. 99 While the quantum of income from the CFA's trading activities relative to its non-trading activities is small, I am disinclined to treat almost $13 million of revenue as minimal, trivial or insignificant. It should be seen for what it is, a significant volume of trading revenue albeit dwarfed by the money received from non-trading sources. The CFA put on no cogent evidence that $12.93 million was insignificant to its operations, and no evidence was given that it could be easily foregone by the organisation. Put another way, it is likely that the CFA would be impaired in its capacity to provide services in road accident rescue, fire equipment maintenance, fire safety consultancy or sale of fire safety related goods, which it regards as important in the range of services offered, if it was not able to charge fees for doing so. 100 Although the $12.93 million of trading income is plainly a substantial amount in absolute terms, it is only a small percentage relative to the CFA's total income. Even so, I do not consider it is trivial or minimal in relative terms. 101 In E v Red Cross the Australian Red Cross Society was one of the respondents. Wilcox J held that its supply of blood and blood products was the gratuitous provision of a public welfare service, substantially at government expense, and was not a trading activity. The Red Cross received a total of $44.9 million from the government in respect of its non-trading blood supply services, and about $2 million from trading activities. Another respondent, a major hospital, made approximately $18 million from trading activities and, in the words of Wilcox J, that sum was dwarfed by a State government subsidy of $112 million. His Honour concluded that the disparity between the money earned through trading and the money received by way of government subsidy was unimportant explaining at 345: Trading activities yielding some $18 million per year can only be described as substantial. It seems to me that the scale of the hospital's trading activities in 1984-1985 was such that it should be regarded as then being a trading corporation. See also United Firefighters' Union of Australia v Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board (1998) 83 FCR 346 ("UFU v MFB") at 354 to 356 per Marshall J. 102 The CFA contends that both E v Red Cross and UFU v MFB were wrongly decided in that they incorrectly applied an absolute test. While I consider that the CFA's trading revenue is plainly significant if considered in absolute terms, I do not approach the issue that way. Considering its trading revenue relative to its non-trading activities, the question is not without difficulty and is one of fact and degree. In my opinion the CFA undertakes sufficient trading for it to be seen as "not insubstantial", not trivial, insignificant, marginal, minor or incidental, and I find that it is a trading corporation.

issue 2 - If the CFA is a constitutional corporation, are clauses 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement or any of them (including in their combined or cumulative operation) in whole or in part invalid by reason of the implied limitation on Commonwealth powers referred to in Re Australian Education Union; Ex parte Victoria (1995) 184 CLR 188? 103 It is uncontroversial that the CFA is an agency of the State of Victoria. Broadly, the CFA submits that clauses 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement are invalid and unenforceable by reason of the Melbourne Corporation principle. The CFA submits that the impugned clauses of the Agreement infringe the Melbourne Corporation principle as described in Re AEU. 104 The Melbourne Corporation principle is derived from the federal structure of the Constitution. The classic formulation of the rule describes a limitation on the legislative power of the Commonwealth consisting of two elements. In Re AEU at 231 the majority, comprised of Mason CJ, Brennan, Deane, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ, described the limitation as: … (1) the prohibition against discrimination which involves the placing on the States of special burdens or disabilities ("the limitation against discrimination") and (2) the prohibition against laws of general application which operate to destroy or curtail the continued existence of the States or their capacity to function as governments. (Citations omitted.) 105 The rule has sometimes been expressed differently and in Austin v Commonwealth of Australia (2003) 215 CLR 185 ("Austin") at [124] Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ explained that there is "but one limitation, though the apparent expression of it varies with the form of legislation under consideration". 106 In Re AEU the High Court held that a federal industrial award (made under a predecessor to the FW Act) that impaired the capacity of a state government to determine the number and identity of state government employees and/or the number and identity of such employees to be made redundant, curtailed the state government's capacity to function as a government and thereby infringed the implied limitation. The majority explained at 232: At this point it is convenient to consider South Australia's argument based on impairment of a State's "integrity" or "autonomy". Although these concepts as applied to a State are by no means precise, they direct attention to aspects of a State's functions which are critical to its capacity to function as a government. It seems to us that critical to that capacity of a State is the government's right to determine the number and identity of the persons whom it wishes to employ, the term of appointment of such persons and, as well, the number and identity of the persons whom it wishes to dismiss with or without notice from its employment on redundancy grounds. An impairment of a State's rights in these respects would, in our view, constitute an infringement of the implied limitation. (Emphasis added.)

The impugned clauses of the Agreement 107 The clauses in the Agreement that are impugned by the CFA are as follows. (a) Clause 26 of the Agreement, which provides that work carried out by an employee of the CFA of a particular classification under the Agreement will continue to be carried out by CFA employees who fall within the same classification, and that future work arising in those same areas will be carried out by CFA employees in the same classification. Additionally, the clause specifies that no job losses will result from the implementation of cl 26. (b) Clause 27, which specifies the number of employees the CFA will engage in each shift, and also prohibits redundancy. Central to the proceeding is the regime contained in this clause (excerpted at [11] above) which prescribes the number of new CFA employees to be recruited and the timing of their recruitment and training. (c) Clause 28, which relates to secondment and lateral entry. This clause requires that secondment and lateral entry not be used to diminish promotional opportunities for CFA career staff. It also: (i) sets limitations on the length of a secondment, the minimum rank of positions to which a person can be seconded, the minimum qualifications for a secondee and the minimum CFA specific training required of secondees prior to the commencement of the role; (ii) requires that the CFA will only fill vacant positions by lateral entry in accordance with specific steps. The steps are as follows: (a) the vacant position is to be advertised internally twice; (b) the vacancy is to be first filled by a secondment. If after further internal advertising there are no internal applicants, the position can be offered to the secondee; and (c) if the secondee refuses the offer, the CFA may seek external applications. The capacity of the CFA to seek the applications is limited by various requirements specified in the Agreement related to rank, minimum qualifications and experience, and further CFA training required to be undertaken. (d) Clause 122 also relates to lateral entry. Clause 122 provides that where a position becomes vacant and there is no suitably qualified internal applicant, the position should be filled by an internal appointment despite the appointee lacking the requisite training, or via lateral entry following consultation or determination by the Commission. It complements clause 120 which relates to the career progression and competencies of Operations Managers and Operations Officers. 108 It is unnecessary to more closely examine the content of the impugned clauses as the UFU concedes that they are clauses of the type referred to in Re AEU. That is, they pertain to the number and identity of the public sector employees who the CFA wishes to employ and/or who it wishes to make redundant. The UFU concedes too that: (a) cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 infringe the Melbourne Corporation principle unless spared that consequence because they were voluntarily entered into; and (b) if the UFU's submissions as to the validity of cl 27 are not accepted by the Court then cll 26, 28 and 122 are also invalid.

The UFU's contentions 109 The gravamen of the UFU's case is that the reasoning in Re AEU does not apply to the impugned clauses because Re AEU and the Melbourne Corporation principle only apply when the Commonwealth imposes requirements on state governments and their instrumentalities relating to the number and identity of persons which the state party wishes to employ or wishes to make redundant. It argues that the clauses are valid because the Agreement was voluntarily entered into by the CFA and therefore falls outside the scope of the principle. 110 In broad terms the UFU's argument is that where an enterprise agreement approved under the FW Act is freely entered into by a state government or its agency, it cannot in reality impair the state government's capacity to determine the number and identity of the persons who it wishes to employ or wishes to make redundant. That is, there is no reduction in the state government's capacity to function as a government where it agrees to any limitation on its ability to determine such matters. 111 The UFU finds support for its argument in the decision in Austin, which concerned the validity of Federal legislation imposing a tax on the surchargeable contributions of State judges. Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ at [165] articulated the Melbourne Corporation principle as involving a question as to whether the imposition of the surcharge was beyond Commonwealth power because of a "sufficiently significant impairment of the exercise by the State of its freedom to select the manner and method for discharge of its constitutional functions respecting the remuneration of the judges of the courts of the State". 112 Their Honours explained at [124] that the assessment of whether there was any special burden on or curtailment of the capacity of the state to function as a government was a matter that required consideration not only of the form but also the substance and actual operation of the federal law. At [168] their Honours emphasised this in saying: There then is posed the "practical question" identified by Starke J in Melbourne Corporation. This, in the end, is whether, looking to the substance and operation of the federal laws, there has been, in a significant manner, a curtailment or interference with the exercise of State constitutional power. (Citation omitted.) 113 The UFU also relies on Clarke v Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 240 CLR 272 ("Clarke") where French CJ explained at [33]: Whether the effects of a law upon the capacities or functions of the States are "significant" is to be judged qualitatively and also, but not only, by reference to its practical effects. The majority of Gummow, Heydon, Kiefel and Bell JJ at [72] also focused on the practical effects of the legislation. The UFU contends that in practical terms there is no significant impairment of the Victorian government's capacity to govern in circumstances where the CFA voluntarily entered into the Agreement.

The Industrial Relations Act Case 114 Much of the UFU's case revolved around the support that it contends may be found in the decision of the High Court in Victoria v The Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 416 ("Industrial Relations Act Case"). This decision was handed down following the enactment of the Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993 (Cth) and the Industrial Relations Amendment Act (No 2) 1994 (Cth). These two acts amended the Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth) ("IR Act") and imposed new obligations on Australian employers, including state governments and agencies, in relation to minimum wages, equal pay, termination of employment, discrimination in employment and family leave: Industrial Relations Act Case at 474-475. 115 Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia ("the state parties") opposed the introduction of such obligations and applied to the High Court seeking relief on a number of bases. One basis of invalidity relied on an application of the Melbourne Corporation principle. The state parties were partially successful and the reach of the Commonwealth legislation was limited. Some provisions were held invalid, whilst others were read down so that their operation did not offend the Melbourne Corporation principle: Industrial Relations Act Case at 503, 510, 521, 525, 533, 542 and 561. The IR Act was found to be largely valid. 116 The UFU contends that it is significant that the provisions in the IR Act relating to "Certified and Enterprise Flexibility Agreements" were found to be valid in their entirety: Industrial Relations Act Case at 538. The UFU was unable to point to any express finding that supports its contention that the Melbourne Corporation principle only applies when a federal industrial award is imposed by arbitration rather than by way of an industrial agreement voluntarily entered into. Rather, it contends that when the whole of the Industrial Relations Act Case is considered, the conclusion to be drawn is that the majority considered the states are free to voluntarily enter into industrial agreements in terms that would be prohibited by the Melbourne Corporation principle if an industrial award imposed those terms on the state.

Consideration 117 To deal with the UFU's contentions one must first appreciate the way in which the majority in the Industrial Relations Act Case structured their decision. The states parties' attack on the IR Act was broad. A number of legislative topics, each comprising a number of statutory provisions, were impugned. Section 6 of the IR Act imposed the relevant provisions on the states, providing: This Act binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth, each of the States, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory… 118 The majority considered the operation of s 6 at pages 501 to 503, stating: As already indicated, s 6 specifies that the Act binds the Crown in various capacities, including "in right of ... each of the States". That provision governs the application of the substantive provisions of the Act. In so far as the substantive provisions are expressed in general terms or in terms wide enough to apply to or permit of orders regulating the terms and conditions of those employed at the higher levels of government, the question is not whether, on that account, those provisions are invalid in their application to the States, but whether s 6 is invalid in its specification that the Act and, thus, those provisions bind the States. Section 6 of the Act is not, in terms, subject to any limitation or prohibition. More particularly, it is not, in terms, made subject to those matters pertaining to State employees which were identified in Re Australian Education Union as falling within the scope and content of the implied limitation recognised in the Melbourne Corporation Case. The question thus arises whether, pursuant to s 7A(1) of the Act or s 15A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) (the Interpretation Act), s 6 can be read as not binding the States with respect to those matters, particularly as not binding them with respect to the terms and conditions of those employed at the higher levels of government. It is convenient first to consider s 15A of the Interpretation Act which provides: "Every Act shall be read and construed subject to the Constitution and so as not to exceed the legislative power of the Commonwealth, to the intent that where any enactment thereof would but for this section have been construed as in excess of that power, it shall nevertheless be a valid enactment to the extent to which it is not in excess of that power." Section 15A of the Interpretation Act may fall for application in two distinct situations. It may fall for application in relation to "particular clauses, provisos and qualifications, separately expressed, which are beyond legislative power". It may also fall for application in relation to general words or expressions. It is well settled that s 15A cannot be applied to effect a partial validation of a provision which extends beyond power unless 'the operation of the remaining parts of the law remains unchanged". Nor can it be applied to a law expressed in general terms if it appears that "the law was intended to operate fully and completely according to its terms, or not at all". Where a law is expressed in general terms, it may be more difficult to determine whether Parliament intended that it should, nonetheless, have a partial operation. And there is an additional difficulty if it "can be reduced to validity by adopting anyone or more of a number of several possible limitations". It has been said that if, in a case of that kind, "no reason based upon the law itself can be stated for selecting one limitation rather than another, the law should be held to be invalid". The limitation by reference to which a law is to be read down may appear from the terms of the law or from its subject matter. Thus, a law which is "clearly made with the intention of exercising the power to make laws with respect to trade and commerce" can be read down "so as to limit its application to inter-State and foreign trade and commerce". Similarly, where a law is intended to operate in an area where Parliament's legislative power is subject to a clear limitation, it can be read as subject to that limitation. In the present case, s 6 purports to subject the States to a regime which specifies certain terms and conditions with respect to employment generally and which, in relation to other matters, permits the Commission to regulate the terms and conditions on which persons are employed. That is an area in which the legislative power of the Parliament is limited in the manner explained in Re Australian Education Union. The nature and subject matter of the Act suggest the limitation by which s 6 may be read down within constitutional power if its provisions would otherwise infringe that limitation. In other words, s 6 can be read as binding the States to the extent that the provisions of the Act do not prevent them from determining the number of persons they wish to employ, the term of their appointment, the number and identity of those they wish to dismiss on redundancy grounds and the terms and conditions of those employed at the higher levels of government. If s 6 is read down as indicated, the operation of the substantive provisions of the Act is correspondingly limited but their operation is otherwise unaffected. Thus, if any provision of the Act would otherwise operate to prevent the States from determining for themselves any of those matters which were held in Re Australian Education Union to be beyond the legislative power of the Commonwealth, the reading down of s 6 precludes invalidity for infringing the limitation on Commonwealth legislative power. That being so, it is unnecessary to consider the effect of s 7Aof the Act. (Citations omitted.) 119 These passages appeared in a part of the decision devoted to determining the validity of the Commonwealth "Minimum Wage" provisions. In applying Re AEU to those provisions the majority said at 503: It is necessary now to consider s 170AE which confers power on the Commission to make orders setting minimum wages for those for whom it "is satisfied ... that coverage by a system of minimum wages is appropriate". The terms of s 170AE are wide enough to authorise orders with respect to those employed at the higher levels of government. That being so, s 6 is to be read down as earlier indicated. And when so read down, s 170AE does not authorise orders of that kind. The same is true of s 170AH(3)(a) which, in terms, allows that "[t]he Commission may make an order ... only if ... it considers that the order is necessary to prevent an industrial dispute". Thus, neither s 170AE nor s 170AH infringes the implied constitutional limitation identified in Melbourne Corporation and more fully explained in Re Australian Education Union. That is, inconsistency with the Melbourne Corporation principle was avoided by reading down s 6 rather than declaring either s 170AE or s 170AH invalid. 120 The majority decided the validity of similar impugned provisions in essentially the same manner. Where provisions of the IR Act had an application that was inconsistent with the Melbourne Corporation principle, s 6 was read down such that inconsistency was avoided. By this process much of the IR Act was spared invalidity, but its application to the state parties was limited. 121 The submissions of the state parties were directed towards seven distinct legislative topics. Provisions of the IR Act falling within six of those topics were found to have limited application to the state parties due to inconsistency with the Melbourne Corporation principle: Industrial Relations Act Case at 503, 510, 521, 525, 533 and 561. The seventh topic was the agreement making and certification provisions of the IR Act. 122 On the UFU's submission it is of real significance that these provisions - the Certified and Enterprise Flexibility Agreement provisions - were not expressly so limited: see Industrial Relations Act Case at 542. The UFU contends that the fact that the majority saw no need to expressly read down the agreement making and certifying provisions is authority for the proposition that Re AEU, and the Melbourne Corporation principle, does not apply where the relevant limitation on a state government is the product of an agreement voluntarily entered into by that party. 123 The proposition that - had there been any need to limit the application of the agreement-making and certification provisions of the IR Act that need would have been expressly articulated as it was in other parts of the judgment - is not without force. However, I do not accept that the majority decision is authority for the proposition that the UFU advances. 124 First, in my view any failure by the Court to expressly limit the agreement making and certification provisions in the IR Act is a tenuous basis for a conclusion that the implied limitation does not apply to voluntary agreements. I doubt that the majority would have recognised such an exception to the Melbourne Corporation principle, as expressed in Re AEU, without clearly articulating it. 125 Secondly, the majority had a reason to not expressly deal with s 6 in relation to the Certified and Enterprise Flexibility Agreement provisions. In rejecting a submission that the Commonwealth Parliament was without power to enact the certification provisions under s 51(xxxv) of the Constitution (the arbitration and conciliation power), the majority said at page 537: As already indicated in relation to s 150A(2)(b), the Commission's award-making power is dependent on there being a relevant relationship between an award and an interstate industrial dispute. And ordinarily, that is determined by having regard to the term or provision in question and considering its relationship with the claim to which it is directed. When s 170MA is construed with that in mind, it is clear that one consequence of that section is that the Commission cannot certify an agreement if any of its terms lacks a relevant connection with the dispute or industrial situation which would otherwise attract its award-making powers. Or to put the matter another way, the Commission can certify an agreement if and only if it could have made an award in the same terms. And that is so notwithstanding that its powers of certification are otherwise circumscribed so that, for example, they must be exercised if certain other conditions are fulfilled and must not be exercised if certain other conditions are not. (Emphasis added.) 126 And further at 538: … Certification of agreements under Div 2 of Pt VIB is conditional upon satisfaction of a number of requirements other than the central requirements that there be an industrial dispute or an industrial situation, that the agreements be made for the settlement or prevention of industrial disputes and, as a matter of construction, that the terms of the agreements be terms that could have been included in an award… (Emphasis added.) 127 These passages relate to the submission put by the state parties that s 51(xxxv), the conciliation and arbitration power, in the Constitution did not support the enactment of the Certified and Enterprise Flexibility Agreement provisions. It was argued that the word "conciliation" required the interposition of a third party to effect the resolution of a live dispute and once the agreement had been reached no conciliation could occur. As the majority said at 536: According to the argument, if there is no conciliation or arbitration the Parliament cannot legislate to give the parties' agreement the same effect as an award. In rejecting the argument the majority said: It may be that its provisions are properly to be regarded as ancillary or incidental to the exercise of the powers of conciliation or arbitration and, thus, validly enacted pursuant to s 51(xxxv) of the Constitution. (Citations omitted.) 128 As the CFA contends, because the certification provisions were incidental to the Commonwealth's award making power, they were subject to the same limitations as the award making power. At numerous points in the decision, elements of the award making power were expressly read down to avoid inconsistency with the Melbourne Corporation principle. There was therefore no need for the majority to expressly read s 6 down in relation to the Certified and Enterprise Flexibility Agreement provisions because the operation of the certification power was already subject to limitations that would avoid any inconsistency with the Melbourne Corporation principle. 129 Thirdly, there is no express reasoning in the Industrial Relations Act Case to the effect that voluntarily made industrial agreements certified by the Commission are outside the scope of the second limb of Melbourne Corporation principle as it was described in Re AEU. The attack on the relevant provisions of the IR Act based on the Melbourne Corporation principle appears to have been, in substance, limited to submissions that the provisions had a discriminatory effect on the States. I accept the CFA's contention that there does not appear to have been an argument advanced that the impugned provisions impaired the capacity of the state to function as a government: Industrial Relations Act Case at 541 to 542. 130 Fourthly, in light of the clear expression of the principle in Re AEU and the absence of any express statement to the contrary in the Industrial Relations Act Case or elsewhere, I do not accept the approach to the implied limitation for which the UFU contends. The basis to the Melbourne Corporation principle was recently discussed by the High Court in Fortescue Metals Group Limited v The Commonwealth [2013] HCA 34. In this case Hayne, Bell and Keane JJ, with whom French CJ at [6], and Kiefel J at [229] agreed in separate judgments, explained at [130]: In Melbourne Corporation, Dixon J said that: "The foundation of the Constitution is the conception of a central government and a number of State governments separately organized. The Constitution predicates their continued existence as independent entities." And as was said in the Work Choices Case, the separate polities whose continued existence is predicated "are to continue as separate bodies politic each having legislative, executive and judicial functions". Hence, as the decisions in Austin and Clarke each demonstrate, the Melbourne Corporation principle requires consideration of whether impugned legislation is directed at States, imposing some special disability or burden on the exercise of powers and fulfilment of functions of the States which curtails their capacity to function as governments. 131 There are many like statements in the case law. In Queensland Electricity Commission v Commonwealth (1985) 159 CLR 192 at 218 Mason J described the foundation to the rule as follows: The foundation for the implication is not the special character and privileges of the Crown in right of the States, but the constitutional conception of the Commonwealth and the States as constituent entities of the federal compact having a continuing existence reflected in a central government and separately organized State governments. See also: New South Wales v Commonwealth (2006) 229 CLR 1 at 120 per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Hayne, Heydon and Crennan JJ; Western Australia v Commonwealth (1995) 183 CLR 373 at 480 per Mason CJ, Brennan, Deane, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ; Momcilovic v The Queen (2011) 245 CLR 1 at 104 per Gummow J. 132 The implied limitation is a recognition that the Constitution is concerned with the federal structure of government in Australia. Whether by legislation or some other voluntary act the States cannot disturb the federal structure created by the Constitution. The focus must be on the effect of a Commonwealth law upon the capacity of a state to function as a government, and it is of little relevance whether the state agrees to the imposition of any such limitation. Any curtailment or impairment of the capacity of a state to perform functions critical to its capacity to govern cannot be overcome by the exercise of a specific legislative or executive power. 133 I have some difficulty in treating the implied constitutional limitation as applicable to industrial agreements that are bona fide voluntarily entered into by a state party and which may therefore have no practical impact on a State's capacity to govern. However, in my view the Melbourne Corporation principle as expressed in Re AEU applies to an enterprise agreement approved by the Commission, whether or not it is voluntarily entered into by the state party. Given the UFU's concessions that cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement are terms of the type described in Re AEU¸ they are invalid and cannot be enforced.

Issue 3 - If the CFA is not a constitutional corporation, are clauses 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement or any of them (including in their combined or cumulative operation) in whole or in part invalid by reason of the operation of s 5 of the Referral Act? 134 Sections 30D and 30N of the FW Act extend the definition of "national system employer" beyond the definition described at [24] above, and operate to include within the Commission's jurisdiction state government entities that are not constitutional corporations. 135 The operation of ss 30D and 30N is contingent on a referral of legislative power from a state to the Commonwealth. It is uncontentious that the Referral Act means that the CFA is still a national system employer even if not a constitutional corporation. It is also uncontentious that, if the Referral Act applies to the CFA, then its employees are "employees in the public sector" within the meaning of that expression in s 5 of the Referral Act. 136 As I have found that the CFA is a constitutional corporation it is unnecessary to decide whether the impugned clauses are invalid by reason of the operation of s 5 of the Referral Act. However, in case my conclusion that the CFA is a constitutional corporation is incorrect, it is best that I also set out my view in relation to the impugned clauses if the Commission's power to approve the Agreement arose through the Referral Act.

The Referral Act 137 The Referral Act specifies various legislative subjects or "matters" referred from the Parliament of Victoria to the Commonwealth Parliament so that the latter may create legislation on those matters in accordance with s 51(xxxvii) of the Constitution. Broadly, the referred legislative matters all relate to industrial relations such that the Commonwealth Parliament is capable of enacting legislation that regulates the employment relationships of Victorian public sector employees that would otherwise be outside the scope of Commonwealth power. 138 The Referral Act expressly excludes certain legislative matters from referral. The exclusions are set out in s 5 and relevantly include: Matters excluded from a reference (1) A matter referred by section 4(1) does not include - (a) matters pertaining to the number, identity or appointment (other than terms and conditions of appointment) of employees in the public sector who are not law enforcement officers; (b) matters pertaining to the number or identity of employees in the public sector dismissed or to be dismissed on grounds of redundancy; … 139 The effect of the exclusion is to excise specific matters from the general referral of power so that "power is not referred to the Parliament of the Commonwealth…to legislate with respect to agreements as to that aspect of the relationship between [employees in the public sector] and their employer": Dempster v Comrie (2000) 96 FCR 570 ("Dempster") at [29] per Lehane J; Parks Victoria v Australian Workers Union and Ors [2013] FWCFB 950 ("Parks Victoria") at [291] and [294] per Ross J, Hamilton DP and Hampton C.

Consideration 140 The UFU submits that the relevant exclusion expressed in the Referral Act is essentially a statutory expression of the implied constitutional limitation described in Re AEU. It again argues that the decision in Re AEU does not apply where the state party voluntarily enters into an enterprise agreement. It submits that the Victorian Parliament intended to enact an exclusion that replicated the effect of the decision in Re AEU and that the exclusion should therefore be subject to the limits of the ratio in Re AEU. 141 There is some force in this proposition and the Second Reading Speech and the Explanatory Memorandum to the Fair Work (Commonwealth Powers) Bill 2009 ("FW Bill") both indicate that the Victorian Parliament intended that the referral be limited by reference to those matters that constituted the implied limitation expressed in Re AEU: see Victorian Parliamentary Hansard, Legislative Assembly, 2 June 2009, pp 1437-1438. 142 The Explanatory Memorandum to cl 5 of the FW Bill (which became s 5 of the Referral Act) states: Subclause (1) paragraphs (a) to (g) exclude certain matters from the references in respect of public sector employees, public sector employers and certain other persons. These exclusions are based upon the High Court's consideration in Re Australian Education Union; Ex Parte Victoria of matters that would involve the making of Commonwealth laws of general application that would operate to destroy or curtail or interfere with the continued existence of the State or its capacity to function as a government. 143 However, extrinsic materials cannot be relied upon to displace the clear meaning of the statutory text: see Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (Northern Territory) (2009) 239 CLR 27 ("Alcan") at 47 per Hayne, Heydon, Crennan and Kiefel JJ. 144 As the CFA contends, there is nothing in the Referral Act to suggest that the ordinary meaning of the words in s 5 was not the meaning the Parliament intended them to have. While the exclusion as framed relates to those matters that are prohibited by Re AEU, it is framed in complete terms. Given the plain words of the exclusion, I can see no proper basis for construing it so that a special rule or carve-out can be imported for enterprise agreements voluntarily entered into by the state. 145 I respectfully agree with the decision in Parks Victoria. In this case a Full Bench of the Commission (Ross J presiding) held that, whether or not agreed between the parties, the Commission had no jurisdiction to approve an enterprise agreement containing clauses that dealt with matters within the exclusion in s 5. At [291] and [294] the Full Bench said: …the Commission is empowered to make a workplace determination in respect of Parks Victoria and its employees, but only to the extent authorised by the Referral Act. … The Commission does not have jurisdiction to include in the workplace determination any terms (agreed or otherwise) which pertain to an excluded subject matter. To the extent that an agreed term deals with an excluded subject matter (within the meaning of s.5 of the Referral Act), s.267(2) has no valid operation. This is because the Referral Act is the sole source of the Commission's power in these proceedings and, as Fullagher J. said in Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth: "... a stream cannot rise higher than its source. (Citation omitted and emphasis added.) 146 As I have said, the UFU concedes that cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement relate to the number and identity of persons which the CFA wishes to employ or wishes to make redundant. On my view of the Referral Act, there is no carve-out from the exclusion for enterprise agreements voluntarily entered into. If the Commission's power to approve the Agreement was derived from the Referral Act it had no power to approve the impugned clauses. The Victorian Parliament did not refer a power over that subject matter to the Commonwealth: Dempster at [29]. 147 If I am incorrect in my approach to the exclusion it makes no difference to the outcome, on my view of the implied limitation. Both parties accept that the exclusion in the Referral Act at least expresses the Melbourne Corporation principle as described in Re AEU, and I consider that principle means that the impugned clauses are invalid.

issues 4, 5 and 6 148 As the impugned clauses are invalid issue 4, which relates to whether the CFA has contravened cl 27, falls away. 149 In relation to issues 5 and 6, given my finding that each of cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 are invalid or unenforceable because they offend the Melbourne Corporation principle, it is unnecessary to decide whether cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 are also invalid on the other grounds alleged.

issue 7 - Are cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement in whole or in part:

(a) objectionable terms for the purpose of section 12 of the FW Act; and/or

(b) unlawful terms for the purposes of section 194 of the FW Act; and

therefore to the extent that they are objectionable or unlawful of no effect by reason of section 253(1) or section 356 of the FW Act? 150 Clauses 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement (set out in Appendix A to these reasons) create a consultation framework ("the consultation regime") between the CFA and its employees which includes representation of those employees by the UFU. The CFA attacks the validity of the consultation regime, contending that the clauses: (a) contain an "objectionable term" as defined in s 12 of the FW Act; and/or (b) contain an "unlawful term" as defined in s 194. The CFA submits that by operation of ss 356 and 253(1)(b) of the Act the clauses are of no effect.

The legislative framework 151 Section 356 of the FW Act relates to the effect of an "objectionable term" in an enterprise agreement. It provides: A term of a workplace instrument, or an agreement or arrangement (whether written or unwritten), has no effect to the extent that it is an objectionable term. 152 Section 12 defines "objectionable term". It relevantly provides: objectionable term means a term that: (a) requires, has the effect of requiring, or purports to require or have the effect of requiring; or (b) permits, has the effect of permitting, or purports to permit or have the effect of permitting; … (c) a contravention of Part 3-1 (which deals with general protections); … 153 Section 253 of the FW Act relates to the effect of an "unlawful term" in an enterprise agreement. It relevantly provides: Terms of an enterprise agreement that are of no effect (1) A term of an enterprise agreement has no effect to the extent that: … (b) it is an unlawful term; or … 154 The definition of "unlawful term" is found in s 194 and relevantly provides: A term of an enterprise agreement is an unlawful term if it is: … (b) an objectionable term; or … 155 Section 346, in Part 3.1 of the FW Act, relevantly provides: A person must not take adverse action against another person because the other person: (a) is or is not …[a] member of an industrial association; or …

The CFA's contentions 156 The CFA submits that cll 13,14 and 16: (a) require or have the effect of requiring, or purport to require or have the effect of requiring; or alternatively (b) permit or have the effect of permitting, or purport to permit or have the effect of permitting; the CFA to discriminate between its employees who are UFU members and its employees who are not UFU members in breach of s 346 of the FW Act. 157 It is established that the term "permits" in the definition of "objectionable term" means "authorises": Australian Industry Group v Fair Work Commission (2012) 205 FCR 339 at [66]. The CFA's contention must be considered in this light. 158 The discrimination is argued to arise in that the consultation regime establishes a "union only" stream for consultation which imposes obligations on the CFA in favour of the UFU and its members, and provides benefits to the UFU and its members, which have no parallel for employees who are not members of the UFU. The CFA contends that the consultation regime: (a) does not require the CFA to consult about major workplace changes with the whole of the employees covered by the Agreement, and does not allow for the representation of non-UFU members for the purpose of any consultation; and (b) confers upon the UFU and its members entitlements and benefits that are not enjoyed by non-UFU members. The CFA argues that cll 13, 14 and 16 are therefore "objectionable terms" and/or "unlawful" terms and have no effect. 159 In support of its argument the CFA points to various elements of the consultation regime, including: (a) the definition of "consultation" in cl 13.1 which provides that consultation includes "the consideration of each party's views, prior to any decision". The CFA notes the emphasis on the views of the "parties", who are the CFA and UFU; (b) the fact that the consultation regime is facilitated by two committees, the CFA/UFU Consultative Committee ("the Committee") and the Enterprise Bargaining Implementation Committee ("EBIC"). It notes that: (i) cl 13.2 requires that the Committee be comprised of people from "both organisations" and the CFA argues that non-UFU members are therefore excluded. (ii) cl 13.3.2 provides for the composition of the EBIC and provides that the committee will comprise "equal numbers of management and employee representatives as determined by the respective parties…" (iii) cl 13.3.5 provides that either the CFA or the UFU can unilaterally require endorsement by "their constituents" in relation to proposals for change and that no proposals for change arising out of the Agreement shall be implemented without referral to the EBIC. The CFA argues that this mechanism shuts out non-UFU members from input concerning implementation issues because the UFU can determine who will be (and who will not be) an employee member of the EBIC and the UFU can control and filter the consultative process; (c) cl 14, which relates to the introduction of change, stipulates that the cl 13 mechanism applies; and (d) cl 16 provides a consultation mechanism where a dispute arises as to consultation and change, prior to any referral to of such a dispute to the Commission. The CFA notes that cl 16.2 provides that where a dispute arises either party may notify the Consultation Officer - an employee appointed by the CFA and agreed to by the UFU. If the Consultation Officer is unable to resolve the dispute by consensus, the parties may choose to refer the matter to the Commission. The CFA argues that because cl 16 only empowers "the parties" to make a referral to the Consultation Officer, or the Commission, there is no room for the involvement of a non-UFU member.

Consideration 160 The consultation regime that the CFA attacks is effectively the same as the consultation regime in the Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board and United Firefighters Union Operational Staff Agreement 2010 ("the 2010 MFB Agreement"). The CFA concedes that cll 13 and 14 of the present Agreement are equivalent to cll 13 and 15 of the 2010 MFB Agreement. The only relevant difference between the consultation regimes in the two agreements is the existence of cl 16 in the present Agreement. 161 In Klein v Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board (2012) 208 FCR 178 ("Klein") Gordon J considered the consultation regime in the 2010 MFB Agreement. The applicant, an MFB employee, argued that the consultation clauses precluded the inclusion of non-UFU members in the consultation process and hence infringed s 346 of the FW Act. Gordon J said, in explaining that the consultation provisions were not objectionable or otherwise unlawful, at [222]-[223]: … The scheme of the FW Act enterprise agreement provisions allows for the employees covered by the agreement to choose who represents them: s 176 of the FW Act. The Consultative Provisions are consistent with that scheme. Second, the clauses stipulate that the UFU can select members of the Consultative Committee. The clauses do not require or permit discrimination between UFU members and non-UFU members. Third, cl 19 of the 2010 Agreement provides for a disputes procedure by which a dispute can be submitted by an employee under cl 19.2.1 and the subsequent procedures to be applied: see [171] above. That disputes procedure can be accessed to deal with grievances, including consultation concerning workplace change: see McDonald's Australia Ltd v Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (2004) 132 IR 165 at [24]-[29], [33]. Fourth, the position would be substantially no different under the model consultation term provided for in the FW Act. The model term differs from that provided for in the Consultative Provisions by reason of the nature of the change that is subject to the Consultative Committee. Under the model term, the change must be a "major change". That difference, however, does not alter the nature and operation of the clause. Further, it is to be presumed that the inclusion of the model term would be lawful: cf s 15A of the Acts Interpretation Act. 162 The CFA contends that Klein is wrongly decided. I do not agree and I respectfully adopt her Honour's approach. 163 First, Gordon J held that the consultation provisions were consistent with the scheme of the FW Act which requires that employees be able to choose who represents them. The CFA argues that her Honour's reasoning in this regard is not on point because it does not bear on whether or not the UFU members were shut out of the consultation process. I do not accept this. 164 Section 172 of the FW Act requires that the Agreement is made between the CFA and its employees and not between the CFA and the UFU. Each CFA employee had a right to vote on the Agreement, whether a UFU member or not. It is obviously unworkable for every employee to have a right to attend consultative committee meetings, and it was for the CFA and its employees to choose how the consultation process was to work and who was to be the point of consultation on behalf of the employees. Clauses 13,14 and 16 reflect that choice. 165 Secondly, Gordon J held the clauses did not require nor authorise the discriminatory selection of UFU members over non-UFU members. Again, I respectfully agree. The CFA argues that her Honour approached the issue at too high a level of generality and did not consider the specifics of the clauses to work out their substantive effect. It says that when cl 13.3 is considered it is clear that the UFU control the consultation process because they control the EBIC. 166 In my view there is nothing in cl 13.3 that authorises the discriminatory selection of UFU members over non-UFU members on the basis of their membership. Any such discrimination would be actionable under the general protection provisions of the FW Act and unlawful in my view. I do not consider that a clause that creates a power to appoint an employee to a position is invalid simply because one party is capable of using that power in a discriminatory and illegal manner. I do not read the powers in the consultation regime as authorising what is otherwise illegal. 167 Thirdly, Gordon J noted that a dispute and complaint resolution process existed in cl 19 of the 2010 MFB Agreement that could be utilised by any employee whether a UFU member or not. The CFA argues, and I accept, that cl 16 of the Agreement before me is different and it is not similarly open to use by any employee. 168 In response the UFU submits that cl 16 is just one of the dispute resolution mechanisms under the Agreement and that cl 15 can also be applied. I do not accept this contention. Clause 15.3 provides that: Notwithstanding the words contained in the above sub-clause, the steps of the procedure apply equally to a dispute raised by an employee, the union or Officer in Charge. The sub-clause refers to the procedure for consultation about disputes or grievances in cl 15, not to the procedure for disputes about consultation and change itself found in cl 16. 169 Even so, in voting to accept the Agreement all CFA employees selected the UFU to appoint the Consultation Officer and to decide whether to refer a dispute regarding consultation and change to the Commission. Somebody had to be selected and in my view non-UFU members are not shut out of the consultation regime as the CFA contends. 170 Nor in my view does the evidence support the contention that the consultation regime has a discriminatory effect. I accept the evidence of Michael McGuinness, a UFU officer and CFA employee. He says that the UFU consults with employees of the CFA whether members of the UFU or not. His evidence is that such consultation generally occurs at fire stations or at district headquarters through delegates from the various consultative committees and via UFU delegates. He says that UFU bulletins in relation to major workplace changes are addressed to both UFU members and non-members. He states that any employee can email EBIC members with concerns and request that they be dealt with, and that the employer representatives on EBIC can also raise issues brought to their attention by individual employees whether members of the UFU or not. While he concedes that ultimately the UFU determines the matters that it presents to the EBIC, the effect of his evidence is that all employees are consulted and matters for EBIC may be raised by both UFU members and non-UFU members. It is difficult to see any real defect in the consultation regime when it is compared to the model consultation regime prescribed by s 205 of the FW Act. 171 I do not consider that the consultation regime contains either objectionable or unlawful terms. That is, I do not see the role of the UFU in the consultation regime - as approved by all CFA employees covered - as discriminatory. Some person must be chosen and it is clear from the Explanatory Memorandum, Fair Work Bill (Cth) 2008 that Parliament intended that the person representing the employees could be an elected employee or a representative from an employee organisation: see para. 876. Again, any power of appointment should not be construed on the basis that is open to a party to use that power in a discriminatory way. To do so would be to construe it as authorising a breach of the FW Act and I do not do so. 172 In my view the relevant clauses are valid.

Issue 8: Are cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement or any of them consultation clauses for the purpose of s 205(1) of the FW Act? 173 For essentially the same reasons I consider that cll 13, 14 and 16 are consultation clauses within the meaning of s 205 of the FW Act. 174 Section 205 of the FW Act and relevantly provides: (1) An enterprise agreement must include a term (a consultation term) that: (a) requires the employer or employers to which the agreement applies to consult the employees to whom the agreement applies about major workplace changes that are likely to have a significant effect on the employees; and (b) allows for the representation of those employees for the purposes of that consultation. Model consultation term (2) If an enterprise agreement does not include a consultation term, the model consultation term is taken to be a term of the agreement. … 175 The consultation regime in the Agreement provides for the CFA to consult about major workplace changes with all CFA employees covered by the agreement, providing that it is to occur through representatives chosen by the employees. In the Agreement the employees agreed to a regime which gave the UFU the role, amongst other things, of selecting EBIC members and approving the Consultation Officer. In my view the regime meets the requirements of s 205.

Issue 9: If cll 13, 14 and 16 of the Agreement or any of them are invalid and of no effect, is the model consultation clause as prescribed by the Fair Work Regulations 2009 (Cth) a term of the Agreement? 176 As I consider that cll 13,14 and 16 are valid it is unnecessary to deal with Issue 9.

Issue 10 ARE cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with:

(a) sections 186(6)(a), 739(1)(4) and (5) and 738(b);

and therefore invalid? 177 First, the CFA contends that the UFU's construction of cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 is incorrect. Broadly put, the UFU contends that the clauses allow the dispute resolution procedure to be applied to all matters pertaining to the employment relationship between the CFA and its employees covered by the Agreement or pertaining to the relationship between the CFA and the UFU. In my view, leaving aside the prohibition on any extra claims, the UFU's construction is correct. 178 In the alternative, the CFA contends that if cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 are not read narrowly as it contends, then they are invalid, being inconsistent with ss 186(6)(A), 739(1)(4) and (5), 738(B) of the FW Act and Pt 2-4 of the FW Act.

The legislative framework 179 Section 186(6) of the FW Act provides that before approving an enterprise agreement the Commission must be satisfied that it contains a term setting out a procedure that allows the Commission to settle disputes about "matters arising under the agreement". The provision relevantly states: (1) If an application for the approval of an enterprise agreement is made under section 185, the FWC must approve the agreement under this section if the requirements set out in this section and section 187 are met. … (2) The FWC must be satisfied that: (a) if the agreement is not a greenfields agreement - the agreement has been genuinely agreed to by the employees covered by the agreement; and … (c) the terms of the agreement do not contravene section 55 (which deals with the interaction between the National Employment Standards and enterprise agreements etc.); and (d) the agreement passes the better off overall test. Note 1: For when an enterprise agreement has been genuinely agreed to by employees, see section 188. Note 2: The FWC may approve an enterprise agreement that does not pass the better off overall test if approval would not be contrary to the public interest (see section 189). Note 3: The terms of an enterprise agreement may supplement the National Employment Standards (see paragraph 55(4)(b)). … (6) The FWC must be satisfied that the agreement includes a term: (a) that provides a procedure that requires or allows the FWC… to settle disputes: (i) about any matters arising under the agreement; and (ii) in relation to the National Employment Standards; and… (Emphasis added). 180 Section 738, in Division 2 of the FW Act titled "Dealing with disputes", relevantly provides: Application of this division This Division applies if: … (b) an enterprise agreement includes a term that provides a procedure for dealing with disputes, including a term referred to in subsection 186(6); or … 181 Section 739 of the FW Act, also in Div 2, relevantly provides: Disputes dealt with by the FWC (1) This section applies if a term referred to in section 738 requires or allows the FWC to deal with a dispute. … (4) If, in accordance with the term, the parties have agreed that the FWC may arbitrate (however described) the dispute, the FWC may do so. Note: The FWC may also deal with a dispute by mediation or conciliation, or by making a recommendation or expressing an opinion (see subsection 595(2)). (5) Despite subsection (4), the FWC must not make a decision that is inconsistent with this Act, or a fair work instrument that applies to the parties. (6) The FWC may deal with a dispute only on application by a party to the dispute. (Emphasis added). 182 Section 172 of the FW Act is also relevant as it sets out the "permitted matters" that an enterprise agreement may cover. It relevantly provides: (1) An agreement (an enterprise agreement) that is about one or more of the following matters (the permitted matters) may be made in accordance with this Part: (a) matters pertaining to the relationship between an employer that will be covered by the agreement and that employer's employees who will be covered by the agreement; (b) matters pertaining to the relationship between the employer or employers, and the employee organisation or employee organisations, that will be covered by the agreement; … (d) how the agreement will operate. (Emphasis in original.)

Clause 15 183 Clause 15 of the Agreement is set out in Appendix A to these reasons. Clause 15.1 provides: Dispute Resolution 15.1. This dispute resolution process applies to all matters arising under this agreement, which the parties have agreed includes: 15.1.1. all matters for which express provision is made in this agreement; and 15.1.2. all matters pertaining to the employment relationship, whether or not express provision for any such matter is made in this agreement; and 15.1.3. all matters pertaining to the relationship between the CFA and UFU, whether or not express provision for any such matter is made in this agreement, and 15.1.4. all matters arising under the National Employment Standards. The parties agree that disputes about any such matters shall be dealt with by using the provisions in this clause. 184 Clause 15.2 sets out an escalating process to be followed in the event of a dispute, which is as follows: (a) submission of the dispute to the employee's immediate supervisor is Step 1; (b) if not resolved in Step 1, submission of the dispute to the appropriate CFA senior officer is Step 2; (c) if not resolved in Step 2, submission of the dispute to the CFA's designated industrial representative is Step 3; (d) if not resolved in Step 3, formal submission in writing to the Manager, Employee Relations of the CFA is Step 4; (e) if still not resolved, referral to the Commission for conciliation and/or arbitration is Step 5. 185 Clause 15.2.6 sets out this final step in the following terms: 15.2.6. Step 5 If the matter is not settled following progression through the disputes procedure it may be referred by the union or the employer to FWA. FWA may utilise all its powers in conciliation and arbitration to settle the dispute. 186 Clause 65 of the Agreement is important. It provides: No Extra Claims 65.1. There shall be no extra claims by either party.

The CFA's contentions 187 The CFA submits that, as a matter of construction, the Court should find that the dispute resolution procedure in cl 15 applies only to those matters arising under the Agreement that pertain to the relationship between the CFA and the employees covered or that pertain to the relationship between the CFA and the UFU. Alternatively, it submits that the Court should find that cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3, to the extent that they purport to apply the dispute resolution procedure beyond matters arising under the Agreement, are invalid. 188 It argues that, read naturally, cl 15 is consistent with the scope of the dispute term contemplated by s 186(6) of the FW Act noting the introductory words of cl 15.1 which uses similar language to s 186(6) in providing that the dispute resolution procedure applies to "all matters arising under this Agreement". It says that these introductory words confirm that cl 15 does not permit the dispute resolution procedure to be used for the agitation of claims that fall outside the matters covered in the Agreement. 189 If this is not so the CFA submits that cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 constitute a purported grant of power to the Commission to arbitrate in respect of any matter, whether arising under the Agreement or not. It says that there would be no ascertainable limit on the scope of such arbitration and nor would there be any criteria or reference point pursuant to which the matter would be arbitrated. It complains that this would allow an employee or the UFU to agitate, ultimately to arbitration, any industrial matter they wish to bring forward, regardless of whether the matter arose (directly or indirectly) under the Agreement. 190 On the CFA's argument, Parliament intended that "disputes", as used in s 738(b) must mean disputes about matters arising under the Agreement, or disputes in relation to the National Employment Standards. It contends that this must be so because the purpose of a dispute resolution procedure is to ensure that the agreement between the parties is "effective and enduring": The Queen v Hegarty; Ex parte City of Salisbury (1981) 147 CLR 617 ("Hegarty") at 629 per Mason J; Construction, Forestry, Mining, and Energy Union v The Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2001) 203 CLR 645 ("Private Arbitration Case") at [28]. 191 Further, it submits that it is established that "it is an implicit, if not explicit, requirement of the statutory scheme for certification that the agreement being certified contain all of the terms that are to have effect as a certified agreement as a result of the certification": Finance Sector Union of Australia v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (2005) 158 FCR 158 ("FSU v CBA") at [76] per Merkel J. It says that a dispute resolution term that provides for disputes which have no connection to the Agreement to be ultimately determined by arbitration would be inconsistent with that requirement. 192 If cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 are not read narrowly, the CFA argues that: (a) certainty concerning bargained outcomes is undermined as the persons covered by the Agreement would be free to raise numerous additional claims which have no connection with the agreement: Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Queensland Bulk Handling Pty Ltd (2012) 224 IR 133 at [64]; (b) the inclusion of a mandatory "flexibility term" in the Agreement pursuant to s 202(1) of the FW Act, allowing an employee and the employer to agree on individual flexibility arrangements to meet their needs, is rendered meaningless because additional claims extraneous to the Agreement could be raised; (c) the operation of the "better off overall test" in ss 186(2)(d) and 193 of the FW Act is undermined because not all of the terms of the Agreement would be before the Commission; and (d) the no extra claims clause in cl 65 of the Agreement is rendered meaningless. It contends that such results are contrary to the objects and scheme of Pt 2-4 of the FW Act. 193 Finally, the CFA contends that, if not narrowly construed, cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 confer plenary powers on the Commission and the clauses are in substance and effect about the power of functions of the Commission. It argues that they are not terms about matters pertaining to those relationships as required by s 172. In support of this final submission the CFA rely on The Queen v Portus; Ex parte City of Perth (1973) 129 CLR 312 at 315 per Barwick CJ, 324-325 per Gibbs J and 328 and 330 per Stephen J; Re Media, Enertainment and Arts Alliance; Ex parte Hoyts Corporation Pty Ltd (1992) 178 CLR 379 at 389 per Mason CJ, Brennan, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ; Re State Public Services Federation; Ex parte Attorney General (W.A.) (1993) 178 CLR 249 at 270 per Mason CJ, Deane and Gaudron JJ.

Consideration 194 I do not accept the CFA's contentions. 195 Sections 186(6) and 738 are the specific sources of statutory power for the inclusion of a dispute resolution term in an enterprise agreement. Section 172 provides the substantive "permitted matters" that can be dealt with in such an agreement. 196 Section 186(6) is clear in its terms. It provides that before the Commission may approve an enterprise agreement it must be satisfied that the agreement includes a dispute resolution procedure to settle disputes: (a) about any matters arising under the agreement - subs 186(6)(a)(i); and (b) in relation to the National Employment Standards - subs 186(6)(a)(ii). 197 Although it may be said to extend beyond "matters arising under this agreement", the dispute resolution term in cl 15 of the Agreement meets the requirements of the section. The issue is whether on its proper construction s 186(6) specifies the minimum requirement to be met by a dispute resolution procedure in an enterprise agreement, or whether it also sets the outer boundary or maximum. In my view s 186(6) allows the Commission to approve an enterprise agreement that includes a dispute resolution term that relates to matters pertaining to the employment relationship or to the relationship between the relevant union and employer, which is not required to be constrained by the matters covered in the agreement itself. 198 That s 186(6) only sets the minimum requirement in relation to a dispute resolution term in an enterprise agreement is apparent from s 738(b) which refers to dispute resolution terms, including such terms referred to in s 186(6). I respectfully agree with the Full Bench of the Commission in Boral Resources (NSW) Pty Ltd v Transport Workers' Union of Australia (2010) 202 IR 135 ("Boral'") per Lawler VP, Sams DP and Williams C. At [15] the Full Bench found that the use of "including" in s 738(b) was a conclusive indication that the Parliament did not intend s 186(6) to restrict dispute resolution terms to only those meeting the description in that section. 199 In dealing with the dispute resolution term in the 2010 MFB Agreement (which is relevantly indistinguishable from the term before me) a differently constituted Full Bench approved Boral: Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board v United Firefighters' Union of Australia (Vic Branch) (2012) 223 IR 448 at [23] ("MFB v UFU") per Kaufman SDP, Hamilton DP and Gregory C. 200 I cannot see any basis for construing the word "dispute" in s 738(b) of the FW Act other than in accordance with its ordinary meaning. No cogent argument was put for it to be read down so that it is limited only to disputes arising under the agreement or relating to the National Employment Standards. Section 738 must be given its ordinary meaning, which does not include the unstated limitation for which the CFA contends. 201 In my view s 739 also tends to confirm that the scope of any power in the Commission to resolve disputes pursuant to a dispute resolution term in an agreement is a matter for the parties. Section 739(4) provides, simply, that subject to consistency with the Act, if the parties have agreed that the FWC may arbitrate it may do so. 202 This construction is consistent with the objects of the FW Act. Section 3(e) provides that one of objects of the Act is to provide accessible and effective procedures to resolve grievances and disputes. Giving "dispute" in s 738(b) its ordinary meaning means that the parties have an effective mechanism to deal with disputes which pertain to "permitted matters" but which may not have been contemplated when the agreement was made and are not covered by it. 203 If there be any ambiguity, Parliament's intention in this regard is clear. The Explanatory Memorandum, Fair Work Bill (Cth) 2008 at 2733 states that a dispute resolution procedure may deal with matters beyond the scope of the enterprise agreement, providing as follows: Modern awards and enterprise agreements must include a term providing a procedure for settling disputes about matters arising under the modern award or enterprise agreement (as the case may be) and in relation to the [National Employment Standards] (these requirements are set out in clause 146 for modern awards and in clause 186 for enterprise agreements). A modern award or enterprise agreement may also provide a procedure for settling other disputes at a workplace. This Division [Div 2 of Part 6-2 - "Dealing with Disputes"] will also apply to those matters. (Emphasis added.) 204 In the Private Arbitration Case, the High Court dealt with a dispute surrounding a dispute resolution term in a certified agreement under the IR Act. The relevant dispute resolution term had a broad scope, providing in effect that the Industrial Relations Commission could privately arbitrate any dispute at the workplace. 205 At the time, under s 170MC(1)(c) of the IR Act the Commission could not certify an agreement unless satisfied that it included procedures for preventing and settling disputes about "the application of the agreement". Under s 170MH(a) an enterprise agreement could contain a term which authorised the Commission to arbitrate disputes about "the application of the agreement". The IR Act was repealed with effect from 31 December 1996 and replaced by the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) ("WR Act"), but the transitional provisions provided that agreements previously certified remained in effect. Section 89A of the WR Act limited the definition of "industrial dispute" by reference to the "allowable award matters" set out in subs (2) and (3). 206 It was uncontentious that the dispute resolution term in the certified agreement went beyond the "allowable matters" in s 89A and beyond disputes over "the application of the agreement". The employer argued that s 89A operated not only to limit the Commission's ordinary arbitration powers, but also to limit its powers to conduct a private arbitration pursuant to the dispute resolution term in the agreement. 207 Although doing so in a different context to that before me, at [28]-[29] the High Court comprising Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne, and Callinan JJ endorsed Hegarty, noting that dispute resolution procedures were intended to ensure that any settlement of a dispute was effective and enduring. Having said this their Honours explained at [34]: The parties to an industrial situation are free to agree between themselves as to the terms on which they will conduct their affairs. Their agreement has effect according to the general law. If their agreement is certified, it also has effect as an award. To the extent that an agreement provides in a manner that exceeds what is permitted either by the Constitution or by the legislation which gives the agreement effect as an award, it cannot operate with that effect. But the underlying agreement remains and the validity of that agreement depends on the general law, not the legislative provisions which give it effect as an award. 208 The High Court held that the limitations on "allowable award matters" in s 89A did not apply to the Commission's power to privately arbitrate disputes. The Court confirmed that, if the parties specifically so agree, the Commission has a broad power to privately arbitrate disputes. In my view the Court's approach illustrates the weakness of the CFA's contention. As the Court explained at [30]-[32]: There is, however, a significant difference between agreed and arbitrated dispute settlement procedures. As already indicated, the Commission cannot, by arbitrated award, require the parties to submit to binding procedures for the determination of legal rights and liabilities under an award because Ch III of the Constitution commits power to make determinations of that kind exclusively to the courts. However, different considerations apply if the parties have agreed to submit disputes as to their legal rights and liabilities for resolution by a particular person or body and to accept the decision of that person as binding on them. Where parties agree to submit their differences for decision by a third party, the decision maker does not exercise judicial power, but a power of private arbitration. Of its nature, judicial power is a power that is exercised independently of the consent of the person against whom the proceedings are brought and results in a judgment or order that is binding of its own force. In the case of private arbitration, however, the arbitrator's powers depend on the agreement of the parties, usually embodied in a contract, and the arbitrator's award is not binding of its own force. Rather, its effect, if any, depends on the law which operates with respect to it. To the extent that s 170MH of the IR Act operates in conjunction with an agreed dispute resolution procedure to authorise the Commission to make decisions as to the legal rights and liabilities of the parties to the Agreement, it merely authorises the Commission to exercise a power of private arbitration. And procedures for the resolution of disputes over the application of an agreement made by parties to an industrial situation to prevent that situation from developing into an industrial dispute are clearly procedures for maintaining that agreement. Parliament may legislate to authorise the Commission to participate in procedures of that kind. Accordingly, s 170MH of the IR Act is valid. 209 Clause 15 of the Agreement reflects the parties' choice of a dispute resolution procedure which extends beyond the minimum requirement in s 186(6), although limited to the "permitted matters" in s 172(1) of the FW Act. On the plain words of cl 15, by operation of ss 739(4) and (5) the Commission may arbitrate disputes which go beyond the matters expressly covered in the Agreement, although it has no power to make a decision inconsistent with the terms of the Agreement. 210 I can see nothing inconsistent with the FW Act in this result. The parties may be seen to have recognised that, during the nominal three year term of the Agreement, disputes between them may arise that they did not contemplate when the Agreement was drafted. The parties apparently recognised that such disputes, although pertaining to the employment relationship and the relationship between the UFU and the CFA, may not be covered by the Agreement. The parties apparently saw some value in a dispute resolution procedure with a broad scope, presumably in order to maximise the application of the Agreement and the prospect of enduring industrial peace. 211 Nor do I accept the CFA's contentions that, unless cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3 are narrowly construed, certainty concerning bargained outcomes is undermined, the inclusion of a mandatory "flexibility term" in the Agreement is rendered meaningless, the operation of the "better off overall test" is undermined, and the "no extra claims" clause in the Agreement is rendered meaningless. 212 First, this argument proceeds on the wrong premise. Clause 15 provides for the resolution of disputes which, whilst being "permitted matters", may relate to issues outside the express terms of the Agreement. It is axiomatic that the dispute resolution clause itself is part of the Agreement, and whatever it provides for in respect of its own scope is part of the scope of the Agreement. Subject to the minimum requirements of s 186(6) the parties were free to choose the scope of any dispute resolution term they wished to have in their Agreement. The parties chose a dispute resolution procedure of broad scope and it is now part of the Agreement. 213 Secondly, the Agreement remains sufficiently certain in my view, and I consider that the flexibility terms have work to do. The "better off overall" test must be decided on the basis of the Agreement at the point of approval as that is the "test time": see s 193(6). This does not render cl 15 invalid. 214 Further, in an attempt to bolster its argument, I consider that the CFA overstates the uncertainty that might arise from the agreed scope of cl 15. It is important to remember that s 739(5) provides that the Commission is not empowered to make a decision in a private arbitration that is inconsistent with the relevant enterprise agreement. That is, a decision in any private arbitration cannot displace a term of the Agreement. 215 Further, the "no extra claims" clause in cl 65 of the Agreement operates to significantly reduce any uncertainty. Clause 65 prohibits extra claims by either party during the life of the Agreement. I do not accept that it is rendered meaningless if the dispute resolution procedure in cl 15 is not read down. Clause 65 is also part of the Agreement and must be given its effect. 216 I have not had the benefit of detailed submissions by the parties as to the meaning of cl 65, but its purpose is plain enough. I respectfully adopt Bromberg J's explanation of the meaning of "claims" in the context of a "no extra claims" clause in Marmara v Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Ltd [2013] FCA 1351 at [19]-[33]. I see "claim" in cl 65 as a reference to a demand made by one of the parties which pertains to the employment relationship or to the relationship between the CFA and the UFU, usually but not necessarily as part of an industrial bargaining process. Noting that the parties negotiated a comprehensive agreement running to 166 pages I see the intent of cl 65 as being to lock in the outcome of that former bargaining process so that on commencement of the Agreement the parties had a high level of certainty in the Agreement reached. I infer that to that end, the parties agreed that no extra claims could be made during the life of the Agreement. 217 As I explain later, they also agreed on a list of Reserved Matters which could be raised later and if so raised were not to be treated as extra claims. Whether a particular issue pertaining to the employment relationship that later arises is an "extra claim" will depend, amongst other things, its nature, whether it is covered in the Agreement, and whether it is a Reserved Matter. 218 The effect of cl 65 is to prohibit the parties from making extra claims and correctly construed the dispute resolution term does not empower the Commission to privately arbitrate "extra claims". That is, contrary to the CFA's contention I do not accept that cl 15 allows the UFU to seek a private arbitration in respect of any matter. The UFU concedes that the parties cannot make extra claims outside the Agreement. 219 Some disputes may not involve a "claim", or alternatively may not be an "extra claim" because the parties have agreed that such a claim is a Reserved Matter. The prohibition in cl 65 does not prohibit disputes which do not fall within that clause from being resolved through the dispute resolution process even if they relate to matters not covered in the Agreement. For example, Senior Counsel for the UFU suggested that some matters relating to individual employment grievances would not necessarily fall within the terms of the Agreement. 220 Finally, I do not accept the contention that the dispute resolution procedure in cl 15 is not a term about matters pertaining to the employment relationship between the CFA and the employees covered, or the CFA and the UFU. In my view the authorities referred to by the CFA are not apposite to the present case. The cases upon which the CFA relies relate to whether an industrial dispute can exist where the principal question between the parties is whether an award could confer power on the former Australian Industrial Relations Commission. No such question arises in the present case.

Issue 11: Is cl 15.1.3 of the Agreement a permitted matter as defined in section 172 of the FW Act? 221 It follows from my reasoning above that cl 15.1.3 is a permitted matter within s 172 of the FW Act.

Issue 12: If cl 15.1.3 of the Agreement is not a permitted matter is it invalid or unenforceable by reason of section 253(1)(a) of the FW Act? 222 Given my conclusion that the clause is a permitted matter it is unnecessary to decide this issue.

Issue 13: Is cl 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) a permitted matter as defined in section 172 of the FW Act?

Issue 14: Is clause 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with cl 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with:

(a) sections 186(6)(a), 739(1), (4) and (5) and 738(b);

Issue 15: Is clause 38.3 of the Agreement (whether in conjunction with clause 15 or otherwise) inconsistent with the requirement that an agreement have sufficient certainty under the FW Act and is therefore of no effect?

Issue 16: Is clause 38.3 a term that provides a procedure for dealing with disputes as referred to in sections 738(b) and 739(1) and therefore invalid and of no effect? 223 I will deal with Issues 13, 14, 15 and 16 together as they all relate to one short clause of the Agreement. 224 Clause 38 of the Agreement is headed "Allowances and Reimbursements General" and it deals with various allowances that are payable including allowances for personal expenses and accommodation, meals, spoilt meals, travel expenses and reimbursement, attendance at training facilities, driving licence fee reimbursement, relieving duty, after hours work, after hours disturbance, temporary work location, change of residence, uniforms and equipment, first aid, language, and certain qualifications. 225 The dispute relates to cl 38.3 which provides: In accordance with existing practice the parties agree that any new allowance and/or variation to an existing allowances claim will be referred to FWA for determination. Both parties reserve their rights to put their respective positions. If broadly construed this clause sits poorly, or may be seen to be inconsistent, with other parts of the Agreement, particularly cl 65 which prohibits any extra claims and cl 15 which sets out the dispute resolution procedure.

The evidence 226 The evidence shows that in negotiating the Agreement the parties reached a comprehensive agreement, but were unable to reach agreement on a number of issues. They obtained the Commission's approval of the Agreement as it stood, and reserved a number of matters for later discussion and, if necessary, private arbitration. 227 This is clear from a letter of 13 August 2010 from Mick Burke, Chief Executive Officer of the CFA, to Peter Marshall, the Branch Secretary of the Victorian Branch of the UFU. The letter states: Matters to be referred to arbitration To avoid any doubt, please find attached the complete list of matters which the parties have agreed should be arbitrated by Fair Work Australia if they are not able to be otherwise agreed. I would like to reiterate that the Annual Leave Provisions for PADS are not agreed and need to be arbitrated. The Annual Leave clause in the current version of the new agreement needs to be removed and replaced with the existing provision. As previously discussed, I do not believe the positions of OM (Fire Inspection) and OO (Scientific) should be dealt with until the present incumbents of the equivalent PTA positions leave those positions. ("Reserved Matters letter".) 228 Under the heading "Matters for Arbitration" the attached list sets out 44 matters ("Reserved Matters"), which could be arbitrated by the Commission if not otherwise agreed to. The specified Reserved Matters appear to be largely allowances claims made by the UFU, but include at least one matter reserved by the CFA, titled "CFA claim - re Evidence in Support of Sick Leave".

The CFA's contentions 229 The CFA raises various legal issues regarding the legal effect and validity of cl 38.3. It argues that the Reserved Matters letter from its CEO, and the attached list of Reserved Matters, cannot bear on those legal issues. It contends that cl 38.3 is invalid and of no effect because it: (a) is not a permitted matter under the FW Act; (b) does not allow the Agreement have sufficient certainty; and (c) is not a dispute resolution term under the FW Act.

Is cl 38.3 a "permitted matter" 230 The CFA contends that cl 38.3 purports to confer upon the Commission a power that it otherwise does not have under the FW Act, that is, a general power to arbitrate on a claim for a new employment condition by way of a new allowance or a variation to an existing allowance. It notes that cl 38.3 contains no restriction on the number, nature or content of any new allowance claims or variation claims that may be brought forward and arbitrated, nor proscribes any criteria by which any such claims are to be determined. 231 It argues that, properly characterised, cl 38.3 is therefore a term about the power of the Commission and not a term that pertains to the relationship between the CFA and its employees. In this regard it reiterates similar arguments made in relation to cll 15.1.2 and 15.1.3. It contends that the clause is therefore not a clause about a "permitted matter" within s 172 of the FW Act and, by operation of s 253(1)(a), of no effect.

Does cl 38.3 allow the Agreement to have sufficient certainty 232 The CFA further contends that cl 38.3 is inconsistent with the requirement of the FW Act that an agreement have sufficient certainty, and is therefore of no effect. It contends that the enterprise agreement making provisions in the FW Act contemplate that the content of an agreement will have certainty. Without such certainty it argues that the parties would be unable to agree on an agreement, the relevant employees would be unable to decide whether to vote to approve an agreement, and the Commission would be unable to determine whether an agreement meets the "better off overall" test in ss 186(2)(d) and 193 of the FW Act. 233 The CFA says that, if cl 38.3 is valid, significant aspects of the terms and conditions covered by the Agreement would be determined by a process of arbitration rather than collective bargaining and after the Agreement has commenced operation. It notes that the FW Act contains various specific provisions as to the circumstances and manner in which an enterprise agreement may be varied: see ss 207(3), 211, 209, and 217A. It also points to ss 3(f), 5, 50, 217, 313 and 318 as supporting its contention that the FW Act contemplates that the terms of an agreement should be certain and not simply identify potential claims that may be arbitrated. 234 Further, the CFA submits that it is impermissible for parties to include a term in an enterprise agreement which allows for new substantive changes to be made to existing terms. In this regard the CFA relies on FSU v CBA at [76] per Merkel J and the decision on appeal in Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Financial Sector Union (2007) 157 FCR 329 ("CBA v FSU") at [172] per Branson J.

Is cl 38.3 a dispute resolution procedure 235 The CFA also contends that cl 38.3 does not purport to be, and is not, a dispute resolution term as provided in s 186(6), 738(b) and 739. It argues that cl 38.3 simply purports to permit any new or varied allowance claims to be determined by arbitration and says that this is not a dispute procedure. It contends that, under the language of the term, a dispute does not even need to exist. 236 Accordingly it argues that the clause is an invalid attempt to provide the Commission with a source of power to arbitrate additional allowance claims and is of no effect.

Consideration 237 It is established that the construction of an enterprise agreement should have regard to the industrial context and should strive for a practical and common sense outcome. In an often quoted passage regarding the interpretation of industrial awards Madgwick J said in Kucks v CSR Limited (1996) 66 IR 182 at 184: It is trite that narrow or pedantic approaches to the interpretation of an award are misplaced. The search is for the meaning intended by the framer(s) of the document, bearing in mind that such framer(s) were likely of a practical bent of mind: they may well have been more concerned with expressing an intention in ways likely to have been understood in the context of the relevant industry and industrial relations environment than with legal niceties or jargon. Thus, for example, it is justifiable to read the award to give effect to its evident purposes, having regard to such context, despite mere inconsistencies or infelicities of expression which might tend to some other reading. And meanings which avoid inconvenience or injustice may reasonably be strained for. For reasons such as these, expressions which have been held in the case of other instruments to have been used to mean particular things may sensibly and properly be held to mean something else in the document at hand. I respectfully agree. 238 In Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd (1998) 80 IR 208 at 212, Northrop J said that certified agreements must be construed in the same way as awards. His Honour approved Madgwick J's statement of the principles to be applied and noted that those principles had an even stronger application in relation to agreements such as in the present case. 239 In Amcor Limited v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (2005) 222 CLR 241 Kirby J at [96], and Callinan J at [129], also endorsed Madgwick J's approach. In this case Kirby J relied on various contextual considerations to construe the relevant agreement. His Honour explained: The nature of the document, the manner of its expression, the context in which it operated and the industrial purpose it served combine to suggest that the construction to be given to cl 55.1.1 should not be a strict one but one that contributes to a sensible industrial outcome such as should be attributed to the parties who negotiated and executed the Agreement. Approaching the interpretation of the clause in that way accords with the proper way, adopted by this Court, of interpreting industrial instruments and especially certified agreements. (Citations omitted.) 240 Accordingly I do not accept the CFA's contention that the Reserved Matters letter from its CEO, and the attached list of Reserved Matters, does not bear on the validity of the clause. The context in which cl 38.3 must be construed is that the parties had agreed that various Reserved Matters were put to one side, and had agreed that they could be brought to private arbitration by either party after the Agreement was approved. The Reserved Matters include a large number of allowances. They were "reserved" so that they would not be treated as extra claims falling within cl 65, which otherwise would have prevented them from being advanced during the term of the Agreement. 241 Having regard to this context, I accept the UFU's contention that cl 38.3 should be read as nothing more than an exception to (or carve-out from) the no extra claims clause in cl 65. I construe it as no more than a recognition that the parties had not reached agreement as to some allowances and had reserved those matters to be either agreed later or privately arbitrated by the Commission. That is, they had concluded the Agreement but reserved various allowances in the Reserved Matters list, and any matter on that list could be advanced without offending cl 65. Properly construed, cl 38.3 does not allow any new allowance and/or allowance variation claim to be the subject of a private arbitration. That power resides in cl 15 and that clause only allows private arbitration of allowances not caught by the prohibition on extra claims. 242 On the basis that, properly construed, cl 38.3 does not stand alone as a provision conferring power to grant new allowances or vary existing allowances, I do not see the Agreement as inconsistent with the FW Act. It was open to the parties to agree upon a dispute resolution procedure that related only to matters arising under the Agreement, just as it was open to the parties to refuse to set aside any Reserved Matters capable of being later arbitrated. The parties chose a different course, and that course was available to them. 243 On the basis that cl 38.3 does no more than invoke the dispute resolution power in cl 15 I do not consider that it falls outside the "permitted matters" in s 172. I accept the CFA's contention that cl 38.3 is not a dispute resolution term as provided in ss 186(6), 739 and 738(b) of the FW Act. But it is not invalid because, properly construed, it is not a source of power for the Commission to privately arbitrate such matters. 244 As I have said, the Agreement is not as uncertain as the CFA contends just because it allows a number of matters to be the subject of private arbitration by the Commission. The power to privately arbitrate disputes at all only arises because the parties specifically agreed to a dispute resolution term that contemplated that. The broad scope of the power of private arbitration under cl 15 is also the result of the parties' specific agreement. The Private Arbitration Case is authority for the proposition that the parties to an industrial agreement are able to create a broad power of private arbitration in the Commission. 245 In this context I note that any debate about the validity of cl 38.3 is essentially arid. Even if I accept the CFA's contention that the clause is invalid, the dispute resolution procedure in cl 15 means that the numerous allowances included in the Reserved Matters list can be brought before the Commission for private arbitration. 246 I now deal with the CFA's reliance on FSU v CBA and the decision on appeal. The circumstances in that case are relevantly distinguishable from those before me. In that case cl 12 of the certified agreement provided for the employer and an individual employee to make a further agreement that excluded in part or whole the operation of the certified agreement. The further agreement would prevail over the terms of the certified agreement to the extent of any inconsistency. The further agreement was to be considered a part of the certified agreement and the responsibility of determining whether various statutory tests were met was left to the employer and the employee. 247 In CBA v FSU, Branson J at [172], with whom Spender J and Marshal J agreed, found that the primary judge correctly decided that the Commission could not certify the original agreement because cl 12 meant that the Commission was not able to "compare the overall terms and conditions of employment of the employees in relevant respects if the agreement were certified and if the agreement were not certified." The comparison was necessary to the certification process and could not be undertaken because the terms and conditions could be fixed at a later time by the employer and the employees. 248 No such difficulty arises in the present case. In the present case the Agreement cannot be so undermined or changed. As I have said, I consider that cl 38.3 is not to be construed as providing power to privately arbitrate any allowance claim. Further, cl 65 operates to exclude from private arbitration any matter that is an "extra claim". The allowances cannot be added to or varied other than by reference to allowances listed in the Reserved Matters and through a dispute resolution process that involves private arbitration by the Commission as its final step. There is no delegation of the Commission's responsibility as in FSU v CBA and the invalidity that was found to exist in that case does not arise. 249 Finally, the CFA's contentions regarding the provisions of the FW Act about the variation of enterprise agreements are not to the point. The evidence shows that in negotiating the Agreement the parties were unable to conclude negotiations on a number of matters and agreed to set them aside as Reserved Matters. They also agreed that, other than those matters, there were to be no extra claims. It seems that the parties recognised that, if they could not later agree to vary the Agreement in relation to those matters, they wanted a mechanism available to them to resolve the relevant dispute. That was their choice and that approach is not prohibited by the FW Act.

CONCLUSION 250 In conclusion, for the reasons given: (a) the UFU's application for declaratory and injunctive relief, together with a penalty, for the alleged breach of cl 27.4 of the Agreement must be dismissed. The clause is invalid and of no effect; (b) I will make the declarations sought by the CFA that cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement are invalid by reason of the implied limitation on the Commonwealth's legislative power; (c) as the CFA is a constitutional corporation, it is unnecessary to decide the CFA's application for declarations that cll 26, 27, 28 and 122 of the Agreement are invalid by reason of s 5 of the Referral Act; and (d) the declarations sought by the CFA that cll 13, 14, 15.1.2, 15.1.3, 16 and 38.3 of the Agreement are invalid must be refused. I direct the parties to confer and file draft minutes of orders reflecting these reasons within seven days. I certify that the preceding two hundred and fifty (250) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Murphy.