Telstra Corporation Ltd v ACCC

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - judicial review - grounds of review - appeal under Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) (ADJR) Act 1977 (Cth), s 5 - whether final determination unlawfully made on grounds that, in making final determination, ACCC: (1) did not take into account Telstra's direct costs of providing access to the ULLS (s 152CR(1)(d)); or (2) did not properly have regard to industry code as model terms and conditions (152AQB(9)) or otherwise (s 152CR(2)); or (3) failed to specify with reasonable precision or certainty terms and conditions relating access (s 152CP(2)); or (4) was so unreasonable that no reasonable person could have so exercised the power (Wednesbury unreasonableness); or (5) exceeded its jurisdiction by incorrectly assuming a matter upon which the exercise of its jurisdiction depended (s 152CP(1))

TRADE AND COMMERCE - Trade Practices Act, PartXIC, Div 8 - extent to which ACCC's earlier determination adopted industry code standards regarding ordering and provisioning of ULLS - mandatory terms of s 152AQB(1)(b) and (3) which stated respectively that ACCC "must make a written determination setting out model terms and conditions relating to access to each core service" and that ACCC "must take all reasonable steps to ensure that" such a determination is made within six months after commencement of section - whether ACCC had discretion to declare some but not all model terms and conditions relating to core service

STATUTORY INTERPRETATION - clear words used by Parliament requiring ACCC to make written determination to set out model terms and conditions relating to ULLS and to take all reasonable steps to do so within six months - explanatory memorandum qualifying clear words in Bill

Held: Final determination by ACCC invalid (1) Wordsof Minister must not be substituted for text of law, particularly where text of law imposes responsibilities and liabilities on persons, including corporations, who contravene it - the earlier determination of model terms and conditions can and should be construed as a valid exercise of power under s 152AQB(2) by treating ambiguous language in it as intended to comply with the unambiguous terms of the Act

(2) When s 152CR(1)(d) required ACCC, in making final determination, to "take…into account" Telstra's direct costs in providing access to ULLS, ACCC was required to take that matter into account, together with other matters referred to in that section, and give weight to them as fundamental elements in making its decision - ACCC required to give matter "fundamental weight" in sense that it was to treat consideration of factors (as opposed to factors themselves) as central element in deliberative process - such consideration was not reflected in ACCC's reasons for final determination

(3) ACCC's final determination required Telstra to provide access to ULLS in manner which did not have regard to industry code as model terms and conditions as required by s 152AQB(9)

(4) Alternatively, ACCC so misunderstood and misconstrued industry code that it failed to take relevant matter into account pursuant to s 152CR(2)

(5) Final determination was uncertain both in expression and operation because it failed to specify terms and conditions relating to access to ULLS with reasonable precision

(6) ACCC's exerciseof powerin making finaldetermination was unreasonable - absence of any foundation in fact for fulfilment of conditions (being existence of ULLS) upon which, in point of law, existence of ACCC's power depended

(7) In making final determination, ACCC exceeded its jurisdiction under s 152CP

WORDS & PHRASES - "must have regard to", "must take into account", "fundamental weight", "ordering and provisioning", "declared service", "core service", "communications wire", "direct costs", "model terms and conditions", "all reasonable steps"

Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth), ss 15AB, 46 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth), sub-ss 5(1), (2), 16(1)(a) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), Part XIC: Div 1, ss 152AA, 152AB, 152AC; Div 2, ss 152AQA, 152AQB; Div 3, ss 152AR, 152AY; Div 8, ss 152CL, 152CLA, 152CM, 152CO, 152CP, 152CQ(1)(f), (7), 152CR(1)(d)

Ancher, Mortlock, Murray & Woolley Pty Ltd v Hooker Homes Pty Ltd 2 [1971] NSWLR 278 cited Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 cited Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 cited Australian Retailers Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2005) 148 FCR 446 referred to Australian Tea Tree Oil Research Institute v Industry Research and Development Board (2002) 124 FCR 316 cited Avon Downs Pty Limited v Commissioner for Taxation (1949) 78 CLR 353 referred to Bank of New South Wales v The Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1 cited Cann's Pty Limited v The Commonwealth (1946) 71 CLR 210 considered Collector of Customs v Agfa Gevaert Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 389 followed Commonwealth v Pharmacy Guild of Australia (1989) 91 ALR 65 East Australian Pipeline Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2007)233 CLR 229 followed Eastern Trust Co v McKenzie, Mann & Co [1915] AC 750 cited Elliott v Minister for Immigration (2007) 156 FCR 559 cited Enfield City Corporation v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 cited Foster v Minister for Customs (2000) 200 CLR 442 cited George v Rockett (1990) 170 CLR 104 cited Gill v Donald Humberstone & Co Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 929 referred to Herald-Sun TV Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1985) 156 CLR 1 cited Khan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1987) 14 ALD 291 cited King Gee Clothing Company Pty Limited v The Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 184 considered Klein v Domus Pty Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 467 referred to Langton v Independent Commission against Corruption (2000) 49 NSWLR 164 cited Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24 followed Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 cited Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 cited Minister for Immigration v Gray (1994) 50 FCR 189 cited NAJT v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 147 FCR 51 cited Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 followed Public Service Board (NSW) v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 656 cited Racecourse Co-operative Sugar Association Ltd v Attorney-General (Qld) (1979) 142 CLR 460 cited Re Bolton; Ex parte Beane (1987) 162 CLR 514 applied Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 cited Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Palme (2003) 216 CLR 212 referred to Reg v Hunt; Ex parte Sean Investments Pty Ltd (1979) 180 CLR 322 followed SZEJF v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2006] FCA 724 cited Television Corporation Ltd v The Commonwealth (1963) 109 CLR 59 applied Telstra Corporation Limited v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2008] FCA 1436 referred to Telstra Corporation Ltd v The Commonwealth (2008) 243 ALR 1; [2008] HCA 7 cited The Commonwealth v New South Wales (1923) 32 CLR 200 followed The Queen v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Limited (1953) 88 CLR 100 referred to The Queen v Toohey; Ex parte Meneling Station Pty Limited (1982) 158 CLR 327 followed Tobacco Institute of Australia v National Health & Medical Research Council (1996) 71 FCR 265 cited Tran v Minister for Immigration (2006) 154 FCR 536 cited Upper Hunter County District Council v Australian Chilling and Freezing Co Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 429 cited Victoria v The Commonwealth (Industrial Relations Act Case) (1996) 187 CLR 416 cited Visa International Service Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2003) 131 FCR 300 followed Westfield Management Limited v Perpetual Trustee Company Limited [2007] HCA Trans 367 cited Zhang v Canterbury City Council (2001) 51 NSWLR 589 cited

TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED (ACN 051 775 556) v AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COMMISSION and OPTUS NETWORKS PTY LIMITED (ACN 008 570 330)

NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY NSD 2545 of 2007

BETWEEN: TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED (ACN 051 775 556)

AND: AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COMMISSION

JUDGE: RARES J DATE OF ORDER: 24 November 2008

1. The final determination made by the first respondent under s 152CP of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) on 30 November 2007 in relation the access dispute notified by the second respondent on 21 September 2006 was invalid. THE COURT ORDERS THAT:
2. The final determination made by the first respondent on 30 November 2007 be quashed with effect from 30 November 2007.
3. The matter be remitted to the first respondent for hearing and determination according to law.
4. The second respondent pay the applicant's costs.

Note: Settlement and entry of orders is dealt with in Order 36 of the Federal Court Rules.

NEW SOUTH WALES DISTRICT REGISTRY NSD 2545 of 2007

BETWEEN: TELSTRA CORPORATION LIMITED (ACN 051 775 556)

AND: AUSTRALIAN COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COMMISSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Factual Background.................................................................................. [1]
2. Statutory Scheme........................................................................................ [12] 2.1 Objective of Part XIC, Trade Practices Act.................................................. [12] 2.2 "Declared services" and "core services"..................................................... [14] 2.3 Standard access obligations and "ordering and provisioning".................... [16] 2.4 Resolution of access disputes........................................................................ [18]
3. Existing model non-price terms and conditions relating to access....................................................................................... [26] 3.1 The Commission's October 2003 determination.......................................... [26] 3.2 The non-comprehensive approach of the Commission................................. [35]
4. Affidavit evidence....................................................................................... [46]
5. The Commission's Declaration of the ULLS.................................. [53]
6. Code 569................................................................................................................ [54] 6.1 Objectives and definitions.............................................................................. [54] 6.2 ULLS transfers under Code 569................................................................... [57] 6.3 Ordering ULLS............................................................................................... [60] 6.4 Provisioning ULLS......................................................................................... [75]
7. Guideline 587..................................................................................................... [76]
8. Optus' notice of dispute and the parties' submissions on the draft determination........................................................................ [80]
9. Ground 3: Did the Commission take into account the direct costs of Telstra providing access to the ULLS?....... [95] 9.1 The Commission's reasons............................................................................ [95] 9.2 Statutory requirement to "take into account" or "have regard to"............ [103]
10. Ground 4: Did s 152AQB(9) require the Commission to have regard to Code 569 as a model non-price term and condition?......................................................................................................... [127] 11.. Ground 5: Did the Commission's final determination misconstrue and misunderstand Code 569?................................. [139] 11.1 Par 10(a) of the final determination............................................................... [142] 11.2 Par 10(e) of the final determination............................................................... [154]
11. Ground 6: Was the final determination uncertain?............. [158] 12.1 The context of the uncertainty argument...................................................... [158] 12.2 What is the meaning of par 10 of the final determination?.......................... [167]
12. Ground 7: Was the final determination illogical or unreasonable?............................................................................................... [176]
13. Ground 8: Was the final determination invalid because it included par 10(e)?................................................................................... [184] 14.1 Did the Commission exceed its jurisdiction by including par 10(e)?........... [184] 14.2 Severability of par 10(e)................................................................................ [190]
14. Conclusion........................................................................................................ [192]

1. Factual Background 1 When a person moves into a dwelling, he or she will frequently want a telephone service directly connected to the public switched telephone network ("PSTN") through what is commonly called a "landline". Most residential premises in Australia have a wall socket allowing for a telephone to be plugged into the socket and thus connected to the PSTN. Many forms of residential development have more than one dwelling, such as apartment or home unit buildings, and town houses. Telephony providers refer to these as "multi-dwelling units" or "MDUs". Because a number of the terms necessary to resolve these proceedings are acronyms, I will include a glossary as a schedule to this judgment for ease of reference. 2 Many MDUs have a main distribution frame ("MDF"). The MDF is used to connect the telephony wires of dwellings within the MDU to appropriate wires that, in turn, connect to a telephone exchange. A form of connection is by use of a copper or aluminium wire, which, as explained below, is defined as a "communications wire". One, but by no means the exclusive, means of connection between the exchange side of the MDF and the exchange itself is through an unconditioned communications wire. This form of communication is called an unconditioned local loop service ("ULLS"). Telstra Corporation Limited owns and maintains those local loops. It also owns over 5,000 local exchanges as explained in Telstra Corporation Ltd v The Commonwealth (2008) 243 ALR 1 at 3-4 [1]-[8] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne, Heydon, Crennan and Kiefel JJ. 3 The essential and defining characteristics of the ULLS are that it consists of an unconditioned communications wire (usually a twisted pair of copper or aluminium wires) between, in substance, the exchange side of the MDF and the telephone exchange itself. However, there are other means of connecting between the exchange side of the MDF and the telephone exchange, including using fibre optic cable. Thus, the mere fact that there may be wires physically present at the exchange side of the MDU does not mean that the whole path to the exchange from that wire will always be physically along a copper or aluminium communications wire or wires. 4 Other telecommunications providers than Telstra are able to offer telephony services to, among others, residents of MDUs. In September 2006, Optus Networks Pty Limited was such a provider. At that time, Optus notified a dispute to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission concerning access to the ULLS provided by Telstra in MDUs under s 152CM(1) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). Part XIC of the Act regulates, among other things, access to parts of the PSTN, and requires the Commission to act as an arbitrator of disputes between participants in the telecommunications industry concerning access to services. 5 The Commission conducted an arbitration of the access dispute to the ULLS between Optus and Telstra. Optus claimed that unnecessary costs were incurred by both Optus directly and through the charges it had to pay Telstra. This was because technicians from each of them had to attend at an MDF to connect the wires from the exchange side to the wires on the dwelling side of the frame in order to provide the subscriber with a link to the telephone exchange. Optus contended that often no attendances were necessary. The parties used the description "truck roll" to describe the visit by a technician in a vehicle to make the physical inspection of the wires. Telstra's technician would identify a pair of wires on the exchange side of the MDF as being connected to the ULLS and available for use by Optus' subscriber. Optus would then send a technician to connect the two wires identified by Telstra to wires on the dwelling side of the MDF linked to Optus' subscriber's dwelling. This occurred even where the previous occupant of the dwelling had had a telephone line connected. 6 Optus contended that it was unnecessary in those circumstances for either Telstra or Optus technicians to attend at the MDF, since a physical link had already existed for the previous subscriber who had lived in the dwelling. Thus Optus argued that an unnecessary expense was incurred in having two technicians redo or check something that already existed. Optus suggested that there must be a simpler and more efficient means of giving access. 7 When the Commission conducted the arbitration it raised a suggestion that if there were a "soft dial tone" on the telephone in the subscriber's dwelling, that would indicate that there was already a continuous link to an exchange. A soft dial tone indicates that the line from the subscriber's dwelling has a physical connection to an exchange but that line is not then being used to provide any services to a subscriber. The line can be used only to make emergency calls and calls to a number provided by Telstra in order to indicate the previous telephone number used on the PSTN to reach that address. The Commission suggested that ascertaining the presence of a soft dial tone would indicate the existence of an ULLS and thus make attendances by technicians at the MDF unnecessary. 8 The fallacy in this suggestion is, of course, that the existence of the soft dial tone does not indicate whether the connection is by way only of an unconditioned communications wire (i.e. an ULLS), or, by way in whole or part of some other means, e.g. fibre optic cable or other connection not being an ULLS. Moreover, while the soft dial tone indicates the existence of a connection it also is present only when no actual service is being provided over that connection (i.e. the connection is not in use and is vacant). In its final determination following the arbitration, the Commission proposed a novel regime using the presence of a soft dial tone for the ordering of ULLS by Optus from Telstra. This regime was intended to adapt existing processes in the Australian Communications Industry Forum ("ACIF") industry code C569:2005 Unconditioned Local Loop Service - Ordering, Provisioning and Customer Transfer (Code 569). I will explain what this involved later (see Ch 6). However, Code 569 did not use the term "soft dial tone" at all. 9 The operative provision in the regime proposed by the Commission in its final determination was par 10 which provided as follows: "10. Except where the parties agree otherwise, the supply by Telstra to Optus in respect of the ULLS in MDUs serviced by a MDF in the building is to be as follows: (a) Where there is an existing Communications Wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises which has a soft dial tone and Optus submits a ULLS Request to Telstra that provides the Service Number (which includes the full national number) and address associated with the Communications Wire, Telstra must treat the request as if it was a ULLS Transfer Request following the ULLS Transfer process specified in the ACIF C569:2005 Unconditioned Local Loop Service - Ordering, Provisioning and Customer Transfer industry code. (b) On receipt of a ULLS Request from Optus, Telstra must validate that the Service Number corresponds to the address specified in the request, based on Telstra's cabling records in Telstra exchanges. (c) If this information is incorrect, Telstra must follow the ULLS Rejection process for ULLS Transfers specified in the ACIF C569:2005 Unconditioned Local Loop Service - Ordering, Provisioning and Customer Transfer industry code. (d) For the purposes of the ULLS Transfer Request and in accordance with the definition of Losing Access Seeker stated in the ACIF C569:2005 Unconditioned Local Loop Service - Ordering, Provisioning and Customer Transfer industry code, where Telstra has been supplying the service immediately prior to the transfer, Telstra is to be considered the Losing Access Seeker. (e) Where there is no Communications Wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises i.e., there is no soft dial tone and Optus submits a Vacant ULLS Request, Telstra must follow the Vacant ULLS process specified in the ACIF C569:2005 Unconditioned Local Loop Service - Ordering, Provisioning and Customer Transfer industry code. (f) If Optus submits a ULLS Transfer Request to Telstra that meets the requirements in paragraph (a), Optus must accept any risk to the quality of, connectivity of and suitability for providing voice and/or data services on the existing copper path between the Telstra exchange and the end-user premises. (g) For the avoidance of doubt, where there is an existing Communications Wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises which has a soft dial tone but Optus is not prepared to accept any risk to the quality of, connectivity of and suitability for providing voice and/or data services on the existing copper path between the Telstra exchange and the end-user premises, Optus must submit a Vacant ULLS Request." (bold emphasis added) 10 Under s 152CR(1)(d) of the Act, the Commission was required to take into account the direct costs to Telstra of providing a declared service, here the ULLS, in making a final determination. During the course of the arbitration Telstra contended that it would cost Telstra about $1.7 million to redesign its computer system to accommodate the proposal that the Commission had in mind. Optus argued that it would only cost it, Optus, about $360,000 to implement the proposals. 11 Telstra contended that in purporting to make its final determination, the Commission: · either took into account Optus' costs as the cost to Telstra or alternatively it did not take Telstra's costs into account as required by s 152CR(1)(d) of the Act (Ground 3); · failed to comply with s 152AQB(9) because it did not have regard to the provisions of Code 569 as model terms and conditions which the Commission had previously made under a determination in October 2003 (Ground 4); · alternatively, by misconstruing and misunderstanding Code 569, either failed to take the actual provisions of the Code into account, or failed to have regard to them in accordance with s 152CR(2), and took into account an irrelevant consideration instead, namely its misconstruction or misunderstanding (Ground 5); · failed to comply with s 152CP(2) because the final determination was uncertain in its operation (Ground 6); · made an error of law and acted unreasonably (Ground 7); · exceeded its jurisdiction under s 152CP of the Act because the final determination did not deal with access to the declared service of the ULLS but rather wrongly assumed in pars 10(a) and (e) that a soft dial tone at the end-user's premises indicated that an existing ULLS connected those premises to a Telstra exchange, and then required Telstra to provide an ULLS on the basis of that false assumption (Ground 8). (Grounds 1 and 2 were not pressed.)

2.1 Objective of Part XIC, Trade Practices Act 12 Part XIC of the Act is intended to provide a regime for access to telecommunications infrastructure and other services to be given by providers of those services (s 152AA). The object of the Part is to promote the long-term interests of end-users of telecommunications carriage services and services provided by means of carriage services governed by the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth) (Trade Practices Act, s 152AB(1)). 13 The Parliament identified the matters to which a decision-maker must have regard in determining whether some proposal, activity or requirement promotes the long-term interests of end-users of carriage services. These include the objectives of promoting competition in markets for listed services and encouraging the economically efficient use of infrastructure by which listed services are supplied (s 152AB(2)(c) and (e)). This promotion of competition requires the decision-maker to have regard to the extent to which obstacles to end-users in gaining access to listed services can be removed (s 152AB(4)). When determining the extent to which the efficient use of infrastructure objective in s 152AB(2)(e) might be achieved, among other things, a decision-maker must have regard to: · whether it is or is likely to become technically feasible for the services to be supplied and charged for, having regard to the technology that is in use or available or likely to be become available (s 152AB(6)(a)(i)); · whether the costs that would be involved in supplying and charging for the services are reasonable or are likely to become reasonable (s 152AB(6)(a)(ii)); · and the legitimate commercial interests of the supplier or suppliers of the services, including the ability of the supplier or suppliers to exploit economies of scale or scope (s 152AB(6)(b)).

2.2 "Declared services" and "core services" 14 A central feature of Part XIC is the power of the Commission to make a declaration pursuant to s 152AL(3) that a particular kind of telecommunications service is a "declared service" for the purposes of the Act. The ULLS is a declared service under the Act (see Ch 5 below). Under s 152AQA(1), the Commission must determine in writing principles relating to the price of access to a declared service. And, the Commission must have regard to any such pricing principles if it arbitrates an access dispute under Div 8 in relation to a declared service (s 152AQA(6)). 15 By force of s 152AQB(1)(c) the ULLS is also defined to be a "core service". Under s 152AQB(2) the Commission: "… must make a written determination setting out model terms and conditions relating to access to each core service." (emphasis added) And s 152AQB(3) provided that the Commission "must take all reasonable steps to ensure that" such a determination in relation to the ULLS service was made within six months after the section commenced (emphasis added). When it arbitrates an access dispute the Commission must have regard to a determination under s 152AQB in relation to a core service covered by such a determination (s 152AQB(9)).

2.3 Standard access obligations and "ordering and provisioning" 16 Division 3 of Pt XIC deals with standard access obligations, as defined in s 152AR(1). Relevantly, Telstra, as an access provider, was required, if requested to do so by a service provider, such as Optus, to: "… take all reasonable steps to ensure that the technical and operational quality of the [ULLS] supplied to [Optus] is equivalent to that which [Telstra] provides to itself." (s 152AR(3)(b)) And, by force of s 152AR(4A): "To avoid doubt, ordering and provisioning are taken to be aspects of technical and operational quality referred to in paragraph (3)(b)." 17 It is common ground that the means by which Optus sought access to Telstra's ULLS service for subscribers in MDUs fell within the meaning of "ordering and provisioning". "Ordering" involves an access seeker submitting a request to Telstra and Telstra responding to the request by either confirming its validity and the availability of a suitable communications wire (ULLS) or rejecting the request (Code 569, cl 11). "Provisioning" involves Telstra acting on a confirmed request by connecting the identified and available communications wire to the access seeker's equipment in the local exchange and recording the new status of that wire in its own records (Code 569, cll 12.1, 12.2). Telstra was required to comply with all of the standard access obligations in relation to the ULLS service by force of s 152AY, including any obligations imposed by the Commission in accordance with an arbitration determination made by it under Div 8 of Pt XIC (s 152AY(2)(b)(iii)).

2.4 Resolution of access disputes 18 Division 8 of Pt XIC deals with the manner in which access disputes are to be resolved by the Commission. In exercising its powers under Div 8 the Commission must have regard to the desirability of access disputes being resolved in a timely manner (s 152CLA (1)). Under s 152CM(1) an access seeker in the position of Optus was entitled to notify the Commission in writing that an access dispute existed where, first, a declared service, such as the ULLS, was supplied by a carrier (here, Telstra), secondly, one or more standard access obligations applied and, thirdly, the access seeker and carrier were unable to agree about the terms and conditions on which the carrier was to comply with those obligations. The scope of s 152CM(1) is illustrated in s 152CM(5) which gives examples of the subject matter of access disputes. Those examples include the price, or method for ascertaining the price, for which access is to be provided and whether a previous determination ought to be varied. 19 By force of s 152CP(1) the Commission was required to make a written determination on access by Optus, as an access seeker, to the ULLS service as a declared service. Relevantly, s 152CP(2) provided: "The determination may deal with any matter relating to access by the access seeker to the declared service including matters that were not the basis for notification of the dispute. For example, the determination may: (a) require the carrier or provider to provide access to the declared service by the access seeker; or (b) require the access seeker to accept, and pay for, access to the declared service; or (c) specify the terms and conditions on which the carrier or provider is to comply with any or all of the standard access obligations applicable to the carrier or provider; or (d) specify any other terms and conditions of the access seeker's access to the declared service; or (e) require a party to extend or enhance the capability of a facility by means of which the declared service is supplied; or (f) specify the extent to which the determination overrides an earlier determination relating to access to the declared service by the access seeker." 20 The Commission was required to give a draft determination to the parties prior to making any determination, whether final or interim (s 152CP(4)). And, when the Commission made a determination, it had to give its reasons for making the determination to the parties to the arbitration (s 152CP(5)). 21 Although the Commission had power to make an interim determination (pursuant to s 152CPA(1); see s 152CL where the term is defined) it in fact proceeded to make a final determination of this access dispute. Under s 152CQ(1)(f) the Commission was prohibited from making a determination that would have the effect of: "(f) requiring a party (other than the access seeker) to bear an unreasonable amount of the costs of: (i) extending or enhancing the capability of a facility; or (ii) maintaining extensions to or enhancements of the capability of a facility;" 22 If the Commission made a determination which contravened s 152CQ(1) then s 152CQ(7) provided that such a determination was of no effect by reason of that contravention. Next, s 152CR relevantly provided: "152CR Matters that the Commission must take into account (1) The Commission must take the following matters into account in making a final determination: (a) whether the determination will promote the long‑term interests of end‑users of carriage services or of services supplied by means of carriage services; (b) the legitimate business interests of the carrier or provider, and the carrier's or provider's investment in facilities used to supply the declared service; (c) the interests of all persons who have rights to use the declared service; (d) the direct costs of providing access to the declared service; (e) the value to a party of extensions, or enhancement of capability, whose cost is borne by someone else; (f) the operational and technical requirements necessary for the safe and reliable operation of a carriage service, a telecommunications network or a facility; (g) the economically efficient operation of a carriage service, a telecommunications network or a facility. (2) The Commission may take into account any other matters that it thinks are relevant." (emphasis added) 23 The Commission had power to publish the whole or part of a determination and the reasons for making it, but was not obliged to do so (s 152CRA(1)). An arbitration hearing in respect of an access dispute was to be conducted in private unless the parties otherwise agreed (s 152CZ(1) and (2)). And, in conducting an arbitration about an access dispute, the Commission was not bound by legal technicalities, legal forms or rules of evidence and was required to act as speedily as proper consideration of the dispute allowed, having regard to the need carefully and quickly to enquire into and investigate the dispute and all matters affecting the merits, and fair settlement, of it. The Commission was also authorised to inform itself of any matter relevant to the dispute in any way thought appropriate (s 152DB(1)). 24 Additionally, the Commission had power under s 152DBA to use information provided to it by a party to another arbitration in the arbitration which it was determining, if it considered that that would be likely to result in the current arbitration being conducted in a more efficient and timely manner. But, if it wished to do so, it had to give notice to the person from the other arbitration whose information or document it proposed to use (s 152DBA(3)). 25 Where a party to a determination applies to enforce a determination, s 152DU is expressed to confer jurisdiction on this Court to make orders, including granting an injunction restraining a contravention of the determination, or requiring the party alleged to be in breach to comply with it, or alternatively for compensation. There is no issue in this matter under s 152DU, except that Telstra has pointed to that section and the consequences of any contravention of the Act which might expose it to potential liability, if the determination be valid.

3. Existing model non-price terms and conditions relating to access

3.1 The Commission's October 2003 determination 26 The parties disagreed about whether the Commission in October 2003 had made a comprehensive or attenuated final determination of the model non-price terms and conditions for ordering and provisioning of the ULLS. For the purpose of making a final determination in an access dispute, s 152AQB(9) required the Commission to have regard to any (earlier) final determination of terms and conditions it had made in relation to a core service, such as the ULLS. Optus argued that the Commission's October 2003 determination had adopted very limited parts of Code 569 as model terms and conditions dealing with ordering and provisioning. Broadly speaking, Telstra argued that, in substance, the October 2003 determination had adopted Code 569 in its entirety. 27 Despite the apparently mandatory terms of sub-ss 152AQB(2) and (3) regarding the obligation of the Commission to make a written determination of model terms and conditions, the explanatory memorandum for the Telecommunications Competition Bill 2002 (Cth) circulated by the Minister stated: "It is intended that the model terms and conditions will not need to be comprehensive; the [Commission] will be able to publish any or all of the model terms and conditions relating to a core service." 28 When the Commission published a final determination of model non-price terms and conditions in October 2003, over three months later than the exhorted six months provided in s 152AQB(3), it reiterated that model terms and conditions "need not be comprehensive", referring to the explanatory memorandum. The Commission said that it: "… can therefore make a determination that deals with any or all of the model terms and conditions relating to the core services. In this Determination, the Commission has chosen to deal with only with the key contentious terms and conditions as raised by industry participants." (emphasis added) 29 In the October 2003 determination, the Commission also said that its proposed approach to developing model terms and conditions was to treat the relevant ACIF code "as representing the standard for the model term and condition". It recognised that there was a formal process of industry self-regulation that had determined how particular matters should be dealt with between access seekers and providers. And, the Commission recognised the desirability of constraint in its promulgation of other terms and conditions which might conflict or be inconsistent with what the industry had already developed. In Part 2 of that determination the Commission expressly adopted particular ACIF codes where it considered that their provisions dealt adequately with a point of contention in the industry. And, the Commission identified particular areas as "key contentious" non-price terms and conditions requiring its specific attention. Finally, in a general comment at the conclusion of Part 2 of the determination, the Commission said that it would expect access agreements to reflect all applicable ACIF code obligations unless there was an agreement between the parties to adopt another standard. It concluded: "As noted above, where a matter is dealt with by an ACIF code, the Commission's model terms and conditions will adopt that standard. As a consequence, access agreements that fail to incorporate ACIF codes standards will fail to meet the Commission's model non-price terms and conditions." (emphasis added) 30 The October 2003 determination addressed a number of specific ordering and provisioning issues dealt with in the 2001 version of Code 569. The Commission expressly adopted cl 8.1 of the 2001 version which required access providers (i.e. Telstra) to treat ordering and provisioning of ULLS in a non-discriminatory manner. It then stated: "The Commission adopts this provision and all provisions relating thereto as part of its model non-price terms and conditions". 31 The determination then referred to s 152AR(3)(b) which required that an access provider must, if required to do so by a service provider, take all reasonable steps to ensure that the technical and operational quality of the active declared service supplied to the service provider was equivalent to that which the access provider provided to itself. Since the Act expressly provided these requirements, it is difficult to understand how the Commission regarded such a term as "contentious". Optus argued that this model term also had the effect of expressly incorporating what became cll 11.6.2 and 11.7.2 in Code 569 (these provided that an access provider had to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the technical and operational quality of the information supplied to an access seeker as part of the service qualification process was equivalent to that which the access provider provided to itself and also had to provide, similarly, appropriate connections). The service qualification process involved the access provider checking its office records as to the suitability of the proposed ULLS. Optus argued that because the Commission made these specific provisions of Code 569 as model terms it could not have made the balance of the Code as model terms. 32 In addition, the Commission expressly adopted as model terms and conditions cl 11.10 of the 2001 version of Code 569 which provided for "cutover notification", (this required the access provider to notify the access seeker when the provisioning of the ULLS would be complete) "together with all related provisions". 33 The Commission also expressly adopted as model terms and conditions: "… all relevant clauses in the code concerned with the obligation to provide acknowledgement of ordered services and updates of progress and confirmation of completed orders." In their ordinary meaning these words include cl 11 which deals with the placing of orders, by various ULLS requests (as explained below) and processing these. 34 The Commission noted that the 2001 version of Code 569 outlined the agreed industry processes for ordering and provisioning ULLS. It gave, as an example, cl 11.6, which detailed the process of service qualification as part of ordering and provisioning ULLS. The Commission said that any change in this process should be developed through the industry body (ACIF) and the relevant code.

3.2 The non-comprehensive approach of the Commission 35 In my opinion the intention of the Parliament when it enacted sub-ss 152AQB(2) and (3) was expressed in emphatic and unambiguous language. The section required the Commission to make a written determination setting out model terms and conditions relating to access to the ULLS and to take all reasonable steps to ensure that such a declaration was made within six months after the commencement of the section on 19 December 2002. 36 The subject matter, scope and purpose of that statutory requirement was directed to providing commercial certainty as to the material contractual rights and obligations of industry participants that would apply in any contract for access to ULLS as a declared service, absent agreement or a determination by the Commission. There would be little point in requiring the Commission to act by declaring model terms and conditions within six months of the commencement of this legislation which regulated access to declared services, if it had the choice of leaving out of a determination made under s 152AQB(2) and (3) some or all material terms and conditions relating to access to the ULLS, such as those in Code 569. 37 The language of the sections does not support the suggestion that the Commission could refrain from setting out some or all model terms and conditions relating to access to the ULLS. The absence of the definite and indefinite article ("the" and "a") before the expression "model terms and conditions" in s 152AQB(2) does not create any ambiguity. This is also evident when that provision is read with the remainder of s 152AQB as a whole. If the Parliament had intended that the Commission need not make all appropriate model terms and conditions relating to access to a core service like the ULLS then it had to say so, rather than use the clear language that it did. 38 This raises an important aspect of the rule of law. The Parliament expressed itself by requiring the Commission to make a specific determination and to take all reasonable steps to achieve that end within a time frame set down in unambiguous terms in its legislation. While s 152AQB contemplated that the Commission might not have been able to complete the task in six months' time, it still obliged the Commission to continue thereafter to take all reasonable steps to promulgate model terms and conditions relating to access to the ULLS service. 39 "All reasonable steps" are not "some" step or steps which the Commission thinks are reasonable: cf: George v Rockett (1990) 170 CLR 104 at 112. The ULLS service was a core service described in the Act. The Act provided specifically for the regulation of access to that service. It imposed liabilities on Telstra, among others, to ensure that access was given in accordance with the model terms and conditions (if they were applicable) that the Parliament required be promulgated by the Commission acting with an appropriate degree of urgency and attention to the terms of the Act. The explanatory memorandum was not the law and its stated intention was not reflected in the statutory language. This is particularly important since the Act provides for heavy penalties on those who contravene its requirements. 40 Mason CJ, Wilson and Dawson JJ observed in Re Bolton; Ex parte Beane (1987) 162 CLR 514 at 518 that the words of a Minister must not be substituted for the text of the law, particularly when the intention stated by the Minister was unexpressed in a law restrictive of the liberty of an individual. I am of opinion that this canon of construction also applies in circumstances where the text of the law imposes responsibilities and liabilities on persons, including corporations, who contravene it. Mason CJ, Wilson and Dawson JJ continued: "It is always possible that through oversight or inadvertence the clear intention of the Parliament fails to be translated into the text of the law. However unfortunate it may be when that happens, the task of the Court remains clear. The function of the Court is to give effect to the will of Parliament as expressed in the law." 41 This reflects a fundamental precept of constitutional law. When legislative power is used to create rights or impose liabilities and obligations, one consequence is that the freedom of those affected by the legislation is constrained or expanded by what the law provides. Where the law requires the executive branch of government, such as the Commission, to do something to give effect to the intention of the Parliament, the executive must obey the law, just like every other member of the community, be it a corporation or individual. This is because it is the duty of the executive branch of government to obey the law as laid down by the Parliament and the Courts, even if the executive does not agree with those decisions: The Commonwealth v New South Wales (1923) 32 CLR 200 at 214 per Isaacs, Rich and Starke JJ applying Eastern Trust Co v McKenzie, Mann & Co [1915] AC 750 at 759; see also Tran v Minister for Immigration (2006) 154 FCR 536 at 540 [9] per myself. 42 Those responsible for drafting legislation should not use explanatory memoranda to suggest the existence of some unexpressed restriction in the unambiguous terms of the bill before the Parliament. Such legislative drafting or elision is to be deprecated. It fundamentally undermines the right of persons to know what their freedoms and obligations are as provided by the law in the words enacted by the Parliament. It is one thing to read the (clear) words and text of an Act of the Parliament, but it is another thing to require people to look beyond these to the raft of secondary materials to which s 15AB of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) and its analogues suggest the Court may have resort, for the purposes of divining the intention of Parliament. 43 The non-comprehensive approach of the Commission in its October 2003 determination treated the words of the Act as if they were not obligatory. The requirement to take all reasonable steps to make a determination, setting out model terms and conditions relating to access to the core service of the ULLS within six months of the enactment of s 152AQB could not have been intended to leave unexpressed important terms and conditions for the provision of access to those services. How would anyone know what the terms and conditions were on which such services would be provided? If the construction put by the Commission were correct, that the uncontentious parts of the terms and conditions used by industry participants in the industry codes were not treated by it as being model terms and conditions within the meaning of s 152AQB, then there would be a significant gap in the model terms and conditions for access to the declared service in contravention of the command of the Parliament. That would lead to uncertainty. 44 The purpose of a model is to ensure that everyone is aware of the usual terms and conditions applicable in the relevant situation. Of course, in a particular arbitration or dispute, where the parties have not been able to agree on other terms and conditions to replace those model terms and conditions, the Commission is entitled to impose a solution, but in doing so it must have regard to the model terms and conditions, as s 152AQB(9) clearly requires. 45 Notwithstanding the way in which the Commission expressed itself, first, in its determination under s 152AQB, and secondly, in submissions it made (and Optus adopted) before me, I am of opinion that the October 2003 determination can and should be read consistently with the Act. I find that the then existing industry codes relating to the ordering and provisioning of the ULLS were determined by the Commission to be model terms and conditions (except to the extent that there were any different or inconsistent "contentious" terms expressly specified) in the October 2003 determination.

4. Affidavit evidence 46 During the hearing Telstra relied on two affidavits by Craig McAinsh which he prepared for the purposes of the proceedings. Mr McAinsh was Telstra's business processes and systems manager in its wholesale customer transfer group. Some of the material in those affidavits was not objected to, while other portions were relied on as evidence of facts to support Telstra's arguments going to the validity of the final determination. 47 Optus objected that several other passages in the affidavits were inadmissible because they were in the nature of submissions. Optus argued that, by including detailed submissions in Mr McAinsh's affidavits, Telstra was seeing to adduce further evidence in addition to what was before the Commission and, in some cases, to vary its position in respect of certain matters. Optus argued that, in light of the evidence before the Commission, no further explanation of the various technical matters was admissible in these proceedings. However, it also relied on an affidavit of Haris Khaliqi, one of its business program managers, in relation to certain matters dealt with by Mr McAinsh. 48 In my opinion, some of the contentious material was admissible to prove the meaning of technical terms used in the final determination, Code 569 and Guideline 587 (discussed below at Ch 7) in the context of the telecommunications industry: Collector of Customs v Agfa Gevaert Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 389 at 398-399 per Brennan CJ, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ. Evidence as to the meaning of technical terms used in an administrative decision is admissible so that the Court is placed in the context of understanding the natural and ordinary meaning of those words as they would be understood by persons familiar with their use: see also Australian Retailers Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2005) 148 FCR 446 at 566 [458]. Such evidence is capable of establishing that the decision-maker erred in its understanding of the technical matters with which its decision dealt. In Australian Retailers Association 148 FCR at 566 [458], Weinberg J held that such evidence is admissible where an administrative decision is challenged on the ground that the decision-maker lacked jurisdiction to make it because that was dependent on an actual state of facts that did not exist, or the decision-maker based the decision on a finding of a particular fact that did not exist. He said: "If additional evidence is available, in cases reliant upon such grounds, there is no reason in principle why such evidence should not also be admissible where the ground is couched in terms of unreasonableness." 49 There is, however, no error of law in a decision simply because the decision-maker made a wrong finding of fact: Enfield City Corporation v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 at 154 [44] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ. In that case, the Court held that evidence was admissible in judicial review proceedings to assist in the determination of a jurisdictional fact, namely, whether a development fell within a statutory description "special industry": see Enfield 199 CLR at 147 [24], 155-156 [50]. 50 In Visa International Service Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2003) 131 FCR 300 at 437-439 [659]-[666], Tamberlin J admitted evidence of this kind in judicial review proceedings so that the Court was in the position to understand the particular meaning of words used in the specialised area concerned. He applied what Street J had earlier held in Ancher, Mortlock, Murray & Woolley Pty Ltd v Hooker Homes Pty Ltd 2 [1971] NSWLR 278 at 286 that an argumentative process between experts enables the Court to proceed more readily and thus appreciate the relevant issue for decision. It can also illuminate the application of a specialised usage of words in the context. 51 In my opinion, here, the evidence was admissible to explain the meaning and signification of terms used in the proceedings before and by the Commission and in these proceedings. In the end, the expert evidence from both sides was useful to elucidate and understand how concepts such as a soft dial tone, a communications wire, and other network paths operated. 52 On the other hand, I have treated Mr McAinsh's explanations, in his affidavit evidence in these proceedings, of the way in which par 10 of the final determination operated, as being in the nature of submissions and not as evidence before me.

5. The Commission's Declaration of the ULLS 53 The Commission's declaration of the ULLS under s 152AL(3) of the Act, which was in effect from 1 August 2006, was as follows: "The unconditioned local loop service is the use of use of unconditioned communications wire between the boundary of a telecommunications network at an end-user's premises and a point on a telecommunications network that is a potential point of interconnection located at or associated with a customer access module and located on the end-user side of the customer access module. Definitions Where words or phrases used in this declaration are defined in the Trade Practices Act 1974 or the Telecommunications Act 1997, they have the meaning given in the relevant Act. In this Appendix: boundary of a telecommunications network is the point ascertained in accordance with section 22 of the Telecommunications Act 1977; communications wire is a copper based wire forming part of a public switched telephone network; customer access module is a device that provides ring tone, ring current and battery feed to customers' equipment. Examples are Remote Subscriber Stages, Remote Subscriber Units, Integrated Remote Integrated Multiplexers, Non-integrated Remote Integrated Multiplexers and the customer line module of a Local Access Switch; public switched telephone network is a telephone network accessible by the public providing switching and transmission facilities utilising analogue and digital technologies."

6.1 Objectives and definitions 54 Code 569 stated that its objectives were to establish operational principles which would enable an access seeker to be supplied with an ULLS to provide carriage and/or content services to its customers and to set out principles for the implementation and operation of the ULLS in accordance with the Act and the Commission's declaration of local telecommunications services. The Code defined a communications wire as "a copper or aluminium based wire, forming part of a [PSTN]". This incorporated part of the definition of the ULLS in the declaration made by the Commission under s 152AL(3). For the avoidance of doubt, Code 569 noted that a communications wire generally meant a copper or aluminium cable pair. (Nothing turns here on the Code referring to aluminium wire in addition to the copper wire used in the Commission's declaration of the ULLS.) The communications wire, however, had to be unconditioned if it were to meet the definition of the ULLS in the s 152AC(3) declaration. The following definitions in the Code are relevant: "In Use ULLS means a ULLS that is currently being used by a Party [i.e. industry participant] to supply services to a Customer. ULLS Identifier means a unique number allocated by the [access provider] to an individual ULLS. ULLS Request means a specific request from the [access seeker which will gain the customer] to the [access provider] for a Vacant or In Use ULLS or ULLS Transfer Request. ULLS Request Identification Number is a request from the [gaining access seeker] to the [losing access seeker] to determine what Service Number [defined as the Customer's fixed network billing service number identifiable by full national number - i.e. the telephone number of the Customer] or Service Numbers are associated with an In Use ULLS. ULLS Transfer Request is a request from the [gaining access seeker] to the [access provider] to process a ULLS Transfer [defined as the successful transfer of a ULLS between the losing access seeker and gaining access seeker]. Vacant ULLS means a ULLS that is not an In Use ULLS." 55 Under cl 7.1, the Code recognised that it set minimal acceptable practices which did not limit industry participants from agreeing to different arrangements. Importantly, cl 8.6 provided that Code 569 applied "… only to existing Communications Wires available in an [access provider's] network at the time of request" (emphasis added). This immediately creates a conflict with par 10(e) of the final determination. The latter purported to apply where there is no communications wire existing between the Telstra exchange and the customer's dwelling. 56 Notably, the Code did not use or define the term "soft dial tone". That term was introduced into the ordering and provisioning process by the Commission inserting it into the final determination. A soft dial tone as understood by industry participants, indicated only that a connection was present but not in use. The presence of a soft dial tone did not indicate whether that connection was in fact by a communications wire (i.e. a copper or aluminium wire) or whether it was conditioned or unconditional. Because a soft dial tone is a characteristic of a connection not then in use, such a connection could only be considered in respect of a Vacant ULLS Request under Code 569. The definitions and usage of the terms In-Use ULLS or ULLS Transfer Requests exclude lines or connections not then in use; i.e. these lines never have soft dial tones.

6.2 ULLS transfers under Code 569 57 Code 569 defined a "ULLS Transfer" as meaning the successful transfer of an ULLS between losing access seeker and the gaining access seeker (cl 6.2, emphasis added). Under cl 9.4.1, a gaining access seeker (such as Optus) for "each proposed ULLS Transfer" had to forward to a losing access seeker (such as Telstra) by email a spreadsheet containing the customer's ULLS identifier, name and any other relevant information, unless they had otherwise agreed a transfer regime. 58 Thus, when Optus seeks to obtain the transfer of an existing ULLS under Code 569, it must identify the actual communications wire using the number (the ULLS Identifier) which Telstra allocated to the ULLS line. That number is distinct from the telephone number (or Full National Number ("FNN")). By Optus using the procedure in cl 9.4 of Code 569, Telstra will be able to verify that what is sought to be transferred is, in fact, an ULLS: i.e. first, a communications wire currently in use and secondly, that the wire is unconditioned. So, when a customer seeks to transfer an existing ULLS service that he or she is using (by changing from one service provider to another) the customer seeks to retain the use of that existing communications wire but change its service provider. The transfer processes for an existing service in Code 569 do not involve any change of wiring at the MDF or MDU. The transfer will occur at some other point, like a telephone exchange, where responsibility for providing the existing identified communications wire to the customer (and hence the ULLS) will be transferred between the service providers. If Telstra is the existing customer's provider the process is called an "In Use ULLS Request". On the other hand, if another access seeker (i.e. industry participant) is supplying the existing service, and the customer wishes to change to a different access seeker, the process is called a "Transfer ULLS Request". In the latter case, Telstra's role is to transfer an existing ULLS service between two third parties where it has no direct relationship to the customer or end-user. 59 Under cl 9.6 of Code 569, an access provider had to notify the gaining access seeker of any rejection, including details of the reasons for the rejection, within three clear business days after receiving an ULLS Transfer Request. The gaining access seeker was only entitled to resubmit the original ULLS Transfer Request if it had rectified any incorrect, incomplete or inconsistent information or any incorrect electronic format (cl 9.6.2).

6.3 Ordering ULLS 60 The critical part of Code 569 was cl 11, which outlined the ULLS ordering procedure. First, an access seeker had to specify one of six types of access request. Three of those types are relevant here: Vacant ULLS Request, In-Use ULLS Request and ULLS Transfer Request (to be distinguished from an "ULLS Transfer" discussed above): see cl 11.1.1(a), (b) and (c). The final determination referred in par 10(a) generically to Optus submitting "… a ULLS Request to Telstra" rather than to one of the six types of ULLS request specified by cl 11.1 of Code 569. This is important because cl 11.1.1 of Code 569 commences by providing: "The [access seeker] must specify the type of ULLS Request required. The types of request are: …" (emphasis added) The Code defined an "ULLS Request" as a "specific request … for Vacant or In Use ULLS or ULLS Transfer Request". 61 But par 10(a) of the final determination required Telstra to follow the ULLS transfer process in Code 569 by stating that, if Optus made a request which simply supplied a service or full national number and address "associated with the Communications Wire, Telstra must treat the request as if it was a ULLS Transfer Request following the ULLS Transfer process specified in [Code 569]" (emphasis added). The succeeding provisions of par 10 of the final determination refer to other specific procedures in Code 569 dealing with, among other things, a "Vacant ULLS Request". Hence, the concepts used in Code 569 are essential to understanding how the final determination operates. 62 The characteristics of the three relevant forms of requests or orders for an ULLS specified in Code 569 are as follows: (1) Request for Vacant ULLS 63 This was defined as: "This process covers the provision of a ULLS on a Communications Wire currently not being used for any other purpose." (cl 11.1(a)) (emphasis added) (It is implicit that the communications wire will be unconditioned in order for it to be an ULLS.) 64 When making a request for Vacant ULLS, the access seeker had to provide the access provider with a number of details including the customer's service address (relevantly the MDU) and the exchange or other place where the access seeker's and access provider's networks interconnected. Notably, because the request was for a Vacant ULLS, there was no need to identify any particular communications wire connecting the Telstra exchange to the MDF at the MDU. It would be up to Telstra to find any available communications wire to satisfy that request. (2) Request for In-Use ULLS 65 An In-Use ULLS was defined in cl 11.1.1(b) as: "This process covers the provision of a ULLS on an existing Communications Wire currently being utilised by the Customer. There are two specific types with the ULLS Request detailing whether the Service Number associated with the In-Use ULLS is cancelled by the [access provider] or ULLS Call Diversion is provided as well as the ULLS Transfer Request." (sic, emphasis added) 66 The second sentence of the definition identified two specific types of In-Use ULLS Request. Each involved the cancellation by the access provider (i.e. Telstra) of the Service Number (i.e. telephone number) associated with the line. The second type of In-Use ULLS request would also involve the diversion of calls made to the old telephone number to the new one. The Code referred to the two types of In-Use ULLS Request respectively as "Request for In-Use ULLS - Cancellation of Service Number required" (cl 11.3.1) and "Request for In-Use ULLS - Cancellation of Service Number and ULLS Call Diversion required" (cl 11.3.2). Oddly, the Commission said in its reasons at [168], that first of those types of In-Use ULLS was applicable to the final determination. However, the final determination did not mention either type of In-Use ULLS request; rather it referred only to ULLS transfer and Vacant ULLS requests. 67 As a minimum, an access seeker had to provide the access provider with, among other things, the existing telephone number (the service number) of the subscriber, the subject of the request. Telstra's computer software could link an existing ULLS communications wire to the existing, and in use, telephone number. (3) Transfer ULLS between access seekers 68 Code 569 defines this process as: "… cover[ing] the transfer of ULLS between two [access seekers] when the Customer transfers from one [access seeker] to another [access seeker]." (cl 11.1.1(c)) (emphasis added) 69 The transfer of the ULLS from the losing access seeker (relevantly Telstra) to the gaining access seeker (relevantly Optus): "… will involve: (a) Provision of ULLS pair to the [gaining access seeker] (e.g. [access provider] to jumper nominated cable pair to [point of interconnection] cable pair). (b) [The access provider] must confirm completion of ULLS provisioning to the [gaining access seeker]. (c) [The access provider] must provide a Loss Report to the [losing access seeker]." (cl 11.4.1) (emphasis added) 70 Part of the process described in cl 11.4.1 involves the identification of the nominated cable pair between the main distribution frame (MDF) at the MDU and the point of interconnection at Telstra's exchange. An access seeker (Optus) in making an ULLS Transfer Request must provide the access provider (Telstra) with, among other things, the original ULLS Identifier, pursuant to cl 11.4.2(e)(vi). 71 Thus, cl 11.4 of Code 569 requires an ULLS Transfer Request to be for not just an existing connection, but to include, relevantly, the original ULLS Identifier (defined as the unique number allocated by the access provider (Telstra) to an individual ULLS) together with the point of interconnection cable pair details (cl 11.4.2(e)(vi) and (iv) respectively). With that information, as required in the mechanism in Code 569, the access provider (Telstra) will be able to identify the requested line as already having had a designated ULLS identification number, and thus that line will be identified as, in fact, being an existing unconditioned communications wire. 72 Next, on receipt of a request from the access seeker under cl 11.5 Telstra, as the access provider, had to check and validate the details of the access seeker's request. If that request were in the correct format Telstra had to accept it and provide a receipt to Optus within one business day (cl 11.5.2). If the relevant request were in an incorrect format, Telstra had to reject it, and provide Optus with both notice of the rejection and the reason(s) for it. 73 In addition, cl 11.6 provided that when the access provider (Telstra) had given a receipt to the access seeker for the ULLS request, the access provider had to perform a service qualification for the purposes of determining the availability of the ULLS and ensuring the compliance with the network's deployment rules (cl 11.6.1). The access provider, in conformity with the model terms and the intention of s 152AR(3)(b), had to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the technical and operational quality of the information supplied to the access seeker as part of the service qualification results was equivalent to those which the access provider provided to itself (cl 11.6.2). The service qualification process was defined as a "desktop process" to determine availability and appropriateness of the ULLS requested. 74 Under cl 11.8.1 the access provider (Telstra) had to provide an access seeker with a minimum amount of information in response to an ULLS Request under cl 11 regardless of the type of ULLS service sought in the request. This information included, under cl 11.8.1(b), the ULLS identifier, unless the request were rejected. Thus, Telstra did not have to give Optus an ULLS identifier if, for example, there were no ULLS available or the request was rejected for any other reason. Of course, if Optus made an ULLS transfer request, it would have known the ULLS identifier and have given it to Telstra under cl 11.4.2(e)(vi).

6.4 Provisioning ULLS 75 The next section of Code 569, cl 12, dealt with provisioning. An access provider was required to process an ULLS order in its provisioning system (cl 12.1). This involved, unless otherwise agreed, the access seeker (here, Optus) providing an identification tone to facilitate testing by the access provider (cl 12.2.1(c)). That is, under cl 12.2.1(c) Optus had to provide an identification tone so that Telstra could test the connection once a communications wire was identified to supply the requested ULLS.

Guideline 587 76 The Australian Communications Industry Forum also produced an industry guideline "Unconditioned Local Loop Service IT Specification Transaction Analysis" known as "ACIF G587 October 2002" (Guideline 587) to set the content requirements for communications between access seekers and providers for the purposes of Code 569 (cl 1). Clause 13 of this guideline described the physical record formats for each intended order or request transaction access seekers and access providers would generate. 77 Different formats were prescribed by Guideline 587 for each stage of the individual ULLS orders or request in cl 11.1.1 of Code 569. The completion of some fields in those formats was mandatory while for others it was optional. Those formats were adopted and used in the computer systems of industry members including Telstra and Optus. Relevantly, there were detailed individual formats to acquire: · a Vacant ULLS ("acquire vacant communications wire (VULL)" in cl 13.2); · an In-Use ULLS ("acquire in use communications wire (IULL)" in cl 13.4); and · a transfer of an ULLS ("transfer in use communications wire (TULL)" in cl 13.5). 78 Because an In-Use ULLS request is made to the existing customer's current service provider, in the case of Telstra, Telstra's computer system already associates the service (or full national) number and the ULLS identifier for the ULLS service it is providing. Thus, cl 13.4.1 of Guideline 587 does not require the gaining access seeker (here Optus) to provide the ULLS identifier to Telstra. Rather, cl 13.4.3 provides that in its IULL confirmation advice, Telstra must provide the access seeker with the ULLS identifier. 79 Thus, in an ULLS transfer request, Telstra's role is to permit the customer to change from one third party access seeker to another. Telstra is the supplier of the communications wire, but two third parties deal directly with the customer and provide him, her or it with their service or full national number. This is reflected in cl 13.5.1 of Guideline 587 which is the TULL notification format. That, like cl 11.4.2 of Code 569, includes as a mandatory field the ULLS identifier but does not include the service or full national number.

Optus' notice of dispute and the parties' submissions on the draft determination 80 Optus claimed in its notice of dispute, and in its submissions to the Commission, that Telstra provisioned for ULLS for itself in a manner that gave it a substantial advantage over provisioning times that its competitors were able to achieve and that that would impede the take up of ULLS. Optus complained that, where the previous occupier of a dwelling in an MDU had cancelled their telephone service, there were two possible scenarios depending on whether the new occupier chose to become a Telstra customer (via a PSTN connection) or an Optus one (via the ULLS). Optus claimed that the two scenarios were: (a) where Telstra was selected by the new occupant, it was able to identify the cancelled telephony service and reuse the existing copper pair to connect the new customer to the service within one or two business days. It could do this remotely without having to visit the MDU premises; (b) if the new customer chose Optus as the service provider, it had to provision the service using ULLS. In those circumstances potentially Telstra could allocate a different copper pair to that pair currently serving the premises. Optus argued that Telstra's provisioning service system for ULLS simply searched for a vacant copper pair to the address at the MDF for the MDU, rather than identifying the pair previously allocated to that particular service. Optus argued that Telstra would then send a technician to the apartment building to examine the MDF to ensure that the copper pair selected displayed correct electrical characteristics but only up to the exchange side of the MDF. It claimed that Telstra refused to connect, or, to use the jargon, "jumper", the line from the exchange side of the MDF to the building side so as to establish a new path to the subscriber's dwelling. Thus, Optus claimed it was forced to send a second technician out to the MDF to make the physical connection. On this basis Optus argued that two "truck rolls" (one for each technician) were involved leading to unnecessary costs and a delay of 7 to 10 business days which occurred before the new service was activated. 81 When it commenced the arbitration, the Commission agreed to make site visits to two different MDUs selected by the parties. It described what happened next: "37. During the Site Visits the discussion turned away from jumpering at the building MDF in MDUs to circumstances where a continuous copper path exists (as there is a soft dial tone) between the customer premise and the Telstra exchange and therefore jumpering could be performed at the Telstra exchange to provide a ULLS. 38. In formulating the Proposal that was sent to the parties, the Commission understood from the discussions that took place at the Site Visits that where a customer vacates premises in a MDU, with a MDF in the building, the copper path between the customer premises and the Telstra exchange may still be intact and able to be identified by the presence of a soft dial tone. As such, it may be possible to provision a ULLS to an Access Seeker using that same copper pair. The Commission has since verified that the full national number (FNN) can be obtained where either a dial tone or a soft dial tone exists by dialling 1800 801 920 at the customer premises. This number is publicly available on the Internet. 39. On the basis of this understanding, it was the Commission's view that in this situation, a ULLS could be provisioned with jumpering taking place only in the Telstra exchange. This would avoid two truck-rolls (one by the Access Provider and one by the Access Seeker) to the customer premises. The Commission also took the view that it was fair and reasonable for the Access Seeker to accept any risk that the copper pair may not be suitable for broadband services." (emphasis added) 82 The proposal referred to by the Commission was set out in its reasons (at [42]). It differed from the final determination. The Commission's initial proposal had the significant features that it referred, first, to "an existing line" not "communications wire" with a soft dial tone and, secondly, to a situation where "… there is no line between the exchange and the end-user customer's premise (i.e., there is no soft dial tone)" (bold emphasis added). The detail of these two concepts ultimately changed, but their structure remained in pars 10(a) and (e) respectively of the final determination, with the distinction that the "line" changed in the latter instrument to a "communications wire". 83 It was conceptually correct to describe the existence of a line between the customer's premises and the Telstra exchange as being evidenced by a soft dial tone, because that did in fact demonstrate that there was a pathway in Telstra's PSTN for communications to pass between those two points. But, this fact said nothing about whether that pathway was an unconditioned communications wire, and hence an ULLS, or some other communications pathway, including a conditioned communications wire or one which partially utilised some other connection. In formulating its initial proposal, the Commission said (at [47]): "In cases where there is no existing line between the end-user customer's premises and the Telstra exchange or there is no soft dial tone, Optus will need to request a Vacant ULLS from Telstra - Telstra would then follow the process for a Vacant ULLS as outlined in the ACIF Code. Such an approach concurs with current practice and does not require the parties to implement change." 84 The Commission subsequently received submissions from each of Telstra and Optus in waves, one replying to the other which generated a further reply. It recorded the purport of these submissions in its reasons. It then prepared a draft final determination and draft statement of reasons. This resulted in yet further submissions and counter-submissions to the Commission from the parties. The draft final determination in par 9 contained, in substance, what became pars 10(a), (d), (e), (f) and (g) of the final determination. But the latter had, in addition, two new sub-paragraphs, 10(b) and (c). 85 Telstra made a number of criticisms to the Commission concerning the draft final determination. First, it asserted that the Commission did not have regard to the incorporation of Code 569 and Guideline 587 into the model non-price terms and conditions determination of October 2003 and that their provisions were relevant considerations for the purposes of s 152CP(1). 86 Secondly, Telstra said that draft par 9(a) (which became pars 10(a) and (b) in the final determination) did not correctly reflect the provisioning processes in Code 569 and Guideline 587 "because the Commission has misunderstood the nature of soft dial tone and misconstrued the terminology and intent of [Code 569]". 87 In addition, Telstra criticised the draft final determination for failing to take into account the matters in s 152CR(1). It noted that par 9(b) (which became par 10(e) of the final determination) suggested that Telstra should provision ULLS to access seekers even when Telstra's communications wire did not service the end-user's premises. Telstra submitted that, if the Commission were minded to proceed with a final determination in accordance with the draft, there would be lengthy and costly system changes and Optus ought be required to bear those costs because it was the only access seeker asking for the changes. Telstra's submissions elaborated why the Commission misconstrued the nature of a soft dial tone. Telstra provided the Commission with IBM Australia Limited's pre-feasibility assessment of the changes that would need to be implemented by Telstra to support the draft final determination. IBM suggested that three new Telstra interfaces would need to be created in its computer systems to provide validation of a transfer request of the kind referred to in the draft final determination. Telstra also provided a report by Infosys Tech Limited of its pre-feasibility analysis and assessment of the costs involved in designing and implementing other software and system changes which were required by the draft final determination. 88 Telstra's Mr McAinsh, provided a statement to the Commission explaining these matters and attaching both of the supplier's estimates. He estimated that the cost to Telstra of installing and testing the proposed changes was about $1.7 million. Mr McAinsh explained to the Commission the actual processes that Telstra used to order and provision ULLS in response to requests for Vacant ULLS, In-Use ULLS and Transfer ULLS between access seekers in accordance with cl 11 of Code 569. He explained that a soft dial tone indicated that no carried services were being provided over the line. He said that a soft dial tone was only present where a previous Telstra PSTN service had been disconnected, but not when a previous ULLS had been disconnected. Thus, if the previous customer in an MDU had been an Optus or non-Telstra customer, whose service had been disconnected, there would be no soft dial tone. And, where the previous customer had been a Telstra customer before the cancellation of the earlier service, the soft dial tone would indicate that there was a path, but it would not indicate whether the path was an ULLS path (i.e. an unconditioned communications wire) or some other connection using the PSTN. Mr McAinsh pointed out, logically enough, an In-Use ULLS, as defined in Code 569, was one that was currently being used, hence no soft dial tone would be present on such a service, because it was fully functioning. 89 Mr McAinsh explained in his statement to the Commission that a number of system requirements, some of which appeared to be substantive, needed to be met before Telstra could process a Vacant ULLS request or a Transfer ULLS request in the manner contemplated in the draft final determination. He noted that the provisions of the draft were not consistent with those required under Code 569 and Guideline 587. He said that, on the basis of his previous experience, it would take over two years to implement the changes in the draft final determination. He said that it would take over seven months to build and deploy the solution needed to implement the draft final determination. He assumed that there would be no negotiations within the industry to change the requirements of the current versions of codes and guidelines. Mr McAinsh explained that a prior attempt by Optus and Telstra to implement a number of changes of lesser significance to another industry code, had taken about 16 months to make the required amendments. He estimated that it would take longer for the industry to assess and endorse the Commission's proposed changes. 90 Optus responded saying that the Commission's proposal in the draft sought to minimise any systems or process changes by utilising the existing provisioning processes for ULLS transfer requests pursuant to Code 569, and "[a]ccordingly, changes to systems and costs incurred would be minimal" for the purposes of s 152CR(1)(d). It also submitted that the Commission's pricing principles for ULLS would protect Telstra's interest in earning a commercial return by enabling it to recover costs associated with implementing the proposed determination. Optus asserted that it would take three months to implement the changes necessary. 91 Telstra responded arguing that Optus did not analyse its assertions of consistency between the draft final determination and the existing ULLS provisioning process. Telstra also argued that if the Commission made a final determination as proposed, its ability to recoup costs would need to be considered in the ULLS price disputes currently being considered by the Commission in other arbitrations. 92 This provoked yet another response from Optus. It addressed Telstra's submissions concerning the costs and time frame to implement the Commission's proposal. Optus acknowledged that there were some system changes associated with implementing the information technology aspects of the proposal but that they were neither complex nor excessively costly. It acknowledged Mr McAinsh's description of a number of sub-processes to provision ULLS associated with an inactive FNN (full national number), saying that all those processes "… will be duplicates of the processes that exist for an active FNN and therefore should not represent a major IT build". Optus said that it would also need to build and test "the transaction set for TULL" under the proposal as well as a provisioning process in its own systems. Optus estimated that its total cost for this work would be $360,000 and require three months of IT development. It submitted that the Commission should conclude that Telstra's claimed costs were not credible. 93 Telstra's final submissions responded, among other things, to Optus' costs claims and noted that Telstra's costs were based upon independent outside contractor's quotes. 94 Lastly, Optus responded providing a statement from Leon Ho, manager of its consumer customer care systems in the Optus IT group, who supported its claims that Optus' costs would be approximately $360,000 and the changes to its (Optus') systems would take approximately 12 weeks to implement. Optus said that Mr Ho's statement showed that the changes were relatively simple and could be accommodated at a modest cost within a short time frame.

Ground 3: Did the Commission take into account the direct costs of Telstra providing access to the ULLS?

9.1 The Commission's reasons 95 Telstra argued that the Commission failed to take into account the direct costs that Telstra would incur if it were to supply the ULLS in accordance with the final determination (s 152CR(1)(d)). Telstra argued that, by virtue of its failure to comply with the requirements of s 152CR(1)(d), the Commission had therefore failed to follow procedures required by law: Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) (ADJR Act), s 5(1)(b)) and exercised its power improperly by failing to take a relevant consideration into account (ADJR Act, sub-ss 5(1)(e), (2(b)). 96 In its reasons, the Commission acknowledged that Telstra incurred costs in supplying the ULLS, but concluded that its costs in implementing the final determination would be minimised as Telstra was required to utilise existing provisioning processes for ULLS transfer requests pursuant to Code 569. The Commission asserted that any benefits to end-users would outweigh the costs of any necessary changes to Telstra's current systems and that the regulatory regime permitted Telstra to recover the efficient costs of supplying and charging for the ULLS (Reasons [130]-[131]). The Commission made these statements in arriving at its conclusion in respect of the considerations raised by s 152CR(1)(d). Earlier (at [105]), in expressing its conclusions concerning the matters in s 152CR(1)(b) the Commission said that it accepted that Telstra would incur some cost in implementing its proposal but was: "… satisfied that those costs will not be significant. It is the Commission's view that implementation of the final determination involves some change to the existing TULL procedures which should not prevent Telstra from earning a normal commercial return." (emphasis added) 97 The Commission said that it was satisfied that it was reasonable for Telstra to build upon the minimum operational requirements for ordering and provisioning of an ULLS and ULLS transfers in Code 569 in order to resolve the current access dispute (Reasons [107]). 98 Those assertions by the Commission did not express or follow any reasoning process. They amounted to statements of its ultimate conclusions. 99 Later, the Commission expressed its conclusion for the purposes of s 152CQ(1)(f) that the final determination would not have the effect of requiring Telstra to bear an unreasonable amount of the costs of extending or enhancing the capability of a facility or maintaining extensions to or enhancements of that capability. The Commission noted Telstra's submission that it would be required to develop and implement a new process involving significant system change at substantial cost both to Telstra and the industry as a whole for the purposes of s 152CQ(1)(f) (Reasons [196]). In this regard the Commission referred to Mr McAinsh's statement and his estimate that Telstra's costs would be about $1.7 million. The Commission then continued (Reasons [198]-[200]): "198. Optus in its response submission to the draft final determination stated that the sub-processes described in Craig McAinsh's statement that are required to provision the ULL associated with the inactive FNN will be duplicates of processes that exist for an active FNN and therefore should not represent a major IT build. It estimated that the cost of implementing the Commission's final determination would be approximately $360,000. 199. While the Commission recognises that there will be a need to change processes and IT systems to comply with the final determination, it is satisfied that the specified ULLS provisioning processes it has determined will not be burdensome on Telstra and that by using the current provisions of [Code 569], the cost of implementation should be negligible but will enhance the capability of access seekers in the take-up of the ULLS. 200. The Commission has concluded that this final determination will not have any of the prescribed effects specified in section 152CQ of the Act." (emphasis added) 100 Earlier in its reasons, when addressing the considerations raised by s 152CR(1)(e) (which deals with the value to a party of extensions, or enhancement of capability, the cost of which was borne by someone else) the Commission said (Reasons [138]): "138. For the reasons outlined under "Other Relevant Matters", the Commission is satisfied that the specified ULLS provisioning processes it has determined will not be burdensome on Telstra. By using the current provisions of the ACIF Code, the cost of implementation should be negligible but will ultimately enhance the capability of access seekers in the take-up of the ULLS." (emphasis added) 101 I am of opinion that no reasonable person could describe Telstra's costs of implementing the proposal estimated at $1.7 million as "negligible". In my opinion the Commission either failed to have any regard to those costs or to express any reasoning process by reference to the evidence before it to justify its assertions. In its submissions before me, Optus eschewed any suggestion that the Commission had adopted as Telstra's costs the estimate of $360,000 in respect of its, Optus', costs. However, the Commission's statement of reasons contains no reasoning process on this issue. The reasons referred only to "negligible" costs of implementing the final determination. It may be that "negligible" could describe the $360,000 cost Optus claimed would be needed to change its systems, depending on the reasoning process used to justify this categorisation. 102 But, the Commission did not explain, even briefly, what Telstra had to do to change its systems so as to achieve, at "negligible cost", the changes required to comply with the final determination. If I accepted Optus' argument that the reference to $360,000 in the Commission's reasons at [198] was not a finding by the Commission of Telstra's costs, the Commission gave no explanation of why it rejected Telstra's estimate of $1.7 million supported by estimates from independent consultants, and Mr McAinsh's evidence to the Commission.

9.2 Statutory requirement to "take into account" or "have regard to" 103 In Reg v Hunt; Ex parte Sean Investments Pty Ltd (1979) 180 CLR 322 at 329, Mason J, with whom Gibbs J agreed at 324, explained the significance of a statutory requirement that a decision-maker "have regard to" costs necessarily incurred in providing nursing home care in a particular nursing home when determining a scale of fees. Mason J said that the expression "have regard to" required the decision-maker to take the costs into account and give them weight "… as a fundamental element in making his determination": Sean Investments 180 CLR at 329. He explained that in that case there were two reasons for such a construction, first, that the costs were the only matter explicitly mentioned as a matter to be taken into account and, secondly, the scheme of the provisions was that once an approval were given, the proprietor of the nursing home was not permitted to exceed the scale of fees fixed by the decision-maker. 104 As Mason J pointed out the section did not require the decision-maker there to fix the scale of fees exclusively by reference to particular costs. The decision-maker was entitled to have regard, he said, to other relevant considerations. But, the function of the decision-maker was to determine a scale of fees for the particular nursing home, not all nursing homes. Thus the Act directed that regard be had to the costs incurred in providing care in that nursing home: Sean Investments 180 CLR at 329. 105 I am of opinion that when s 152CR(1)(d) required the Commission, in making a final determination, to take into account Telstra's direct costs of providing access to the ULLS in the manner the Commission proposed, it was required to take that matter into account, together with the other matters referred to in the section, and to give weight to them as a fundamental element in making its decision: The Queen v Toohey; Ex parte Meneling Station Pty Limited (1982) 158 CLR 327 at 333 per Gibbs CJ applying what Mason J had said in Sean Investments 180 CLR at 329 to a section requiring a decision-maker to take a variety of matters into account. Mason J said that the requirement to have regard to a matter meant that it would become a central element for the decision-maker in his considerations: Meneling Station 158 CLR at 338. And, as he later explained in his classic judgment in Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24 at 41, in the absence of any statutory indication of the weight to be given to various considerations, it is generally for the decision-maker and not the Court to determine the appropriate weight to be given to the matters which are required to be taken into account in exercising a statutory power. Mason J said that the Court could set aside an administrative decision which had failed to give adequate weight to a relevant factor of great importance, or had given excessive weight to a relevant factor of no great importance, but the preferred ground on which that power was to be exercised was that the decision was "manifestly unreasonable". A person entrusted with a discretion must call his own attention to the matters which he is bound to consider: Peko-Wallsend 162 CLR at 39 per Mason J applying Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 at 228 per Lord Greene MR. 106 A decision-maker must give proper, genuine and realistic consideration to the merits of the case: Khan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1987) 14 ALD 291 at 292 per Gummow J; Zhang v Canterbury City Council (2001) 51 NSWLR 589 at 601 [62] where Spigelman CJ collected the authorities; Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 at 367 [138] per Kirby J; NAJT v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 147 FCR 51 at 92-93 [212] per Madgwick J, 96 [229] per Conti J; SZEJF v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2006] FCA 724 at [39], [60] where I applied this principle. In Tickner v Chapman (1995) 57 FCR 451 at 462C-D, Black CJ said that where a decision-maker was required to consider material, the process of consideration "… involves an active intellectual process" directed at the nominated subject-matter: see too per Burchett J at 476F-477E, per Kiefel J at 495F-G and Tobacco Institute of Australia v National Health & Medical Research Council (1996) 71 FCR 265 at 277G per Finn J; Australian Retailers Association 148 FCR at 577 [526] per Weinberg J. 107 Where a decision-maker must consider matters prescribed by law, generally, he or she cannot jettison or ignore some of those factors or give them cursory consideration only in order to put them to one side: East Australian Pipeline Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2007)233 CLR 229 at 244 [52] per Gleeson CJ, Heydon and CrennanJJ. As Gummow and Hayne JJ, in concurring observed (East Australian Pipeline 233 CLR at 256 [102]): "It was not enough for the ACCC to say in its final determination that it had considered those matters in the sense of having looked at but discarded them." 108 Because s 152CR(1) required it to take into account each of the seven specified factors, the Commission had to give each of them appropriate consideration in arriving at its final determination. The number and variety of factors which a statute requires a decision-maker to take into account or to have regard to in arriving at a decision necessarily affects the weight any one of those factors must be given in the deliberative process. In Sean Investments 180 CLR 322, the costs were fundamental - or foundational - because they were the only matter which the statute prescribed. The subject matter, scope and purpose of the statutory power provide a context in which to assess the duties it imposes on the decision-maker in any particular situation: cf: Foster v Minister for Customs (2000) 200 CLR 442 at 452 [22]-[23] per Gleeson CJ and McHugh J, Gaudron and Hayne JJ agreeing with their Honours at 454 [32]. 109 Here, s 152CR(1) prescribes a number of matters for consideration. This is a sure legislative indication that these matters must be central matters for the Commission. But, because s 152CR(2) expressly widens the range of matters which the Commission may consider, it is authorised to arrive at a final determination, after due consideration, which accords more weight to some other factor or factors than those in s 152CR(1). Indeed, the factors in s 152CR(1) itself tend in different directions. The interests of a carrier (s 152CR(1)(b)) and those of all persons who have a right to use a declared service (s 152CR(1)(c)) more often than not will be opposed. If the Commission were to give fundamental weight to each in the sense which Telstra argued, how could it arrive at a decision favouring one at the expense of the other? cf Telstra Corporation Limited v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2008] FCA 1436 at [311]-[312] per Lindgren J. 110 I am of opinion that the sense in which the High Court used the expression "fundamental weight" in this context is to require the decision-maker to treat the consideration of the factors, as opposed to the factors themselves, as a central element in the deliberative process: Meneling Station 158 CLR at 338 per Mason J. In this way the decision-maker will give appropriate weight to those factors. The Parliament sought to ensure that the Commission would give proper, genuine and realistic consideration to each of the factors it specified in s 152CR(1) but without confining it to those matters, as s 152CR(2) showed. Such consideration must be reflected in the Commission's reasons for its decision. 111 In Telstra [2008] FCA 1436 at [122] Lindgren J held that s 152CR(1)(a) is the factor which should be given fundamental weight, namely, whether the determination will promote the long-term interests of end-users of services supplied by means of carriage services. This was because, he held, that factor reflected the sole object of Part XIC of the Act as expressed in s 152AB(1): see Telstra [2008] FCA 1436 at [17]. Of course, s 152AB(2)(e) supplements this concept by identifying an objective of encouraging the economically efficient use of, and economically efficient investment in, the infrastructure by which listed services are supplied. Often that objective may not be attained if an infrastructure investment is not economically feasible for the service provider to make or support. So, by dint of s 152AB(2)(e) the interests of end-users may well include that the service provider is not forced to act in a way which for it is economically unjustifiable. Possibly, a monopolist may be able to be forced to lower prices or make way for competition under s 152AB(2)(e), but not to run the business as a charitable exercise or at a loss. 112 Therefore, depending on the facts of a particular arbitration, one or more of the matters in s 152CR(1) may become of greater or lesser weight in the decision-making process. However, as a matter of law, none of the factors, including s 152CR(1)(d), is entitled to a fixed weighting in that process regardless of the subject matter of any arbitration and all other relevant factors: Peko-Wallsend 162 CLR at 41 per Mason J; Foster 200 CLR at 452 [22]-[24] per Gleeson CJ and McHugh J; cf: Telstra [2008] FCA 1436 at [118] per Lindgren J. 113 Optus argued before the Commission that Telstra's costs of providing the new form of access should be recovered from all access seekers rather than solely from Optus, as Telstra had contended. Optus argued, and the Commission accepted, that Telstra would be able to recover those costs through the application of the Commission's pricing principles in separate arbitrations which were being conducted concurrently by the Commission (Reasons [106], [131]). 114 Telstra argued that the Commission was not entitled to defer consideration of Telstra's costs of compliance with the final determination by asserting that the regulatory regime permitted Telstra to recover the efficient costs of supplying and charging for the ULLS (Reasons [131]). It relied on Commonwealth v Pharmacy Guild of Australia (1989) 91 ALR 65 at 86 per Sheppard J, 89 per Ryan J. 115 Optus responded that Telstra had not asked the Commission to consider a price as part of the final determination. It argued that the Commission was entitled to have regard to the existence of a separate mechanism by which Telstra could recover its costs of provisioning for the ULLS caused by implementing the final determination. 116 Optus argued that s 152CR(1)(d) was concerned with the direct costs of provision of the ULLS rather than the particular costs of complying with the Commission's determination. It contended that the Commission approached s 152CR(1)(d) on the basis that Telstra's direct costs of providing access to the ULLS included costs incurred or caused by the provision of access occasioned by the terms of the final determination, as the Commission had stated in its reasons at [118]. 117 I am of opinion that the mere fact that Telstra might seek to recover its costs, whatever they may be, under a separate process is beside the point. The existence of that fact did not elucidate what s 152CR(1)(d) required the Commission to do, namely to take Telstra's direct costs of compliance into account in making the final determination. The incurring of a cost is different from its possible recovery. The Act in s 152CR(1)(d) required the Commission to give real consideration to what Telstra would be required to incur directly as the cost of implementing what the Commission was considering. But the Commission did not do so. In the passages of its reasons which dealt with costs, all the Commission did was assert that Telstra would in fact incur costs and, without identifying or quantifying those costs, it asserted that they would be "minimised" (Reasons [130]), "negligible" (Reasons [199]) or "recoverable" (Reasons [131]). And the Commission referred to Telstra's ability, in separate arbitrations, to recoup costs that it incurred in implementing the final determination. 118 Those mere references did not amount to the Commission having regard to Telstra's direct costs of providing access in any genuine, proper or realistic manner as required by s 152CR(1)(d). The Commission made no finding of what direct costs Telstra would incur in providing its proposed new form of access to ULLS. Telstra had contended, with substantive corroborating evidence, that its direct costs would be about $1.7 million. If the Commission's approach, supported by Optus in its submissions, were correct, the Commission did not need to consider any particular cost or costs, let alone identify what direct costs Telstra would incur in providing access. Any consideration of such costs resulting in these descriptions required the Commission to give reasons analysing what Telstra claimed were its direct costs of implementing the final determination and how the Commission came to its significantly different conclusion. 119 Section 152CP(5) required the Commission to give its reasons for making the final determination. And pursuant to s 25D of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, that obligation extended to setting out its findings on material questions of fact including references to the evidence or other material on which those findings were based. Those requirements focus on the subjective thought processes of the decision-maker. It must set out its findings on those questions of fact which it considers to be material to the decision it has made and the reasons it had for reaching that decision as explained by McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ in Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR at 346 [68]. 120 The purpose of the arbitration was to determine whether Optus should be granted access to the ULLS in a manner different to its then current access. The subject matter, scope and purpose of ss 152CP(2) and 152CR(1)(d) required the Commission, in making a final determination about the subject matter of the arbitration concerning access by Optus to the declared ULLS service to have regard to the actual direct costs which Telstra would incur in providing the access to Optus as required by the final determination. 121 The Commission accepted that there were already direct costs incurred by Telstra in providing the existing access. But, the Commission, as decision-maker, had to have regard in addition to the direct cost to Telstra of effecting what it was considering as a final determination. This view is reinforced by the prohibition imposed by s 152CQ(1)(f). That directs the Commission not to make a final determination for access if in doing so Telstra would be required to bear an unreasonable amount of the costs of extending or enhancing the capability of a facility. Thus, not only was the Commission required to have regard to Telstra's actual direct costs for the purposes of arriving at a final determination, it was prohibited, if the costs of doing so were unreasonable, from making a final determination. 122 In Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at 381 [69] McHugh, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ said that the primary object of statutory construction is to construe the relevant provision so that it is consistent with the language and purpose of all the provisionsof the statute. 123 I am of opinion that the requirement in s 152CR(1)(d) that the Commission take into account the direct costs of providing access to the declared service in making a final determination must be read consistently with its obligation to refrain from making such a determination if, in doing so, a party would be required to bear an unreasonable amount of the costs of extending or enhancing the capability of a facility. 124 The Commission did not set out any findings as to the direct costs of Telstra providing access to the ULLS either generally (see Reasons at [118]) or specifically those which would be incurred by Telstra in providing the service required in the final determination. The Act required the Commission to have regard to those costs by giving them proper, genuine and realistic consideration in arriving at its final determination. A mere recitation of submissions to it and then the expression of an unreasoned conclusion, could not suffice to comply with the Commission's obligation, within the meaning of s 152CR(1)(d), to have regard to Telstra's direct costs of providing access and its claim that they would be about $1.7 million. It did not have regard to Telstra's direct costs of providing the access it required under its final determination. 125 Whether the Commission used $360,000 as Telstra's costs or not, it gave no reasons for its finding that Telstra's costs would be negligible. The Commission either made a mistake about what Optus submitted or it had no reasons for rejecting Telstra's estimate of $1.7 million. Optus' submission that the Commission had not used the $360,000 as Telstra's costs recognised at least implicitly, that such a use would be a failure by the Commission to have regard to Telstra's direct costs under s 152CR(1)(d). While I think that it is likely that the Commission was confused about Optus' estimate of $360,000 as being an estimate of Telstra's costs, it is not possible to decide one way or the other whether it did because of the Commission's lack of reasons on this matter: Palme 216 CLR at 223-224 [39] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Heydon JJ. 126 I am of opinion that the deficiencies in the Commission's reasons which I have just discussed show that it had no reasons for rejecting Telstra's estimate of $1.7 million and that it did not comply with the requirement of s 152CR(1)(d).

Ground 4: Did s 152AQB(9) require the Commission to have regard to Code 569 as a model non-price term and condition? 127 Telstra argued that the Commission's approach to Code 569 was reviewable under s 5 of the ADJR Act. It contended that the Commission had: · failed to observe the procedures required by s 152AQB(9) (s 5(1)(b) of the ADJR Act); · improperly exercised its power in making the final determination because it had failed to take into account a relevant consideration (s 5(1)(e) and (2)(b) of the ADJR Act). 128 In essence, Telstra contended that, because of the October 2003 determination, substantially all the provisions of Code 569 were model terms and conditions and that the Commission failed to have regard to them in accordance with s 152AQB(9). It argued that the Commission did not have regard to the whole of cl 11, in particular, as model terms and conditions made under the Act but rather merely had regard to it as an industry code. Optus argued that the Commission made no error in the way it applied and had regard to the provisions of Code 569 and that none of the important provisions in cl 11 relied on by Telstra was a model term or condition. 129 The Commission said in its reasons that it had carefully considered Telstra's submissions that its systems had been designed and built to carry out the transfer process in accordance with the agreed provisions in Code 569. It did not regard the October 2003 determination as including the whole of Code 569. It stated that in the final determination it was utilising the existing ULLS provisioning process to resolve the current issues in dispute by determining a specific process to apply in the limited set of circumstances (Reasons [172-173]). The Commission then reiterated that this limited set of circumstances arose when Telstra supplied to Optus: "… ULLS in MDU's [sic] serviced by an MDF and there is an existing communications wire between the Telstra exchange and end-user customer's premises which has a soft dial tone a ULLS Transfer Request may be submitted by Optus and the ULLS Transfer process pursuant to clause 11.4 of [Code 569] would then apply." (Reasons [174]) (emphasis added) 130 The Commission said that it was utilising the existing ULLS provisioning processes in Code 569 to resolve the access dispute (Reasons [170(i)]; [173]). In its reasons the Commission also asserted that a soft dial tone was an identification tone for the purposes of cl 12.2.1(c) which assisted in identifying the service (or full national) number associated with an inactive Telstra PSTN service ([176]). It said: "176. … The presence of a soft dial tone together with the provision of a full national number (supplied by the Gaining Access Seeker) will enable Telstra to identify the Communications Wire at the Telstra exchange and carry out any subsequent Transfer ULLS Request process. If there is no such identifier the request would need to be treated as a Vacant ULLS Request. The onus will be on the Gaining Access Seeker to deal with the consequences of both processes and not Telstra. 177. The Commission notes the concerns that have been raised that not all inactive services with a soft dial tone will be ULLS serviceable but is satisfied that Telstra's service qualification testing processes could be used to identify whether this is the case." (emphasis added: The words I have emphasised in [176] of the reasons appear to relate to the soft dial tone which the Commission had classified as an identification tone, since the balance of the sentence refers to the procedure in par 10(e) of the final determination.) 131 Code 569 defined service qualification as a desktop process which included the access provider (Telstra) checking the availability of the ULLS from the end-user side of the customer access module (located, relevantly, in the Telstra exchange) and the end-user's property boundary point (located in or near the MDF) (see cl 6.2, and Appendix A to Code 569). 132 The process contemplated by cl 11 of Code 569 required the access provider to check and validate each ULLS request (cl 11.5.1). If the request were in a correct format (i.e. it complied with the minimum requirements for the relevant type of request in one of cll 11.2, 11.3 or 11.4) then cl 11.5.2 required Telstra to accept it and provide Optus with a receipt. However, cl 11.5.3 provided that if the request were "… incorrect in format, the [access provider] will reject the request". Accordingly, Telstra would have to perform a service qualification in accordance with cl 11.6.1 only if it had first issued a receipt (i.e. by issuing a receipt under cl 11.5.2 Telstra would accept that it had received a valid request complying with the requirements in cl 11 for the relevant type of service). 133 In this regard it is important to recall that the October 2003 determination expressly adopted, as model terms and conditions, all relevant clauses in Code 569 concerned with acknowledging ordered services, updating their progress and confirming the completion of the order (see [33] above). 134 The final determination and the Commission's reasons (in [176] and [177]) appear to proceed on the assumptions that a request made under par 10(a) would be an ULLS transfer request under cl 11.4 of Code 569 and that such a request would nonetheless be valid even though it did not comply with the requirement of cl 11.4.2(e)(vi) to provide the original ULLS identifier. Yet, cl 11 of Code 569 was structured on the basis, and the only evidence before the Commission showed, that Telstra's (or the access provider's) existing computer system would reject an ULLS transfer request which omitted the original ULLS identifier. This was because that field of information (the original ULLS identifier) was the industry's accepted means of verifying and locating the communications wire currently being used by the customer that was to be transferred. The Commission, however, introduced a concept in par 10(a) which was foreign to this (cl 11.4) process, namely the association between the soft dial tone and the former service number for an inactive Telstra PSTN service (which may or may not have been an ULLS). 135 How did the Commission have regard to the provisions of cl 11 which were inconsistent with its new concept? The Commission's reasons stated that the October 2003 determination was silent on the ordering and provisioning dispute which it was then arbitrating. It said that it had had regard to that determination but "… is not satisfied [that] the ordering and provisioning issues in this access dispute are adequately dealt with in the determination" (Reasons [74]). It "reiterated" that those model terms had dealt "… with only the key contentious terms and conditions" and were not required to be comprehensive (Reasons [73]). It said that it had to take Code 569 into account "… and is satisfied that it has done so in this access dispute" (Reasons [76] see too [179]). The Commission reasoned that the October 2003 determination had "… not adopt[ed] any clause from an ACIF code dealing specifically with the provisioning of the ULLS in MDUs" (Reasons [75], emphasis added). The Commission's reasons were wrong. They showed that it had misunderstood the effect of its October 2003 determination. A rejection of an ULLS transfer request is an acknowledgement of the making of the request and a contemporaneous communication that there would be no further processing of it. 136 It follows that the Commission did not regard Code 569 as a whole, and in particular cl 11, (apart from some provisions of no present relevance, such as cll 11.6.2, 11.7.3 and 11.10) as having been included in or forming part of the October 2003 determination for the purposes of s 152AQB(9). That section required the Commission to have regard to its earlier determination "… if it is required to arbitrate an access dispute under Division 8 in relation to a core service covered by the determination" (emphasis added). Importantly, s 152AQB(9) emphasised it was the core service (here ULLS), which was covered by the earlier determination of model terms and conditions. And the section dealt with an access dispute "in relation to" such a core service (i.e. one covered by model terms and conditions). 137 The Commission correctly observed that it was not bound by any model terms and conditions since 152AQB(9) operated to require it only to "have regard to" them. The Commission reasoned that it was adapting or building on Code 569 to resolve the access dispute (Reasons [106]-[107], [165], [173]). The Commission rejected Telstra's submission that it had to adhere strictly to Code 569, saying that the Code did not limit its arbitral powers (Reasons [178]). It concluded that the most effective and efficient resolution of the dispute was to adopt the final determination "… which is based (as far as possible) on provisions of [Code 569])" (Reasons [179]). 138 I am of opinion that while the Commission had taken the provisions of Code 569 and Guideline 587 into account (Reasons [202]), it did not treat Code 569 as providing model terms and conditions covering the ULLS for the purposes of s 152AQB(9). This was because it did not consider that the October 2003 determination included, relevantly, the whole of cl 11 of Code 569 as model terms and conditions. That was a misconstruction or misunderstanding of the purposes of Code 569 and its October 2003 determination in the sense that the Commission did not have regard the whole of to cl 11 as being a determination under s 152AQB(9) but rather had regard to it as a provision of lesser importance. This resulted in the Commission failing to exercise its powers in accordance with s 152AQB(9): cf: Minister for Immigration v Gray (1994) 50 FCR 189 at 208B-D per French and Drummond JJ; Elliott v Minister for Immigration (2007) 156 FCR 559 at 572 [40]-[42] per Ryan, Tamberlin and Middleton JJ. The weight which the Commission accorded Code 569, and in particular cl 11, may have been different and more significant had it had regard to the Code in accordance with s 152AQB(9).

Ground 5: Did the Commission's final determination misconstrue and misunderstand Code 569? 139 Next, Telstra argued that the Commission so misconstrued or misunderstood Code 569 that it failed to take the Code into account. It contended that this was variously: an error of law (ADJR Act, s 5(1)(f)); a failure to follow procedures required by law (s 5(1)(b)); a failure to take the Code into account as a relevant consideration or to give it "fundamental weight" and therefore an improper exercise of power (s 5(1)(e), s 5(2)(b)); or an abuse of power, and therefore an improper exercise of power (s 5(1)(e), s 5(2)(j)). Telstra contended that the final determination: · required it to follow the Transfer ULLS process in a context where Code 569, consequently, would require rejection of any Transfer ULLS request; · required it incorrectly to treat a soft dial tone as an identification tone (cf: cl 12.2.1(c) of Code 569); · misconceived what a losing access seeker and the In-Use ULLS was; · required it to follow the Vacant ULLS process in circumstances where Code 569 did not apply to the process imposed. 140 Optus contended that Telstra's argument gave a significance to Code 569 which it did not have. It said that the Commission had no legal obligation to have regard to any relevant part of Code 569 under s 152CR(1). Optus argued that the Commission could have regard to Code 569 under s 152CR(2) and that it did so unobjectionably in arriving at the final determination. 141 For the reasons which follow, I am of opinion that the Commission misunderstood and misapplied Code 569 in arriving at its final determination.

11.1 Par 10(a) of the final determination 142 The model terms and conditions, with the industry codes and guidelines for the ULLS, form the context in which the final determination operated. Most significantly, par 10(a) began with a presumption that a communications wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user's premises actually existed and was the means of carrying the soft dial tone. However, as I have sought to make clear above, not only is that presumption unfounded, but also the provisions of Code 569 and Guideline 587 do not proceed on such a basis. Since both In-Use ULLS Requests and ULLS Transfer Requests relate to an actual functioning service, no soft dial tone will be present on a line the subject of either type of those requests. The Commission then permitted Optus to provide an ULLS request to Telstra with only the service number (i.e. telephone number) and address "associated with the communications wire". It did so because of its presumption in par 10(a) that there already was a communications wire, the subject of the request which had somehow been identified by a soft dial tone. 143 There was no basis upon which the Commission could have made such a presumption as is made further evident by considering the operation of par 10(e) to which I will come. Next, the Commission required Telstra to treat such a request (i.e. one where the Commission had already assumed a communications wire existed, as identified by a soft dial tone, an associated telephone number and the subscriber's address) as if it were an ULLS transfer request by following the ULLS Transfer process in Code 569: i.e. that the hypothesised communications wire both existed and was unconditioned since only such a wire could be an ULLS. 144 Telstra made submissions to the Commission indicating the fallacies upon which par 10(a) was based. Telstra put expert evidence to the Commission from Mr McAinsh, who was responsible for determining Telstra's requirements for process or system changes to support activities, including ULLS ordering and provisioning. Mr McAinsh said that Telstra's existing computer software was designed to be compliant with Code 569 and Guideline 587, among others. 145 A fundamental requirement of cl 11.4.2(e)(vi) of Code 569 for an ULLS transfer request (between access seekers) is the provision of the original ULLS identifier for the existing and In-Use ULLS. The ULLS identifier is the internal number assigned by Telstra to enable it to locate and identify the communications wire actually being used by the losing access seeker (not Telstra) which is the subject of the transfer request. In contrast, par 10(a), without any apparent basis, assumes that a communications wire already exists which is the subject of Optus' request. The assumption is based on no more than the fact that there is a connection between the end-user's (i.e. Optus' customer) and a Telstra exchange premises indicated by a soft dial tone. The evidence before the Commission demonstrated that even if Telstra were provided with the telephone number (or FNN) previously associated with the connection indicated by the soft dial tone, it had no records from which it could identify whether that telephone number was associated with an ULLS or other connection. So the fundamental premise on which par 10(a) was structured, namely that there was in fact a communications wire or ULLS over which the soft dial tone passed, was a fiction. 146 Next, par 10(a) required Telstra to treat a request to transfer the ULLS service to Optus, hypothesised already by the terms of par 10(a), as if it were an ULLS transfer request in accordance with Code 569. But, Telstra could not do that without an ULLS identifier being provided because cl 11.4.2(e)(vi) would not be satisfied, to the extent that the Code applied. Paragraph 10(a) did not explain how Telstra was to locate and identify the postulated communications wire. Instead, par 10(a) operated on the premise of the existence of a particular communications wire which was to be transferred. However, the industry, including Telstra, operated on the basis that an ULLS transfer request would specify an ULLS identifier and an existing service. Code 569 is structured to effect such a transfer. Thus, an ULLS transfer request under cl 11.4 of Code 569 requires the existence of a communications wire, a currently operating service and an original ULLS identifier. A soft dial tone has nothing to do with any of these matters. 147 If it were to comply with the novel regime imposed by the final determination, Telstra had to undertake considerable work at an estimated cost of $1.7 million. Telstra said that this work would take longer than two years to assess and implement. It submitted to the Commission that it would have to reconfigure its computer systems to identify whether or not, were such a request made (by reference to only the telephone number and address of the proposed subscriber), the soft dial tone was in fact carried by an unconditioned communications wire rather than simply by its PSTN. The latter, of course, could use a variety of connecting paths between the end-user's MDF and Telstra's exchange. The final determination made no provision for any needed changes to Telstra's infrastructure to process the new form of request in par 10(a). 148 Since Code 569 required the provision of the ULLS identifier for a transfer request, one or two alternative constructions of par 10(a) is available. First, as Telstra contended, the making of such a request would be an exercise in futility because Telstra would be entitled to reject it because it did not supply the ULLS identifier, as required by cl 11.4(2)(e)(vi). The second alternative, posited by Optus, and presumably supported by the Commission, is to somehow rewrite Code 569 so as to make it work in a practical way. That might be possible if par 10(a) were founded on reality. And, as noted above, the Commission's reasons at [168] said that: "For the purposes of this final determination the applicable type of ULLS request is restricted to the first type of In-Use ULLS, that is, one where the Service Number associated with the In-Use ULLS is cancelled by the Access Provider." (emphasis added) However, the final determination did not mention either type of In-Use ULLS. The reasons also said (at [174]): "The Commission reiterates that when that limited set of circumstances arise, namely, the supply by Telstra to Optus of the ULLS in MDU's [sic] serviced by a MDF and there is an existing communications wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises a ULLS Transfer Request may be submitted by Optus and the ULLS Transfer process pursuant to clause 11.4 of the ACIF Code would then apply." (emphasis added) 149 Telstra argued that the Commission's inconsistent references in the above passages and in pars 10(a) and (e) to the In-Use, Transfer and Vacant ULLS request processes were inconsistent. It also argued that the Commission was incorrect to regard assertions that a soft dial tone as either relevant to the existence of an ULLS or as being "an identification tone" for the purposes of cl 12.2.1(c). That clause showed that the purpose of an identification tone was to facilitate testing after the provisioning of an ULLS by the access provider. Telstra contended that these matters showed that the Commission did not understand how Code 569 operated and had confused these concepts in the final determination. Telstra argued that the dispute before involved ordering and provisioning in respect only of Vacant ULLS requests: i.e. requests by Optus to be allocated a currently unused ULLS. 150 Optus argued that, even if the Commission erred in construing certain terms and categories in Code 569, that did not give rise to any judicially reviewable error in the final determination. It argued that, properly understood, pars 10(a) and (d) effectively required the parties to adapt and use the existing Transfer ULLS processes. And, Optus said that the Commission's characterisation of the soft tone did not affect the validity of the final determination. I reject Optus' argument. 151 The process in par 10(a) did not use the existing ULLS provisioning process contained in Code 569, despite what the Commission asserted in its reasons ([170]-[178]). The provisions of the Code did not mention or use the concept of a soft dial tone at all in connection with identifying whether an ULLS existed. And, an identification tone was used to test the quality of an ULLS after it had been identified (cl 12.2.1(c)). 152 The Code operated in two relevantly and conceptually distinct ways. First, it contemplated that an existing, currently used ULLS could be transferred either, where Telstra was the existing supplier of the ULLS, by using an In-Use ULLS request (cl 11.3) or, where there was another existing supplier of the ULLS, by using an ULLS transfer request (cl 11.4). Secondly, if neither of those situations applied, as when Optus sought to supply a new occupant of a unit in an MDU, cl 11.2 provided for Optus to make a Vacant ULLS request - i.e. to ask Telstra to find an ULLS so as to connect the end-user's premises to Optus' network. 153 The final determination did not utilise any of those processes, each of which depended on there being an identified actually existing ULLS, either because it was being used (for both the In-Use and Transfer ULLS requests) or because Telstra would look for it and then identify it (for the Vacant ULLS request). Instead par 10(a), as reinforced by par 10(e), used the criterion of a soft dial tone conveyed by the particular connection. But, that criterion existed only where there was no ULLS then being used - i.e. there was no current end-user or customer of any access seeker or access provider, including Telstra and Optus, using the telecommunications pathway over which that soft dial tone was carried. The soft dial tone did not indicate the nature of that pathway beyond that it was part of the PSTN.

11.2 Par 10(e) of the final determination 154 The fallacy in the reasoning of the Commission is revealed by par 10(e). There the Commission, first, equated the presence of a soft dial tone with an existing communications wire (or ULLS) between the end-user's premises and Telstra's exchange. In par 10(e) of the final determination the Commission used the Code's defined term "Vacant ULLS Request" as applicable to a situation "[w]here there is no Communications Wire between the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises i.e., there is no soft dial tone". That was a misconception on the Commission's part for three reasons. First, a request for a Vacant ULLS under the Code is a procedure under which the access seeker (Optus) requests the access provider (Telstra) to look for an existing unconditioned communications wire between the exchange and the end-user's premises, albeit, one which is not then being used. Contrary to the wording of par 10(e) the presence of a soft dial tone indicates an existing vacant line but does not indicate whether it is an ULLS, although it may be. Secondly, par 10(e) conflicts with par 10(g) of the final determination, by which the Commission required Optus to submit a Vacant ULLS request where there was an existing unconditioned communications wire but Optus was not prepared to accept any risk as to quality of that existing connection: i.e. in such a case, Telstra would be requested to find another unused wire. Thirdly, having said that this meant that there was no ULLS between those two points (which as I have found is an error), the Commission required Telstra to engage in a Vacant ULLS process, which was (had it understood what it was doing) pointless. That permitted Optus to submit a futile Vacant ULLS request that Telstra search for and transfer what par 10(e) had already said did not exist between the two points, namely, a communications wire. 155 The Commission explained the purpose of par 10(d) in its reasons at [206] as follows: "The changes are necessary because currently whenever Telstra is the Losing Access Seeker the process that is used by Optus (as Gaining Access Seeker) is always the VULL process whereas, if a soft dial tone is present, Telstra as the Gaining Access Seeker (under the definition of "Gaining Access Seeker" in the ACIF Code, Telstra may also be the Gaining Access Seeker and the Access Provider) the process may be different. As such, Telstra may be able to re‑use the existing Communications Wire (assuming it passes its service qualification tests) enabling it to gain efficiencies in provisioning the service(s) that are not available to other Access Seekers. In staff's opinion this situation does not seem to be within the spirit or intent of the legislation in its attempt to achieve non-discriminatory outcomes." (emphasis added) 156 A Vacant ULLS request under Code 569 does not involve Telstra being a losing access seeker. A Vacant ULLS request is a request to Telstra to search for and, if it finds it, provide an access seeker with an unconditioned communications wire between Telstra's exchange and the end-user's premises. If the Commission understood how Code 569 operated it could not have made these basic errors and imposed a regime which did not work. The Commission's assertion that "the process may be different" if a soft dial tone were present was not explained in the Commission's reasons other than its misconception that such a dial tone was demonstrative that an ULLS existed. 157 In my opinion, Optus' submission and the Commission's supposition are unworkable. The Commission misunderstood and misapplied Code 569 in arriving at its final determination. As a number of other matters were fully argued I will set out below my findings in the event that the conclusion above is wrong.

Ground 6: Was the final determination uncertain?

12.1 The context of the uncertainty argument 158 Telstra argued that because of its mixing of concepts and the ambiguity of how Code 569 was to operate with it, the final determination was uncertain in its operation and therefore an improper exercise of power (ADJR Act, sub-ss 5(1)(e), (2)(h)). It referred to s 152CP(2)(c) which provided that a final determination may: "(c) specify the terms and conditions on which the carrier or provider is to comply with any or all of the standard access obligations applicable to the carrier or provider … ." 159 Telstra argued that par 10 fails to specify terms and conditions with reasonable precision or in such a way that both Telstra and the Court can determine whether a particular request by Optus must be dealt with in a certain, identified way: cf: Herald-Sun TV Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1985) 156 CLR 1 at 4 per Gibbs CJ, Mason, Wilson, Deane and Dawson JJ. Telstra contended that par 10 was "… so vaguely expressed that either its meaning or its application is a matter of real uncertainty …" and so was not "… reasonably certain", using the words of Kitto J in Television Corporation Ltd v The Commonwealth (1963) 109 CLR 59 at 70. Kitto J said there that the latter concept included both certainty of expression and certainty in operation. 160 Optus argued that par 10 of the final determination had to be construed in accordance with the principle explained by Dixon J in King Gee Clothing Company Pty Limited v The Commonwealth (1945) 71 CLR 184 at 195 and Cann's Pty Limited v The Commonwealth (1946) 71 CLR 210 at 227-228. Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne and Heydon JJ in Westfield Management Limited v Perpetual Trustee Company Limited [2007] HCA Trans 367 applied that principle to hold that where it was asserted that one of its terms was uncertain, an instrument or decision made under a statute was not construed as if it were a contract: cp Upper Hunter County District Council v Australian Chilling and Freezing Co Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 429 at 436-437. 161 Dixon J said that uncertainty as a test of validity arises from the nature of the power: King Gee 71 CLR at 195-196. He distinguished between ambiguities and uncertainties bound to arise from forms of expression and intricacies of subject matter on the one hand, which could be resolved by construing and interpreting the instrument (here final determination). Dixon J pointed out that, on the other hand, when what is described in the instrument, however clearly, involves a matter which is not an ascertainable fact or figure but a matter of estimate, assessment, discretionary allocation or apportionment resulting in the attribution of an amount or figure as a matter of judgment, then no certain objective standard is prescribed and the power has not been exercised in accordance with the statute: King Gee 71 CLR at 197; see also Racecourse Co-operative Sugar Association Ltd v Attorney-General (Qld) (1979) 142 CLR 460 at 480-481 per Gibbs J with whom Stephen, Mason and Wilson JJ agreed. 162 What is the meaning of par 10(a) of the final determination? First, there is the problem that it refers to an existing communications wire which has a soft dial tone in the context of par 10(e) which says that the absence of a soft dial tone is equivalent to there being no communications wire. In fact, the soft dial tone is not an indication of there being a communications wire or ULLS connection. Rather, it is an indication only that there is a connection using an available means (which may but need not be an ULLS) on the PSTN. Secondly, par 10(a) requires Telstra to treat Optus' request as if it was an ULLS transfer request in accordance with Code 569. But if Telstra followed cl 11 in Code 569 it would have to reject an ULLS transfer request which did not comply with cl 11.4.2(e)(vi) of Code 569, and in particular did not specify the original ULLS identifier. Likewise, there is no gaining and losing access provider in this situation, because the soft dial tone indicates an inactive service. 163 Telstra argued that if that material alone were provided in an ULLS transfer request under cl 11.4 of the Code it would be rejected immediately for failure to comply with the requirements at cl 11.4.2. In addition, par 10(b) requires Telstra to validate that the service number (telephone number) corresponds to the address specified in the request based on Telstra cabling records in its exchanges. Then, par 10(c) states "if this information is incorrect", Telstra had to follow the ULLS rejection process for ULLS transfers specified in Code 569. It is not clear whether par 10(c) refers to the information in par 10(b) alone or together with that in par 10(a). If the former, then even if there is in fact no existing communications wire which is an ULLS service, Telstra is somehow obliged to provide one even though it will not be over the path on which the soft dial tone is present. How Telstra would do that was not addressed by the final determination or the Commission's reasons. If the second view of the operation of par 10(c) is correct that, again, does not appear to accommodate itself to the opening words of par 10(a). 164 Optus argued that the proper construction of par 10(a) required an assumption that the requirements of cl 11.4 of Code 569 were satisfied once the conditions set out in par 10(a) were met. In other words Optus argued that the final determination required Telstra to treat the provision of the information specified in par 10(a) by itself, as an ULLS transfer request with the necessary consequence that Telstra would then process it as if it were valid under cl 11.5 of Code 569. It contended that the final determination should be construed in a practical manner which required "… Telstra to modify its existing procedures to exclude the kind of validation processes that are specific to transfers between access seekers". It referred to the practical approach in construction of instruments enunciated by Lord Reid in Gill v Donald Humberstone & Co Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 929 at 933-934 and applied by Stone J in Australian Tea Tree Oil Research Institute v Industry Research and Development Board (2002) 124 FCR 316 at 328-329 [37]-[38]; see too per Stein and Giles JJA in Langton v Independent Commission against Corruption (2000) 49 NSWLR 164 at 167-168 [12]-[13]. Lord Reid had said that instruments which were addressed to practical people skilled in a particular trade or industry ought be construed in light of practical considerations rather than by a meticulous comparison of the language of their various provisions of the kind appropriate for the construction of a statute. 165 Optus pointed to Telstra's submissions and Mr McAinsh's evidence to the Commission that Telstra would have "… to modify its provisioning system [sic] to remove the requirement for a ULL[S] identifier which the system is ordinarily configured to look for when assessing a ULLS Transfer Request". It also argued that even if there were an inconsistency between the final determination and Code 569, cl 16 of the Code and the statutory force of a determination under s 152CP, operate to make the final determination prevail. 166 The Commission's procedure in the final determination in par 10(a) presupposes the existence of an ULLS which is actually being transferred. Where there is an active in use line which is being transferred between access seekers (including Telstra as required by par 10(d)) it will be easy to determine whether an ULLS or unconditioned communications wire provides the service, because there will or will not be an original ULLS identifier (see cl 11.4.2(e)(vi)). But that critical piece of information is missing in the Commission's hypothesis under par 10(a). The Commission did not specify in the final determination or its reasons that the original ULLS identifier need not be provided, although Optus submitted that that is how par 10 ought to be understood.

12.2 What is the meaning of par 10 of the final determination? 167 I am of opinion that par 10 is uncertain for the reason given by Kitto J in Television Corporation 109 CLR at 71 when he said of conditions imposed in a licence by a Minister purportedly under a statutory power to do so: "After all, the power given to the Minister is to prescribe the conditions of his own authority to deprive a licensee of its licence. Is it really to be supposed that the Parliament intended that he might prescribe conditions in words of such dubious import that no one but himself would be sure how far he meant them to go? The Parliament did not give the Minister power to suspend or revoke licences at will. The course it took was to require him to describe in advance, by the formal method of imposing conditions upon a licence, what conduct of the licensee would expose the licence to suspension or revocation. I can see no justification for so loose an interpretation of the Act that a form of words which by reason of vagueness fails to perform that function may be held a condition within the intended scope of the authority." 168 The provisions of par 10 of the final determination must be read as a whole. This is because the whole of par 10 purports to specify what Telstra must do to order and provision so as to provide access. Thus, in pars 10(a) and (e), the Commission equated the presence of a soft dial tone as the signification that an ULLS exists that provides the connection over which the soft dial tone is transmitted. For the reasons that I have given, that is fallacious. And because it is fallacious, but fundamental to the requirement for Telstra under par 10(a) to treat the request as a valid ULLS transfer request, if Optus' construction is correct, I am of opinion that the final determination is uncertain and unworkable. 169 This view is reinforced by consideration of par 10(f) and (g). These deal with the situation where Optus has submitted an ULLS transfer request that meets the requirements in par 10(a). In the first case, Optus must accept any risk as to quality of connection "… on the existing copper path between the Telstra exchange and the end-user premises" (emphasis added). Again, this demonstrates the Commission presupposed that in every case the presence of a soft dial tone identified the existence of a copper path. What is Telstra to do if that assumption is, as it can be, incorrect? It cannot supply the service the subject of the request as an ULLS service because, even though the soft dial tone is transmitted by the path that exists, that path is not an ULLS path. And, if Optus and the Commission are correct, Telstra cannot reject the transfer request but must treat it as valid even though it does not relate to an ULLS. That is, the final determination commits Telstra to processing as an ULLS transfer request, a request based on no more than the existence of a soft dial tone and the provision of a telephone number to Optus' new subscriber's address. 170 Pars 10(f) and (g) do not address the possibility that the soft dial tone runs across a non-ULLS connection. Rather, pars 10(f) and (g) deal with the possibility that the ULLS connection may or may not be of good quality (as opposed to not existing at all as an ULLS connection). And, par 10(e) only operates on the assumption that the absence of a soft dial tone established that there is no communications wire connecting the Telstra exchange and the end-user customer's premises. In that situation, as was the case before the final determination was made, Optus could then make a Vacant ULLS request. 171 The Commission attempted to adapt the existing ULLS transfer request process in Code 569 on the premise that the presence of a soft dial tone meant that it is carried by an unconditioned communications wire. The Commission recognised this in its reasons at [176]-[177]. There it said that: "The onus will be on the Gaining Access Seeker to deal with the consequences of both processes and not Telstra." 172 That reasoning dealt with what the Commission had provided in pars 10(f) and (g). But it avoided the real possibility that an inactive service with a soft dial tone might not be an ULLS service at all. Serviceability is one thing, existence another. As Fullagar J observed in Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 at 258: "A power to make laws with respect to lighthouses does not authorize the making of a law with respect to anything which is, in the opinion of the law-maker, a lighthouse. A power to make a proclamation carrying legal consequences with respect to a lighthouse is one thing: a power to make a similar proclamation with respect to anything which in the opinion of the Governor-General is a lighthouse is another thing." 173 In the way it was expressed, the Commission's final determination did not adapt the provisions of Code 569, because it presupposed the fundamental matter that an ULLS transfer request had to determine, namely, the existence of an ULLS to transfer. This created a fundamental uncertainty both as to how the final determination should be construed and the methodology for Telstra to follow postulated in par 10. If the presupposition is wrong in respect of a request made by Optus, will Telstra be in breach of the final determination since it can never supply the service over the identified pathway used by the soft dial tone? Alternatively, will Telstra be entitled to reject the request in any event because the omission of essential information in the ULLS transfer request process in cl 11 of Code 569 and or cl 13 of Guideline 587 (namely the ULLS identifier) entitled it to do so? 174 Neither scenario makes the final determination certain. The presupposition takes the place of the processes in cl 11 of Code 569 without establishing that the process in par 10(a) can be applied to a particular line with a soft dial which is not, in fact, an ULLS. And, notwithstanding that par 10(a) treats every request where a soft dial tone is present as an ULLS transfer request, if Telstra can reject each such request because it does not give an ULLS identifier, the process stipulated in the final determination is pointless. 175 For these reasons, I am of opinion that the final determination was uncertain both in expression and in operation. It was therefore unlawfully made: Project Blue Sky Inc (1998) 194 CLR at 393 [99]-[101].

Ground 7: Was the final determination illogical or unreasonable? 176 Telstra also argued that the final determination was unreasonable in the sense provided in s 5(2)(g) of the ADJR Act, namely an exercise of power that was so unreasonable that no reasonable person could so exercise the power, and that therefore, there had been an improper exercise of power (ADJR Act, s 5(1)(e)). Telstra argued that the final determination was illogical in the sense that it did not depend upon the Commission's evaluation of evidence or the drawing of factual inferences. It also contended that the final determination was illogical because it required the parties to the arbitration to comply with rules that were inconsistent internally with one another. This, in essence, was another way of arguing the same issues as have been discussed above. 177 Optus argued that Telstra understood the practical implications of the proposed determination communicated by the Commission during the arbitration as indicating that it was not illogical. It contended that the result of the final determination was a reasonable outcome in the circumstances. 178 In Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 at 76 [73] McHugh and Gummow JJ said that one species of what is known as Wednesbury unreasonableness (Wednesbury [1948]1 KB at 230) was identified by Dixon CJ in Klein v Domus Pty Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 467 at 473. There, Dixon CJ said that if it appeared that the dominating or actuating reason for a decision was outside the scope of the purpose of the enactment, that vitiated the supposed exercise of a discretion. Dixon CJ said that the Court looks to the scope and purpose of a provision and what its real object is to determine whether a decision-maker has exercised a discretion in accordance with the purpose of the enactment. However, the Court must approach the exercise from the perspective that the real object of the legislature is to leave the scope for judicial or other officer who is investigating the facts and considering the purpose of the enactment to give effect to his or her view of the justice of the case: see too S20/2002 198 ALR at 75-76 [67]-[70]; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Palme (2003) 216 CLR 212 at 221 [30] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Heydon JJ. A decision which is so unreasonable that it might almost be described as being done in bad faith or so absurd that no sensible person could dream that it lay within the powers of the decision-maker is affected by jurisdictional error: Palme 216 CLR at 221 [30]. 179 There is a danger, of course, in proceedings for judicial review that the reasons of a decision-maker can be over-zealously scrutinised. The reasons are meant to inform. They are the reasons of persons who are familiar with the subject matter, and who need not be lawyers. They are intended to provide an explanation of the reasoning processes of the decision-maker himself or herself. The Court must not turn a review of the administrative decision-making into a review of the merits of the decision: Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 at 272 per Brennan CJ, Toohey, McHugh and Gummow JJ. 180 In Avon Downs Pty Limited v Commissioner for Taxation (1949) 78 CLR 353 at 360 Dixon J discussed judicial review of an administrative decision for which the decision-maker did not have to give reasons. He said: "The conclusion he has reached may, on a full consideration of the material that was before him, be found to be capable of explanation only on the ground of some such misconception. If the result appears to be unreasonable on the supposition that he addressed himself to the right question, correctly applied the rules of law and took into account all the relevant considerations and no irrelevant considerations, then it may be a proper inference that it is a false supposition. It is not necessary that you should be sure of the precise particular in which he has gone wrong. It is enough that you can see that in some way he must have failed in the discharge of his exact function according to law." 181 Inadequacy of the material relied on by the administrative decision-maker, while not itself being a ground for prohibition is a circumstance which may support, in a case like the present, the inference that the Commission was applying the wrong test or was not in reality satisfied of the requisite matters: The Queen v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Limited (1953) 88 CLR 100 at 120. There, Dixon CJ, Williams, Webb and Fullagar JJ referred to the important distinction between a mere insufficiency of evidence or other materials to support a conclusion of fact when the function of finding the fact has been committed to a person or body by the Parliament and, on the other hand, the absence of any foundation in fact for the fulfilment of the conditions upon which, in point of law, the existence of the power depends. They said that it was not enough if the repository of the power, properly interpreting the section of the Act under which it was conferred and applying the correct test: "… nevertheless satisfies itself or himself on inadequate material that facts exist which in truth would fulfil the conditions which one or other or both of those paragraphs prescribe. The inadequacy of the material is not in itself a ground for prohibition. But it is a circumstance which may support the inference that the tribunal is applying the wrong test or is not in reality satisfied of the requisite matters. If there are other indications that this is so or that the purpose of the function committed to the tribunal is misconceived it is but a short step to the conclusion that in truth the power has not arisen because the conditions for its exercise do not exist in law and in fact." 182 In Palme 216 CLR at 223-224 [39], Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Heydon JJ referred to this principle. They distinguished it from a situation where a decision-maker did not give any reason for his or her decision, when the Court may be able to infer that he had no good reason (cf: per Gibbs CJ in Public Service Board (NSW) v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 656 at 663-664). 183 As McHugh and Gummow JJ identified in S20/2002 198 ALR at 76 [73] the principle in Melbourne Stevedoring 88 CLR at 120 does not depend upon unreasonableness but upon the absence of a factual basis in which the power could be exercised. For the reasons that I have given above, in reality, the Commission was not satisfied of the requisite matters upon which its power to make the final determination depended, namely, it acted on the misconception that the presence of a soft dial tone demonstrated the existence of an unconditioned communications wire or ULLS. This was because of its misunderstandings of the subject matter with which it purported to deal, that I have described. The Commission's determination was therefore unreasonable and an improper exercise of power.

Ground 8: Was the final determination invalid because it included par 10(e)?

14.1 Did the Commission exceed its jurisdiction by including par 10(e)? 184 During the course of oral argument, I raised the question of whether par 10(e) demonstrated that the Commission was acting under a misapprehension that a soft dial tone demonstrated the existence of a communications wire. Telstra then added a further ground to its application claiming that the Commission acted in excess of the power conferred upon it by s 152CP by including par 10(e). In essence, Telstra argued that the Commission was not authorised to impose on it a requirement to act where there was no declared service. Telstra argued that by its very terms, par 10(e) presupposes that there is no communications wire, that is an ULLS, but then proceeds to impose requirements on Telstra as if there were such a wire. It contended that the Commission had had no power under the Act to impose terms and conditions on Telstra, where there was no declared service (i.e. in the situation addressed by the commencing words of par 10(e) that there was no communications wire) since this was outside the scope of any reasonable construction of s 152CP. Telstra argued that the Commission had power to make a determination under s 152CP(1) "… on access by the access seeker 'to the declared service'" but that the Commission had exceeded its powers by making a written determination on access to something which, in the hypotheses addressed by par 10(e), was not a declared service (original emphasis). Telstra argued that the determination was therefore invalid or liable to be set aside on the grounds stated in sub-ss 5(1)(c) or (d) of the ADJR Act. 185 Optus responded that the declared service in respect of ULLS involved the provision of a service over existing wires, rather than the installation of new communications wire to facilitate the provision of that service. It pointed to cl 8.6 of Code 569 as confirmatory of that position. It also accepted that the Commission's power under s 152CP(1) was limited to making a determination by the access seeker to the declared service. Optus, however, contended that the final determination was concerned only with access to the ULLS as declared under s 152AL(3) of the Act. It contended that there was nothing in par 10(e) or otherwise which required Telstra to install any new communications wire to facilitate any service request by Optus. All that par 10(e) required, Optus contended, was to require Telstra to follow the Vacant ULLS request procedure in Code 569 by rejecting the request following the standard service qualification process. 186 Optus pointed out that Telstra's construction would render par 10(e) effectively useless because it proceeded upon a known unavailability of any communications wire, and the Commission could not be presumed to have so proceeded. Optus also argued that the requirement in par 10(e) that it should request ULLS in a particular way was a determination about an aspect of how Telstra had to provide Optus with access to the ULLS. Optus recognised that might be redundant, "… since its application will not result in successful request for provision of the ULLS, but it does not suffer the vice alleged by Telstra of being a determination about access to a different type of service" (original emphasis). 187 Optus argued that the Commission should not be taken to have required the parties to engage in a pointless exercise of submitting a Vacant ULLS request in circumstances where it was already known that they should be rejected. It pointed to the necessity to construe the words of par 10(e) in a way that gave them a practical operation consistent with the intention of the Commission: Gill [1963] 1 WLR at 933-934 per Lord Reid. 188 Optus argued that the Commission was concerned to specify a practical means of identifying and connecting a particular line to a customer's premises. It said that that par 10(e) read together with par 10(a) showed that the existence of a soft dial tone indicated an existing continuous connection on a particular line from the customer's apartment with an MDU to the exchange. It contended that the practical utility of this was to enable Telstra, when provided with the other information in par 10(a), to identify the particular line in place and allow for connecting (jumpering) Optus' equipment to occur at the exchange without the need for technicians to visit the apartment building to connect a different pair of copper wires to the customer's premises. Optus argued that par 10(e) applied to situations other than those in par 10(a), namely that there was no soft dial tone so that it was not possible to identify an existing continuous connection. 189 While these submissions of Optus recognised the practical operation of the final determination, they pointed to the fact that it did not operate on an ULLS connection, but rather in respect of a presupposed situation where there either was an ULLS (par 10(a)) or there was no ULLS (par 10(e)). That was the very difficulty of which Telstra complained. The drafting of par 10 was inapt to specify terms and conditions for ordering and provisioning a communications wire or ULLS in a practical or intelligible fashion. The Commission's power was conferred to enable it to regulate a declared service, such as the ULLS, not to regulate something else. The Commission's powers under Part XIC of the Act to determine access to the declared service, being the ULLS, did not extend to determining matters where no ULLS existed as contemplated in par 10(e). I am of opinion that the Commission exceeded its jurisdiction by including par 10(e) in its final determination.

14.2 Severability of par 10(e) 190 Finally, Optus argued that, if par 10(e) was invalid for any reason, it could be severed from the balance of the final determination in accordance with s 46 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth). 191 I am of opinion that par 10(e) could be severed because the rest of the final determination would not operate differently without it: Bank of New South Wales v The Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1 at 371 per Dixon J; Victoria v The Commonwealth (Industrial Relations Act Case) (1996) 187 CLR 416 at 502 per Brennan CJ, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ. The relevance of par 10(e) is that it confirms the incorrect approach which the Commission took as to the significance of a soft dial tone in par 10(a). Severance of par 10(e) would not make the final determination any more meaningful or give it validity.

Conclusion 192 For these reasons, I am of opinion that the final determination was invalid and should be quashed (see s 16(1)(a) of the ADJR Act).

I certify that the preceding one hundred and ninety-two (192) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Rares.

Counsel for the Applicant: Dr J Griffiths SC, Dr M Allars

Solicitor for the Applicant: Mallesons Stephen Jaques

Counsel for the First Respondent: Mr J Hilton SC, Mr MH O'Bryan

Solicitor for the First Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor

Counsel for the Second Respondent: Mr A Robertson SC, Mr S Free

Date of Hearing: 18, 19 June 2008 and 25 July 2008

GLOSSARY ACIF Australian Communications Industry Forum Communications Wire Defined by the Commission's declaration of the ULLS as "a copper based wire forming part of a [PSTN]". Defined by Code 569 as "a copper or aluminium based wire, forming part of a [PSTN]. For the avoidance of doubt, Communications Wire generally means a copper or aluminium cable pair". (Nothing here turns on the Code referring to aluminium wire in addition to the copper wire used in the Commission's declaration of the ULLS.) FNN Full National Number (meaning the telephone number of the customer) In Use ULLS Defined by Code 569 as "a ULLS that is currently being used by a Party [i.e. industry participant] to supply services to a Customer". MDF Main Distribution Frame MDU Multi-Dwelling Units PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Defined by Commission's Declaration of the ULLS as "a telephone network accessible by the public providing switching and transmission facilities utilising analogue and digital technologies". TULL Transfer In Use Communications Wire Service Number Defined by Code 569 as "the Customer's fixed network billing service number which is identifiable by full national number". ULLS Unconditioned Local Loop Service Commission's Declaration of the ULLS under s 152AL(3) stated: "The unconditioned local loop service is the use of use of unconditioned communications wire between the boundary of a telecommunications network at an end-user's premises and a point on a telecommunications network that is a potential point of interconnection located at or associated with a customer access module and located on the end-user side of the customer access module." ULLS Identifier Defined by Code 569 as "a unique number allocated by the [access provider] to an individual ULLS". ULLS Transfer Defined by Code 569 as "the successful transfer of a ULLS between the [losing access seeker] and the [gaining access seeker]". ULLS Transfer Request Defined by Code 569 as "a request from the [gaining access seeker] to the [access provider] to process a ULLS Transfer. ULLS Request Defined by Code 569 as "a specific request from the [access seeker which will gain the customer] to the [access provider] for a Vacant or In Use ULLS or ULLS Transfer Request." ULLS Request Identification Number Defined by Code 569 as "a request from the [gaining access seeker] to the [losing access seeker] to determine what Service Number or Service Numbers are associated with an In Use ULLS. Vacant ULLS Defined by Code 569 as "a ULLS that is not an In Use ULLS".