S440 of 2002 v Refugee Review Tribunal

and that the Tribunal would look at all that material in the making of its review on the papers, as referred to in the third paragraph of the letter. … 9. After I received and read the Tribunal's letter dated 17 August 1999, and, after I had completed and signed the "Response to Hearing Invitation" form, I was under the belief that the Tribunal had already conducted what was known as a review on the papers in relation to my application and had looked at all of those papers referred to in paragraph 7 above in this my affidavit. … 13. After I received and read the Tribunal's letters dated 29 September 2000 and 8 December 2000, I was under the belief that the Tribunal had already conducted further review on the papers in relation to my application and had looked at all of the papers referred to in paragraph 7 above in this my affidavit.' [Emphasis in original] 47 In the second consecutive paragraph numbered 19 in the affidavit, the applicant husband said: 'Had I been aware of the fact that the Part B documents were not all given to the [Tribunal] by the secretary of the [Minister], I would… have tendered or delivered to the [Tribunal] the following Part B documents and made submissions highlighting those parts of the documents that were favourable to my case and my family's case.' A description of the following documents ('the documents in question') mentioned in summary form in Part B of the Decision Record was then set out:

• 'Sri Lanka Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996', published by US Department of State on 30 January 1997 (B3);
• 'Sri Lanka Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997', published by US Department of State on 30 January 1998 (B3);
• 'Tamil Tiger Terror in Sri Lanka', extract from Encyclopaedia of World Terrorism vol 2, published in June 1997 (B20);
• 'The Vavuniya Situation', from a report published in Canada on 2 January 1997 (B21);
• 'Sri Lanka', extract from Keesing's Record of World Events - vol 42 Reference Supplement dated 26 July 1996 (B22);
• 'Informed Situation Report', dated December 1997 (B23). 48 The above paragraphs of the affidavit were read without objection and there was only limited cross-examination of the applicant husband on behalf of the Minister. Nevertheless, I have considerable difficulty in accepting on the balance of probability that the applicant husband was misled by the correspondence from the Tribunal. This difficulty arises because the applicant husband does not say in his affidavit how his claimed beliefs were induced by the correspondence from the Tribunal. 49 An interpreter's affidavit asserts that the contents of the applicant husband's affidavit were translated and interpreted to him and that he appeared to understand what the interpreter said and to accept it as being true and correct. However, it is clear that the language used in the affidavit is not the language of the applicant husband himself. It is the language of a lawyer. It is unlikely to be a coincidence that the words of parts of the affidavit correspond verbatim with the words of the agreed facts in Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal & Ors, Lie v Refugee Review Tribunal & Ors [2002] HCA 30. 50 In his oral evidence in chief, the applicant husband's counsel asked him about the 'second decision' of the Tribunal. When asked whether he read that decision, the applicant husband responded, through the interpreter, 'My lawyer read it to me'. When his counsel asked him whether the second decision of the Tribunal referred to documents in various places, he said, through the interpreter, that he could not fully understand. When asked whether, in its second decision, the Tribunal member referred to a number of documents, he responded through the interpreter 'No. I was not told anything like that'. Ultimately, however, he said that he remembered the Tribunal mentioning documents in its second decision. 51 The applicant husband was then shown a copy of the Tribunal's reasons for the Relevant Decision and asked whether he recognised the document. His response through the interpreter was: 'This he read and explained. Yes'. That appears to be a reference to the lawyer who read the reasons to him. He was then asked 'Can you read English?' and responded through the interpreter 'I not able to read in full'. 52 In cross examination, the applicant husband was shown a copy of those documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record that he says he would have tendered or delivered to the Tribunal. He was asked whether he recognised any of the documents and if he could not recognise them to say so. His response through the interpreter was: 'No. I cannot. What I did was - they were written in English, that is why I assigned him and an advisor. (sic)' 53 Subsequently, counsel for the Minister asked the applicant husband what were the submissions that he would have made highlighting those parts of the documents that were favourable to his case and his family's case, as he alleged in his affidavit. The evidence was as follows: The applicant husband: 'For example, my two children are young. They would be taken to LTTE movement. The Sri Lankan government will arrest my two children because my … wife's sister is in the LTTE. There has been such details here - when such details.' (Through an interpreter) ' Counsel for the Minister: 'But there is no information in those documents about you or your family.' The applicant husband: 'These documents reflect all my details. Those are the documents that I initially provided.' (Through an interpreter)

54 The responses set out above indicate that the witness had no real comprehension of the documents that he says he would have tendered or delivered to the Tribunal and made submissions about. The documents make no reference to the applicants and they were not provided to the Minister's delegate by the applicant husband. 55 As I have said, the applicant husband asserted in his affidavit that, had he been aware of the fact that the documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record 'were not all given to' the Tribunal, he would have made submissions highlighting those parts of the documents that were 'favourable to my case and my family's case'. It is impossible to know what submissions he might have made. More significantly, it is difficult to see why the applicant husband would have made submissions highlighting parts of the documents that were favourable only if he had been aware that all of the documents had not been given to the Tribunal. One might expect that, even if he believed that all of the documents in question had been given to the Tribunal, he would still have made submissions highlighting those parts of the documents that were favourable. He did not do so or make any attempt to do so. That cast real doubt on his assertion as to what he would have done if he had known that the documents in question 'were not all given' to the Tribunal. 56 In his affidavit, the applicant husband also asserted that, after reading the letter from the Tribunal of 10 June 1998, he was then 'under the belief that the Tribunal would be sent all the documents about my case' including a copy of each of the documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record. As I have said, the letter of 10 June 1998 does not refer to the documents described in Part B. It refers only to the 'Department's documents about your case'. Having regard to the applicant husband's very limited comprehension of English, it is difficult to understand why reading the correspondence gave rise to the belief asserted. 57 It is all the more puzzling as to why the applicant husband would not have consulted his solicitors in relation to such a matter, particularly when he said that his lawyer read the reasons of the Tribunal to him and he consulted an adviser when documents were in English. All of the correspondence in question was sent to his solicitors. No evidence was called from those solicitors as to their understanding of the correspondence. 58 In paragraph 9 of his affidavit, the applicant husband said that, after he 'received and read' the Tribunal's letter of 17 August 1999, he was 'under the belief that the Tribunal had already conducted what was known as a review on the papers in relation to my application and had looked at all of those papers referred to in paragraph 7 above in this my affidavit'. That seems to be an assertion that the applicant husband believed that the Tribunal had looked at copies of each of the documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record. Once again, having regard to the very limited ability of the applicant husband to read English, it is difficult to see how such a belief could be derived from reading that letter. 59 In paragraph 13 of his affidavit, the applicant husband said that, after he 'received and read' the Tribunal's letters of 29 September and 8 December 2000, he was 'under the belief the Tribunal had already conducted further review on the papers in relation to my application and had looked at all of the papers referred to in paragraph 7 above in this my affidavit'. The same difficulty arises as to how any such belief was in any way engendered by a reading of those two letters. 60 It is very difficult to assess the demeanour of a witness who gives evidence through an interpreter. That difficulty is accentuated by cultural differences for a witness giving evidence in a foreign country. Accordingly, I am reluctant to make any judgment of the credibility of the applicant husband by reference to his demeanour in court. However, I make the observation that the applicant husband appeared to make no attempt to respond to counsel for the Minister but appeared to regard cross-examination as an exchange between himself and the interpreter. In one sense, that would be understandable if the witness had no comprehension of English at all. However, as indicated above, he did not claim to have no knowledge of English. Rather, he said that he was not able to read English 'in full'. Further, at the hearing before the Tribunal, in answer to the question 'Do you have some English?', the applicant husband replied through the interpreter 'Little bit'. 61 In addition, there were several instances in the course of cross-examination before me when the applicant husband gave non-responsive answers. Thus, at one stage, counsel for the Minister asked the applicant husband whether the Tribunal told him that it had formed the view that Sri Lanka was safe for the return of failed asylum seekers. The applicant husband responded through the interpreter: 'She might have told that but in my case there is no safety, because my wife's sister is in the movement. If that fact is known the Sri Lankan government will immediately arrest me and detain. Those who are abroad can say that someone will be able to return to Sri Lanka but I only individually know what plight of danger I will be if I return. One of my family members is there in the movement, therefore, I will have problems.' 62 The following exchanges then occurred through the interpreter: Counsel for the Minister: '…your position was that while it may be safe for other failed asylum seekers you were different.' Applicant husband: 'The Sri Lankan government immediately arrest me whether or not my situation is synonymous to theirs.' Counsel for the Minister: 'So you are agreeing with me: you are saying that your situation was different from other failed asylum seekers?' Applicant husband: 'Both are the same; there is no difference. I sought refugee status, my wife's sister is there in it, my children are young children, everyone knows that the Sri Lankan government arrests such persons of such profile for a particular reason. In human rights organisations no - ' Counsel for the Minister: 'Can I just interrupt you, sir; I want you to listen to the questions that I put to you through the interpreter, and I want you to answer the questions and not say anything else, alright?' Applicant husband: 'Yes' Counsel for the Minister: 'Do you agree that this was your case… that whatever the situation was for other failed asylum seekers, you have particular reasons why you said you were at risk?' Applicant husband: 'Yes, generally, all families face danger and therefore, I will also face dangers as would anyone in my position.' Counsel for the Minister: 'You had no information to disagree with the general position about the safety of failed asylum seekers?' Applicant husband: 'I do have, for example, my wife's sister.' Counsel for the Minister: 'But that is information about your particular situation, not about the situation generally.' Applicant husband: 'Yes, I already mentioned that I was arrested when I was young in Tunarkun in my native land. I don't remember all these details now, but I have previously given all of this information.'

63 No doubt a witness in the position of the applicant husband would be anxious to emphasise his case at every opportunity. However, the impression that I gained from the manner in which the applicant husband answered questions did not assist his credibility. 64 The applicant husband gave no evidence as to the circumstances in which he became aware of the Decision Record. Indeed, there is no evidence that he had ever read it before receipt of the correspondence from the Tribunal. His affidavit does not expose any process of reasoning that led him to conclude, from the terms of the letter of 10 June 1998, that, as he asserts, the Tribunal would look at what he describes as 'the Part B documents'. The decision record is a somewhat technical document. It is difficult to accept that the applicant husband, with his very limited comprehension of English, would have understood, from the letter of 10 June 1998, that the Tribunal was saying that the documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record would be sent to it and that he would have understood from the letter of 17 August 1999 that the Tribunal had conducted 'a review on the papers' and had looked at all of the documents referred to in Part B. It is unlikely that the applicant husband would have had any understanding of the English expression 'a review on the papers'. 65 Certainly, there was no cross examination of the applicant husband in relation to those matters. Nevertheless, I am not persuaded, on the balance of probability, in the absence of anything further from the applicant husband, that receipt of the four letters from the Tribunal induced in his mind the belief to which he deposed. It follows that there was no denial of procedural fairness by reason only that the Tribunal represented to the applicant husband that it had been given and had considered all of the Part B documents.

Did the Tribunal Have Regard to the Documents 66 The applicants' case is that the applicant husband believed that the Tribunal had been given and considered the information contained in the documents in question. There would be no want of procedural fairness if the Tribunal had before it, or had access to and looked at, whether in paper or electronic form, all of the documents in question. The applicant husband conceded that he did not mind whether the Tribunal read the documents in question in paper form or on a computer screen. He said that what mattered was that the Tribunal considered the documents in question. Accordingly, there was no denial of procedural fairness simply because hard copies of the documents in question were not 'before' the Tribunal. 67 The applicants have the onus of establishing that the Tribunal did not have regard to the contents of the documents in question. The applicants invite the Court to draw an inference, from the absence of a reference, in the Tribunal's reasons, to a document described in Part B of the Decision Record, that the Tribunal did not consider the information contained in that document in making its decision. The failure by the Tribunal to refer to a document in its reasons may certainly give rise to an inference that the Tribunal did not consider the document to be material (see Minister v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 at 346 par [69]). However, such a failure does not necessarily give rise to the inference that the Tribunal did not have regard to the document, in circumstances where it was available to the Tribunal, albeit only electronically and not in the form of a copy given to the Tribunal by the secretary of the Minister's department. 68 There are other explanations for the failure to refer to the documents. Thus, in the Relevant Decision, the Tribunal in its reasons (at p 12) referred to the situation in Sri Lanka in the following terms: 'A feature of political life in Sri Lanka has been the prolonged, armed insurrection since the early 1980s by militant separatist Tamils, in particular the LTTE which dominated the Jaffna peninsula in the north of Sri Lanka. After violence in July 1983 there was a proliferation of armed militant groups and increased militancy was met with increasing ferocity by the security forces; militants, particularly the LTTE, began to attack Sinhalese civilians and as a result thousands of young Tamil men were detained by the security forces and many disappeared in custody. By mid 1985 the armed militants had the upper hand in the Jaffna peninsula and tolerated no dissent within the Tamil community, relying on intimidation and killing to maintain their hold. In 1987 the IPKF arrived in support of the Sri Lanka security forces against the LTTE. With the withdrawal of the IPKF completed by March 1990 the LTTE moved in and took control. In June 1990 the LTTE broke a ceasefire and "Eelam War II" began but the north remained under LTTE control and administration. A 3 month cease fire was broken by the LTTE in April 1995 and "Eelam War III" began. In a major military offensive, Government forces took Jaffna City in December 1995 after the LTTE abandoned the city and almost the entire civilian population fled; hundreds of thousands of Tamil civilians who had lived under LTTE administration and control for many years were displaced although a significant number have since returned to the area.' 69 After referring to the repatriation of Sri Lankans from Switzerland and other parts of the world, the Tribunal then said (p 15): 'Security activities in Colombo are aimed at catching LTTE squads which are known to be present in the city. The first Tribunal's decision included independent country information about the government's security measures in Colombo. The Tribunal accepts that information which is to the effect that everyone is required to produce evidence of their identity at the checkpoints throughout Colombo; those lacking identity cards or other proof of identity and who have no relatives in Colombo or who only speak Tamil are at risk of being detained at checkpoints and Tamils not from Colombo may be questioned about the purpose of their stay and whether their residency in Colombo is registered with the Police. The authorities also conduct round-ups or cordon and search operations, linked to terrorist attacks in Colombo, in which very large numbers of Tamils are detained until their bona fides are established; those most at risk in security operations are young Tamil men and women recently arrived from the North or the East. Large scale round-ups ceased for many months in 1998 partly because there had been no major security incidents there since March 1998 but bombings in Colombo in mid 1999 led to the resumption of these operations. Even so of those arrested around 95 percent are released within 24 hours and of the 5 percent who remain, some may be released within a few days while others may be detained for a much longer period. The majority of people held under the Emergency Regulations and the Prevention of Terrorism Act are Tamils detained are [sic] suspected of being LTTE activists and some are subjected to torture or severe mistreatment.' 70 Thus, the Tribunal had regard to the position of Tamils in Sri Lanka, although it concluded that Tamils having the profile of the applicants were not at risk. None of the material contained in the documents in question related specifically to the applicants. On the other hand the documents in question refer in some detail to instances of human rights abuses in Sri Lanka. Thus, the documents contain references to extra judicial killings, disappearances, torture, detentions and forced conscription by Tamil militants. They also refer to terrorist activities of the LTTE. Reference is also made to activities on the part of the security forces, especially in the east and north. Detailed reports of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment by the security forces are reported in some detail. The documents also refer to the security checks through which travellers to the north of Sri Lanka must pass and to the conditions of persons in temporary camps where many people are required to live. The documents also contain reports concerning the activities of security forces in relation to Tamil residents of Colombo. 71 The thrust of the applicants' case was that they feared persecution as being Tamils who were failed asylum seekers and who had some association with the LTTE because of the applicant wife's sister. Those were the issues upon which the Tribunal concentrated. It is possible that the Tribunal concluded that material such as that contained in the documents in question, which are no later than 1997, was of no great significance in relation to the issues facing the applicants if they returned to Sri Lanka in 2001. 72 It is a reasonable possibility that the Tribunal did not regard the contents of the documents in question as being material to the applicants' case, because, while that material demonstrates serious human rights abuses in relation to Tamils, both by the LTTE and the authorities, the applicants do not fit the profile of those who are at risk. The documents in question do not suggest that all Tamils are at risk simply because they are Tamils. The documents do not suggest that a connection with the LTTE as remote as that resulting from the position of the applicant wife's sister places the applicants at risk. 73 While it is common ground that physical or hard copies of the documents referred to in Part B of the Decision Record were not given to the Tribunal by the secretary of the Department, the evidence is not such as to lead to a positive conclusion that the Tribunal did not consider the contents of the documents in question. Indeed, the Tribunal referred to two of those documents in its reasons. I do not consider that the applicants have established, on the balance of probability, that the Tribunal did not have regard to the documents in question.

IRRELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS 74 The applicants claim that the Tribunal took into account irrelevant considerations being:

• the length of time that the applicant wife had been away from Sri Lanka;
• the fact that the applicant wife's passport showed only her married name;
• the fact that the applicant husband had never met the applicant wife's sister;
• the lack of current knowledge about the rank in the LTTE of the applicant wife's sister and her present whereabouts. 75 However, those matters are capable of having a bearing on the likelihood that either the Sri Lankan authorities or the LTTE would have an interest in the applicants upon their return to Sri Lanka. Certainly, the Tribunal had to assess the real chance of whether the Sri Lankan authorities would be likely to take action against the applicants by reason of the connection that they had with the wife's sister. Nevertheless, a decision maker does not take an irrelevant consideration into account simply because it gives greater weight or cogency to particular evidence than it might have. 76 The Tribunal in fact had regard to the claims concerning the applicant wife's sister. However, it did not consider that it was plausible that the authorities or the LTTE would be interested in the applicants, because of the remoteness of the connection. The applicant wife said that she believed that her sister held a senior position but was unable to be specific since she had not had dealings with her sister since she joined the LTTE. She had been in Switzerland from before the time when her sister was involved with the LTTE. 77 The finding by the Tribunal was open to it on the evidence before it. The contentions on behalf of the applicants constitute an attempt to revisit the fact finding process that led to the Tribunal's conclusion that there was no likelihood that the applicants would be of interest simply because of the involvement of the applicant wife's sister with the LTTE. Having regard to the matters described above, that fact finding process did not involve taking into account irrelevant matters. 78 The applicants also complain of the fact that the Tribunal had regard to the earlier findings made by the Tribunal, differently constituted, that led to the decision of 22 February 2000, which was set aside by Moore J on 2 August 2000. It is difficult to see any substance in the complaint. The Tribunal referred to what the applicants themselves had said at the earlier hearing. What the applicants had said at an earlier hearing could well be relevant to the decision that the Tribunal was subsequently called upon to make. 79 The Tribunal also referred to independent country information to which reference had been made in the earlier decision. For example, the passage from the Tribunal's reasons for the Relevant Decision cited at pars [69] and [70] above may be founded upon the findings made by the earlier Tribunal concerning Sri Lanka. However, it was not suggested that the findings were wrong. I do not consider that the references made by the Tribunal to the reasons for the earlier decision constituted taking into account irrelevant considerations.

BIAS 80 The applicants complain about remarks made to the applicant wife by the Tribunal in the course of an oral hearing conducted on 6 February 2001. These complaints appear to me to be without foundation. 81 The applicant wife gave evidence before the Tribunal through an interpreter. She told the Tribunal that, if she went back to Sri Lanka, she would be taken for an interview by 'the immigration' and that there would be masked persons in the queue who would then identify her. She said that they would inquire about her sister joining the LTTE movement. She said that any Tamil person, if suspected by the Sri Lankan authorities as someone connected with the LTTE movement, would be at risk. 82 The Tribunal then asked the applicant wife whether she had any evidence to support those claims about what might happen to her, and why, if she returned to Sri Lanka. She was asked whether she had any evidence that the army would suspect that she and her children were Tamil Tigers just because they lived overseas. She was asked whether she had any evidence that the Tigers would try to recruit her children or any evidence that she would be persecuted or tortured just because she is a Tamil returning from overseas. The applicant wife responded by referring to newspaper reports that she had brought to the hearing saying 'I have come to know that things are happening in the manner I have described in Sri Lanka'. 83 The Tribunal then (at p 14) said the following: 'Now it's not supported by independent evidence.

In particular, there have been thousands of Tamils over the through [sic] the nineties who have returned to Sri Lanka from India, for example.

And of the nearly at one stage I think some years ago there were nearly thirty thousand returned and only sixteen had any sort fo [sic] problem and that was just in one particular [unclear]. Many Tamils who have obtained permanent residency in other countries go back to Sri Lanka for holiday or family or business reason and don't have any problems [unclear] passport they can prove where they have been.

The treatment just let me make this point, the treatment of the airport if people are detained and questioned because they don't have travel documents or have false travel documents.

Or may be they are suspected and are in a wanted list or they escaped before they could be arrested. Even the some hundreds of Sri Lankan who were deported from Switzerland there is very very rare isolated instance of anybody having any trouble when they went back and hundreds have gone back from Switzerland and more from Germany and France and other places they have gone back from.

And they the people who are most likely to have a problem are people who left Sri Lanka fairly recently. Nobody is going to remember no one cares what happened twenty years ago.

Even people picked up in Colombo in checked at check points or rounded up in search operations after terrorist incidents people most at risk are young people, young Tamils recently arrived in Colombo from the north and east, not a middle aged family couple who'd been living in Switzerland for the last sixteen years.

Even in those situations most people are released fairly quickly, and it's only people who can't explain themselves what they are doing there and who are in the suspect profile that might be detained long or mistreated. The Sri Lankan authorities are very well aware and understand that anybody who lived in Jaffna when the LTTE controlled that area would have had to do things for the LTTE or would have the LTTE would have tried to get them join that organization. That doesn't make them suspect now. Also its well known that including by the Sri Lankan authorities that Sri Lankan people living overseas particularly in Canada, Australia, Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Italy have money extorted from them by the LTTE, not just Tamil people Sinhalese people as well. And they don't therefore automatically suspect somebody who then comes back to Sri Lanka of being an LTTE activist or supported just because they had to they had money extorted. And the advice from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs Trade in Colombo is that Sri Lankan [sic] is safe for people who have tried to seek asylum overseas and have not succeeded and have returned. And given your situation that you had been out of the country for so long I think it is totally implausible that anybody would suspect you of links with the LTTE. You haven't seen yours sister in for sixteen eighteen years. She joined the LTTE a decade ago. But there is no evidence at all to suggest that you know anything about her or providing information about her.

As you know Colombo has a huge Tamil population something close to the order of half a million Tamils in Colombo alone.

And it seems to me that you could settle in Colombo, where there is a very large Tamil population. You don't fit the profile of Tamils likely to be suspected by the LTTE and it seems to me that the fact that you lived overseas and you can prove that very easily, you will be going back on travel documents. Your identity is established. I can't see that you will have any problems.

If you had any problems for example even in the unlikely event that you had any problems from the LTTE in Colombo with the children there is no evidence to suggest that you know you would not be able to report the matter to the police and [unclear]. And the information that you submit doesn't there is no evidence that all Tamils are at risk. Now do you want t9 [sic] think about those things or do you want to say anything about them?' 84 Shortly after saying that, the Tribunal said: '…I don't think it's plausible because you left the country six years before your sister joined the Tigers. You haven't had contacts with her for a long time and you haven't had any contacts with her since, and its just not plausible.' Through the interpreter, the applicant wife said: 'Although I say that I have no connection whatsoever with my younger sister Sri Lankan authorities will not believe that. They will say or they will think that I am just lying to prevent me but they will not believe what I say they will have the suspicion that I had been communicating with my sister.' The Tribunal said: 'As I said for the reasons I have already said I don't find that plausible. Is there anything else…?' 85 Later, the following exchange occurred: Interpreter: 'If I explain in this manner, that is prior to 95 and 96 the LTTE organization was not well organised as a Tiger movement in Switzerland. They were able to collect money collect money and establish themselves only after 95 or 96. Then only they established them. Before that we did not have problems with them. That is why we were able to return to that country, but later when they established well there we faced problems with them.'

Tribunal: '…it makes me hard to believe anything that you say because you say because your original statement was full of problems that you claimed to have had with the LTTE before up to January 96 as well as after that. I mean I am talking about the LTTE in Switzerland.' 86 After a further exchange concerning the activities of the LTTE in Switzerland, the Tribunal asked the applicant wife whether there was anything else. She responded: 'Now, I want to explain this to you that is when I was in Switzerland when I try to escape or to take security in country like Germany, that also bordering country to Switzerland, from there when I want to take security for myself and others France, all these were neighbouring countries of Switzerland and these people were able to get their things done quickly by giving information either to Germany or France which were neighbouring countries. But as far as Australia is concerned it is a continent, large continent entirely separated from that part of the world. So that's what I thought here I would have more freedom.' The Tribunal then asked the applicant wife again whether there was anything else. The applicant wife responded reiterating that she wished to remain in Australia. 87 The applicants assert that those exchanges indicate that the Tribunal had closed its mind to the applicants' case and had already decided it. They say that actual bias is therefore established. Alternatively, they say that the remarks of the Tribunal demonstrate that there was a possibility that the Tribunal might not be bringing an impartial mind to the question to be determined by it. They contend that a properly informed fair-minded person would infer from those exchanges that there was nothing that could be said on behalf of the applicants to change the Tribunal's preconceived views. 88 I do not consider that there is any substance in the claim of bias, whether actual or apprehended. A fair reading of the exchanges between the Tribunal and the applicant wife suggests that the Tribunal was doing no more than indicating to the applicant wife in clear terms the concerns that the Tribunal had concerning her case. The applicant wife was being given a fair opportunity to respond to the Tribunal's concerns. 89 The Tribunal accepted the accounts given by both the applicant wife and the applicant husband of their experiences in Sri Lanka in the early 1980s before they went to Switzerland. Much of what they said took place in Switzerland was also accepted by the Tribunal. However, the Tribunal did not accept that any fear of persecution that the applicants had if they returned to Sri Lanka was well founded. The Tribunal was entitled to test the applicants' case albeit fairly and in a manner that was not overbearing. There was no complaint by the applicants that they were overborne by the approach taken by the Tribunal in the course of questioning. 90 A Tribunal, in hearing evidence from an applicant, is not bound to desist from thinking about the issues until after all of the material before it is complete. The Tribunal is not bound to be silent in the course of a hearing but is entitled to exercise its inquisitorial function by asking questions and testing an applicant's case. It is appropriate to put to an applicant tentative views formed on matters in issue in order to give the applicant the opportunity to deal with them. I do not consider that the Tribunal was doing any more than that in the exchanges in question.

CONCLUSION 91 I do not consider that any of the grounds set out in the points of claim has been established. It follows that the Relevant Decision is a privative clauses decision and, accordingly, no constitutional writ relief is available. There has been no argument as to whether the basis for an order nisi has been made out. However, on the basis of the affidavit of the applicant husband, an arguable case for relief was made out. Nevertheless, I do not consider that a case for an order absolute has been made out. An order absolute should be refused. The applicants should pay the Minister's costs. I certify that the preceding ninety-one (91) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Emmett.

Associate: Dated: 31 May 2004 Counsel for the Applicant: Mr M A Robinson

Solicitor for the Respondent: Australian Government Solicitor

Date of Hearing: 23, 25 and 29 March 2004.