R v Karim

JUDGMENT

1. MITCHELMORE JA: This is a Crown appeal, pursuant to s 5D of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW), against sentences imposed by Judge Hanley SC on the respondent, Ahmed Karim, in relation to two wholly unrelated sets of offences. The first set of offences were referred to as "the domestic violence offences", the victim of which was the respondent's wife. She was 20 weeks pregnant when the respondent engaged in a sustained violent attack upon her with the objective of killing the baby in utero, which he achieved.
2. The domestic violence offences are set out in the table below together with the applicable maximum penalty and standard non-parole period (SNPP), and the indicative sentence his Honour imposed: Count Offence Maximum Penalty/SNPP Indicative Sentence Cause grievous bodily harm with 25 years 10 years and 3 intent to cause grievous bodily harm, imprisonment, 6 months contrary to s 33(1)(b) of the Crimes SNPP 7 years imprisonment, Act 1900 (NSW) 7 years NPP Taking into account on a Form 1: Intentionally choke with intent to 25 years commit an indictable offence imprisonment (namely cause grievous bodily (No SNPP) harm), contrary to s 37(2) of the Crimes Act Sexual intercourse without consent 20 years 2 years and in circumstances of aggravation imprisonment, 6 months 5 (deprivation of liberty), contrary to SNPP 10 imprisonment, s 61J(1) of the Crimes Act years 20 months NPP

1. The second set of offences were referred to as "the drug offences" and comprised the following: Count Offence Maximum Penalty/SNPP Indicative Sentence Supply prohibited drug on an 20 years 2 ongoing basis, contrary to s 25A of imprisonment 3 years the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act (No SNPP) imprisonment 1985 (NSW) Taking into account on a Form 1: Supply prohibited drug on an ongoing basis, contrary to s 25A of the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act Participate in a criminal group, 5 years contrary to s 93T(1) of the Crimes imprisonment Act (No SNPP) Deal with property suspected of 3 years being the proceeds of crime, imprisonment contrary to s 193C(2) of the Crimes (No SNPP) Act

1. On 3 June 2024, after entering late pleas of guilty to both sets of offences, the respondent was sentenced to an aggregate sentence of imprisonment for 12 years to expire on 4 November 2033, with a non-parole period of 8 years to expire on 4 November 2029.
2. The sole ground of the Crown appeal is that the sentence is manifestly inadequate. The focus of the ground is the domestic violence offences. The victim of those offences, Leticia Chalmers, has confirmed in writing that she consents to publication of her identity in connection with these proceedings. In those circumstances, s 578A(2) of the Crimes Act, which prohibits the publication of any matter that identifies, or is likely to lead to the identification of, the complainant in prescribed sexual offence proceedings, does not apply: see s 578A(4).
3. The Crown contended that the indicative sentences imposed for the domestic violence offences were manifestly inadequate and, in combination with an apparent double-counting of the onerous conditions of the respondent's custody during the COVID-19 pandemic and an inadequate degree of notional accumulation, contributed to the imposition of a manifestly inadequate sentence that fell well short of addressing the totality of the respondent's criminal conduct. For the reasons I have set out below, I would uphold the ground of appeal and resentence the respondent.

The agreed facts on sentence

1. Two statements of facts were tendered before his Honour, one dealing with the domestic violence offences and the other addressing the drug offences.

Domestic violence offences

1. The domestic violence offences took place on 17 September 2021. The respondent was 20 years old at the time, and Ms Chalmers was 19 years old. They had known each other since the respondent and Ms Chalmers were approximately 12 and 11 years of age respectively, and they had been in an intimate relationship for some five years before the domestic violence offences.
2. In April or May 2021, Ms Chalmers discovered she was pregnant. When Ms Chalmers told the respondent about her pregnancy around that time, he told her to "get fucking rid of it", referring to the foetus. The respondent continued to pressure Ms Chalmers to terminate her pregnancy. She told him on several occasions that she did not need him to be there for her and that she could raise the baby by herself.
3. The Agreed Facts extracted a number of text message exchanges between the respondent and Ms Chalmers. The first extracted exchange was dated 11 June 2021: "Offender: Leticia I don't know what to say to you Offender: An I really can't believe u are doing this Offender: Yous my own powers against me Offender: Using Offender.: Fucken answer bro Offender: I really never knew the person u really are Offender: EVIL Offender: To do this to some1 Offender: Is fucken evil Offender: No other words Offender: Evil Offender: I don't understand Offender: Leticia u will make my god curse me Victim: you telling me to hove an abortion is fucking evil, something that will affect the rest of my life, fuck you never contact me, and trust me i will never get over what you've just said to me (...)"
4. The second exchange was dated 25 June 2021: "Victim: (..) and do not take offense to if i don't reply. this is ME time and i'm taking it wether it suits you or not. Offender: yeah will that's the problem with u, you hove no one on top of you you think ur above all and its your word or nothing know that I'm your fucking husband an what ever I say goes Offender: no else Offender: An if you loved me the way I say u do l wouldn't need to be telling u this Offender: But I'm telling u now Offender: I don't care if it kills you Offender: What I fucking say goes Offender: Even if it's a fucking Abortion Offender: I'm the man Offender: With the cock an balls Offender: Not you Offender: So understand that Offender: I don't care what it takes"
5. The third exchange took place on 14 July 2021: "Offender: U haven't spoken to me in a hole day for what Offender: FOR WHAT Offender: Blocked me on everything for what Victim: because your asking me stuff that you know isn't going to result in the answer that you wont and with how much you've done to me since you've known, I already know what your getting at and it's just not worth it Offender: you obviously don't know shit what I'm getting at Offender: All l asked was how far are you into your pregnancy Victim: the same question you've asked me everytime you've told me to go and get an abortion. Victim: You know what, your right, was good talking. Good day. Offender: Your so fucked"
6. On 10 September 2021, the respondent and Ms Chalmers were married under Islamic law, when she was approximately 19 weeks pregnant. On 16 September 2021, the respondent texted Ms Chalmers' mother to say that he would make Ms Chalmers' life a "living misery" if she proceeded with a gender reveal party on 17 September 2021 without him and his family. He did not want the gender reveal to take place and texted Ms Chalmers: "make sure it doesn't happen tomorrow."
7. The offending occurred on 17 September 2021. Ms Chalmers was 20 weeks and 3 days pregnant. She knew the gender of her child and was expected to give birth on or around 22 January 2022.
8. The respondent texted Ms Chalmers numerous times that day, requesting to speak to her before the gender reveal party. She did not want to see the respondent but eventually relented, texting: "I'll leave my house in 10 one thing out of line and I'm gone". Ms Chalmers arrived at the respondent's house at 1:34pm. He was the only person home at this time. After greeting the respondent and sitting in the lounge room, Ms Chalmers told the respondent that she was going to proceed with the gender reveal party whether or not he agreed to it, and they began arguing. The respondent said repeatedly that Ms Chalmers was "sick", in the sense of being mentally unwell. After some time, they moved upstairs and then returned downstairs, where they began to argue again.
9. Ms Chalmers messaged her sister, requesting her sister to ring and give Ms Chalmers an excuse to leave the respondent's home. When her sister did as she asked, the respondent insisted that Ms Chalmers put down her phone. After sitting in silence for a time, the respondent asked Ms Chalmers to hug him. When she refused, the respondent kept insisting. Ms Chalmers told him that they were not on good terms and she did not want to be near him.
10. Ms Chalmers then said to the respondent that she needed to leave to go see her mother. He became angry, asking why the gender reveal party had to happen that day. The respondent and Ms Chalmers moved to the lounge room at the front of the house, and Ms Chalmers said that she was going to leave as she needed to see her mother. The respondent took Ms Chalmers' car keys and mobile phone and refused to return them. Around this time, Ms Chalmers could still feel the foetus moving.

Count 3: Cause grievous bodily harm with intent to cause grievous bodily harm

1. When they were in the hallway near the front door, the respondent pushed Ms Chalmers to the floor. She began to cry as she felt scared. The respondent demanded she stand up, pulling her up by her arms. Ms Chalmers repeatedly tried to open the front door, but the respondent prevented her from leaving. The respondent said to her "why are you doing it today" and "why are you ruining my life", while she kept asking to leave.
2. The respondent and Ms Chalmers moved to the kitchen. Ms Chalmers had her back to the respondent and he reached around her and squeezed her stomach hard, lifting her off the ground slightly while squeezing her, before pushing her to the ground. With Ms Chalmers lying on her back, the respondent began to kick her in the stomach and stomp on her stomach, using alternative feet and stepping downwards with full force. Ms Chalmers tried to cover her stomach with her hands and screamed at the respondent to stop kicking her. He kicked her on her right lower leg, and at some point he placed both of his knees on her stomach and pressed down with all of his weight. When she attempted to move her legs to protect her stomach he moved her legs away.

Form 1 Offence: Intentionally choke with intent to cause grievous bodily harm - domestic violence offence

1. The respondent kneeled down and placed his hands around Ms Chalmers' neck and began to choke her. She felt like she could not breathe, and that she was losing oxygen. She also felt her eyes roll back, her body start to convulse, her teeth start to grind, and her hands shake. Ms Chalmers then lost consciousness. She was woken by the respondent pouring cold water from a kettle onto her head. He then commenced kicking her in the stomach again.
2. Ms Chalmers felt fluid or discharge from her vagina, and she began screaming "please stop", thinking she might be bleeding. The respondent said to her, "I want you and the baby to die".

Count 5: Sexual intercourse without consent in circumstances of aggravation (deprive liberty) - domestic violence offence

1. With Ms Chalmers screaming, "stop, I'm bleeding, check for yourself, I'm bleeding", the respondent put his hands down her pants and asked, "are you bleeding yet?". He inserted the top of his finger into her vagina, and she saw clear fluid on his fingers when he removed them from her underwear. The respondent did this three times before going to the kitchen and washing his hands.
2. Ms Chalmers remained on the floor. She felt as though she could not breathe, her body began to shake again and she felt her eyes roll back. Ms Chalmers felt as if she was going to die. While she was still on the floor, the respondent opened the front door. Ms Chalmers got up and tried to run towards the door, but the respondent grabbed her by the hair and dragged her into the loungeroom before throwing her on the floor.
3. The respondent began to kick and stomp on her stomach again. Ms Chalmers said to him, "I can't breathe, I think you're breaking my ribs, stop." She again felt her eyes roll back into her head and her body begin to seize. At this time, the respondent stopped kicking Ms Chalmers. He opened the front door to the house, took his keys, and left the house, throwing Ms Chalmers' phone on the ground and stomping on it, smashing it front and back.
4. Ms Chalmers stood up and ran out of the house, getting as far as her car before collapsing on the ground. A neighbour came to her assistance and called 000. Ms Chalmers called her mother at or around that time, crying hysterically and saying, "mum, mum, come now please you've got to help me. Ahmed just tried to kill me, I think he's killed the baby." When police arrived, they observed Ms Chalmers to be distressed and crying. Her mother assisted police because Ms Chalmers was struggling to breathe and said she was in pain.

Medical evidence and forensic medical examination

1. Ms Chalmers was conveyed to hospital. Three obstetric ultrasounds were undertaken, showing foetal demise in utero with no foetal heart motion and no foetal movements. The baby's measurements were in keeping with a pregnancy of 20 weeks and 3 days.
2. Dr Neil Athayde was Ms Chalmers' obstetrician. He told police on 17 September 2021 that "the trauma may have caused separation of placenta and caused baby to die due to lack of oxygen". A histological report taken after examination of the placenta recorded that histological appearances were "compatible with subacute placental abruption resulting in substantial placental infarction":
3. On 18 September 2021, Ms Chalmers attended the Forensic Medical Unit for her injuries to be documented. She reported having tenderness to her neck, abdomen, lower back and limbs. The examiner recorded a number of injuries, including: swelling and tenderness to the right side of her neck; 1cm petechial bruise to the left side of the neck; tenderness to the back of her head; bruise to the inner right arm, right and left elbows, right and left forearm, back of right wrist and back of left hand; 2x4cm cluster of purple bruises to her right lower leg; petechial bruising on her abdomen around and above the belly button; 2x10cm patterned purple bruise with petechial bruising to her abdomen to the left of the belly button; and a 3.5cm purple bruise to her left lower abdomen. The examiner expressed the opinion that being stomped on and kicked with a shoe was a plausible explanation for the finding of the patterned bruising on her abdomen.

Arrest

1. On 18 September 2021, the respondent was arrested. He was offered and agreed to participate in an electronically recorded interview, during which he denied assaulting Ms Chalmers.

Drug offences

1. In 2021, as a part of an investigation into alleged drug supply in and around Guilford and Granville, the Police identified an organised criminal network known as "R4W" ("Ready for War"/"Ready for Whatever") involved in drug supply activities and identified a number of members including the respondent. R4W supplied cocaine to customers predominantly using a "dial-a-dealer" methodology. Group members used dedicated mobile phone services, known as "drug-runs", with customers contacting a drug-run phone to arrange the purchase of cocaine from the group member operating the service.
2. Pursuant to an authorised telephone intercept warrant on the mobile phone of an R4W associate, Shady Kanj, on 16 June 2021 investigators intercepted calls between Mr Kanj and the respondent during which they discussed the small supply of cocaine. A further call was intercepted on 6 August 2021 in which the respondent discussed with Mr Kanj and another associate the price to charge for cocaine in individual consumption bags.
3. In September 2021, investigators identified a dedicated drug-run service known by the nicknames "Chucky" and "Snowy" (the Snowy drug-run) and an authorised telephone intercept warrant was commenced on 14 September 2021. The Crown case was that the respondent exercised oversight and control over the Snowy drug-run and was acting pursuant to a joint criminal enterprise with street level dealers in the organisation who used the phone for the street-level supply of cocaine. The group sold the prohibited drug in bags containing 0.5 grams of cocaine, typically for $250 per bag.

Count 2: Supply prohibited drug on an ongoing basis (14 September 2021 to 13 October 2021)

1. Between 14 September 2021 and 13 October 2021, the respondent and street-level operators of the Snowy drug-run engaged in no less than 100 individual supply transactions, involving an estimated 78.75 grams of cocaine supplied in exchange for an estimated total payment of $39,220. The vast majority of these supplies involved 0.5 to 1.0 gram of cocaine per supply, with the largest supply, on 8 October 2021, involving the purchase of seven bags of cocaine (3.5 grams) for $1,400. The respondent was captured on intercepts using the drug-run phone on a number of occasions, interacting with customers.

Form 1 Offences

1. Between 14 October 2021 and 24 October 2021, the respondent and street-level operators of the Snowy drug-run engaged in no less than 12 individual supply transactions involving an estimated 12.5 grams of cocaine, supplied in exchange for an estimated total payment of $6,100 (Form 1 offence: supply prohibited drug on an ongoing basis). The vast majority of supplies involved 0.5 to 1 gram of cocaine per supply, with one customer purchasing 3.5 grams of cocaine on 16 October 2021 for $1,600. Calls were intercepted in which the respondent interacted with customers and the street-level users of the phone.
2. On 12 November 2021, at about 4:32pm, police executed a search warrant at the respondent's home, locating the Snowy drug-run handset in a linen cupboard, and a handwritten list of phone numbers and accompanying names in a notebook in the respondent's bedroom, which matched a number of contacts in the phone handset. Police also located a diamond-encrusted watch which was reasonably suspected of being the proceeds of crime. The watch was independently valued at $52,000, but a receipt indicated that the respondent purchased it for $19,500 (Form 1 offence, deal with property suspected of being proceeds of crime contrary to s 193C of the Crimes Act).

The sentence

1. Although neither the Crown nor the respondent sought to challenge the findings of the sentencing judge, having regard to their submissions it is necessary to traverse them in some detail.
2. In addition to the agreed facts for both sets of offences, the material that the Crown tendered on sentence included the respondent's criminal history and custodial history, a victim impact statement that Ms Chalmers prepared and a sentencing assessment report. The respondent tendered a letter of apology, together with a report from Dr Olav Nielssen, psychiatrist, dated 12 October 2023, affidavits from his mother and sisters, references, medical and school records, and certificates of completion for various custodial courses. Text messages between the respondent and Ms Chalmers, in the period between June 2021 and the date of the offence, were also in evidence.
3. The sentencing hearing occurred on 13 May 2024. On 3 June 2024, the sentencing judge sentenced the respondent in relation to all offences. His Honour set out the offences for which the respondent stood for sentence with the maximum penalties and applicable standard non-parole periods before addressing the two categories of offences.

Domestic violence offences

1. The sentencing judge collectively described the domestic violence offences as "a very serious domestic violent one that occurred in a domestic violent setting that [aggravates] the offending". His Honour was satisfied that in the lead up to the offence, the respondent "demonstrated misogynistic and controlling behaviour, and a refusal to respect the victim's wishes and desire to have the child". His Honour also emphasised the respondent having taken Ms Chalmers' phone and car keys before he committed the offences.
2. In relation to count 3, the sentencing judge was satisfied that the respondent's motive was to kill the unborn child, having embarked "on a course of conduct to terminate the pregnancy by consent or otherwise" from the time he found out that Ms Chalmers was pregnant. His Honour characterised the statements he made, in text messages and otherwise, as reflecting "a concern only for himself and a total disregard for the wishes of the victim to go to full term of the pregnancy and birth of the child". His Honour referred in this context to what the respondent said when committing the offences: that he wanted the baby to die.
3. The sentencing judge found that the respondent's acts involved a "serious form of extreme violent behaviour, including the kicking of the victim to the stomach while she was lying on the floor, kneeling on her stomach, and punching her to that area" when Ms Chalmers was unable to defend herself. In accepting the Crown's submission that the offending should be placed "at the highest end of objective seriousness", his Honour took into account: "a) The maximum penalties for 25 years imprisonment b) The degree of violence and ferocity of attack without any provocation c) The seriousness of the harm caused occasioned with reference to the high degree of violence upon the victim d) The intention to cause a high degree of harm to the victim and kill the unborn child e) There was a degree of planning involved in persuading the victim to come to his home when no other family members were present"
4. As to the last factor, his Honour accepted that although the respondent had hoped to persuade Ms Chalmers to terminate the foetus and cancel the gender reveal party, if unsuccessful it was "obvious his capacity to achieve that objective would be possible if the victim were physically present and could be assaulted".
5. In relation to the Form 1 offence of intentionally choke with intent, the sentencing judge stated that it was "inherently, a very serious offence of violence". His Honour referred to Ms Chalmers' loss of consciousness and being woken by the respondent only for him to continue to kick her, the latter of which his Honour noted "further [aggravated] the objective seriousness of the offending". His Honour was satisfied that Ms Chalmers would have feared she was going to die. In his Honour's opinion, whilst this offence occurred in the context of the principal offence, it "underlies the ferocity of the offender's attack on the victim and substantially increases the penalty for the principal offence".
6. In relation to the offence of aggravated sexual intercourse without consent, the Crown submitted that his Honour would assess this on the "higher side" of objective seriousness. In making his own assessment, the sentencing judge took into account: "a) The circumstance and relationship between the victim and the offender b) The act on its character and degree of physical contact c) The nature of the sexual intercourse, including penetration"
7. The sentencing judge found that the respondent's act of placing his finger into Ms Chalmers' vagina on three occasions was "an extension of the violent assaults on the victim and a further demonstration of his ability to exercise power and dominance over the victim by a humiliating act". The fact that the sexual offending was not accompanied by any desire for sexual gratification did not impact the assessment in any meaningful manner, "except it was with the other offences committed over a discreet, terrifying period and conducted to ascertain whether the offender had achieved his ultimate objective of destroying the foetus". His Honour found that the respondent did this "without any consideration of the victim's desire to keep the child as her physical and mental well-being". An overall factor informing his Honour's assessment of the objective seriousness was that Ms Chalmers was deprived of her liberty, with the respondent only ceasing his offending when her body began to seize. The last offence "underlines the inherent violence associated, overall, with his behaviour towards the victim on this day".
8. In relation to aggravating factors, his Honour took into account that the offence was committed in the home of another person (Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW), s 21A(2)(eb)). His Honour found that Ms Chalmers, being in a domestic relationship with the respondent, was entitled to a degree of expectation of safety and security in his home, and "in circumstances where he pressured her to attend his house to speak before the gender reveal party and lulled her into a false sense of security by suggesting they were going to speak about the gender reveal party that was to be held later that day".
9. The sentencing judge was also satisfied that the injury, emotional harm and damage caused by the respondent was substantial (Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, s 21A(2)(g)). Without double counting that grievous bodily harm was caused in the loss of the foetus, his Honour took into account the additional emotional and psychological damage that Ms Chalmers experienced and continued to experience, which went beyond any harm normally expected of a victim for these types of offences. His Honour stated: "In making this assessment, I also take into account the circumstances surrounding the offence. The victim was subjected to a vicious, frenzied attack in which she feared for her life. I am satisfied from her Victim Impact Statement, that these offences and their consequences will have a lifetime impact upon her emotional and psychological well-being."
10. The sentencing judge took into account that at the time of offending, the respondent was on conditional liberty, two months after he agreed to be bound over to be of good behaviour pursuant to a 12-month Community Correction Order. His Honour also noted that the respondent's criminal record involved mainly driving and drug related offending, with the domestic violence offences reflecting a substantial escalation in seriousness. Apart from his criminal record, his Honour also noted the respondent's significant number of breaches of custodial regulations, which "demonstrate, again, his inability to comply with directions from authorities and the law". Each of those factors disqualified the respondent from any leniency, although his Honour did not take them into account as aggravating his offending.
11. In relation to mitigating factors, his Honour applied a 10% reduction to all sentences for the respondent's late guilty plea (Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, s 25D(2)(b)). The sentencing assessment report assessed the respondent as having minimal insight into the impact of the offending, beyond the consequences to himself. His Honour considered this feature was underlined by the respondent's letter of apology, in which he claimed he was remorseful but referenced the loss of a friend, who was shot and murdered in his presence, as some explanation for his behaviour. His claimed remorse was also undermined by his history of uncontrollable and violent behaviour, of which the commission of the offences was another example. Despite these observations, his Honour said that he would "take his remorse and acceptance of responsibility as not only inherent in his belated pleas of guilty, but more significantly, that therefore, the victim was not required to give evidence at a trial during which she would have relived the extremely distressing assaults upon her and the consequential destruction of the foetus".

Drug offences

1. The sentencing judge took into account that the respondent was involved in over 100 supplies over 30 days (well above the requisite three supplies), supplying small quantities but totalling almost 80 grams, for financial gain and as part of a broad and coordinated group with a considerable degree of planning and coordination. His Honour was satisfied that the respondent had an elevated role, having regard to his directing others, reimbursing dissatisfied customers, referring to a delivery person as "my man" and being in possession of the Snowy drug-run phone at the time of his arrest. The sentencing judge referred to the Crown's submission that this offending was at or slightly above the midpoint of any discernible range of such offences.
2. His Honour described the further ongoing supply on the Form 1 as a similarly serious offence, although there were only 12 transactions involving 12.5 grams of cocaine. The primary motivation was financial gain and showed repetition, with the quantity and total value well above the requisite number of supplies. His Honour accepted the Crown's submission that the offence was below the middle of the range of objective seriousness but not at the very bottom. As to the other Form 1 offences (participate in criminal group and deal with property suspected of being the proceeds of crime), his Honour was satisfied that the criminality could be addressed in the penalty and overall offending and criminality of the principal offence.
3. The sentencing judge noted as an aggravating factor that the respondent was on conditional liberty at the time of the drug offences, subject both to bail and the Community Correction Order. His Honour assessed the offending as demonstrating a significant elevation in seriousness, calling for specific deterrence. As to mitigating factors, his Honour noted the late plea and was not satisfied that the respondent was genuinely remorseful. According to the sentencing assessment report, the respondent failed to recognise the scope of the offending and his insight did not extend beyond consequences to himself.
4. His Honour also referred to the sentences imposed on other offenders who participated in the R4W joint criminal enterprise. An offender who had some considerable similarity to the respondent in relation to the offences and participated in the Snowy drug-run received an aggregate sentence of three years to be served by way of an Intensive Correction Order, although he pleaded guilty at an early stage and had no prior convictions.

The respondent's subjective circumstances

1. The sentencing judge summarised in some detail the report of Dr Nielssen dated 12 October 2023. Dr Nielssen reported that the respondent's parents divorced when he was about 2 years old, and he had limited contact with his father until recent years when they worked together. His mother took him to a family therapist when he was 10 or 11 years old because of his behavioural problems. The respondent also reported being affected by an incident with a maths teacher who caught him smoking and required him to perform fellatio, which contributed to him avoiding school and affected him psychologically. He was frequently suspended from school and left formal education after year 8.
2. The sentencing judge noted Dr Nielssen's opinion that the respondent was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in partial remission, and substance use disorder in remission. Although the respondent said that he was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during school, Dr Nielssen did not believe it was a disabling disorder involving impulse control in the absence of substance use, which required further treatment of any kind of medication.
3. His Honour noted that Dr Nielssen's report was supplemented by extensive reports from the respondent's school counsellors. His Honour accepted that a summary of that history showed an extremely difficult child who was uncontrollable at home and school. His intellectual ability was reported to be in the borderline range, and concerns were expressed about his safety and that of others. His Honour recorded the submissions on the respondent's behalf that such underlying factors were relevant to his response to his partner's pregnancy and his belief that he was ill-equipped to take on that responsibility.
4. The sentencing judge took into account the respondent's underlying mental health at the time of the offending but was not satisfied that it could reduce his moral culpability. The offending was a further example of his resorting to violence towards those near him. His Honour found that the respondent was inherently violent, and was incapable of accepting or respecting the desire of Ms Chalmers to have the child. His behaviour towards her was "a demonstration of his disrespect of women generally and specifically to the victim". The respondent's recent claim of being sexually assaulted by a teacher was not suggested to have had any impact on his offending, nor did Dr Nielssen suggest a causal connection between his mental health conditions and his offending. His being affected by drugs at the time of the offending was not a mitigating factor as it was self-inflicted. His Honour did not accept the excuses the respondent advanced for his offending, that he was hanging out with the wrong people and was not a violent person.
5. The sentencing assessment report assessed the respondent as a high risk of re-offending. His Honour noted that despite that assessment, there were some protective factors such as his supportive family, no prior convictions for violence or drug supply, unskilled employment available, his avoidance of contact with drug users since entering prison and completion of self-improvement programs in custody. Nonetheless, his Honour accepted the Crown's submission that, while commendable, the respondent had continued to offend whilst on remand. Of particular concern were two violent assaults in custody whilst the respondent was undertaking an anger management course; and an assault occasioning actual bodily harm after he had completed the course. His Honour could only make a guarded assessment of the respondent's prospects of rehabilitation.
6. The sentencing judge took into account the respondent's youth at the time of the offending, referring to affidavits from his sisters that demonstrated he was a relatively immature young man, as well as material that was regularly before the courts to the effect that the male brain is not fully formed until the age of 25 years. His Honour stated: "His youth and immaturity, to some extent, may explain his behaviour, although that needs to be looked at in the context of a long history of violence. I take into account it has been the Courts' attitudes, in relation to young offenders, to try and dissuade them away from criminality by granting to them a degree of considerable leniency in determining their sentences. That can be tempered, however, in view of serious criminal offences, of which the offences against Ms Chalmers are ones. It is a factor I will take into account in considering the need to emphasise his encouraging his rehabilitation and a factor in considering whether special circumstances should be applied."
7. The sentencing judge considered that the COVID-19 lockdowns that occurred whilst the respondent was in custody had significantly increased the onerous nature of his incarceration. There was no evidence of hardship to others.
8. In relation to comparative sentences, of the judgments to which his Honour was referred, the decision in R v King [2004] NSWCCA 444; 150 A Crim R 409 ("King") had the greatest similarity with the present facts in terms of the age of the offender and the type of offending. His Honour accepted that King could be distinguished as the respondent King's expression of remorse was rejected, there were no mental health issues, the offence was premeditated in cold-blood and there were none of the stresses extant on the respondent that were at issue in King. That case had also involved a disputed fact hearing on sentence although the respondent in King agreed, when giving evidence, that he wanted to kill the foetus. The respondent in King was of prior good character.
9. His Honour noted that in relation to offences of the kind for which the respondent was being sentenced, general deterrence must have a significant impact. His Honour took into account the respondent's underlying mental health issues but was not satisfied that this disqualified him from being an appropriate candidate for general deterrence. In relation to specific deterrence, his Honour was satisfied that there was "a need to give adequate weight to the criminality of his offending, to discourage him from any similar offending in the future, either in relation to offences against women or partners and the drug offences". Although rehabilitation was important and should be emphasised at a young age, that had to be taken into account in the context of the seriousness of the offending so as not to undermine general and specific deterrence.
10. His Honour considered that the respondent's behaviour needed to be denounced as "completely abhorrent to the community, particularly in relation to the offences against Ms Chalmers, which are horrific to any member of the community viewing these facts and listening to the Victim Impact Statement". His Honour also considered the harm done to the community by the distribution of drugs.
11. In relation to totality, his Honour considered that the domestic violence offences were committed over a discreet and limited period but were serious forms of the offending. His Honour was satisfied that there would be "some considerable concurrency", with an accumulation in relation to each offence to recognise their distinct criminality. The Form 1 offence that was attached to the principal domestic violence offence was serious and required some significance in increasing the penalty for the principal offence. His Honour also considered that the drug offences were significantly connected to the same type of offending and associated offending. His Honour was satisfied that there would be some concurrency and accumulation between the domestic violence offences and the drug offences to recognise the time the respondent spent in custody in relation to both and accumulation to recognise the distinct criminality of each set of offences.
12. The sentencing judge made a limited finding of special circumstances considering that the time the respondent spent in custody was made more onerous by the pandemic, and his youth. His Honour reduced the statutory ratio from 75% to approximately 66%.
13. In indicating the sentences I have set out at [2] above, in respect of the offences against Ms Chalmers his Honour said of the onerous nature of the time the respondent spent in custody as a result of the pandemic: "But for that factor, the indicative penalties would have been more significant".

Ground of appeal: the aggregate sentence is manifestly inadequate

1. Consistently with what I have set out above, the Crown accepted that the judgment of the sentencing judge was detailed and considered, and that there was no patent error in his Honour's reasons. The Crown also accepted that the sentencing judge had a broad discretion and should be allowed as much flexibility as was consonant with consistency of approach and with the applicable statutory regime: Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; [2005] HCA 25 ("Markarian") at [27]. The Crown submitted that the sentence was nonetheless not only manifestly inadequate, but inadequate to a considerable degree. The result gave rise to an inference that there was a failure properly to exercise the discretion which the law reposed in the Court at first instance.
2. In R v VR [2024] NSWCCA 91 ("VR"), Hamill J provided the following brief overview of a number of the authorities that have considered a ground of appeal based on latent error in the exercise of the sentencing discretion, including: Lowndes v The Queen (1999) 195 CLR 665; [1999] HCA 29 ("Lowndes"); Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321; [2000] HCA 54; and Markarian. His Honour stated: "[64] In considering a ground based on a latent error in the exercise of the sentencing discretion (manifest excess or manifest inadequacy), the appellate court must take into account that there is no single correct sentence and that the law allows a wide discretion to a sentencing judge to determine the appropriate sentence by their own instinctive synthesis of a wide number of factors, many of which pull in different directions. In the absence of an identifiable error, an appellate court will not intervene unless the sentence imposed is manifestly unreasonable, plainly unjust or wrong. An appellate court must not intervene merely because its members might individually have imposed a more - or less - severe sentence. The foregoing is a brief overview of a number of High Court authorities on the subject. [65] In assessing whether a sentence is, or is not, unreasonable or plainly unjust the Court must undertake its own synthesis of the relevant facts and circumstances of the individual case to determine whether the sentence is so far below (or above) a legitimate discretionary range that it must intervene to correct the error. In doing so, it might have regard to statistics and the outcomes in similar cases, but the limitations on such comparisons and comparators are well established. Each sentencing decision will turn on its own facts and circumstances and only limited guidance can be taken from statistics and judgments relating to other cases." (Footnotes omitted.)
3. The Crown submitted that when considered against the legislative guideposts of the maximum penalties, the indicative sentences specified for the domestic violence offences were manifestly inadequate. When considered against the respondent's subjective case, which the Crown submitted was fairly unremarkable, the manifestly inadequate indicative sentences in combination with apparent double-counting of the onerous conditions of the respondent's custody because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and an inadequate degree of notional accumulation, resulted in a manifestly inadequate aggregate sentence. The Crown did not directly take issue with the indicative sentence for the drug offences but challenged the manner in which the sentencing judge accumulated the sentences for the two distinct sets of offending.
4. The respondent submitted that full weight needed to be given to the experience of the sentencing judge and the detailed and considered nature of his Honour's reasons: Markarian at [77]-[78], Lowndes at [15]. The respondent emphasised four aspects of the respondent's subjective case, namely, his youth, mental health issues, his remorse, and the onerous nature of his custody during the pandemic. The respondent submitted that those factors led to his Honour properly reducing the indicative sentences for the domestic violence offences that would otherwise have been imposed.
5. The Crown submitted that an examination of the indicative sentences for the domestic violence offences revealed the sentencing discretion miscarried. It accepted as well-established that the indicative sentences were not themselves amenable to appeal, although they may be a guide to whether there is an error in the aggregate sentence; and that it did not necessarily follow from an assessment of indicative sentences as inadequate that the aggregate sentence was manifestly inadequate: JM v R [2014] NSWCCA 297; 246 A Crim R 528 at [40], cited more recently in R v Hill [2020] NSWCCA 197 at [105]. Nonetheless, it submitted that in the present case there was a substantial disconnect between the objective seriousness of the domestic violence offences and the corresponding indicative sentences.

Consideration

1. From the moment the respondent found out about Ms Chalmers' pregnancy, his conduct was directed at achieving the objective of terminating it. The offending in which he engaged to achieve that objective was preceded by misogynistic and controlling behaviour, as was apparent from the text message exchanges extracted in the Agreed Facts. On the day of the offending, he lulled Ms Chalmers into a false sense of security in order to secure her attendance at his home, where she was entitled to expect some degree of safety and security. He pressured her to stay when she wished to leave, and then took her phone and her keys and positively precluded her from leaving before embarking upon the violent assault.
2. The sentencing judge assessed the assault occasioning grievous bodily harm as being at the "highest end" of objective seriousness. It involved a ferocious attack on Ms Chalmers with the intention of causing her a high degree of harm and killing the unborn child. After bringing Ms Chalmers to the floor, the respondent repeatedly kicked her to the stomach, kneeled on her stomach and punched her to that area, with Ms Chalmers unable to defend herself. The respondent then engaged in the conduct the subject of the Form 1, which his Honour recognised was itself a very serious offence of violence, choking Ms Chalmers until she lost consciousness, waking her by pouring cold water on her head, and then proceeding to administer further kicks to her stomach.
3. With Ms Chalmers still lying on the floor, screaming at him to stop and that she was bleeding, the respondent digitally penetrated her vagina three times in order to confirm his assault had achieved its objective of killing the foetus. This conduct was, as his Honour recognised, a further demonstration of the respondent's ability to exercise power and dominance over Ms Chalmers, occurring in the midst of an extremely violent assault. During the entire period, the respondent deprived Ms Chalmers of her liberty.
4. The sentencing judge found that the emotional and psychological harm to Ms Chalmers was substantial. Her articulate victim impact statement conveyed the impact of the domestic violence offences upon her. It included the following: "I am a qualified allied health worker and at the time of the offence, I was an enrolled nurse working a work placement at the sans private hospital. I prided myself in helping all in need. Now I struggle to even help myself. On that day, the accused not only stole the life of my unborn baby girl …, whom I was just over 5 months pregnant with, but he also robbed me of my human rights, my sense of security, and my will to live. … The physical and emotional trauma inflicted upon me was inhumane, as he assaulted me, sexually assaulted me, jumped on my stomach repeatedly, strangled me and traumatised me whilst holding me captive and against my will. I was already down and out whilst he continued to inflict his abuse more and more on my almost lifeless body, showing no remorse. He has left scars that time cannot heal. People may say that time heals all wounds, but in my reality, each passing moment only deepens the anguish I feel."
5. The Crown did not suggest that the sentencing judge's assessment of the degree of objective seriousness should bear a "discernible mathematical equivalence to the legislative guideposts": cf R v Kilic (2016) 259 CLR 256; [2016] HCA 48. Nonetheless, the Crown submitted that his Honour's findings regarding the objective seriousness of the domestic violence offences were not reflected in the indicative sentences. Having regard to the respondent's subjective case, I accept that submission.
6. The sentencing judge's findings on the respondent's subjective case did not counteract the seriousness of the domestic violence offences to any significant degree. As I have noted above, the respondent received a limited discount for his late guilty plea. He had a criminal record which was limited but which, together with his being on conditional liberty at the time of both sets of offences, did not entitle him to any leniency. When the domestic violence offences were committed, the respondent was on conditional liberty in the form of a community correction order; and at the time of the drug offences he was, in addition, on bail for the domestic violence offences.

The respondent's youth

1. Taking in turn the subjective factors to which the respondent gave emphasis, starting with his youth, it was the case that he was 20 years old at the time of the offending. The respondent emphasised his immaturity at that time, submitting that there was "abundant evidence" that this contributed to the commission of the domestic violence offences. The respondent referred in this context to text messages between himself and Ms Chalmers in which he said he cried when he found out that she was pregnant and that he was "just scared", that he was stressed, and that he was not ready to be a father. He also referred to the affidavit of his sister, who described him as incapable of raising a child at the time of the offences as he was "going through a rough phase", and had anger issues he was trying to work on. There was evidence in the latter respect that the respondent had responded well to group programs in custody.
2. His Honour found, and the Crown did not challenge, that the respondent was a relatively immature young man who was incapable of having a mature relationship with Ms Chalmers. However, whilst acknowledging that immaturity, his Honour accepted, consistently with sentencing principle, that the emphasis given to immaturity in young offenders and, concomitantly, to rehabilitation, needed to be tempered in light of the seriousness of the domestic violence offences. It has long been recognised that the weight accorded to rehabilitation over general deterrence and retribution "may be moderated when the young person has conducted him or herself in the way an adult might conduct him or herself and has committed a crime of violence or considerable gravity: KT v R [2008] NSWCCA 51 at [25]; cited with approval in Tamer v R [2020] NSWCCA 333 at [46]; see also R v M A [2004] NSWCCA 92; 145 A Crim R 434 ("M A"), cited in King at [164]. The pain, harm and indignity that the respondent inflicted on Ms Chalmers would have been readily apparent to him as a young adult: see R v Sharrouf [2023] NSWCCA 137 at [213].

The respondent's mental health

1. In relation to the respondent's mental health, the respondent relied on his suffering PTSD after he witnessed the death of his friend, his ADHD diagnosis, and his assessment as being in the low/average borderline intellectual range. However, Dr Nielssen did not identify any of the mental health conditions with which the respondent had been diagnosed over time as causally operative on his offending. As I have noted above, his Honour found that the respondent's underlying mental health conditions did not reduce his moral culpability in any significant manner, although he took the underlying issues into account in the general mix of subjective factors.

The respondent's remorse

1. The Crown submitted that his Honour's findings on remorse and insight were unduly generous and ought not be accepted by this Court on resentence. For present purposes, however, what is relevant is that it was accepted by both the Crown and the respondent that his remorse and insight in relation to the domestic violence offences was limited (no finding of remorse or insight was made in relation to the drug offences). The respondent submitted that his Honour's findings on remorse and insight resulted in a modest reduction in the indicative sentences. The Crown submitted, in my view correctly, that his Honour's finding in this regard did not materially advance the respondent's subjective case.

Hardship in custody

1. The final factor that the respondent emphasised was custodial hardship, with his Honour finding that his time in custody was made more onerous due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As I noted above, the sentencing judge expressly observed that but for this factor the indicative penalties would have been "more significant". The lock-in days about which the respondent gave evidence pertained to a period between 4 January 2022 and 27 November 2022. As the Crown submitted, they did not happen every day, and the nature of the restrictions varied. Specifically in relation to lock-in days in late January 2022, the Crown noted that those days coincided with the respondent otherwise being confined to his cell as punishment for a custodial infringement. More pertinently, without challenging that the respondent had less freedom, the Crown emphasised that there was no evidence that his mental health suffered as a result. Rather, the respondent had participated in a group counselling program during this period which he described as "very helpful", and he told Dr Nielssen that over the course of his two years on remand his PTSD symptoms declined.
2. This Court recognised in McKinnon v R [2020] NSWCCA 106 ("McKinnon") that the absence of social and family visits due to the pandemic is a relevant consideration in the sentencing exercise: at [32]. The Court in McKinnon also cited Scott v R [2020] NSWCCA 81, on which the respondent relied, as authority for the proposition that the more onerous conditions of incarceration due to the pandemic should be taken into account in sentencing. True it is, as the respondent submitted, that for a 20 year old man, lockdowns for 24 hours per day or a half day, and restricting family visits, substantially increased the hardship of his custody during that period. It may also be the case that even if his mental health conditions were not exacerbated specifically, those aspects of his incarceration caused him to experience stress and anxiety in the enclosed prison environment.
3. However, making an allowance for the onerous conditions of the respondent's custody in 2022, the indicative sentences for the domestic violence offences are unduly lenient having regard to their objective seriousness. It must be remembered that his Honour found that the s 33 offence fell at the highest end of objective seriousness. Accepting the respondent's submission that an indicative sentence (adding back, notionally, the 10% discount) of 11 years and 8 months with a non-parole period of 7 years and 9 months is not particularly lenient, it is not consonant with the level of objective seriousness that his Honour found. That is highlighted by the facts of the Form 1 offence, accompanied as it was by the respondent's chilling statement to Ms Chalmers ("I want … the baby to die") and which his Honour accepted must significantly increase the sentence for the offence.
4. The indicative sentence for the sexual assault offence was also, in my view, unduly lenient. Having regard to the assault and choking to which Ms Chalmers had been subjected immediately prior to its occurrence, the undiscounted indicative sentence (again, notionally adding back the 10% discount) of 2 years and 9 months with a non-parole period of 22 months did not reflect the callously indifferent violence that the respondent inflicted on Ms Chalmers in digitally penetrating her vagina to confirm that he had succeeded in his aim of killing the foetus.

Totality, accumulation and parity

1. The respondent submitted, relevantly to totality, that the s 61J offence was intrinsic to the s 33 offence. That submission is not without force. Responsively, however, the Crown cited the joint judgment in Nguyen v R (2016) 256 CLR 656; [2016] HCA 17 at [64] (Gageler, Nettle and Gordon JJ), where their Honours observed that generally speaking, "the imposition of less severe individual sentences may call for a greater degree of accumulation in order to reflect total criminality whereas more severe individual sentences may necessitate a greater degree of concurrency". The essence of the point the Crown was making on accumulation was that the manifest inadequacy of the ultimate sentence was contributed to by the degree to which his Honour notionally accumulated inadequate indicative sentences for the domestic violence offences, and, then, the drug offences.
2. The respondents noted that there was no challenge to the sentencing judge's indicative sentences or the objective seriousness of the drug offences. While that is correct, as I noted above the Crown relied on the limited accumulation of the sentence for the drug supply offences and the domestic violence offences as supporting the conclusion of manifest inadequacy in circumstances where the drug offending involved distinct criminality.
3. The respondent also referred, in relation to the drug offences, to the sentencing judge's consideration of the sentences imposed on co-offenders, with several co-offenders not receiving any sentence of full-time imprisonment and six receiving non-parole periods between 12 and 20 months with only two of the eleven co-offenders receiving non-parole periods of 2 or more years. The respondent submitted that the notional accumulation for the drug offences showed significant leniency and it was within the sentencing judge's discretion to show such leniency to give effect to the parity principle: Green v The Queen (2011) 244 CLR 462; [2011] HCA 49 at [33]. That leniency on the basis of parity was a matter within the discretion of the sentencing judge may be accepted. However, as the Crown submitted, parity was of limited application in the present case in relation to the drug offences, in circumstances where other offenders were not treated as true co-offenders. Senior Counsel for the respondent below acknowledged as much, submitting in relation to other offenders for the drug offences that they were "not co-accused in the usual sense, whether they're persons charged from the same task force or operation".

Special circumstances

1. Without alleging error in the finding of special circumstances, the Crown raised a particular difficulty with the sentencing judge's approach to that issue insofar as his Honour relied on the impact of the pandemic, submitting that his Honour had effectively double-counted that factor to reduce the indicative sentences and to find special circumstances. The Crown accepted that it may well be appropriate to take into account a particular factor to reduce the head sentence and further, in a finding of special circumstances in determining the non-parole period. That acceptance was consistent with the authorities to which Hamill J referred in R v Stephens [2024] NSWCCA 170 ("Stephens") at [22]-[24] and with R v Zolfonoon [2016] NSWCCA 250; 262 A Crim R 285 ("Zolfonoon") at [70], on which the respondent relied. The Crown submitted, however, that where a factor was being taken into account in both of those respects, it was necessary for the process of analysis to travel beyond what has been undertaken in determining the head sentence, relying on Stephens at [195]-[197] (Chen J).
2. It is unnecessary for present purposes to decide whether the sentencing judge's reliance on the pandemic in the context of special circumstances involved double-counting. In circumstances where the Crown did not allege specific error in that respect, the question ultimately is whether the non-parole period was manifestly inadequate: see Zolfonoon at [70]. This was the Crown's ultimate submission, contrasting his Honour's statement that his finding was "limited" and the reduction in the aggregate non-parole period from 9 years (representing 75 per cent of the aggregate head sentence) to 8 years. The Crown submitted that the reduction of a non-parole period by a finding of special circumstances should not result in an overall non-parole period that does not reflect the seriousness of the offence and both specific and general deterrence. I consider that the finding of special circumstances in the present case contributed to a non-parole period that did not reflect "the minimum period that the offender must spend in gaol having regard to all the elements of punishment, including the objective seriousness of the crime, deterrence and subjective circumstances": M A at [33].

The decision in R v King

1. The Crown submitted that the nature of the offending in this case made it impossible to put forward comparable cases, but submitted that this was not essential to a finding of manifest inadequacy or the intervention of the Court: see Munda v Western Australia (2013) 249 CLR 600; [2013] HCA 38 ("Munda") at [39]. I accept that submission.
2. The closest decision to the domestic violence offences was that of King, which was decided 20 years ago, and it was the subject of detailed submissions before the sentencing judge and in this Court. King involved a single offence contrary to s 33 of the Crimes Act. The respondent, also a young offender, engaged in a deliberate and sustained assault of the complainant in a successful attempt to terminate the life of her unborn child, at a similar point in her pregnancy as Ms Chalmers. The s 33 offences for which the respondent in King was sentenced carried the same maximum penalty as count 3, but did not, at the time attract a standard non-parole period. The respondent in King was initially sentenced to 10 years imprisonment with a non-parole period of 6 years and 6 months. His appeal against that sentence was dismissed. This Court upheld the Crown appeal and re-sentenced the offender to 12 years with a non-parole period of 8 years (a sentence of some 14 years and 1 month with a non-parole period of 9 years and 5 months before the discount of approximately 15% was applied).
3. Ultimately, my conclusion as to manifest inadequacy does not rest on any comparison with the decision in King, with the circumstances of King and those in the present appeal highlighting the need for caution that is often expressed in relation to comparative cases. As the respondent submitted, the respondent in King was cross-examined at the sentence hearing on matters later found against him, and it was key that he was found to have no remorse and the offence was premeditated. The respondent also noted that the respondent in the present case was required to serve some of his custody during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, as the Crown submitted, although the premeditation in King was greater, the assault in the present case was committed in the context of a fractious relationship, and the respondent behaved in a misogynistic and controlling manner in the lead up and during the offences. The assault in King also did not include a very serious choking nor the repeated sexual assault. Further, the respondent in King was slightly younger, had no prior criminal history, and was found to be of good character with good prospects of rehabilitation. He was also found to be remorseful, although that was afforded little weight in the circumstances.
4. Two other differences of some significance between the present case and King should be mentioned. The first is the enactment, since King, of the standard non-parole period for offences under s 33 of the Crimes Act. The second is that when King was decided, the element of double jeopardy had to be taken into account, by imposing on resentence the minimum sentence which should have been imposed at first instance: at [181]. That constraint no longer applies.

Conclusion on the ground of appeal

1. The respondent submitted that a total aggregate sentence of 12 years for a young offender was a very heavy sentence and was likely to affect, permanently and adversely, the remainder of his life, his employment and relationship prospects. I do not doubt the correctness of that submission. Nonetheless, the indicative sentences did not reflect the objective gravity of the egregious facts of the domestic violence offending, and fell short of recognising the community's disapprobation of the respondent's conduct. Together with the manner in which the sentences for the domestic violence offences were accumulated and taking into account the distinct offending associated with the drug offences, the aggregate sentence was manifestly inadequate. I would uphold the ground of appeal.

Residual discretion

1. To succeed in an appeal against the asserted inadequacy of a sentence, the prosecution must also discharge an onus that the Court should intervene to increase the sentence. As French CJ explained in CMB v Attorney General for the State of New South Wales (2015) 256 CLR 346; [2015] HCA 9 at [33]: "Descriptions of the discretion expressly so conferred on the Court of Criminal Appeal as 'residual' ought not to be misunderstood. To enliven the discretion, it is incumbent on the appellant in an appeal under s 5D to demonstrate that the sentence pronounced by the court of trial turned on one or more specific errors of law or of fact, or, in the totality of the circumstances, was unreasonable or plainly unjust. The discretion is residual only in the sense that its exercise does not fall to be considered unless that threshold is met. Once the discretion is enlivened, it remains incumbent on the appellant in an appeal under s 5D to demonstrate that the discretion should be exercised." (Footnotes omitted.)
2. The Crown submitted that there was no delay in notifying the respondent or filing the appeal; the Crown did not contribute to the manifest inadequacy of the sentence; and the respondent is not eligible for release to parole until 4 November 2029.
3. The decision in King is now over 20 years old. Although Senior Counsel for the respondent acknowledged that there is now a standard non-parole period in relation to s 33 offences, which was a factor that had changed the legislative landscape, he submitted that it was not argued below or on appeal that the sentence in King was itself manifestly inadequate, such that the Court needed to intervene to correct a pattern of manifestly inadequate sentences. The respondent advanced that submission in response to the Crown's invitation to engage the discretion of this Court to provide further guidance to sentencing courts in relation to the offenders for serious domestic violence offences in conformity with current societal attitudes towards such offences as indicated by the High Court: see Munda.
4. The existence of King does not in reality create a pattern of cases. However, it does not follow from the absence of comparative cases that there is no scope for the exercise of the residual discretion: see R v AD [2020] NSWCCA 275 at [158], [160] (N Adams J).
5. I am satisfied that the prosecution has discharged its onus in respect of the residual discretion and that the Court must allow the appeal and increase the sentence. I have reached that conclusion not so much on the basis that general guidance is required, but more because of the extremely grave objective circumstances of the domestic violence offences, which in my view compel the Court to intervene and increase the aggregate sentence and non-parole period.
6. I note that the respondent also submitted that a powerful reason against exercising the residual discretion was that any intervention with respect to the drug offences would disturb the parity between the respondent's aggregate sentence and the sentence imposed on the co-offender for the drug offences: Green at [40]. As I have addressed above, parity was not a significant feature before the sentencing judge (see [88] above), presumably because the respondent's case was unique in terms of the distinct sets of offending for which he was being sentenced.

Resentence

1. The respondent did not rely on any additional evidence in the event that this Court moved to resentence, nor did the Crown. I have set out in detail above the facts surrounding the domestic violence offences and the drug offences, and I have considered the respondent's subjective case. Although the Crown submitted that the sentencing judge's finding regarding remorse and insight was unduly generous, it was limited in its terms and I will adopt it and the other favourable findings made by the sentencing judge, including his Honour's finding that the respondent endured onerous custodial conditions for a large part of 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2. Having regard to the purposes of sentencing in s 3A of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act, in relation to the domestic violence offences significant weight should be given to recognising the harm done to Ms Chalmers, together with denunciation of the conduct and deterrence. Denunciation and deterrence also apply in relation to the drug offences.
3. Viewed against the objective seriousness of the domestic violence offences, the applicant's subjective case is not strong, and it is weaker in respect of the drug offences, with the respondent being on bail at that time and the sentencing judge finding no remorse and no insight. Nonetheless, having regard to his youth, I would find special circumstances. Taking into account the 10% discount for the respondent's late plea, I would propose the following indicative sentences and non-parole periods: 1. for count 3, cause grievous bodily harm with intent to cause grievous bodily harm, taking into account the Form 1 offence, 13 years imprisonment with an indicative non-parole period of 8 years and 8 months; 2. for count 5, sexual intercourse without consent in circumstances of aggravation (deprivation of liberty), 5 years imprisonment with an indicative non-parole period of 3 years and 4 months; and 3. for the drug supply offences in respect of count 2, supplying a prohibited drug on an ongoing basis and the Form 1 offences, 3 years imprisonment.
4. Having applied the totality principle, I have arrived at an aggregate sentence of 15 years imprisonment with an aggregate non-parole period of 10 years. I would make the following orders: 1. Appeal allowed. 2. The sentence imposed in the District Court is quashed and in lieu thereof: 1. The respondent is sentenced to an aggregate sentence of 15 years imprisonment commencing 5 November 2021 and expiring on 4 November 2036, with a non-parole period of 10 years commencing 5 November 2021 and expiring on 4 November 2031. 2. The respondent will be eligible for release to parole at the expiration of the non-parole period.
5. DAVIES J: I agree with Mitchelmore JA.
6. CAMPBELL J: I agree with Mitchelmore JA.

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