Mulardy, on behalf of the Birriman-gan Native Title Claim Group v State of Western Australia

2. Existing interests under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 Tenement ID Tenement Type Date of grant EP 391 R3 Exploration Permit 7 January 2015 L 20 Petroleum Production Licence 2 July 2015 L 21 Petroleum Production Licence 2 July 2015 SPA 29 AO Petroleum Special Prospecting Authority 8 November 2018

3. Existing interests under the Petroleum Pipelines Act 1969 PL 109 Pipeline 4 June 2015

4. Other rights and interests (a) Rights and interests, including licences and permits, granted by the Crown in right of the Commonwealth or the State pursuant to statute or otherwise in the exercise of its executive power and under any regulations made pursuant to such legislation. (b) Rights or interests held by reason of the force and operation of the laws of the State or of the Commonwealth including the force and operation of the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 (WA). (c) The right to access land by an employee or agent or instrumentality of: a. the State; b. the Commonwealth; or c. any local Government authority; as required in the performance of his or her statutory or common law duties where such access would be permitted to private land.

BANKS-SMITH J: 1 The Birriman-gan native title claimants' application is before the Court for determination pursuant to s 225 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). 2 The Native Title Act provides for Aboriginal people to apply to the Court for determination of native title. In making a determination of native title, the Court is not creating native title but rather is recognising long-held rights of identified Aboriginal people who have had a connection with the land and waters that has existed since well before European settlement. By the making of court orders, the Australian community collectively recognises that status. 3 One of the objectives of the Native Title Act is the resolution of claims by agreement, and this is facilitated by s 87. Section 87 provides for a determination to be made by consent provided certain conditions as to notice and agreement in writing are met. 4 In this case, the parties have agreed to the terms of orders to be made under s 87. The terms are set out in the Minute of Consent Orders which is included as Attachment A to the orders attached to these reasons.

The applicant 5 The Birriman-gan application is made by Mervyn Mulardy, Trent Marshall, Shirley Spratt, Rene Hopiga, Del Roe, Brendan Charles, Linda Nardea, Deborah Shadforth, Thomas Edgar, Neil McKenzie, Roslyn Dixon and Dianne Appleby. They jointly comprise the applicant.

Karajarri Yanja 6 On 24 October 2012 a native title determination application was filed on behalf of the Karajarri People over the area of four production licence applications made under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources Act 1967 (WA). The Karajarri Yanja application was in the north-eastern corner of an area of unallocated Crown land that lay between the Karajarri determined areas to the south, the Nyikina Mangala determined area to the east and the Rubibi determined area to the north and west.

Birriman-gan 7 The Birriman-gan application was filed on 22 November 2018 on behalf of the Karajarri people, the Nyikina people and the Yawuru people. The area covered by the Birriman-gan application was the area of unallocated Crown land to the south and west of the Karajarri Yanja application.

Combination of the Birriman-gan and Karajarri Yanja applications 8 On 24 May 2019 this Court made an order combining the Karajarri Yanja application with the Birriman-gan application, with both applications continuing in and under the Birriman-gan application. The Birriman-gan application was amended by consent to give effect to the combination order, and was filed on 6 June 2019. 9 The Birriman-gan application was analysed for compliance with the registration test by the Native Title Registrar pursuant to the provisions of the Native Title Act. The Registrar was satisfied that the application addressed the criteria of the registration test and the application was entered on the Register of Native Title Claims on 7 August 2019. 10 The application was notified by the Native Title Registrar pursuant to s 66 of the Native Title Act. Such notice provides, amongst other things, for a three month period in which parties may seek leave to become a party to the proceedings. The period of three months after the notification day referred to in s 66(8) and s 66(10)(c) of the Native Title Act ended on 10 December 2019. 11 Now that the three month notification period has expired it can be confirmed that the parties to the Birriman-gan application are: (a) the applicant; (b) the State of Western Australia; (c) Roe Oil (Canning) Pty Limited; and (d) Buru Energy Limited.

The area 12 The Birriman-gan application covers approximately 2194 square kilometres in the western Kimberley region of Western Australia. Its external boundaries are described in Schedule 1 of Attachment A. The land tenure of the application is unallocated Crown land without any current mining activity.

The native title claimants 13 The Birriman-gan native title claimants comprise people who refer to themselves as Karajarri, Yawaru or Nyikina. Those claimants are described more fully in Schedule 4 of Attachment A.

Authorisation of the consent determination 14 Section 61(1) of the Native Title Act permits a native title determination application to be made by those persons who are authorised 'by all the persons (the native title claim group) who, according to their traditional laws and customs, hold the common or group rights and interests comprising the particular native title claimed'. The Native Title Act vests the carriage of a native title determination application in the persons jointly comprising the applicant. 15 Section 62A of the Native Title Act relevantly provides that in the case of a claimant application, 'the applicant may deal with all matters arising under this Act in relation to the application'. This includes consenting to a determination of native title pursuant to s 87 of the Native Title Act. 16 The Birriman-gan native title claim group has considered and confirmed the authorisation of the applicant to act in that capacity and to enter into the Birriman-gan determination. Evidence to this effect is provided by the affidavit of Alexander Romano affirmed 9 December 2019. Mr Romano is a senior legal officer employed by the Kimberley Land Council Aboriginal Corporation who has had the day-to-day running of this matter on behalf of the applicant. 17 On the basis of Mr Romano's evidence I am satisfied that the applicant is authorised to consent to the Court making a determination consistent with the terms now sought.

Assessment of connection to Country 18 As noted further below, this consent determination process does not necessarily require the Court to receive evidence and make findings, or even to form a concluded view, as to whether the legal requirements for proving native title have been met. The requirements of the Native Title Act will often be met where the Court is satisfied that a relevant government respondent, such as the State, has through competent legal representation satisfied itself as to the cogency of the evidence upon which an applicant relies. 19 In this case, connection material has not been provided to the Court. However, it has been provided to the State. In particular, the State has received connection material by way of: (a) Connection Report to an area surrounded by Karajarri, Rubibi and Nyikina Mangala Determination Areas by Daniel Aime Vachon dated November 2018; (b) affidavit of Mervyn Mulardy affirmed 4 July 2019; and (c) affidavit of Thomas Edgar affirmed 18 July 2019. 20 The State has also assessed connection, or been involved in litigation, with respect to each of the surrounding claims brought on behalf of the Karajarri, Yawuru and Nyikina people. It has assessed the material referred to at [19] taking into account that background knowledge. 21 The joint submissions of the parties summarise the connection material and I respectfully include that summary: The connection and occupation material provided with respect to the Birriman-gan Determination area identifies the unique connection of the claimants to the claim area. The Birriman-gan Determination area is an area where a shared system of traditional laws and customs between Yawuru, Nyikina and Karajarri people has always been and continues to be observed and practiced. The central underpinning of the shared laws and customs of these peoples within the Birriman-gan Determination area is the fundamental and shared belief in the Dreaming. In the Birriman-gan Determination area, the Dreaming is called bugarigara. Yawuru, Karajarri and Nyikina peoples hold a common belief in bugarigara - the term is the same in each language - and there is documented evidence of this common belief in specific bugarigara. At sovereignty, all three language groups adhered to a common belief in bugarigara. This belief in bugarigara provides the fundamental basis to other facets of traditional society which express themselves in the Birriman-gan Determination area. The bugarigara identified within the Determination Area journeys through the named site of birimanngany (from which the claim name is derived) which infuses the Yawuru, Karajarri and Nyikina languages into the country of the Determination area. Birrimanngany, is identified by claimants today and has been identified in materials dating back to effective sovereignty, as an important demarcator of the 'change-over' from the Yawuru language to that of Nyikina and Karajarri (and vice-versa). Under these shared laws and customs, the Determination Area is, and has been since prior to sovereignty, been the traditional country of the Birriman-gan claimants and their ancestors. The connection and occupation material clearly identifies that descent was fundamental to the connection to the Determination Area by the ancestors of the native title claim group at sovereignty. Today, the role of descent is ongoing and critical, it still identifies the means by which Yawuru people, Karajarri people and Nyikina people gain rights within the Birriman-gan Determination area by virtue of the special status of the Determination area as a 'cross over' area and area of shared dreaming which all three language groups share in and have rights in. One of these 'cross over' points is the sacred site in the area known as birimanngany. This site, for each language group, marks the Determination area as the territory of all three, to the exclusion of all others, as a site of shared bugarigara. The connection and occupation material demonstrates that the Yawuru, Nyikina and Karajarri people are the body of people united by bugarigara, the spiritual and philosophical grounding of all Yawuru, Karajarri and Nyikina land, some of which has already been determined as such and some of which is shared amongst the three groups within the Determination Area.

Section 87 requirements 22 Section 87 provides that the Court may make a determination of native title by consent over an area covered by a native title application without holding a hearing where: (a) the period specified in the notice given under s 66 of the Native Title Act has ended: s 87(1); (b) agreement is reached between the parties on the terms of an order of the Federal Court in relation to the proceedings and the terms of the agreement, in writing signed by or on behalf of the parties, are filed with the Court: s 87(1)(a) and (b); (c) the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, those terms would be within the power of the Court: s 87(1)(c); and (d) it appears appropriate to the Court to make the orders sought: s 87(1A) and s 87(2). 23 In accordance with s 87(1)(c) of the Native Title Act, I consider the orders sought in the Minute are within the power of the Court to make for the following reasons: (a) the Birriman-gan application is validly made, having been authorised by the Birriman-gan claimants according to a decision-making process that under the traditional laws and customs of the claim group authorised the applicant to make the native title determination application; (b) the application seeks a determination of native title in relation to an area for which there is no approved determination of native title (s 13(1)(a) of the Native Title Act) and there remains no approved determination in relation to the area the subject of the proposed determination (s 68 of the Native Title Act); (c) the form of the proposed determination outlined in the Minute complies with s 94A and s 225 of the Native Title Act; and (d) the requirements of s 87 of the Native Title Act are otherwise satisfied. 24 Section 87(1A) of the Native Title Act requires the Court to be satisfied that it is appropriate to make the determination sought by the parties. This is a discretion that must be exercised judicially and within the boundaries ascertained by references to the subject matter, scope and purpose of the Native Title Act: Brown (on behalf of the Ngarla People) v State of Western Australia [2007] FCA 1025 at [22] (Bennett J). 25 As noted above, the process envisaged by s 87(2) of the Native Title Act does not necessarily require the Court to receive evidence and make findings, or even to form a concluded view, as to whether the legal requirements for proving native title have been met: Watson on behalf of the Nyikina Mangala People v State of Western Australia (No 6) [2014] FCA 545 at [29]. Orders may be made under s 87 when the Court is satisfied that the parties have freely and on an informed basis come to an agreement: Ward v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1848 at [8] (North J). 26 In Ward, North J made the following comments as to s 87 of the Native Title Act: [6] Section 87 gives the Court power to make orders following agreement between the parties to applications for determination of native title. However, the Court must be satisfied about a number of matters. Relevantly, it must be satisfied that the orders sought are within the power of the Court and that it is appropriate that the orders be made (s 87(1)). … [8] The Act makes mediation the primary means of resolution of native title cases. It is designed to encourage parties to take responsibility for resolution of proceedings without the need for litigation. Section 87 must be construed in this context. The section provides a power which is exercisable only when an agreement has been made. The power must be exercised flexibly and with regard to the purpose for which the section is designed. The section should not be construed to require parties in agreement to produce evidence as if in a trial. Consequently, in some circumstances, it will be appropriate to make orders under s 87 notwithstanding that the Court has not been provided with evidence of the primary facts substantiating native title. 27 The applicant and the State have been legally represented throughout the case management process. The State has played an active role in the negotiation of the proposed determination, a factor regarded as important by Emmett J in Munn for and on behalf of the Gunggari People v Queensland [2001] FCA 1229; (2001) 115 FCR 109 at [29]. 28 Through an assessment process, which has included consideration of the connection material, the State has satisfied itself that the determination is justified in all the circumstances. The information and connection material provided by the applicant is, in the view of the State, sufficient to demonstrate that the Birriman-gan native title claims have a credible basis. The State is satisfied that the material presented is sufficient to evidence the maintenance of connection according to traditional laws and customs in the determination area. 29 In the circumstances, based on the material filed and taking into account the State's active role in the negotiations, I am satisfied that an order under s 87 of the Native Title Act is appropriate.

Nomination of a prescribed body corporate 30 At the date of the determination, no prescribed body corporate has been established to hold the native title recognised in the Birriman-gan determination area. 31 By s 55 of the Native Title Act the Court must, either at the time of making its orders or as soon as practicable after having done so, make such determinations as are required by s 56 and s 57 of the Native Title Act relating to whether the native title is to be held on trust and if so by whom (s 56), whether a prescribed body corporate will hold the native title in trust or whether such a body will perform the non-trustee functions as set out in s 57(3) of the Native Title Act. In the present case, at the time of the making of the Court's orders and the determination of native title, there has not been any proposal put to the Court concerning the operation of s 56 and s 57 in relation to the claim area. The parties have sought orders which allow the applicant a period of nine months from the date of the Court's orders to put a proposal to the Court. I am satisfied it is appropriate to allow the applicant nine months to prepare the necessary proposal. 32 In those circumstances, the orders will provide (as proposed by the parties in the Minute) that the determination of native title will take effect immediately upon the Court making a determination under s 56(1) or s 57(2) of the Native Title Act as the case may be.

Conclusion 33 A determination of native title will be made in accordance with the Minute of Consent Orders. 34 The Birriman-gan claimants have recognition by Australian law and the community of their native title. The continued work and determination to pursue and finalise this claim is to be admired. This is an important cultural and legal milestone. 35 The legal representatives and the Kimberley Land Council Aboriginal Corporation are to be congratulated for the support and assistance provided to the claimants. The contribution of the State to this process should also be acknowledged. I certify that the preceding thirty-five (35) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Banks-Smith.