Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI

2. Set aside orders 1 to 5 of the orders made by the Federal Court of Australia on 8 September 2008, and in lieu thereof order that:

(a) order 2 of the orders made by the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia on 18 June 2008 be set aside; and

3. Appellant to pay the costs of the first respondent's appeal to this Court.

S J Gageler SC, Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth with G T Johnson and G R Kennett for the appellant and for the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth intervening (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)

N J Williams SC with A M Mitchelmore for the first respondent (instructed by Dobbie and Devine Immigration Lawyers Pty Ltd)

Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.

Immigration - Refugees - Review by Refugee Review Tribunal ("RRT") - Whether failure to make certain inquiries was unreasonable or constituted failure to conduct review within meaning of Migration Act 1958 (Cth), s 414 - Whether failure to inquire constituted jurisdictional error.

Immigration - Refugees - Review by RRT - Where RRT received allegation that documents provided by visa applicant were "fake & forged", invited applicant to comment in writing, but failed to invite him to further hearing - Whether such failure amounted to denial of procedural fairness, breach of Migration Act 1958, s 425, or failure to conduct review within meaning of Migration Act 1958, s 414 - Whether allegation of forgery raised new "issue" within meaning of Migration Act 1958, s 425.

Words and phrases - "failure to inquire", "inquisitorial", "issues", "procedural fairness", "review".

FRENCH CJ, GUMMOW, HAYNE, CRENNAN, KIEFEL AND BELL JJ.

1. The functions, powers and duties of the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal") are set out in Pt 7 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Migration Act"). When the Tribunal receives a valid application for the review of an "RRT-reviewable decision" under the Migration Act, it must review that decision[1]. The class of "RRT-reviewable decisions" includes decisions by delegates of the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship ("the Minister") refusing the grant of protection visas[2]. In the exercise of its review function, the Tribunal may obtain such information as it considers relevant[3]. In this sense it has an inquisitorial function. That does not, however, impose upon it a general duty to undertake its own inquiries in addition to information provided to it by the applicant and otherwise under the Act[4].
2. In this case the Federal Court, on appeal from the Federal Magistrates Court, quashed a decision of the Tribunal on the erroneous basis that it had committed jurisdictional error by unreasonably failing to undertake its own inquiries into certain matters. Those matters related to the authenticity of documents, provided by the applicant for review, which had been impugned by third party information of which the applicant had been given notice, and to which he had replied in writing[5]. The Minister's appeal against the decision of the Federal Court must be allowed. A contention that the Tribunal had a duty to invite the applicant for review to an additional hearing to deal with the third party information is rejected.

1. On 11 February 2008, the Tribunal affirmed a decision of a delegate of the Minister to refuse a protection visa to SZIAI, a citizen of Bangladesh. SZIAI claimed to have converted from the Sunni Muslim faith to become an Ahmadiyya Muslim. He said he had been an active Ahmadi and had been the subject of threats, including threats to his life, from Sunni Muslims. He claimed to have a well-founded fear of persecution if he were to return to Bangladesh.
2. In coming to its decision, the Tribunal had regard to a letter from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc ("the Association") responding to an inquiry from the Tribunal about whether SZIAI was known to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Bangladesh ("AMJ Bangladesh")[6]. The Tribunal had sent to the Association copies and translations of certificates produced to it by SZIAI and signed by persons purportedly associated with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat at Khulna. One of the certificates said that SZIAI had joined the Jamaat there on 1 January 2000. Both certificates said that he had taken a responsible role in the Jamaat and was always engaged in its activities. Both certificates bore mobile telephone numbers, apparently those of their authors.
3. The Association responded to the Tribunal by letter dated 10 January 2008 advising that it had received information from the AMJ Bangladesh. It enclosed a letter signed by Mobasherur Rahman, the National Ameer of the AMJ Bangladesh. That letter said, inter alia:

"Please refer to your letter No 386 dt 25.11.07 regarding [SZIAI]. For your kind information on enquiry our Khulna Jamaat informed me that they could not find out any such name in their record. Both the certificates submit by him are fake & forged. Moreover as you know local Ameer/Presidents can only issue certificates for transfer of a member from one local Jamaat to other Jamaats within the country. Only National Ameer can issue a certificate for international travel/transfer of a member."

1. On 14 January 2008 the Tribunal, acting under s 424A of the Migration Act, sent a lengthy letter to SZIAI's solicitors inviting him to "comment on information that the Tribunal considers would, subject to any comments you make, be the reason, or a part of the reason, for affirming the decision under review." A number of matters were identified. One of those matters was the letter from the National Ameer. A copy was enclosed. The Tribunal said in its letter that the advice from the National Ameer might lead it to conclude that there was no truth to SZIAI's claims of fear of persecution by reason of his religion if he were to return to Bangladesh.
2. SZIAI's solicitors wrote back to the Tribunal on 29 January 2008 saying:

"We refer to the RRT's recent correspondence, inviting comment in relation to information received that suggests that the applicant is not an Ahmadi.

We are instructed to inform the RRT that the applicant disagrees with the information forwarded and states that he is an Ahmadi. He cannot, however, otherwise prove that to be so.

1. In its reasons for decision the Tribunal referred to the correspondence from the Association and the letter from the National Ameer. It set out what it had said to SZIAI in its letter of 14 January 2008 and noted the response. Having regard to the information referred to in its letter of 14 January 2008, the Tribunal concluded that SZIAI was not a witness of the truth and that there was no truth to the claims he had made in support of his application for a protection visa.
2. An application for judicial review was dismissed by the Federal Magistrates Court on 18 June 2008[7]. SZIAI appealed to the Federal Court. On 8 September 2008, Flick J ordered that the appeal be allowed, the orders made in the Federal Magistrates Court be set aside, the decision of the Tribunal be quashed and the matter be remitted to the Tribunal to be determined according to law[8]. Special leave to appeal against his decision was granted by this Court on 13 February 2009. It was granted upon the undertaking by the Minister that he would not seek to displace the costs orders in favour of SZIAI in the Federal Court and that he would bear the reasonable costs of SZIAI of this appeal, including the costs of the special leave application.

1. Flick J correctly eschewed any suggestion that the power of the Tribunal to make inquiries imposed upon it any duty or obligation to do so[9]. However he also said that "jurisdictional error may be exposed by a failure to inquire and that such a failure may render a decision manifestly unreasonable"[10]. The circumstances in which a Tribunal decision would be set aside on such grounds might be "a confined category of case"[11].
2. His Honour was evidently satisfied that the case before him fell within such a category. The authenticity of the certificates had been placed in issue by the information which the Tribunal had obtained from the Association. The issue to which they were directed was "centrally relevant to the decision reached". He held with "considerable reservation" that the Tribunal should have made an inquiry of the authors of the certificates[12]. He concluded that the Federal Magistrates Court had erred in not holding that the Tribunal's decision was vitiated by reason of its failure to make inquiries.

1. The questions raised by the grounds of appeal and by a notice of contention filed on behalf of SZIAI were:

1. Whether the Tribunal had committed jurisdictional error by not making its own inquiries in relation to the allegation that the certificates provided by SZIAI were forgeries.

2. Whether the Tribunal denied procedural fairness, failed to comply with s 425 of the Migration Act, or failed to conduct the review required by s 414 in failing to invite SZIAI to a further hearing following receipt of the allegation that the two documents provided by him to the Tribunal were "fake & forged".

1. The statutory jurisdiction of the Federal Magistrates Court is "the same original jurisdiction in relation to migration decisions as the High Court has under paragraph 75(v) of the Constitution"[13]. The Tribunal's decision was a "migration decision"[14]. The Federal Magistrates Court could therefore grant relief by way of prohibition or mandamus and, ancillary to such relief, could issue certiorari to quash the decision. However it could only do those things if the Tribunal was shown to have committed jurisdictional error[15].
2. The scope of judicial review in respect of the decision of the Tribunal thus differed from that provided by s 5 of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) ("the ADJR Act") where the grounds of review are laid out without confinement to "jurisdictional error". Some of the decisions relied upon in the Federal Court turned upon the application of s 5.
3. It has, however, been said in this Court[16] with reference to s 75(v) and jurisdictional error, that where a statutory power is conferred the legislature is taken to intend that the discretion be exercised reasonably. The argument in the present appeal proceeded on the footing that "Wednesbury unreasonableness"[17] could give rise to jurisdictional error.

1. SZIAI complained that failure by the Tribunal to inquire rendered its decision "manifestly unreasonable". That complaint involves several steps and assumptions. Was there an obligation or duty imposed by the Migration Act to make the inquiries in question? If so, was there deficiency in process which was so linked to the decision reached as to make it manifestly unreasonable?
2. It was not contended at any stage of this litigation that the Tribunal was obliged to exercise the power conferred by s 424 of the Migration Act to "get any information that it considers relevant" and no other specific source of such an obligation was identified. Rather, reliance was placed upon what was said to be the "inquisitorial" nature of proceedings in the Tribunal.
3. It has been said in this Court on more than one occasion that proceedings before the Tribunal are inquisitorial, rather than adversarial in their general character[18]. There is no joinder of issues as understood between parties to adversarial litigation. The word "inquisitorial" has been used to indicate that the Tribunal, which can exercise all the powers and discretions of the primary decision-maker,[19] is not itself a contradictor to the cause of the applicant for review. Nor does the primary decision-maker appear before the Tribunal as a contradictor. The relevant ordinary meaning of "inquisitorial" is "having or exercising the function of an inquisitor", that is to say "one whose official duty it is to inquire, examine or investigate"[20]. As applied to the Tribunal "inquisitorial" does not carry that full ordinary meaning. It merely delimits the nature of the Tribunal's functions. They are to be found in the provisions of the Migration Act. The core function, in the words of s 414 of the Act, is to "review the decision" which is the subject of a valid application made to the Tribunal under s 412 of the Act.
4. The observation in Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs[21] that the Tribunal was "bound to make its own inquiries and form its own views upon the claim which the appellant made"[22] was informed by the context, which concerned the requirements, in the circumstances, of procedural fairness. The Court held that procedural fairness had required the Tribunal to tell the applicant the substance of certain allegations made against him by a third party and to ask him to respond to them[23].

1. For the preceding reasons this appeal should be allowed and the decision of the Federal Court set aside.
2. A constitutional point raised about the validity of s 422B of the Migration Act does not need to be considered, having regard to the conclusions reached above on the procedural fairness arguments.
3. HEYDON J. The crucial controversies between the parties in this Court turned on two arguments advanced by the first respondent ("the respondent").

The respondent's first argument: failure to make inquiries

1. The first argument related to a failure of the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal") to make certain inquiries of Mr Nuruzzaman, Mr Hossain and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc[36]. Mr Hossain signed a so‑called "certification" dated 7 August 2006 produced to the Tribunal by the respondent as evidence of his involvement in the activities of an Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Bangladesh. Mr Nuruzzaman signed another so-called certification of the same date produced by the respondent for the same purpose. These certifications were frequently called "certificates" in argument, and that description will be employed below.
2. On 10 January 2008 the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc informed the Tribunal that it had received certain information about the respondent. The information was contained in a letter of 8 January 2008 from the National Ameer of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, Bangladesh. The letter said: "our Khulna Jamaat informed me that they could not find out [the respondent's] name in their record." The letter also said: "Both the certificates submit by him are fake & forged." The respondent submitted that the failure of the Tribunal to make the inquiries was an error going to jurisdiction.

1. The second argument of the respondent was that an alternative jurisdictional error had been committed by the Tribunal. The argument pointed to the Tribunal's duty under s 425(1) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act"). It provides:

"The Tribunal must invite the applicant to appear before the Tribunal to give evidence and present arguments relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review."

In isolating the point of the respondent's second argument, it is necessary to bear in mind the procedural background.

1. The original decision of the appellant's delegate refusing the respondent the protection visa he sought was made as long ago as 18 August 2005. This appeal is the culmination of the respondent's third attempt to have that decision reviewed in his favour. The first attempt was an application to the Tribunal followed by an oral hearing on 16 November 2005. It resulted in the Tribunal affirming the delegate's decision on 8 December 2005. However, that decision of the Tribunal was quashed by consent orders made by the Federal Magistrates Court. A second hearing then took place on 13 September 2006 before a differently constituted Tribunal. On 26 October 2006 that Tribunal affirmed the delegate's decision. However, the respondent again enjoyed success in the Federal Magistrates Court: the second Tribunal's decision was quashed. A third hearing then took place before a differently constituted Tribunal on 9 November 2007. On 19 February 2008 that Tribunal upheld the delegate's decision. In essence it rejected all the respondent's claims on credibility grounds. Although an application for judicial review to the Federal Magistrates Court failed, the respondent succeeded in obtaining an order from the Federal Court of Australia allowing an appeal. From that order this appeal is brought.
2. On what basis, then, did the respondent contend that the Tribunal should have given him a hearing additional to the third hearing he received on 9 November 2007? The basis is that a new "issue" arose after that hearing. At that hearing the Tribunal had before it Mr Nuruzzaman's certificate (sent on 25 August 2006) and Mr Hossain's certificate (handed over at the hearing). The Tribunal questioned the authenticity of the certificates. It questioned the failure of the respondent to produce a letter from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc confirming his faith and practice as an Ahmadi. It requested the respondent's consent to its contacting that Association. Five days later, on 14 November 2007, the respondent's representatives conveyed that consent (although they also submitted that the Tribunal was biased - an allegation not now persisted in). Accordingly, on 15 November 2007 the Tribunal sent a letter to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc enclosing the certificates and asking various questions. On 10 January 2008 that Association responded, enclosing the letter of 8 January 2008 from the National Ameer of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, Bangladesh, alleging that Mr Nuruzzaman's certificate and Mr Hossain's certificate were "fake & forged". The new "issue", creating a duty on the Tribunal to invite the respondent to a further hearing, was said in written submissions to be whether the certificates were in truth "fake & forged". In oral argument it was submitted that another new "issue" had arisen from the 8 January 2008 letter - whether or not the respondent's name was in the Khulna Jamaat records.

Failure to make further inquiries of Mr Nuruzzaman, Mr Hossain or the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc

1. Whatever the general duty of the Tribunal to make inquiries, and whatever the impact of that duty might be on the conduct of the Tribunal in other circumstances, in the circumstances of this case there is no doubt that the Tribunal was not obliged to make any more inquiries than it did. Hence it is not necessary to seek to formulate that duty in terms capable of application in other circumstances.
2. The third Tribunal decision. The Tribunal was not obliged to make any more inquiries than it did for the following reasons. The third Tribunal decision occupied 28 closely typed pages. The operative part of it began by analysing in detail the way in which the respondent had put his case before the appellant's delegate. That case was that though he had been brought up as a Sunni Muslim, he had converted to the Ahmadi faith on 1 January 2000. He said he was a member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (Qadiani) and had "regularly followed all rituals performances with utmost respect". He was disowned by his family and close relatives. He and his family had been threatened with death. He had been badly injured by Sunni extremists. He had been subjected to false charges. An essential precondition to acceptance of the case so presented turned on the extent to which the respondent had practised his new faith.
3. The Tribunal then analysed in detail the respondent's evidence at the first and second hearings. It recorded one event before the second hearing which later assumed significance. The respondent produced an undated certificate from Mr Nuruzzaman "of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Khulna stating that he knew the [respondent], that the [respondent] had taken the bai'at (oath) at the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat on 1 January 2000 'by my assistance' and that from that time he had 'engaged with all activities of our Jamaat'."
4. The third Tribunal decision then recorded that after the second hearing the Tribunal requested that the respondent provide the following:

"A letter, preferably in the form of a Statutory Declaration, from the Imam or other senior person at the Ahmadiyya mosque which you attend. This letter should state that you are known to the writer of the letter as a practising member of the Ahmadiyya faith, and should also state how long you have been attending the mosque and/or other activities in connection with the Ahmadiyya religion."

On 12 October 2006 the respondent's solicitors replied in the following terms:

"Our client has been unable to obtain the information requested in the RRT's letter dated 13 September 2006. We note our client's claim that the mosque is not in the practice of issuing such letters for persons who enter Australia however, merely because the mosque will not issue a letter does not mean that our client is not of the Ahmadiyya faith. The applicant has provided evidence that he was practising his Ahmadiyya faith in Bangladesh. Furthermore, a friend has confirmed that the applicant attends a mosque."

1. The Tribunal's reasons for decision then described in detail what had happened at the third hearing. In that hearing the Tribunal revealed considerable doubt about many aspects of the respondent's claims. It was sceptical about his failure to mention Mr Nuruzzaman in his original application to the delegate or in the first hearing. It inquired how his wife could have been ignorant of his faith if he had attended the Ahmadi mosque every Friday and other Ahmadi meetings. It told the respondent that he had told his story a number of times, and each time it was different. It commented on his failure to get a letter from the Ahmadi mosque he claimed to attend in Australia supporting his case even though it had verified that other applicants for refugee status were Ahmadis. In connection with Mr Nuruzzaman's certificate, it contended that forged or fraudulently obtained documents were readily available in Bangladesh.
2. The respondent's criticisms of the letters of 8 and 10 January 2008. In this Court, counsel for the respondent, in his customary careful way, contended that the Tribunal's conclusion that the respondent was not a genuine Ahmadi was based on its acceptance of what the National Ameer of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, Bangladesh, said in his letter of 8 January 2008 enclosed with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc's letter of 10 January 2008. It is certainly true that the Tribunal said in its reasons for decision more than once that it relied on "the information referred to in the Tribunal's letter dated 14 January 2008", and that letter referred to the National Ameer's letter of 8 January 2008. Counsel criticised the letters of 8 and 10 January 2008, and the Tribunal's reasoning, in several ways.
3. First, he said that the Tribunal's letter of 15 November 2007 to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc had asked two questions. One was whether the respondent was "known to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Bangladesh." The other was whether the respondent was known to the congregation of the Ahmadi mosque at Marsden Park, which the respondent claimed to attend every Friday. Counsel submitted to this Court that the Association's reply of 10 January 2008 did not answer either question.
4. Secondly, counsel said that the inability of the Khulna Jamaat in Bangladesh to find the respondent's name in its records had to be analysed in the light of such questions as whether records of attendance at prayers were kept, and whether they were kept well.

"When any person approaches the National Ahmadiyya Association, for being attested as an Ahmadi, he is asked to provide his antecedents such as his name with parentage, his previous address, the name of 'Jamaat' (branch of the Association) to which he belonged, date of joining the Association - if not an Ahmadi by birth, and other information which he may like to supply to help verify his religious status. The information supplied by him is passed on to the National Amir of his country, who then obtains verification from the Amir/President of the local 'Jamaat' to which he claims to have belonged. A letter of verification of being an Ahmadi is issued by us, on the basis of information thus obtained. This procedure is followed in all cases unless I happen to know an applicant personally."

It then said: "There is no other way to have the claim of a person of being an Ahmadi verified." The letters of 8 and 10 January 2008 revealed that a process of that kind had come to a dead end. Perhaps someone could have asked the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Bangladesh why it thought that the certificates were "fake & forged". But the respondent did not submit that the Tribunal should ask this, and in any event the respondent was in at least as good a position as the Tribunal to put the question. On his case, he was a victim of religious persecution, and he would have been seeking the assistance of senior office holders in the religious denomination being persecuted to avoid that persecution.

1. If the respondent thought that the Association's answer in its letter of 10 January 2008 was incomplete or rested on a misunderstanding of the Tribunal's letter of 15 November 2007, those thoughts were not conveyed to the Tribunal with a view to further action on its part. And the respondent's contention that the issue of whether Mr Nuruzzaman and Mr Hossain had forged their certificates could be resolved by asking them whether they had in fact done so must be rejected. Those questions would not have been likely to receive illuminating answers. The only useful way forward was for the respondent to procure better material, from Bangladesh and Australia, demonstrating that his claims about his faith and practice were well-based. His representatives informed the Tribunal in their letter of 29 January 2008 that this was beyond his capacity.
2. The question of whether the Tribunal should have made further inquiries must be assessed bearing in mind that it was for the respondent to demonstrate that his claims were genuine; it was not for the Tribunal to try to achieve a demonstration that he had failed to achieve. The respondent had procured the certificates in the first place. Those certificates purported to be from gentlemen who knew the respondent. The respondent, it could be assumed, would know whether Mr Nuruzzaman or Mr Hossain could provide any useful information in relation to the letter of 8 January 2008. The respondent was in at least as good a position as the Tribunal to contact those gentlemen. He was represented by solicitors. Despite the letter of 8 January 2008, the respondent did not ask the Tribunal to contact either gentleman. It was not unreasonable for the Tribunal to proceed on the basis that if any further evidence was to be provided in support of the certificates, it would come from the respondent.
3. The failure of the Tribunal to make the inquiries of which the respondent complains was not a jurisdictional error.

1. In relation to pleadings filed in conventional litigation, lawyers are familiar with the difficulties that arise in practice in distinguishing between allegations of material fact (which must be pleaded), some kinds of particulars of those allegations (which must be pleaded), other kinds of particulars (which need not be pleaded, but must be supplied in correspondence if requested), and evidence of the material facts so pleaded and particularised. It can be difficult to distinguish between the issues which disagreements about the relevant allegations throw up. Now a proceeding in the Tribunal seeking review of a decision by a delegate of the Minister refusing an application for a visa is not conventional litigation and is not subject to any rules of pleading. But similar difficulties can arise in distinguishing between sub-questions or sub‑controversies within an issue and controversies about separate issues. In particular cases much debate could take place about how broadly or narrowly issues should have been, or were, perceived.
2. The first "new" issue: forgery. This appeal is not a suitable occasion on which to explore these problems in general or exhaustive terms. The question whether the certificates were "fake & forged" was not a new issue which arose in a distinct way after the third hearing. In one sense it was arguably only a sub‑issue of the general question: was the respondent converted to the Ahmadi faith as he claimed? It was clear from at least the third hearing that the Tribunal had the utmost scepticism about the respondent's position on that question. But it is not necessary to examine the proposition that forgery was only a sub-issue of the issue as to whether the respondent had been converted. That is because if it is assumed in the respondent's favour that a wholly unforeseen claim that the certificates were forged which emerged after the third hearing might raise a new issue triggering s 425 - a proposition open to debate - the claim that the certificates were forged in this case was not wholly unforeseen at that third hearing. At the third hearing the Tribunal drew attention to what it regarded as the belated emergence of Mr Nuruzzaman's asseverations - first in an undated certificate, then in the certificate dated 7 August 2006. The Tribunal also referred, while Mr Nuruzzaman's certificate and the fabrication of the respondent's claim to be Ahmadi were under debate, to the supposed ready availability of forged or fraudulently obtained documents in Bangladesh. The respondent in this Court appealed to a distinction between "a general proposition that in a particular country forged documents might be obtained and a specific proposition that these documents were fake and forged." But the context in which the Tribunal asserted the general proposition indicated that it had in mind the application of it to the particular certificates. It was to meet the supposed ready availability of forged or fraudulently obtained documents in Bangladesh that the Tribunal requested the respondent's consent to contacting the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association Australia Inc. That was because, as the Tribunal told the respondent, that Association "had told the Tribunal that they would verify a person's claims with the Ahmadiyya Jamaat to which he claimed to have belonged in Bangladesh so they were able to confirm whether someone was a genuine Ahmadi or not". That was a reference to the letter of 12 December 2004 quoted above[37].

4. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SGLB (2004) 78 ALJR 992 at 999 [43] per Gummow and Hayne JJ, Gleeson CJ agreeing at 992 [1]; 207 ALR 12 at 21-22, 13; [2004] HCA 32. ↑

5. SZIAI v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2008) 104 ALD 22. ↑

6. The term "Jamaat" is an Arabic word which means "Assembly". ↑

9. (2008) 104 ALD 22 at 25 [18], referring to Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SGLB (2004) 78 ALJR 992; 207 ALR 12. ↑

Migration Act, s 5 ("migration decision") read with s 474(2). ↑

Plaintiff S157/2002 v The Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476 at 508 [82]; [2003] HCA 2; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; [2000] HCA 57. ↑

Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 100-101 [40] per Gaudron and Gummow JJ; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Palme (2003) 216 CLR 212 at 221 [30] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Heydon JJ; [2003] HCA 56; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 77 ALJR 1165 at 1177-1178 [67]-[69] per McHugh and Gummow JJ, 1194 [174] per Callinan J; 198 ALR 59 at 75-76, 98-99; [2003] HCA 30. ↑

After Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223. ↑

SZBEL v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006) 228 CLR 152 at 164 [40]; [2006] HCA 63; Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZKTI [2009] HCA 30 at [27], n 19. ↑

20. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed (1973), vol 1 at 1079. See also "inquisitorial system" in Black's Law Dictionary, 8th ed (2004) at 809, defined as the civil law system of proof-taking "whereby the judge conducts the trial, determines what questions to ask, and defines the scope and the extent of the inquiry". ↑

26. (1989) 2 WAR 422 at 445. Cf Bezzina Developers Pty Ltd v Deemah Stone (Qld) Pty Ltd [2008] 2 Qd R 495 at 511 [53]-[54]; Love v State of Victoria [2009] VSC 215 at [253]-[254]. ↑

33. Their Honours were in dissent, but their observations were not relevant to the point of their dissent. ↑

35. See authorities collected in Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor (2001) 207 CLR 391 at 453 [189], n 214; [2001] HCA 51. ↑

36. Some documents give the relevant body that title. Others call it the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association of Australia Inc. For consistency, the title in the text will be employed below. ↑