Jovicic v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs

Issues no longer requiring resolution 4 Before the decision of the High Court in Nystrom the principal ground relied on by the applicant was that he held an absorbed person visa by operation of s 34 of the Act and that the failure of the Minister to take into account that he held that visa gave rise to jurisdictional error. One of the statutory criteria for that visa was that the applicant had not, on or after 2 April 1984, left Australia. The Minister contended this criterion had not been satisfied by the applicant having regard to his travel to Yugoslavia in late 1984. Submissions were directed to the meaning of "left Australia". 5 Another argument advanced by the applicant was that s 200, and not s 501, was the applicable source of the power on which the Minister might have acted and that there was a direct repugnance between s 501 and ss 200 and 201, with the result that the first respondent's decision was vitiated by jurisdictional error. 6 It is not necessary to consider those arguments in light of the High Court's decision which held that where a person held two visas (the same visas the applicant contends he held in this matter), each of which conferred the same substantive rights, in cancelling one the Minister was not bound to take into account the "nature" of the other because there was no consideration relevant to the applicant's absorbed person visa which was not relevant to and considered when the Minister cancelled his transitional (permanent) visa (at [129] per Heydon and Crennan JJ). Gummow and Hayne JJ held that nothing in the text of s 501 or s 501F provided any support for reading into s 501(2) a requirement to consider the possible effect of s 501F on the visa holder (at [41]). Even if the applicant held an absorbed person visa in addition to his transitional (permanent) visa, s 501F(3) operates to cancel the absorbed person visa. 7 The other issues which Nystrom resolved concerned whether there was repugnancy between ss 200 and 201, and s 501 of the Act. The issue was whether s 501 of the Act, as a general provision, yielded to the more specific provisions in s 200 and s 201 governing the deportation of non-citizens who have committed criminal offences with the result that the Minister had no power to cancel a visa under s 501 in circumstances governed by s 200 and s 201. 8 The High Court in Nystrom rejected this proposition and held that (at [61] per Gummow and Hayne JJ): …the two powers do not deal with the same subject-matter so as to attract the operation of the maxim expressum facit cessare tacitum and the reasoning which underpins Anthony Hordern and other decisions. The scheme of the Principal Act does not treat as having the one identity deportation and cancellation of a visa. This is so notwithstanding that, by reason of other provisions of the Principal Act, the exercise of both powers may well result in the same practical outcome. and at [67], and [69]-[70]: The powers in s 501(2) and s 200 have different provenances, and persons in respect of whom a deportation order has been made have a different status and different rights under the Principal Act. Those differences cannot be ignored by an ellipsis which regards s 200 and s 501 as directed to the same practical outcome. … Section 501(2) and ss 200 and 201 have different consequences for the status of individuals in the context of the Principal Act. Where a deportation order is made, the individual has the status of a lawful non-citizen who is subject to deportation. If an order under s 501(2) be made, the status of the individual changes to that of unlawful non-citizen. The Principal Act attaches significance to each status. Accordingly it is not open to characterise the powers as dealing with the same subject-matter in the sense of the Anthony Hordern line of cases. In the circumstances of this case, the inapplicability of s 200 (by reason of non-satisfaction of s 201(b)(i)) cannot deny the application of s 501(2) by reference to s 501(6)(a). 9 The remaining grounds in this matter concern the procedures adopted by the Minister in reaching the decision to cancel the applicant's transitional (permanent) visa.

Procedural Fairness and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 10 The applicant submitted that Direction 21 required the decision-maker to consider certain international obligations found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Direction 21 was made under s 499 of the Act which provides that the Minister may give directions to a person or body about the performance of functions under the Act or as to the exercise of powers under the Act, but such a direction must not be inconsistent with the Act or the Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth). A person or body receiving the direction must comply with the direction. Direction 21 concerns "visa refusal and cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958". 11 Specifically, the applicant submitted that the ICCPR created a legitimate expectation that in considering whether to cancel the visa, the Minister would consider certain matters regarding the applicant's country of origin and nationality and whether returning the applicant to the then current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia would constitute inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or would otherwise endanger his life. The applicant submitted that the ICCPR contained an implicit non-refoulement obligation where as a necessary or foreseeable consequence of their removal or deportation from Australia, the person would face a real risk of violation of their rights under Art 6 (right to life) or Art 7 (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment). Reference was made in oral submissions to Arts 9, 10 and 23 as well. 12 The applicant submitted that his claims and the material before the Court were such as to require assessment in relation to international obligations under the ICCPR. The applicant submitted that, because the Minister had been advised through the issues paper that the applicant had "not made any claims that require[d] assessment in relation to international obligations", he had been invited to make a decision without regard to the implicit non-refoulement obligation of the ICCPR. Because the Minister proceeded on this error, his approach was not obviously open on the known material and the applicant could not reasonably have been expected to be aware of it. 13 The applicant submitted that the intention to proceed on the basis that no claims had been made out which might be affected by the implicit non-refoulement obligation was inconsistent with the legitimate expectation that the Minister would act in conformity with the ICCPR. There was an expectation that if the Minister proposed to act in a manner which was not consistent with Australia's obligations under the ICCPR, that he would be afforded procedural fairness in relation to this intention and given the opportunity to argue against that course. Reference was made to Minogue v Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission (1999) 84 FCR 438 at [37]. 14 The Minister submitted that the applicant had not in fact made claims that required assessment in relation to international obligations. The Minister submitted that the applicant's claims did not show or reasonably show that he would suffer subjection to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment by someone in Serbia. 15 Article 7 of the ICCPR provides: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation. 16 Clause 2.19 of Direction 21 provides that: The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) has an implicit non-refoulement obligation where as a necessary or foreseeable consequence of expulsion, the person would face a real risk of violation of his or her human rights, such as being subjected to torture or the death penalty (no matter whether lawfully imposed). The Minister submitted he had not indicated that he would be bound by Direction 21 and that, in any event, it was not a "necessary or foreseeable consequence" of the applicant's removal from Australia that his rights under Art 7 of the ICCPR would be violated and even if the applicant's experience in Serbia after he had been removed from Australia in June 2004, had involved a violation of Art 7 of the ICCPR, the Minister submitted that it would not follow that this had been a "necessary or foreseeable consequence" at the time of the cancellation decision, such that Australia might be in breach of its international obligations. The Minister noted that the applicant was expressly invited to give comments based on Direction 21 which refers to existing international obligations.

Procedural fairness and the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons 17 The applicant submitted that the issues paper incorrectly stated that he was a citizen of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He submitted that he had previously been a citizen of the SocialistFederal Republic of Yugoslavia but that this country had ceased to exist in 1992. 18 The applicant submitted that the Minister was required to consider Australia's international obligations under Art 31(1) of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (CSSP) and that if he proposed to depart from that, the applicant was entitled to notice and that he had a legitimate expectation that he would be given an opportunity to argue against that course being taken: Minogue. Article 31 provides that: The Contracting States shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in their territory save on grounds of national security or public order. 19 The Minister referred to authority for the proposition that citizenship or statelessness are not relevant considerations required to be taken into account (see VKAC v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCA 974 (at [43])) however, since making that submission a Full Court has allowed an appeal against that decision (VKAC v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2006] FCAFC 124). 20 The Minister submitted that, at no point did the applicant say that he was not a Serbian citizen or that he could not be removed to Serbia. His failure to do so was critical to any alleged failure to have regard to a relevant consideration and any alleged denial of procedural fairness. In response to the applicant's submission that he should have been given notice of the Minister's intention to make a decision inconsistent with the applicant's legitimate expectation that the CSSP would be adhered to, the Minister submitted that there was no evidence that the applicant was stateless. The Department's records showed he left and returned to Australia on a Yugoslavian passport. The Minister submitted that the inference that the applicant was Yugoslavian was available and compelling and that absent a claim that he could not be removed to Yugoslavia because he was not a citizen, the question of statelessness did not arise. 21 The Minister submitted there was no inconsistency between a decision under s 501 of the Act and the obligation under Art 31 of the CSSP as each was concerned with different subject matter, "cancellation of a person's visa" on the one hand and "expulsion" from a territory on the other. The Minister contended that if there were any obligations flowing from the CSSP they would attach to a removal decision, rather than a cancellation decision. The Minister submitted that his decision to cancel the applicant's visa did not conflict with the CSSP and there was no matter concerning the CSSP about which the applicant could have relevantly been heard. 22 The Minister submitted that, following the decision in Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1, the applicant must do more than simply identify an expectation that a particular treaty would be applied. The applicant must identify some respect in which he suffered a practical injustice because of the procedure that was followed. The Minister submitted that even if the Court were to find that the applicant was stateless the applicant could not have had a legitimate expectation that the Minister would consider obligations arising under the CSSP because the CSSP was not one of the international instruments expressly referred to in Direction 21.

Breach of procedural fairness - misleading statements 23 The applicant submitted that the issues paper presented to the Minister to facilitate his decision-making, contained misleading statements which the applicant should have been given an opportunity to correct. The applicant submitted that failure to do so resulted in a breach of procedural fairness which can result in the decision being set aside: see Johnson v Williams [2000] FCA 3, R v Kylsant (1932) 1 KB 442 and Dagli v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 133 FCR 541. The material errors of fact and law pleaded in the second further amended statement of claim included those relating to the statements that the applicant's citizenship was the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" and that he "would be entitled to apply for a new Yugoslav passport". 24 Secondly, the issues paper incorrectly stated that he had not made any claims that required assessment in relation to international obligations in circumstances where he had made the following claims. The applicant had claimed that in the event that his visa was cancelled and he was deported to the then current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that he had no family ties or friends in that country, limited knowledge of the language and vocabulary and no financial support. He had also claimed that the deportation was likely to have a devastating effect on his then successful rehabilitation from drug addiction, perhaps causing his relationship with his de facto to end or causing him to commit suicide. He claimed that he would have extreme difficulties in finding employment and that he did not hold a current travel document to enter the then current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 25 The applicant submitted that these claims required assessment in relation to international obligations including those under the ICCPR and the CSSP and that to have proceeded based on the errors in the issues paper was not a course obviously open on the known material and the applicant could not reasonably have been expected to have been aware of it. 26 The Minister submitted that none of the alleged errors in the issues paper indicated extreme irrationality or an illogical fact finding process. It was acknowledged that validity of a decision may be challenged on the basis that the submission on which it was grounded, contained fraudulent or knowing misrepresentations or half-truths. However, short of that, an error of fact would not vitiate the decision itself: see Oates v Attorney-General for the Commonwealth of Australia [2001] FCA 84; (2001) 181 ALR 559. The Minister submitted that though it was possible that an error of fact contained in an issues paper relied upon by the decision-maker could vitiate a decision, the error must relate to a matter that the decision-maker was bound to take into account and there was only a limited range of such matters. With respect to citizenship status and statelessness the Minister relied on the judgment of a single judge in VKAC which, as noted, has since been reversed by a Full Court.

Consideration 27 The contention of the applicant that he had a legitimate expectation that both a non-refoulment obligation said to arise under the ICCPR and an obligation not to expel a stateless person under the CSSP would not be acted on without giving him the opportunity to argue against that course being taken, fails at the threshold. The applicant was notified on 19 October 2001 of the intention to consider cancelling his visa under s 501. A written submission was made on his behalf by a solicitor from Victoria Legal Aid on 19 March 2002. The applicant was interviewed by a Departmental officer on 22 August 2002. Letters were written by his sister and fiance, who was also interviewed, in support of his case against cancellation of his visa. At no point was it suggested that he was stateless (if that be the fact) or that circumstances existed which pointed to a real possibility that he might be. Similarly, while his heroin addiction and mental health problems were adverted to, it was not suggested that he might be at risk of being exposed to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or otherwise placed in a situation where rights protected by the ICCPR might be violated. 28 As the Full Court noted in Minogue, the authority relied on by counsel for the applicant, the notion that departure from a course that a person has an expectation will be followed, is an aspect of procedural fairness. Even making a range of assumptions in the applicant's favour about the contents of the two international instruments and that an expectation of the type asserted had been raised in a general sense, the applicant singularly failed to provide the Minister with any information which might reasonably have caused the Minister not to decide to cancel the applicant's visa because of the instruments. In substance, the factual case now called in aid to establish that there would have been an expectation that the Minister would act in a particular way, was a case never raised with the Minister before he made the impugned decision. There was no unfairness: see Lam at [24]-[25]. At best, it would be a case based on facts now known and advanced by the applicant in these proceedings. 29 The last issue is whether the issues paper was misleading and enlivened the obligation to invite comment as discussed in Dagli. It was said to be misleading in two respects. Firstly that the applicant was a citizen of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and would appear to be entitled to apply for a new Yugoslavian passport. Secondly that the applicant had not made any claims that required assessment in relation to international obligations. For the reasons discussed in the preceding paragraph, the issues paper was not misleading in this second respect. That leads to a consideration of whether it was misleading in the first respect and, if so, should the applicant have been invited to comment. 30 The judgment of the Full Court in Dagli reinforced, in the context of decision-making under s 501, the principle that a person is entitled to an opportunity to comment on adverse material provided to the decision-maker by others, and the failure to provide an opportunity constitutes a denial of procedural fairness. As illustrated by the recent Full Court judgment in VKAC, that adverse material can include assertions in an issues paper about the citizenship of the person whose visa is at risk of cancellation. However, as Mansfield and North JJ noted in VKAC (at [19]) the comment in the issues paper in the matter, that the appellant was a Burmese citizen, was adverse because it removed from consideration the position advanced by the appellant (a contention of substance based on probative material) that she was stateless and could not be returned to Burma. 31 The present case is different. At no point did the applicant contend that he was stateless or, additionally, that he could not be removed to Serbia or any contemporary manifestation of Yugoslavia. Thus the statement that he was a "Yugoslav citizen" and, later in the issues paper, that he would be "entitled to apply for a new Yugoslav passport" did not constitute adverse material as it did not impeach or have the potential to impeach the case he had advanced in opposition to the cancellation of his visa. 32 The application should be dismissed with costs.

I certify that the preceding thirty-two (32) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Moore.

Solicitor for the Applicant: Michaela Byers, Solicitor

Counsel for the Respondents: S Lloyd with S Free

Solicitor for the Respondents: Australian Government Solicitor

Date of Hearing: 31 January 2006; 9 June 2006 (counsel for the Respondent on latter date only)