Insurance Australia Ltd v Clewley

Supreme Court of NSW|2015-12-07|Before: Fagan J

Judgment

The plaintiff is the third party insurer under the Motor Accidents Compensation Act 1999 (NSW) ("the Act") of a motor vehicle which is alleged to have been at fault in an accident on 1 December 2010. The first defendant is Mr Clewley, a claimant for compensation under the Act, who contends that he suffered injury in that motor accident.
By summons filed 7 October 2015 the plaintiff seeks judicial review of a decision by the proper officer of the Motor Accidents Authority of NSW ("the Authority"). The proper officer is the second defendant to the summons and the Authority is the third defendant (now under its new name, State Insurance Regulatory Authority). The decision sought to be reviewed was made on 7 August 2015 pursuant to s 62 of the Act. The proper officer determined that a medical dispute between Mr Clewley ("the claimant") and the plaintiff concerning the degree of whole person impairment suffered as a result of the motor accident should not be referred to a medical assessor for further assessment.
The claimant alleges that the accident caused soft tissue injuries to his left knee, his left shoulder and his cervical spine. Only the injury to the cervical spine and alleged symptoms in his left arm are significant for the purposes of these proceedings. The claimant says that the cervical spinal injury has caused dystonia (meaning spasm or abnormal contraction) in the muscles of the left side of his neck, leading to torticollis (an irresistible turning of the head resulting in it being held persistently to the left side).

Reference to review panel under s 63

On the application of one of the parties the medical assessments were referred to a review panel constituted by three doctors, pursuant to s 63. The material provided to the panel for the purpose of carrying out the review included specialist reports of Drs Day and Steel (neurosurgeons) and of Drs Fung, Tisch and Fearnside (neurologists).
According to the certificate later issued by the review panel, it also received two reports of an organisation named AHC Investigations and copies of surveillance films (on DVD) from "…15 April 2011, 23 July 2012 and 16 January 2013 which showed [Mr Clewley] carrying out normal activities with no evidence of reduced neck movements or torticollis. He reported that due to his appearance during periods of torticollis he did not go out and that the video surveillance had obviously been carried out during periods of muscle relaxation when he did go out".
The panel had before it a typed summary report of some film of activities of the claimant on 9 May 2012 but they did not have a DVD of the film itself. The panel requested that the secretary to the Authority issue a notice to both parties requesting a copy of the DVD. There is no evidence before me of such a notice having been issued. The panel did not receive a copy of the DVD and did not see the surveillance film. The plaintiff, if it had received a notice to provide a copy of the DVD would not have been able to comply because it did not obtain a copy until 3 June 2012. The surveillance film had been undertaken by investigators engaged by AXA claims, in connection with its defence of a quite separate claim by the first defendant under an insurance policy.
The two male members of the review panel examined the claimant on 2 December 2014. All three signed reasons for their decision on 23 January 2015 and issued a certificate on 12 February 2015. The certificate attributed Mr Clewley's cervical spine, left shoulder and left knee injuries to the motor accident. They ascribed 5% whole person impairment to the cervical spine and 7% to the left shoulder, for a total of 12%.

Application for further assessment under s 62

Upon the certificate being issued to the plaintiff, it applied to the proper officer on 16 July 2015 pursuant to s 62 of the Act for the dispute to be referred again to an assessor. Section 62 is in these terms (with emphasis added): "62 Referral of matter for further medical assessment (1) A matter referred for assessment under this Part may be referred again on one or more further occasions in accordance with this Part: (a) by any party to the medical dispute, but only on the grounds of the deterioration of the injury or additional relevant information about the injury, or (b) by a court or claims assessor. (1A) A matter may not be referred again for assessment by a party to the medical dispute on the grounds of deterioration of the injury or additional relevant information about the injury unless the deterioration or additional information is such as to be capable of having a material effect on the outcome of the previous assessment. (1B) Referral of a matter under this section is to be by referral to the member of staff of the Authority who is designated by the Authority for the purpose (in this Part referred to as the proper officer of the Authority). (2) A certificate as to a matter referred again for assessment prevails over any previous certificate as to the matter to the extent of any inconsistency."
The application for a fresh assessment was put by the plaintiff to the proper officer upon the basis of "additional relevant information about the injury". In 7 pages of written submissions supporting the application the plaintiff identified the "additional relevant material" as follows: (1) video of surveillance undertaken at the request of AXA (AMP) on 9 May 2012; and (2) report of Associate Professor Paul Spira (to whom I will refer, for brevity, as Professor Spira) dated 12 June 2015.
By the time of this application the plaintiff had obtained a copy of the surveillance DVD of 9 May 2012. It was provided to the proper officer, as was a copy of Professor Spira's report dated 12 June 2015. The 7 pages of submissions explained that the DVD had not been available to the plaintiff to provide to the review panel and contended that on this basis it was "additional material" in the relevant sense. Attached to the written submission was a 2 page schedule containing a detailed description of what could be seen on the DVD, relevant to the claimant's alleged permanent impairment. The submissions explained the basis upon which the plaintiff contended that the moving images captured on this DVD were "such as to be capable of having a material effect on the outcome of the previous assessment" (s 62(1A)).

Additional report of Professor Spira, 12 June 2015

Professor Spira's report of 12 June 2015 recounts what he perceives to be discrepancies and contradictions in the claimant's presentation, to the resolution of which the plaintiff says the DVD of surveillance on 9 May 2012 is important. According to Professor Spira, the surveillance film from 15 April 2011 (which the review panel did have) showed the claimant "walking in the street with his head in a normal to near-normal position at various times. There is a very slight lateral flexion to the left in some of the video footage but at other times the head is in a normal upright position". This film apparently showed the claimant's neck flexing laterally to the right upon entering his motor vehicle and he appeared to be "using his left upper limb normally".
On that same day according to Professor Spira, Dr Davis (neurosurgeon) examined the claimant. According to Dr Davis' report the claimant then exhibited fixed lateral flexion of his neck to the left with his ear in contact with his shoulder.
Professor Spira also described a surveillance film of 16 January 2013, which apparently showed the claimant demonstrating "normal neck mobility", flexing his neck to the right, holding a mobile phone to his right ear using his left hand and arm and using "the left arm freely in carrying and manipulating objects and in holding his keys". Yet on that day the claimant saw Associate Professor Krishnan who reported that at the consultation the claimant's head was "resting on his left shoulder and he says he is unable to bring it back to the midline without very severe pain developing".
Professor Spira reported that he saw the claimant in October 2012, between the dates of the abovementioned surveillance videos, and was given by Mr Clewley a history of persistent full and fixed lateral flexion of his neck to the left with his left ear in contact with his shoulder. The claimant on this occasion also complained of "marked hyperaesthesia (allodynia) of his left upper limb and adjacent trunk, apparently causing him to avoid normal usage of the limb and he displayed prominent pain behaviour".
Professor Spira's opinion of 12 June 2015 contains these significant elements: 1. An opinion that comparison of the claimant's posture and activities when he believes himself not to be observed with the symptoms he presents at medical examinations indicates feigning and simulation. 2. A "considerable literature has developed … highlighting a controversy regarding [the] very existence" of "post-traumatic dystonia following peripheral injury". The Professor cites and quotes from three research papers published in 2010 and 2011 tending to suggest that the purported disorder involves psychogenesis "or even deliberate display of combinations of symptoms". 3. Fluctuations in dystonia, as described by Mr Clewley and referred to by Dr Tisch as "spontaneous remissions" and as constituting "spasmodic torticollis", are medically unheard of. In 44 years as a specialist neurologist Professor Spira has "never seen the variability within one day demonstrated by Mr Clewley and [he doubts] that Prof Tisch has either. Fluctuations over the range demonstrated by Mr Clewley are not just rare in cervical dystonias but are absolutely unique".
These features of Professor Spira's report were drawn to the attention of the proper officer in the plaintiff's submissions in support of its application that the dispute be referred again for assessment under s 62 (as referred to in [11] - [13] above).

Professor Spira's previous reports and the review panel's decision

According to Professor Spira's report of 12 June 2015 he had previously provided to the plaintiff reports regarding the claimant dated 12 November 2012, 4 April 2013 and 19 December 2013. He said that in the last mentioned report he had "commented on the significance of the video surveillance forwarded" by the plaintiff's solicitors. Professor Spira's earlier reports have not been tendered and I do not know whether his comments on the significance of the video surveillance in any of those reports included reference to the stark contrast (as described at [14] - [17] above) between what is seen on the video recordings and what the claimant reported to medical examiners on precisely the same days, respectively.
The certificate of the review panel does not identify any of the earlier reports of Professor Spira as having been considered by them, although at least one of those reports was apparently in their hands. The review panel stated that the documentation they considered included "all the documents which were provided to assessor Maloney prior to that assessment". This is an unsatisfactory and unhelpful description in the absence of any schedule listing individually the documents which had been before assessor Maloney. The only source from which I have gathered that the panel had one of Professor Spira's early reports is a statement to that effect in the submissions which the plaintiff made to the proper officer dated 16 July 2015, supporting the application for a further assessment. In the review panel's certificate the only mention of Professor Spira is in a chronology, which contains an entry to the effect that the Professor had received most of Mr Clewley's history whilst Mr Clewley was "lying supine on the floor".
The review panel considered the opinions of the specialists whose names appear in the following extracts from the certificate the panel issued on 12 February 2015, at pp 7 - 8: "Dr Day - neck is flexed to the left, surgery"; "Dr Day - 6 episodes of spontaneous recovery [reported 22 April 2013]. First episode just before Christmas [2012]"; "Dr Steel - left arm brachialgia with severe muscle spasm, surgery"; "Dr Day and Dr Steel, neurosurgeons believe the diagnosis was a left C7 radiculopathy with neuropathic pain and suggested surgery"; "Dr Scougall - unable to drive, cannot turn his head, cannot look up/down"; "Dr Chang - …obvious torticollis…"; "Dr Crawford - permanent left-sided neck tilt"; "Dr Blum - could not move his neck"; "Dr Krishnan, unable to straighten his head. Comments on video footage."; "Dr Smith - he is not able to sit at all. He is only able to travel if he can lie down in back of car. Trivial grip strength. His cervical spine has been fixed left lateral flexion for the last 2½ years. He has absolutely no movement in the cervical spine"; "Dr Fung, neurologist specialising in movement disorders - diagnosed psychogenic dystonia - noted unusual features for an organic syndrome with periods of spontaneous recovery and non-organic sign"; "Dr Tisch, current treating neurologist believe the diagnosis was post-traumatic cervical dystonia with occasional short term remissions [5 June 2014]"; "Dr Fearnside [neurologist] - noted that on 13 June 2014 [he] satisfied proposed criteria for post traumatic torticollis. Believe though that it was 'more likely that Mr Clewley has psychogenic dystonia as suggested by Dr Fung, which is intermittent'. He found no objective evidence of C7 radiculopathy".
I understand the radiculopathy referred to in these notes to mean nerve root compression caused by pressure between the cervical vertebra, leading to pain and numbness radiating into the arm. There is no suggestion in the review panel's certificate that this was believed to be causative of the alleged dystonia and torticollis.
After noting that there had "been a degree of disagreement over the cause of the ongoing intermittent left torticollis", the review panel cited in a summary way the opinions of Drs Fung and Fearnside (that the claimant's dystonia was psychogenic) and of Dr Tisch who described it as "post-traumatic cervical dystonia with occasional short-term remissions". "Psychogenic" means "of psychic origin, or dependent on psychic conditions or processes, as a mental disorder". If this was the nature of Mr Clewley's dystonia it might be difficult to see how it could have been caused by a motor accident. The panel however reached the following conclusions: "The panel noted that Mr Clewley did have intermittent episodes of remission from his left cervical dystonia but believed that this was only a short term improvement and that his underlying condition would now be considered as permanent for assessment. The panel had extensive discussions concerning the diagnosis and believed that post-traumatic cervical dystonia was the preferred diagnosis. It noted that there were a number of inconsistencies in history, surveillance findings and physical presentation which could point to a psychogenic component in the condition but the panel could not rule out an underlying organic condition."

The proper officer's decision, 7 August 2015

The proper officer's reasons for refusing to refer the dispute again for assessment were given in writing as follows (with numbering added for ease of reference): "Reasons The term 'additional relevant information' has been defined by the Supreme Court in a number of cases. In Alavanja, Davies J defined it (at 35) in the following manner: "It seems to me that if material before the Assessor has expressed an opinion that particular injuries were caused by the accident, the fact that another expert says the same thing but using different or greater analysis will not mean the information is additional. This is because there was an opinion to that effect before the Assessor which, on the face of the Assessor's report, was considered…" This definition has been further refined as follows: That it is information that must be additional to the party relying on it as a ground for further assessment (Singh, at 53) That material that is an expert opinion substantially based upon material that was in the possession of the party at the time of the original assessment, even if the expert opinion was obtained after the original assessment, will also fall within the prohibition contained in the first proposition (McCosker, at 41, and Mackey, at 4) In the applicant's submissions, at paragraph 1(2), the surveillance film is described as being of greater 'impact' than the surveillance report alone. This strongly suggests that the film is saying 'the same thing but using different or greater analysis' as described in Alavanja. The Medical Review Panel, at the time of issuing its certificate, was aware that the issue of inconsistency had been raised by the insurer. On pages 7 and 8 of the certificate, the Medical Review Panel provided a list of some of the inconsistencies dating from December 2010 to June 2014. This included an entry in relation to the claimant's activities on 9 May 2012. Therefore the Medical Review Panel was aware of, and considered, the inconsistency in the claimant's presentation. The same may be said of the further report of Prof Spira which is enclosed in the application for further assessment. In the applicant's submissions it is noted that Prof Spira's conclusion that there was no diagnosis and no impairment on the basis that the Claimant was 'simulating disability' was the conclusion in his previous report 'which was before the Medical Review Panel' (page 5). The Medical Review Panel had therefore already considered this opinion. Considering Alavanja, I am not satisfied that it is additional relevant information. The applicant submits that Prof Spira's report is written with the benefit of the professor seeing a number of reports that pre-date the Medical Review Panel's assessment. It is unclear from the application whether these reports were available to the applicant at the time that the claimant was assessed by the Medical Review Panel. If they were, the report of Prof Spira would be an expert opinion substantially based upon that material. This would, on application of McCosker and Mackey, preclude it from being considered additional relevant information. In any event, as Prof Spira comes to the same conclusion in this recent report as he did in his previous report, I am not satisfied that it is additional relevant information. As I am not satisfied that it is additional relevant information I need not address whether it is such as to be capable of having a material effect on the outcome of the previous assessment. The matter will not be referred for assessment and the file will now be closed."
The task of the Court on this review is not to determine for itself whether the putative "additional information about the injury" as put forward by the plaintiff (a) actually satisfies the statutory criterion of being "additional" or (b) is "relevant" or (c) is "capable of having a material effect on the outcome of the previous assessment". As held in QBE Insurance (Australia) Ltd v Miller [2013] NSWCA 442 per Basten JA at [36], the Court will examine only the manner in which the proper officer arrived at his conclusion on those matters and rule upon whether his "…opinion has been properly formed according to law: Buck v Bavone [1976] HCA 24; (1976) 135 CLR 110 at 118-119 (Gibbs J); D'Amore [v Independent Commission Against Corruption [2013] NSWCA 187] at [220]. The critical question is thus 'whether the determination was irrational, illogical and not based on findings or inferences of fact supported by logical grounds': Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SGLB [2004] HCA 32; 78 ALJR 992 at [38] (Gummow and Hayne JJ). Further, as explained by Latham CJ in R v Connell; Ex parte Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd [1944] HCA 42; 69 CLR 407 at 432: 'If the opinion which was in fact formed was reached by taking into account irrelevant considerations or by otherwise misconstruing the terms of the relevant legislation, then it must be held that the opinion required has not been formed. In that event the basis for the exercise of power is absent, just as if it were shown that the opinion was arbitrary, capricious, irrational, or not bona fide'."
At para 2 of his reasons the proper officer proceeded on the basis that information could only be treated as "additional" if it had not been in the hands of the party now propounding it at the time of the earlier assessment: Singh v Motor Accidents Authority of NSW (No 2) [2010] NSWSC 1443. Both the surveillance DVD of 9 May 2012 and the further report of Professor Spira satisfied this condition, as the proper officer evidently accepted . It is not necessary for me to consider whether this legal proposition from Singh v Motor Accidents Authority of NSW (No 2) is correct or whether information may qualify as "additional" merely because it was not previously before the review panel: Miles v Motor Accident Authority of NSW [2013] NSWSC 927 at [34] - [37]; Mullin v CIC Allianz Australia Ltd [2015] NSWSC 831 at [29] - [37].

Proper officer's dismissal of the surveillance video as not "additional"

At para 1 the proper officer overstated the effect of the passage which he quoted from the judgment of Davies J in Alavanja v NRMA Insurance Ltd [2010] NSWSC 1182 at [35]. The proper officer said that this passage "defined" the statutory "additional relevant information". Davies J's observation, as quoted, was concerned with expert medical opinions: "the fact that another expert says the same thing [as that contained in an opinion received in the course of a previous assessment] but using different or greater analysis will not mean the information is additional". However the proper officer purported to apply this principle to the surveillance DVD of 9 May 2012, taking into account that although the recording of moving images only became available to the plaintiff after the review panel had issued their certificate, the panel had been provided with a typed description of the surveillance agent's observations made at the time the film was recorded.
In that typed description the following appeared with respect to what had been filmed at about 11:36am on 9 May 2012: "At 11:36 a.m. the Subject was sighted out the front of a BWS Liquor store in South Dowling Street, Darlinghurst as he walked around the side and rear of the vehicle. He opened the rear of the vehicle and then bent down and leaned inside as he moved a large canvas bag."
The review panel recorded their understanding of this event in a chronology entry at p 7 of their report: "9/5/2012: travelling in car 30 min, picking up bathroom mirror cabinet into rear."
This is a reasonable shorthand summary of the 11:36am surveillance log entry. However, having myself reviewed the DVD which the plaintiff relies upon as "additional information" it is apparent that the surveillance log entry is a wholly inadequate description of those aspects of Mr Clewley's movements on that day which would be relevant to the veracity of his reportage of symptoms. In the video he is seen walking around to the back of a hatchback vehicle with his head and neck in a normal position. He appears physically relaxed and comfortable. He raises the hatchback of the vehicle, lifts the mirrored cabinet from the verge into the rear of the vehicle and then reaches up to close the hatchback, all in smoothly flowing movements without indicating any restriction of movement of his head or neck or loss of function or strength of the left arm. Having loaded the cabinet into the vehicle he is shown moving to a position adjacent the passenger's side door and turning to look to his right down the street, once more with no indication of stiffness or discomfort.
The proper officer concluded in para 12 of his reasons that the plaintiff's description of the DVD (in its submissions to him) as having greater impact than the surveillance log entry alone "strongly suggests that the film is saying 'the same thing but using different or greater analysis' as described in Alavanja". The proper officer does not state anywhere in his reasons that he actually viewed the DVD and I infer from the passage just quoted that he did not. His application to this piece of physical evidence of the principle from Alavanja concerning the mere using of "different or greater analysis" with respect to material that had previously been analysed was erroneous in principle.
The significant moving images on the 9 May 2012 surveillance video simply were not before the review panel either directly or by way of any reasonably accurate secondary description. The proper officer's conclusion that the surveillance DVD was not "additional" was not properly found according to law because he failed to view and to take account of the content of the DVD and, independently, because he drew the erroneous and unsupportable inference that the DVD only showed the same thing as was described on the log. Also, he applied a test of whether the DVD said "the same thing [as the log] but using different or greater analysis" - which was a test incapable of rational application to the comparison of a DVD with a narrative log purporting to describe the moving images and which was a test supported by authority only with respect to expert reports.
In para 4 of the proper officer's reasons he concluded that because the review panel was aware of some evidence of inconsistency between the claimant's presentation to examining doctors and his conduct and physical functionality at times when he would not have expected to have been observed, therefore the panel were aware of the issue of inconsistency and an item of evidence which did no more than provide illustration or proof of the inconsistency would therefore not be "additional". This is illogical and constitutes a failure of the proper officer to recognise that individual items of evidence, all going to the same issue, may each constitute discrete pieces of "information" within the meaning of s 62 and therefore may be "additional" if not previously presented to the panel. The proper officer's reasoning is erroneous as a matter of law because he has conflated an issue (which was before the tribunal) with the items or body of evidence bearing upon that issue (one of which, the 9 May 2012 surveillance DVD, was not before the panel).

Proper officer's dismissal of Prof. Spira's 12 June 2015 report as not "additional"

At paras 4 and 5 of his reasons the proper officer determined that Professor Spira's report of 12 June 2015 is not "additional information" upon the ground that it reaches the same conclusion as that which the Professor had expressed in an earlier report which was available to the review panel. Namely, the conclusion that the claimant was simulating disability and was not, in fact, afflicted with persistent debilitating torticollis (subject to periodic abeyance) or loss of function in his left arm.
By limiting himself to consideration of the ultimate conclusion in each of Professor Spira's reports, the proper officer failed to evaluate two items of "information" set out in the 12 June 2015 report. He failed to evaluate these items as to whether they are or are not "additional" to what the review panel had previously considered. The first of these items is Professor Spira's review of some of the "considerable literature" recording the outcome of medical research "highlighting a controversy regarding [the] very existence" of post-traumatic dystonia following peripheral injury (as complained of by the claimant). Secondly, Professor Spira's 12 June 2015 report contained the information that the putative explanation of inconsistencies between the claimant's presentation to medical examiners and his physical functionality when he would not have expected to have been observed (namely, the explanation that his torticollis is subject to "spontaneous remissions") is not viable because purported fluctuations in the supposed condition at the frequency and with the rapidity which would be necessary to account for the inconsistent presentations are unheard of in clinical experience.
The proper officer failed to take account of these distinct, fresh pieces of information in Dr Spira's new report because he treated everything referred to in the report as subsumed into its conclusion and he regarded the conclusion as not being "additional information". This involved erroneous conflation of the Professor's ultimate conclusion with the information upon which he supported it. The conflation led to the proper officer not considering at all whether the two points of information referred to in [36] were "additional".

Relevance and capacity to have a material impact

To summarise, the material which the plaintiff has principally propounded as additional in this case and which I have concluded was not properly considered by the proper officer as to whether it is or is not additional is as follows: 1. The 9 May 2012 surveillance DVD; 2. Professor Spira's citation of medical literature and research identifying a substantial controversy as to whether the condition from which the claimant is alleged to suffer can be caused by peripheral injury and 3. Professor Spira's information about the absence of any prior clinical experience of a fluctuating torticollis of the nature purportedly presented by the claimant.
If, upon proper consideration according to law, the proper officer should accept that any of these three items is "additional" within the meaning of s 62, it is highly likely that he would also find any such item also relevant and capable of having a material impact on the outcome of the previous assessment by the review panel. This follows from the fact that the genuineness of the complainant's presentation is being challenged by the plaintiff on substantial and strongly arguable grounds. Two highly qualified and experienced neurologists have concluded that his symptoms are psychogenic: Dr Fung and Professor Spira. Another, Dr Fearndale, thinks that a psychogenic explanation is "more likely". The undisputed contrast between quite normal posture and functionality when out of the doctors' surgeries followed by fixed neck flexion and loss of left arm functionality when being medically examined on the very same day is, to say the least, striking.
It appears very unsatisfactory that the review panel of three doctors which was constituted to assess this contentious case did not include a specialist in neurology, given the nature of the disputed (and eminently disputable) issues. But whatever may be the constitution of a review panel or the identity of an assessor, additional information regarding whether such a purportedly fluctuating condition has ever on any occasion been objectively established in a clinical setting (item (3) at [38]) and regarding research as to whether torticollis can be caused by peripheral injury at all (item (2) at [38]) could be expected to be regarded by the proper officer as well capable of affecting a determination of the issue.

Conclusion

For the above reasons I conclude that the proper officer has failed to apply s 62 to the materials before him properly according to law. His decision must be set aside and the plaintiff's application under s 62 to have the matter referred again for assessment must be remitted to the Authority to be dealt with under the section having regard to these reasons.
The plaintiff has sought an order to the effect that a different member of the staff of the Authority be nominated as proper officer for this purpose. I do not consider that necessary. It will be a matter for the Authority to designate such member of its staff as it sees fit, pursuant to subs (1B) of s 62.
The orders of the Court are: 1. The decision of the second defendant dated 7 August 2015 to refuse the plaintiff's application for further medical assessment (made on 16 July 2015) under s 62(1)(a) of the Motor Accidents Compensation Act 1999 (NSW) is set aside. 2. The plaintiff's application for further medical assessment is remitted to the third defendant for determination according to law.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 15 February 2016

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