Estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner; Bernengo v Leaney

First offer

1. On 20 December 2017, the plaintiff's solicitor wrote to the defendant's solicitor in a letter marked "[w]ithout prejudice save as to costs". This letter set out the grounds by which the plaintiff claimed an interest in the Estate, namely that the plaintiff "was in a domestic partnership with the deceased immediately before her death on 19 June 2017". The letter set out an overview of the factors relevant to this assertion, including the duration of the relationship between the plaintiff and the deceased, the nature and extent of common residence, the existence of a sexual relationship, the degree of financial dependence, the degree of mutual commitment to a shared life and the performance of household duties.
2. The letter also dealt with the reputational and public aspects of the relationship, noting that "[t]he deceased had an understandable concern about the reaction from her family about her relationship with our client, particularly given the history between our client and Ms Bowles, and for this reason requested that our client did not discuss the true nature of their relationship with the deceased's family or friends". The reference to "Ms Bowles" in this letter is a reference to the deceased's daughter, who had died as a result of a brain tumour in April 2007 and with whom the plaintiff had previously been in a de facto relationship. The letter went on to outline that "[n]otwithstanding this, we have contacted a number of third party witnesses who are prepared to give evidence that, to their knowledge, the deceased and our client were in a de facto relationship".
3. An offer was made by the plaintiff to resolve the dispute before the commencement of legal proceedings (the first offer), and was expressed to be made in accordance with the principles espoused in Calderbank v Calderbank [1975] 3 All ER 333 (Calderbank). The offer, expressed to be open for acceptance until 4:00pm on 15 January 2018, was expressed in the following terms: "Having regard to the above, on a purely commercial basis, and to avoid the parties incurring further unnecessary legal costs litigating these personal matters, our client is prepared to resolve the dispute on the following terms: 1. Pursuant to Supreme Court Rules 78.70, your client files a notice of withdrawal of caveat with the Supreme Court of New South Wales in respect of the deceased's estate. 2. You provide to us the information requested in our letter of 21 July 2017 required for our client to notify all other interest parties of his claim, being: (a) the names and dates of death of the deceased's siblings; and (b) the names and current addresses of any of the deceased's nieces and nephews who would, if the deceased left no spouse, be entitled to the presumptive shares of the deceased. 3. Your client agrees not to oppose our client's application for a grant of letters of administration for the deceased's estate. 4. On the condition that our client is able to proceed unopposed to obtain a grant of letters of administration for the deceased's estate, our client agrees to pay your client's reasonable legal costs (as agreed or assessed) incurred to date within 14 days of the date of the grant of letters of administration being made by the Court."
4. The defendant did not respond to the first offer within the period of acceptance. A file note prepared by the plaintiff's solicitor, Mr Luke Dominish, on 6 February 2018 detailed that he received a phone call from Mr Beach Thomas (Mr Thomas), the defendant's solicitor, in which Mr Thomas allegedly "said that the response to the without prejudice letter is that 'there is not a hope in hell of settling it' and that he has spoken to the 'family' and 'beneficiaries' and 'they are not happy with Marco'. He stated that they have pooled their resources and he 'has $60K in his trust account to fight it'."
5. The defendant's solicitor provided a formal rejection to the first offer by way of letter dated 28 February 2018, indicating that the "defendants formally reject the offer contained in that letter", and stating that the letter dated 20 December 2017: "…contains no offer to compromise your client's claim, and is simply an offer to pay our client's costs if he capitulates to your client's claim. An offer of costs only is not a true offer of compromise… Compromise connotes that a party gives something away, but your offer gives nothing away, and is simply designed to trigger the costs sanctions in the [Uniform Civil Procedure] Rules [2005 (NSW)]". The letter further indicated that it was "reasonable for the defendants to reject" the offer, as the letter dated 20 December 2017 "contains assertions of the existence of a domestic partnership at the time of the deceased's death, but offers no objective basis which would enable our client to assess that relationship."
6. The plaintiff's solicitor responded to this letter on 29 March 2018, indicating that it "did not accept that our client's Offer was not a genuine compromise. The Offer involved our client walking away from the possibility of a costs order in his favour against your client. In the context of the costs already incurred to date, the possibility of recovering those costs was at the time of making the offer and still remains a genuine compromise". It was further outlined that the letter dated 20 December 2017: "…provides your client with extensive details of the extent of the relationship between our client and the deceased, the opportunity to avoid incurring further costs unnecessarily, and the opportunity to recover costs incurred up to the time of that offer, to the extent those costs were incurred on the basis of a misapprehension on the part of your client as to the nature of our client's relationship with the deceased. In any event, you have now received our client's affidavit of 2 February 2018, setting out on oath his evidence, together with the extensive supporting evidence exhibited thereto."
7. In his written submissions, the plaintiff submitted that it was "unreasonable" for the defendant not to have accepted the first offer at this stage, for the following reasons: 1. The defendant's affidavit evidence filed in the proceedings confirmed that he was aware that the plaintiff was living part of the time with the deceased at the Cammeray Property, and the defendant took steps to change the locks to the house within two weeks of the deceased's funeral despite knowing that the plaintiff lived there; 2. The defendant played an instrumental role at the deceased's funeral where he greeted the plaintiff warmly, asked him to sit in the front pew, escorted him out of the church, and endorsed the words of gratitude to the plaintiff as expressed by a Ms Iris Giurietto; 3. The defendant could have availed himself early on in the dispute as to the observations of the next of kin on intestacy as to the nature of the relationship between the plaintiff and deceased, from which he would have gathered that the plaintiff had been living with the deceased at her house at Cammeray for many years in a close personal relationship; 4. The affidavits relied upon by the defendant tended to support the plaintiff's claim as to the existence of a domestic partnership and/or the family provision claim.
8. In his submissions in response, the defendant submitted that the period for acceptance of the offer covered the Christmas vacation period, which he submitted was a factor relevant to its reasonableness. The defendant referred to In the matter of Hillsea Pty Limited [2019] NSWSC 1309, where Black J dealt with a Calderbank offer sent on 20 December 2018 that was open for acceptance until 17 January 2019, and outlined (at [52]): "It seems to me that the timing of the offer, both as to when it was made and the period for which it was left open, was calculated to (at least in the sense of likely to) have the result that it could not be accepted within that time."
9. The defendant further submitted that although the term "compromise" connotes that a party gives something away, the first offer gave "nothing away, for example by offering to share the estate, and [was] obviously designed solely to trigger the costs sanctions".
10. The defendant submitted that its rejection of the first offer was not unreasonable, as it was not reasonably possible for the defendant to assess the true nature of the relationship when the first offer expired, in circumstances where: "(a) The plaintiff's solicitors asserted in the letter containing Offer 1 the existence of a number of third-party witnesses who were prepared to give evidence of the existence of a de facto relationship, but those persons were not named, so the defendant had no way of evaluating any such evidence: see [Thomas William] Vale v [Timothy David] Eggins (No. 2) [[2007] NSWCA 12]… (b) The evidence that was available to the defendant in December 2017, including his own observations of the (platonic) interactions between the plaintiff and the [d]eceased and that the [d]eceased had told him that she tolerated the plaintiff 'coming in and out of my life because he has a link to Gaye[-Marie Bowles]' contradicted the plaintiff's claim. (c) The Calderbank letter containing Offer 1 was addressed to Thomas and Company who were then the defendant's solicitors, and that firm had acted for the [d]eceased when she contemplated making a will in 2014. Mr Thomas had a comprehensive file note of his conference with her in which she made no mention of a de facto relationship with the plaintiff and had told him that the plaintiff was living at Rylstone: Judgment 195-196. (d) The [d]eceased had made statements to other members of the family denying the relationship. (e) A significant body of contested evidence later emerged about the alleged relationship including evidence from third parties and medical, hospital and road toll records. Those primary records were not available in December 2017."

Second offer

1. On 24 May 2019, the plaintiff served on the defendant three further offers of settlement. One of these offers was styled "Offer of Compromise" (the second offer) and was expressed to be made in accordance with r 20.26 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) (UCPR). That offer was expressed in the following terms: "1. An order that letters of administration of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner be granted to the plaintiff. 2. The plaintiff's costs be paid out of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner on the indemnity basis. 3. The defendant's costs be paid out of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed. 4. The balance of the plaintiff's amended statement of claim be dismissed. 5. The cross-claimant's cross-claim be dismissed. 6. There be no order as to the cross-claimant's costs with the intent that he bear his own costs. 7. There be no order as to the cross-defendant's costs with the intent that he bear his own costs. 8. This offer of compromise is open for acceptance for the period of 28 days after its receipt by the offeree or their legal representative. 9. This offer of compromise is made in accordance with rule 20.26 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)."
2. No response was received from the defendant to the second offer.
3. In his written submissions, the plaintiff submitted that r 42.14 of the UCPR was applicable, which relevantly provides as follows: "(1) This rule applies if the offer is made by the plaintiff, but not accepted by the defendant, and the plaintiff obtains an order or judgment on the claim no less favourable to the plaintiff than the terms of the offer. (2) Unless the court orders otherwise, the plaintiff is entitled to an order against the defendant for the plaintiff's costs in respect of the claim: (a) assessed on the ordinary basis up to the time from which those costs are to be assessed on an indemnity basis under paragraph (b), and (b) assessed on an indemnity basis: (i) if the offer was made before the first day of the trial, as from the beginning of the day following the day on which the offer was made, and (ii) if the offer was made on or after the first day of the trial, as from 11 am on the day following the day on which the offer was made."
4. Accordingly, the plaintiff submitted that as the primary judgment of 1 October 2019 was "no less favourable to the plaintiff" than the terms of the second offer, the plaintiff was entitled to an order against the defendant for the plaintiff's costs in respect of the proceedings on the ordinary basis up to 24 May 2019, and on an indemnity basis thereafter.
5. The plaintiff submitted that a real element of compromise was involved in the second offer, as the compromise was the "offer to pay the [d]efendant's costs of the proceedings out of the estate of the deceased on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed", and that acceptance of such an offer would "relieve an unsuccessful defendant from the usual order that costs follow the event, that is, the 'compromise is in respect of costs'", citing Salmon v Osmond [2015] NSWCA 42 at [167].
6. In his submissions in response, the defendant submitted that the second offer was not a valid offer, as "it was not possible for the defendant to accept it according to its terms and for 'judgment to be entered accordingly' as required by UCPR [r] 20.27(3)". Further, the defendant submitted that "[a] bare order for administration does not achieve finality because it does not resolve how the estate is to be administered".

Third offer

1. Served concurrently with the second offer was a letter marked "[w]ithout prejudice save as to costs", which contained an offer expressed to be in accordance with the Calderbank principles (the third offer). The third offer, which was open for acceptance until 4:00pm on 21 June 2019, was in the following terms: "1. An order that letters of administration of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner be granted to the defendant. 2. An order pursuant to section 59 of the Succession Act 2006 (NSW) making provision out of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner for the plaintiff's maintenance, education and advancement in life by way of a: (a) specific devise of a fee simple in ... Churchill Crescent, Cammeray NSW 2062 being the land contained in certificate of title folio identifier … and all the household goods and personal effects contained therein; and (b) lump sum of $200,000. 3. The defendant/cross-claimant's costs be paid out of the estate of the late Shirley Joan Violet Gardner on the indemnity basis. 4. There be no other orders as to costs with the intent that the plaintiff/cross-defendant bear his own costs of the Proceedings."
2. This letter dated 24 May 2019 sets out, in some level of detail, numerous facts set out in the evidence which had been filed on behalf of the defendant which was "supportive of [the plaintiff's] position that he was the de facto spouse, or alternatively living in a close personal relationship with the deceased at the time of her death, or, a member of the deceased's household and partly dependent on her".
3. In addition, the letter referred to the documentary evidence in some level of detail, including the medical records of both the plaintiff and the deceased, documents produced by Baptist Care, and phone records, to explain how such documents supported the plaintiff's then claim that he was the surviving de facto spouse of the deceased.
4. No response was received from the defendant to the third offer.
5. In his written submissions, the plaintiff submitted that the third offer contained: "significant compromises on the part of the [p]laintiff, including that he consent to the [d]efendant obtaining the grant of letters of administration for the estate, that the [d]efendant be paid his costs out of the estate, that the [p]laintiff not receive an amount on account of his costs, and that the [p]laintiff receive the Cammeray Property and a lump sum of $200,000 as opposed to the entire estate (which was the ultimate outcome arising out of His Honour's judgment)." The plaintiff thus submitted that the defendant's failure to accept the third offer was unreasonable, for the same reasons for its non-acceptance of the fourth offer (explained below).
6. In his submissions in response, the defendant submitted that the third offer was the only offer to contain a "real element of compromise", but noted that the third offer "would have resulted in the plaintiff receiving about two thirds of the gross value of the estate which is much more than the Court would have awarded him if he had succeeded only on his family provision claim". To accept the family provision order proposed in the third offer worth approximately $2.8 million (including the title to the Cammeray Property and a $200,000 lump sum, which represented nearly 80% of the net Estate), would have left approximately $600,000 after the payment of costs to be distributed to the defendant, as representative of the deceased's nieces and nephews. The size of the offer was thus a factor which the defendant submitted rendered it reasonable for him to have rejected the third offer.

Fourth offer

1. The second offer was enclosed with a letter dated 24 May 2019 (the fourth offer), which indicated that "[t]o the extent that the offer of compromise [the second offer] does not comply with Division 4 of Part 20 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), then the offer of compromise is made in accordance with the principles espoused in Calderbank v Calderbank [1975] 3 WLR 586".
2. No response was received from the defendant to the fourth offer.
3. In his written submissions, the plaintiff submitted that the defendant's non-acceptance of the fourth offer was unreasonable, as follows: "The evidence by that stage ha[d] closed and the [d]efendant had available to him documents produced under subpoena and notices to produce issued at his request. The complete medical records of the [p]laintiff and deceased were available to the [d]efendant since 27 August 2018. The complete financial records of the [p]laintiff, including all of his financial statements, were available to the [d]efendant since 3 September 2018. The complete phone records of the deceased were available to the [d]efendant since 10 September 2018. The complete road toll records of the [p]laintiff were available to the [d]efendant since 16 September 2018. The complete phone records of the [p]laintiff were available to the [d]efendant since 28 November 2018."

Submissions on costs

1. Having regard to these offers of settlement, the plaintiff submitted two sets of proposed orders on costs. The first proposed order was based on the defendant's rejection of the first offer, extracted at [8] above, and was expressed in the following terms: "1. The defendant pay the plaintiff's costs of the plaintiff's statement of claim on and from 7 August 2017 up to an[d] including 20 December 2017 on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed and thereafter on the indemnity basis. 2. The statement of cross-claim be dismissed. 3. The cross-claimant pay the cross-defendant's costs of the statement of cross-claim on and from 20 March 2018 up to and including 24 May 2019 on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed and thereafter on the indemnity basis. 4. There be no further order as to costs, with the intent that the defendant/cross-claimant bear his own costs."
2. The plaintiff submitted that the defendant be ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs on the indemnity basis on and from 7 August 2017, being the date that the plaintiff filed his caveat, up to and including 20 December 2017, being the date of the first offer, as it was "unreasonable" for the defendant not to have accepted the first offer at this stage, for the reasons outlined at [10] above.
3. Alternatively, the second set of orders proposed by the plaintiff was based on the defendant's rejection of the second-fourth offers, extracted respectively at [16], [22] and [28] above, and was expressed in the following terms: "1. The defendant pay the plaintiff's costs of the plaintiff's statement of claim on and from 7 August 2017 up to an[d] including 24 May 2019 on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed and thereafter on the indemnity basis. 2. The statement of cross-claim be dismissed. 3. The cross-claimant pay the cross-defendant's costs on the statement of cross-claim on and from 20 March 2018 up to and including 24 May 2019 on the ordinary basis as agreed or assessed and thereafter on the indemnity basis. 4. There be no further order as to costs, with the intent that the defendant/cross-claimant bear his own costs."
4. The plaintiff submitted that the defendant be ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs on the indemnity basis on and from 7 August 2017, or from 2 February 2018 (being the date that the Statement of Claim was filed), up to and including 24 May 2019, being the date of the second-fourth offers, for the reasons outlined respectively at [18]−[20], [26] and [30] above.
5. In his submission on costs, the defendant submitted "that the Court should order that the costs of both parties be paid out of the estate of the [d]eceased on the indemnity basis", for the reasons set out below.
6. First, the defendant submitted that in "borderline case[s]" such as the present (see primary judgment at [202]), the appropriate costs order "is that the costs of both parties of the proceedings should be paid out of the estate", referring to NSW Trustee and Guardian v McGrath [2013] NSWSC 1894 at [29] (McGrath); Vaughan v Hoskovich [2010] NSWSC 706 at [69] (Vaughan).
7. In his submissions in response, the plaintiff submitted that whilst the Court described this as a "borderline case", this does not preclude the costs order sought by the plaintiff, or justify departure from the ordinary rule that "costs follow the event", as the defendant "had every piece of evidence available to make it clear that the [p]laintiff had good prospects of success at least as at the time Offers 2, 3, and 4 were made." Specifically: "…by 24 May 2019, being the date of Offers 2, 3, and 4, it must have been clear to the [d]efendant on the evidence available at that time that the [p]laintiff's claim (both as the surviving spouse or in the alternative as an eligible person for provision) had good prospects of success. Indeed, in the [p]laintiff's Calderbank letter of 24 May 2019, the [p]laintiff stated (emphasis added): 'Further, when the location data from our client's mobile phone is combined with the entries showing activity on our client's home phone in Rylstone, and then analysed against the road toll data from the Roads and Maritime Services (a summary of which [is] prepared pursuant to section 50 of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW) was served on your offices on 28 November 2018), it can be inferred approximately how many days our client spent at Rylstone as opposed to Cammeray. By way of example, on our analysis of these documents for the period of 1 January 2015 up to the date of death of the deceased (being 19 June 2017), it may be inferred our client was at Rylstone for approximately 405 of 901 days, or 44.95% of the time (and that he was at the Cammeray property for the balance of this time". (emphasis in original). The plaintiff thereby submitted that to the "extent the [d]efendant failed to give due weight to this evidence in the face of the [p]laintiff's offers, the [p]laintiff should not be prejudiced by having the estate eroded by bearing both parties' costs."
8. Secondly, the defendant submitted that different costs principles apply in probate suits, calling in aid and citing Gray v Hart; Estate of Harris (No 2) [2012] NSWSC 1562 (Gray v Hart), where White J (as his Honour then was) said (at [4]): "It is well-established that the principles applicable to the awarding of costs in probate litigation differ from those applicable to ordinary civil suits where the principle that costs follow the event usually means that the losing party pays the winning party's costs."
9. The defendant submitted that in probate actions, r 42.1 of the UCPR ordinarily applies and costs will follow the event, subject to two overlapping exceptions as outlined in Re Hodges (1988) 14 NSWLR 698 at 709, as follows: "1. where the testator has, or those interested in residue have, been the cause of the litigation, the costs of unsuccessfully opposing probate may be ordered to be paid out of the estate. 2. if circumstances led reasonably to an investigation in regard to the document propounded, the costs may be left to be borne by those who respectively incurred them." The defendant submitted "that the same principles must apply in a contested application for a grant of letters of administration on intestacy".
10. With respect to the first probate exception, where the testator has been the "cause of the litigation", the defendant referred to Gray v Hart at [19], where White J concluded that the "usual order" is that "the costs of the losing party are paid out of the estate". It is important to note that most if not all of the cases referred to by White J (as he then was) in Gray v Hart involved challenges to the testamentary capacity of the deceased. However Vaughan involved an intestacy and a disputed de facto relationship where the plaintiff and the deceased chose to live together for a small part of each week. White J held (at [69]) that: "the deceased was the cause of the litigation by not having made a will. By not doing so he put his parents…and the plaintiff in the invidious position of litigating a question whose resolution involves a 'value judgment' on which minds may legitimately differ. Moreover neither party would have known the full facts on which that question is to be decided. In my view it would not be just if either party were required to pay the costs of the other… In this case, the circumstance that the deceased was the effective cause of the litigation by not having made a will indicates that the costs of both parties should be paid from the estate. The costs of the defendant should be paid on the ordinary basis."
11. The defendant submitted that in the present case, the deceased "precipitated the litigation by making testamentary promises to the plaintiff which she did not fulfil", and that "[c]ritically, by deliberately concealing the existence of the relationship, the [d]eceased compounded the situation and set up a climate of disbelief which could only be dispelled by a determination of a court, and made the commencement of proceedings inevitable".
12. The defendant further submitted that "without attributing fault to the plaintiff, the fact that he was himself involved in the conduct of the [d]eceased which led to the litigation makes it appropriate that both parties be equally indemnified out of the estate".
13. In his submissions in response, the plaintiff submitted that the "probate exceptions" did not apply in the present case, as the "proceedings were not a typical 'probate suit' with the requisite public interest element", such as cases where the testator might have lacked testamentary capacity.
14. The plaintiff submitted, however, that if the Court were minded to accept the defendant's submissions as to the applicability of the "probate exceptions" in the current proceedings, the deceased could nevertheless not be said to have "caused" the litigation.
15. Additionally, citing Estate Pamplin; Irwin v Pamplin [2017] NSWSC 1477, the plaintiff submitted that a failure to leave a will does not necessarily lead to a conclusion that the Estate should bear the costs of a dispute concerning competing applications for letters of administration. Indeed, the plaintiff submitted that it was the approach of the defendant to the plaintiff's claim which itself played a significant role in causing the adversarial litigation, including that the "deceased felt compelled to conceal the relationship in part because of the fear of the reaction from her family that they might 'banish' her". The plaintiff submitted that unless the defendant could satisfy the court as to why he rejected the second offer, he must be considered to be a "real cause and occasion of the litigation", drawing upon the language of McColl JA in Caine v Lumley General Insurance Ltd (No 2) [2008] NSWCA 109 at [36].
16. With respect to the second probate exception, the defendant submitted that where the testator was not the "cause" of the litigation, but an investigation was necessary, "each party to the litigation will bear their own costs or, depending on the circumstances, their costs may be allowed out of the estate". The defendant submitted that in the present case: "[a] judicial investigation was necessary to resolve the conflict between the plaintiff's version of events and those of the defendant's witnesses, and to determine the facts and circumstances surrounding their relationship. The [d]eceased's denials to the defendant's witnesses (who were not cross-examined) that she and the plaintiff were a couple and the plaintiff's admissions that he had publicly corroborated her denials, made it reasonable that the persons who would otherwise be entitled to the [d]eceased's estate would not accept at face value the plaintiff's contrary assertion of a de facto relationship".
17. In his submissions in response, the plaintiff submitted that there "were no circumstances which reasonably called for an investigation in the established sense", as such investigations are "ordinarily made… in relation to the validity of testamentary documents of the deceased", as opposed to intestacy applications. Even if such investigations were necessary, the plaintiff submitted that by 24 May 2019, being the date that the plaintiff served the second-fourth offers, the defendant "could have end[ed] the investigation and put an end to legal costs and freed up the Court's time".
18. Finally, in his submissions in response, the defendant outlined that to obtain an order that the defendant pay the plaintiff's costs, the plaintiff must establish that: "…when he made the offers in December 2017 and May 2019, the defendant was in possession of all of the facts on which the Court based its decision, as well as the deficiencies in his own evidence. In addition, the Court must also be satisfied that, at the time the offers were made, it was unreasonable for the defendant not to draw the same conclusions from those facts that Court ultimately reached on the whole of the evidence after a three-day hearing."
19. The defendant submitted that he "did not have a sufficient basis to assess the reasonableness of any of the offers", and that at the time the offers were made: "It is not sufficient for the plaintiff to point to the raft of subpoenaed telephone records, toll records, financial and hospital records and contend that within that mountain of material lay facts from which the defendant should have concluded that it was unreasonable for the litigation to continue. The plaintiff did not seek to rely on that undigested primary material, and it only became useful when it had been digested and summarised in comprehensible form, and (apart from the telephone and toll records) that did not happen until the hearing began and, in the case of an aid-memoire provided to the Court by email on 9 September 2019, following the hearing."

Consideration

1. The defendant was correct to point out that the matter was finely balanced. As such, it was appropriate to point to the decision of Young AJ in McGrath and that of White J in Vaughan where the unsuccessful defendant's costs were paid out of the Estate on the ordinary basis.
2. On the other hand, neither or those decisions made reference to the existence of any formal offers of compromise or Calderbank letters.
3. In Morgan v Johnson (1998) 44 NSWLR 578 (at 581-582), Mason P (with whom Sheller JA agreed) summarised the rationale for the rules relating to offers of compromise as follows: "(1) The purpose of the rule is to encourage the proper compromise of litigation, in the private interests of individual litigants and the public interest of the prompt and economical disposal of litigation: Maitland Hospital (at 725-726); Hillier (at 421, 431). (2) The aim is to oblige the offeree to give serious thought to the risk involved in non-acceptance: Maitland Hospital (at 724). (3) The prima facie consequence of non-acceptance will be that the rule will be enforced against the non-accepting party: NSW Insurance Ministerial Corporation v Reeve (at 102); Hillier (at 422). This is because, from the time of non-acceptance 'notionally the real cause and occasion of the litigation is the attitude adopted by [the party] which has rejected the compromise': Maitland Hospital (at 724); see also Hillier (at 420). (4) Lying behind the rule is the common knowledge that 'litigation is inescapably chancy': Maitland Hospital (at 725). For this reason, the ordinary provision is expected to apply in the ordinary case: ibid NSW Insurance Ministerial Corporation v Reeve (at 102-103). The mere fact that it was reasonable for the litigant to take the view that he or she did in rejecting the offer is not enough to displace the rule: NSW Insurance Ministerial Corporation v Reeve (at 102). As Clarke JA expressed it in Houatchanthara (at 2-3): 'The rule lays down the general principle that should be applied, and the order provided for in that rule should only be departed from for proper reasons which, in general, only arise in an exceptional case. It is clear that if the rule operates, the plaintiff will be significantly disadvantaged, but that disadvantage flows naturally from the risks of litigation. The idea behind the rule is to encourage settlement or compromise of proceedings, and more specifically, to encourage litigants to give serious consideration to the settlement of proceedings. Where an offer is made by a defendant to a plaintiff, the latter is put on notice that unless he or she accepts that offer, there is a significant risk that the order provided for by the rule may follow. In declining to accept the offer, the plaintiff undertakes the risk and the consequences that flow naturally from that risk.' (5) The discretion to displace the rule is a judicial one, requiring the private and public purposes of the rule to be borne in mind: Maitland Hospital (at 725-726). Reasons must be given for 'otherwise ordering': Hillier (at 419); Quach."
4. Whilst the principles relating to Calderbank letters are not identical to formal offers of compromise, the rationale is much the same and, whilst fully accepting that special considerations of the kind referred to by White J in both Vaughan and Gray v Hart may apply in the succession context, those considerations are not to the exclusion of the rules relating to offers of compromise and principles relating to Calderbank letters. Indeed, the discipline and focus that those rules and principles are calculated to engender in litigants is important in Estate matters, and competing parties should not expect that Estate litigation is a risk-free enterprise because it will invariably be funded out of the subject Estate.
5. In the present case, I place no significance on the first and second offers, essentially for the reasons submitted by the defendant which I have set out at [13]-[15] and [21] above.
6. I do, however, and by way of contrast to the first and second formal offers, consider that the third offer issued in accordance with the principles in Calderbank did offer a genuine compromise, and so much is accepted in the defendant's submissions. Not only was there a genuine compromise entailed in that offer, but the evidence by reference to which the plaintiff succeeded at trial, including subpoenaed material, was all to hand. Whilst it is true that the defendant may not have analysed that material as closely as it did by the time of the trial, it was, in my opinion, plain that such material could have been interrogated at the time to form a meaningful assessment as to the movements of the plaintiff between Cammeray and his rural property, and thus to measure in an appropriate way the amount of time the plaintiff and the deceased spent together.
7. In all the circumstances, a just outcome will, in my opinion, be reflected in the following orders as to costs: 1. Order that the plaintiff's costs be payable out of the Estate on an indemnity basis. 2. Order that the defendant's costs be payable out of the Estate on the ordinary basis up until 21 June 2019, with the defendant to bear his own costs thereafter.
8. I have identified 21 June 2019 in order 2 as this represents an allowance of a reasonable period after the making of the third offer for its consideration. Further, order 2 reflects a discretionary decision not to order that the defendant pay the plaintiff's costs from that date (the usual consequence of an unreasonable rejection of a Calderbank offer) but at the same time prevents the Estate from being depleted by costs which would not have been incurred had the plaintiff's third offer been accepted.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 20 December 2019