Environment Protection Authority v Nationwide Oil Pty Limited

21 Ultimately, a full and comprehensive report was provided to the EPA on 5 December 2001. 22 Furthermore, all relevant employees were made available for interview and no complaint is made about the co-operation of the individuals in this regard. The defendant has facilitated the preparation of an Agreed Statement of Facts. As a result only one witness was called to give oral evidence. 23 The Court is not prepared to find that there is evidence of a failure by the defendant to co-operate with the EPA in relation to its enquiries. The evidence is to the contrary, even if the actual responses made by the company were engendered as a consequence of statutory obligations to provide the information. 24 The defendant is also entitled to the maximum reduction representing the utilitarian value of its early plea of guilty referred to by the Court of Appeal in R v Thomson; R v Houlton (2000) 49 NSWLR 383. 25 The maximum penalty for this type of offence has since been increased from $125,000 to $250,000 where the offence is committed by a company. The penalty imposed by the Court needs to reflect an element of general deterrence against the emission of odours, particularly in a case such as the present where there is a real prospect that there can be a direct effect on the amenity, well-being and health of members of the public. Notwithstanding that the direct effect on individuals was not long-term in the sense of extending beyond discomfort and minor illness over several days at the most, nevertheless it is important for the Court to demonstrate that it is cognisant of the effect on a local community and that a penalty should be sufficient to provide a warning to all industrial operators that they must act within the parameters of the law and in the interest of the welfare of the general public.

26 The Court accepts the expressions of contrition made on behalf of the company by its State Manager and that (although somewhat belatedly) it has re-organised the staff and personnel with a view to increasing the technical expertise in the operation of the plant. The company has also taken steps to improve the standard of high level alarm indicators within its system and the maintenance thereof. 27 There is no issue that the Court must take into account the highly odorous nature of the substances used in the plant and the harm likely to be caused to the environment by allowing odours to be emitted, contrary to the conditions of the licence. The defendant accepts there was actual harm to persons as a consequence of the emission, although, as I have already said, there were no long-term effects in this instance. Since the offence occurred the defendant has taken the following measures to ensure that no similar incident will occur in the future:- · Restructuring the work force; · Increased training; · Accreditation to ISO14001 (environmental management systems) · Improved switch alarms; · Regular maintenance; · Regular checking of alarms; · Operation of pumps.

28 Appreciating that this is not a case where there were no protective measures in place at the relevant date, nevertheless the practical measures taken since July 2001 demonstrate that there was room for improvement. The Court takes into account these practical measures for the purposes of s 241(1)(b) of the PEO Act. 29 The defendant accepts that for the purposes of s 241(1)(c) it was reasonably foreseeable that harm could be caused or would be likely to be caused to the environment by what occurred. Although, as I have said, this is not a situation where there was no safety systems already in place, the defendant accepts for the purposes of s 241(1)(d) that it did have control over the cause that gave rise to the effects. 30 Despite some suggestion that the EPA harbours some concern that the real cause of the emission of odours was as a consequence of the operation of the burner, the Court accepts that the offence occurred as a consequence of the spill from the V300 tank and that this was the cause of the release of the offending odour. The emission occurred contrary to the condition of the licence. Accordingly, the Court finds that the elements of the offence have been proved beyond reasonable doubt not solely as a consequence of the plea of guilty, but based upon the evidence presented in the form of an Agreed Statement of Facts.

Matter No. 50064 of 2002 31 The defendant has also entered an early plea of guilty in these proceedings and an Agreed Statement of Facts has been tendered. 32 At approximately 11:45am on 25 January 2002 a join in a pipe which normally carries vapour overflow ruptured and spilt a mixture of water/LGO onto the ground. The overflow occurred due to the high level of the tank following the failure of an alarm. As the area is normally a place where only vapours are carried and not water/LGO mixtures, the area was not bunded. The mixture ran into a storm water drain on adjoining premises. It ran through a storm water system for approximately 200 metres into an open storm water culvert which forms part of the headwaters of Prospect Creek. 33 A bad odour was detected by factory workers at an adjoining site. 34 Oil absorbent booms were placed across the culvert and at a point about a kilometre further downstream. 35 Employees from the adjoining factory were evacuated from their work premises shortly after the incident occurred. Between 100 and 125 employees were evacuated up wind from the storm water drain. Prior to evacuation the employees were affected with dizziness, watering eyes, difficulty in breathing and nausea. None required medical treatment. Analysis of samples taken from the storm water system revealed that the liquid contained various hydrocarbons, including Benzene, Toluene and Alkyl Benzenes. 36 The defendant arranged for a Specialist Drain Cleaning Truck to attend the site, which enabled the drain to be flushed and for water to be flushed into a tank on the truck. Drain cleaning equipment was inserted into the storm water pipe. 37 The amount of product spilt at the premises has been estimated by the defendant as between 60 litres and 600 litres and that approximately 20 litres of water/LGO discharged into the open drain adjoining the premises and into the storm water pipe. 38 The evacuation of employees from the adjoining factory resulted in the loss of working hours for that business. 39 Although the offence is that the defendant did pollute waters, nevertheless as a result of polluting the water, offensive odours were expelled from the waters. The offensive odours entered the premises of the adjoining factory and caused the effects referred to earlier at par 35. It is appropriate that the extent of the harm caused should include the impact of the odour for the purposes of s 241(1)(a) of the PEO Act. It is also appropriate for the Court to take into account the likely prospect that if prompt action had not been taken to contain the spill, there could have been an affect on aquatic life downstream of the storm water system and, further, that persons in addition to those occupying the adjoining factory premises could have been affected by the odour. In this context it is appropriate to note the definition of "harm" in the Dictionary to the PEO Act as follows:- "harm" to the environment includes any direct or indirect alteration of the environment that has the effect of degrading the environment and, without limiting the generality of the above, includes any act or omission that results in pollution. 40 Beyond the physical affects on the workforce and the loss of business in the adjoining factory, there was a significant public cost in the deployment of Police, Ambulance and Fire Brigade services. 41 Since the incident the company has implemented a number of practical measures in an attempt to prevent, control, abate or mitigate the harm and to ensure that no similar incidents will occur in the future. These include the following steps:- s restructuring the work force; s increased training; s accreditation to ISO14001 (environmental management systems); s increased maintenance of the transmitter to twice a week. This involves a visual/physical check; s ducting to be moved to bunded area on next shut down of plant; s louder alarm has been installed; s regular preventative maintenance to tank PT11 to ensure no accumulation of LGO; s proposed to add an extra level indicator. 42 Once again, the undertaking of these steps demonstrates the practical measures that may have been taken to prevent, control, abate or mitigate that harm and which the Court is required to take into account pursuant to s 241(1)(b). 43 The defendant also accepts that it was reasonably foreseeable that harm could be caused or would be likely to be caused to the environment by what occurred for the purposes of s 241(1)(c) and that it did have control over the cause which gave rise to the offence. It is contended, however, that it was not a situation where there was no safety system in place. Unfortunately, due to a combination of circumstances, the safety system failed. As with the offence in matter No. 50053 of 2002, the alarm system did not work to expectations. 44 The defendant co-operated with the EPA in its enquiries and provided written reports and supporting documents in relation to the incident. 45 There is no evidence of any actual harm to aquatic life. However, it is agreed that there was potential for environmental harm to aquatic life. 46 The defendant has incurred costs undertaking the clean up of the discharge. The need for the Court to impose a penalty reflecting the elements of general deterrence as well as individual deterrence, the early plea of guilty, co-operation by the defendant and its contrition are all matters that need to be taken into account. These factors will be considered in assessing the amount of penalty to be imposed in the same way as it was discussed earlier in relation to matter No. 50053 of 2002.

Antecedents 47 The defendant has two prior convictions for breaches of s 17D(9) of the Pollution Control Act 1970. These matters both related to the release of odours in February 1999 in breach of licence conditions. Since 1999 the defendant has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to rectify the situation and was in the process of purchasing the necessary equipment and installing it at the time of the subject offences. However, the 1999 incidents relate to yet another part of the plant within the premises

Totality 48 The defendant contends that the offences, although not immediately contemporaneous, are very similar factually, particularly as both offences were caused by the failure of the safety alarm system. As a result, Mr Gray-Spencer contends there should be a downward adjustment of the penalty, after determining the overall criminality involved on the basis discussed in R v Holder (1983) 3 NSWLR 245. 49 The High Court has adopted the following description of the totality principle from Thomas, Principles of Sentencing, 2nd ed., 1979, p 56 - 7 (see Mill v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 39 at 62-3) as follows:- The effect of the totality principle is to require a sentencer who has passed a series of sentences, each properly calculated in relation to the offence for which it is imposed…to review the aggregate sentence and consider whether the aggregate is "just and appropriate". The principle has been stated many times in various forms: 'when a number of offences are being dealt with and specific punishments in respect of them are being totted up to make a total, it is always necessary for the court to take a last look at the total just to see whether it looks wrong[']; 'when…cases of multiplicity of offences come before the courts, the court must not content itself by doing the arithmetic and passing the sentence which the arithmetic produces. It must look at the totality of the criminal behaviour and ask itself what is the appropriate sentence for all the offences. 50 The principle was reiterated by the High court in Pearce v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 610 at 624 as follows:- A judge sentencing an offender for more than one offence must fix an appropriate sentence for each offence and then consider questions of cumulation or concurrence, as well, of course, as questions of totality. 51 In the present case, the first offence occurred as a consequence of a failure of the alarm system to warn of a discharge of liquid that had odorous qualities. The effects of the discharge of the odour were widespread and the offence is regarded as serious. 52 Similarly, the second offence involved a spill of odorous liquid, which in addition to the impact from the emission into the air it involved the pollution of water which extended the ambit of the potential for the spread of the odour into the atmosphere. 53 Both offences attract a maximum penalty of $250,000 and, accordingly, are regarded with equal seriousness by Parliament. 54 Apart from the failure of separate and distinct components of the safety system, the common elements to each offence are the premises and the consequences in terms of odour. Notwithstanding that each offence involved a separate contravention of the PEO Act, nevertheless, for the purpose of applying the totality principle, they are, in the Court's view, substantially contemporaneous and connected (L. Vogel and Son Pty Limited and Another v Anderson, Minister of State for Customs and Excise for the Commonwealth of Australia (1967-1968) 120 CLR 157 at 168). 55 Before allowing any discount for the early plea of guilty and the utilitarian benefits flowing from the co-operation of the defendant, an appropriate penalty in respect of the second offence would be $75,000. In the case of the first offence, an appropriate penalty, before the application of any discount, would be in the order of $60,000. After discount and taking account of mitigation factors these penalties would be reduced to $53,000 and $42,000 respectively. 56 Having regard to the overall criminality involved in the two offences, the Court determines that the defendant should incur a penalty by way of a fine in the sum of $50,000 in matter No. 50064 of 2002 and $30,000 in matter No. 50053 of 2002. 57 The overall penalty of $80,000 reflects the total criminality involved in the two offences as well as the antecedent history of the defendant and takes into account the mitigating factors referred to above. It includes a discount for the early pleas of guilty and the overall co-operation with the prosecuting authority.

Costs 58 In matter No. 50064 of 2002, the defendant has agreed to pay the prosecutor's costs in the sum of $7,000. The defendant has also agreed to pay the prosecutor's costs in the sum of $10,000 in matter No. 50053 of 2002.

Orders 59 The Court finds the offences proved and the defendant is convicted in each case. 60 The formal orders of the Court are as follows:- (1) In matter No. 50064 of 2002 the defendant is convicted of the charge in the summons.

(2) In matter No. 50064 of 2002 the defendant is ordered to pay a fine in the sum of $50,000.

(3) In matter No. 50064 of 2002 the defendant is ordered to pay the prosecutor's costs in the agreed sum of $7,000.

(4) In matter No. 50053 of 2002 the defendant is convicted of the charge in the summons.

(5) In matter No. 50053 of 2002 the defendant is ordered to pay a fine in the sum of $30,000.

(6) In matter No. 50053 of 2002 the defendant is ordered to pay the prosecutor's costs in the agreed sum of $10,000.

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