THE ALTERNATE GROUNDS BASED ON S 793(1) OF THE aCT
11 Mr Dowling had made similar allegations in both proceedings concerning the existence of a reason for his dismissal prohibited by ss 792(1) and 793(1). In the principal proceedings and the directors and officers proceedings, his Honour considered allegations that Mr Dowling had causes of action based on allegations under ss 793(1)(j), (k), and (l) of the Workplace Relations Act. Mr Dowling had foreshadowed an amendment, which he had not then pleaded, to raise claims in the principal proceedings under subsections 793(1)(j) and (k). He had pleaded claims based on ss 793(1)(k) and (l) in the directors and officers proceedings.
12 His Honour determined that he could not conclude that Mr Dowling's foreshadowed claim (that Fairfax had breached s 792(1) of the Workplace Relations Act because he had threatened to refer to WorkCover the issues he wanted resolved) had no reasonable prospects of success. Accordingly, he allowed the principal proceedings to remain on foot in order for that issue to be further explored. The circumstances in which that claim arose are set out in the trial judge's reasons in the principal proceedings (Dowling v Fairfax [2007] FMCA 2104 at [47]). Mr Dowling had said in his affidavit filed in those proceedings that he had threatened an officer of Fairfax that he would refer to WorkCover the issues he wanted resolved, and had expressed a view that he could obtain a court order stopping Fairfax from sacking him.
13 Section 792(1) of the Act provides that:
'An employer must not, for a prohibited reason, or for reasons that include a prohibited reason, do or threaten to do any of the following:
(a) dismiss an employee;
…'
Thus, the gravamen of Mr Dowling's complaints before his Honour, both as against Fairfax and, as will appear, the directors and officers, is that he was dismissed shortly after the conversation concerning WorkCover and the potential to obtain a court order because of what he claimed he had said there.
14 The definition of 'prohibited reason', so far as is relevant, is found in s 793(1) in pars (j), (k), and (l). They provide as follows:
'(j) has made or proposes to make any inquiry or complaint to a person or body having the capacity under an industrial law to seek:
(i) compliance with that law; or
(ii) the observance of a person's rights under an industrial instrument; or
(k) has participated in, proposes to participate in or has at any time proposed to participate in a proceeding under an industrial law; or
(l) has given or proposes to give evidence in a proceeding under an industrial law …'
15 It is important to appreciate that in the principal proceedings before his Honour, Mr Dowling relied only on a proposal to amend in order to raise the prohibited reasons under pars (j) and (k), but in the directors and officers proceedings, he had relied, in addition, on par (l). His Honour dismissed, under s 17A of the Federal Magistrates Act, so much of the directors and officers proceedings that relied on s 793(1)(k) and (l), but allowed them to stand in respect of the prohibited reason in s 793(1)(j) for the reasons that he had given in the principal proceedings concerning the foreshadowed amendment, together with some additional reasons.
16 Both the principal and the directors and officers proceedings were commenced under Div 9 of Pt 16 of the Act. Where an application has been made under section 807(1) relating to a person's conduct, and it is alleged that the conduct was being carried out for a particular reason or with a particular intent, which, if proved would constitute a contravention of Pt 16, s 809(1) creates a rebuttable presumption that the conduct was being carried out for that reason or with that intent.
17 One reasonably arguable construction of the legislation is that simply because Mr Dowling made an allegation that he had been dismissed for each of the prohibited reasons in s 793(1) (j), (k) or (l), the persons against whom the allegation was made would be required by s 809(1) to prove to the contrary in order for the Court to be able to find in their favour. It seems to me that if this construction is correct then Mr Dowling's claim was not able to be dismissed summarily on the material before his Honour.
18 That construction does not necessarily require the person or persons (alleged to have had the proscribed reason or intent) to give evidence themselves. The question is whether the person proves the contrary, as the section says. Ms Eastman, who appears for each of the respondents, has informed me that there is no decision, apart from that of his Honour in the Court below, as to the proper construction of these provisions and how they operate. Nor, in the brief time available to me, have I been able to find any such decision. This appears to raise important questions of employment law. One argument which was raised by the respondents before his Honour but has not been dealt with before me is whether the provisions of Pt 16 are available to be relied upon by Mr Dowling at all. Again, since his Honour did not accede to the application to dismiss either proceedings on that basis, I am satisfied that that issue is arguable and could be made the subject of a notice of contention in respect of the ground on which I propose to grant leave to appeal.
19 The critical reasoning which his Honour applied is that, even though the presumption in s 809(1) operates, there was nothing in the material placed before him which suggested a real issue to be tried in respect of s 793(1)(k): Dowling v Fairfax [2007] FMCA 2104 at [66]-[69]. He said that Mr Dowling had not put evidence on to suggest that he had actually commenced court proceedings. His Honour accepted Fairfax's submissions that there was no evidence that Mr Dowling had participated in or proposed to participate in a proceeding under an industrial law at any time prior to the termination of his employment. In my opinion, it is reasonably arguable that this was an error of law in the construction of s 793(1)(k) having regard to the operation of ss 792(1) and 809(1). That is because it may be arguable that the making of the allegation that Mr Dowling was dismissed for a prohibited reason created a presumption that that reason was operative unless the relevant respondent proved otherwise.
20 If an employer dismissed an employee because the employee suggested, wrongly, that proceedings had been commenced by him or her when they had not, that conduct arguably may be a contravention of the Act that gives rise to a cause of action under s 807. This is because the focus of ss 792(1) and 793(1) is on whether the employer's reason for dismissing the employee is a 'prohibited reason'. In my opinion, there is sufficient doubt as to whether his Honour was correct to determine that it was necessary for a proceeding to exist prior to the termination to enliven a contravention of s 793(1)(k) or (l), to warrant a grant of leave to appeal.
21 In the directors and officers proceedings, his Honour applied to s 793(1)(l) by extension his reasoning in the principal proceedings in respect of s 793(1)(j) and (k): Dowling v Kirk [2007] FMCA 2106 at [37]. The nub of his Honour's reasoning was that there was no evidence that, prior to his dismissal, Mr Dowling had participated in or proposed to participate in proceedings under an industrial law. Again, in my opinion, this question seems to raise an arguable issue.
22 The respondents have argued that even if I were minded to determine that there was sufficient doubt as to the judgment below in this respect I ought not grant leave to appeal because no substantial injustice would be done. Indeed, they argued that the consequence of a grant of leave would be the inevitable delay attendant not only on the resolution of the appeal proceedings but the impact that they would have upon the way in which the principal proceedings were to proceed.
23 Those are matters which are for Mr Dowling and the respondents to address themselves. The injustice to Mr Dowling of not being able to litigate a case which may give rise to causes of actions, if the argument identified by me were able to be sustained on appeal, is obvious.
24 There was some discussion that I should restrict the grant of leave to proceedings against the four respondents to the directors and officers proceedings referred to by his Honour in the judgment: Dowling v Kirk [2007] FMCA 2106 at [34]. This was based on a suggestion that Fairfax's Board of Directors would have not been involved in or had knowledge of these allegations and matters or been party to them. The respondents argued that this involvement was so unlikely to be sustained that his Honour should have dismissed the claims in respect of s 793(1) in the directors and officers proceedings summarily. However, no doubt mindful of the effect of s 809, his Honour, declined to limit the continuation of those proceedings to those four persons, and I do not think that I should restrict the grant of leave for that reason.