Crawford v Oswald Park [2006] NSWSC 987 | Case summary

5559/05 JANINE ELIZABETH CRAWFORD V OSWALD PARK PTY LTD (IN LIQ) & ANOR JUDGMENT 1 HIS HONOUR: The first defendant ("Oswald Park") is in members' voluntary liquidation. The liquidator is Kevin Shirlaw. The plaintiff, Mrs Crawford, and the second defendant, Mr McIntosh, are sister and brother. They are the directors and sole shareholders in Oswald Park. They are therefore contributories of the company in liquidation. 2 The liquidator has prepared a plan of distribution of the company's surplus funds as at 19 July 2005 ("the 2005 Plan"). Under the 2005 Plan, the distribution to Mr McIntosh would be reduced by the total amount said to be owing by Mr McIntosh to the company according to his loan account, including two amounts recorded as reversals of journal entries, in the sums of $39,734.05 ("the First Amount") and $102,682 ("the Second Amount"), together with interest. Mr McIntosh asserts that those deductions should not be made. His sister strenuously disagrees with him. 3 Section 511(1)(a) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) allows the liquidator, or any contributory or creditor, to apply to the court "to determine any question arising in the winding up" of the company. Section 511(2) says that the court, "if satisfied that the determination of the question … will be just and beneficial", may accede wholly or partly to the application on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit and make such order as it thinks just. 4 By Further Amended Originating Process filed on 13 February 2006, Mrs Crawford makes an application under s 511(1)(a) to determine whether Oswald Park should proceed to distribute the net balance of its funds to its shareholders. The form of the order she proposes is as follows: "An order pursuant to section 511 of the Act that the First Defendant proceed with the distribution of the net balance of funds to shareholders of the Company as per the liquidator's draft plan of distribution dated 19 July 2005, adjusted to reflect interest accrued on the accounts of the Company to date." She also seeks an order that Mr McIntosh pay the costs of the application on an indemnity basis. 5 As presently constituted, Mrs Crawford's proceeding is against Oswald Park in liquidation and Mr McIntosh as defendants. Counsel for Oswald Park (by its liquidator) submitted that the proceeding should have been brought against the liquidator rather than the company, because as presently constituted, it is a proceeding requiring leave under s 500(2) and leave has not been granted. Although there may be some scope for argument as to whether, having regard to the nature of the relief sought, the proceeding is one "against the company", my view is that on balance, this submission is correct. I therefore intend to grant Mrs Crawford leave under s 500(2), nunc pro tunc, to commence and proceed with the present proceeding. 6 By an interlocutory process filed on 14 February 2006, Mr McIntosh seeks to invoke s 511(1)(a) for the purpose of achieving a different outcome. He asks the court to make a determination under s 511(1)(a) that the liquidator of Oswald Park is not entitled to reduce the funds to be distributed to him by deducting the First and Second Amounts, and an order under s 511(2) directing the liquidator not to reduce the amount of funds distributed to him in that way. He seeks a determination under s 511(1)(a) that he does not owe Oswald Park the First and Second Amounts, and an order under s 511(2) for the liquidator to distribute the company's surplus assets without making those deductions. 7 Thus, the issue between the parties, which both sides seek to have determined by their respective applications, is whether Mr McIntosh owes Oswald Park the First and Second Amounts. It seems to be accepted that if he does, then it would be appropriate to deduct those amounts in calculating the final distributions of surplus assets to the contributories of the company. I note, however, as counsel for Mr Shirlaw pointed out, that the actual amounts of the final distributions will have to be adjusted to take into account interest and the liquidator's costs. 8 In the interlocutory process, paras 3 and 4, Mr McIntosh sought orders under s 1321 of the Corporations Act, directing the liquidator not to deduct the First and Second Amounts from the funds distributed in the winding up. Section 1321 allows a person aggrieved by an act, omission or decision of [relevantly] a liquidator to appeal to the court. It was submitted on behalf of Mr Shirlaw at the hearing that he had made no relevant decision, and consequently s 1321 was not available. In my opinion it is plain on the facts before me, to which I shall refer below, that Mr Shirlaw prepared a plan of distribution as at 19 July 2005, but he did not act on the plan because he received a threatening letter from Mr McIntosh's solicitors and then the matter came to be subject to the present litigation. At the hearing senior counsel for Mr McIntosh accepted that this was so and informed me that his client did not move on paras 3 and 4. Scope of ss 511(1)(a) and 511(2) 9 Mrs Crawford seeks a binding determination of the question whether the First and Second Amounts are owing and whether, accordingly, the liquidator should or should not deduct those amounts from the final distribution to Mr McIntosh. In the interlocutory process, Mr McIntosh also sought determinations of these matters under s 511(1)(a). But in the written submissions made on his behalf just prior to the commencement of the hearing, senior counsel for Mr McIntosh submitted that a proceeding brought by a contributory under s 511 is not an appropriate vehicle for resolution of such a dispute. In his oral submissions, senior counsel for Mr McIntosh explained that while he conceded that the court has the power to determine whether Mr McIntosh owes the First and Second Amounts to the company, it is not appropriate or useful to do so. But this was a preliminary submission and his primary submission was that the court should make a determination under s 511(1(a) in accordance with para 5 of the interlocutory process, that is a determination that Mr McIntosh does not owe Oswald Park the First and Second Amounts or interest on those amounts. 10 In my view it is appropriate to rely on s 511(1)(a), in conjunction with s 511(2), to determine whether the First and Second Amounts are owing, in the particular circumstances of the present case. Senior counsel for Mrs Crawford sought to distinguish s 511, which applies in the case of a members' or creditors' voluntary winding up, from s 479(3), the power of a liquidator to seek the court's directions in a winding up by the court. He noted that s 511(1)(a) allows the court to "determine any question" arising in the winding up, suggesting the binding determination of the rights of the parties, whereas s 479(3) simply allows the court to give directions. He also noted that while s 479(3) is available only to the liquidator, s 511(1) can be invoked not only by the liquidator but also by any contributory or creditor. He submitted therefore that s 511(1) is wider in scope that s 479(3), referring to Dean-Willcocks v Soluble Solution Hydroponics (1997) 42 NSWLR 209, a case also cited of behalf of Mr McIntosh. 11 I find it unnecessary to decide, in the present case, whether s 511 allows the court to grant relief in circumstances where that relief would not be available under s 479(3). In my opinion, if there had been a court-ordered winding up, the court could have dealt with the matters raised in this proceeding in an application by the liquidator under s 479(3), for a direction that he would be justified in making the final distribution to the contributories on a basis reflecting whether the First and Second Amounts were all one of owing. Therefore, a fortiori, the court may make a determination of the dispute under s 511(1)(a). 12 In New South Wales the leading case on the scope of s 479(3) and the circumstances where it is appropriate for the court to give directions is Re GB Nathan & Co Pty Ltd (in liq) (1991) 5 ACSR 673. There McLelland J observed (at 678) that s 479(3) does not enable the court to make binding orders in the nature of judgments, and that the function of a liquidator's application for directions is to give him advice as to his proper course of action in the liquidation rather than to determine the rights and liabilities arising from the company's transactions before the liquidation. However, he continued (at 678-9): "It should be observed that there are instances where a court has, in proceedings commenced as a liquidator's application for directions, gone on to make orders declaratory of substantive rights, clearly intended to be of binding effect on the parties to the proceedings …. The procedures of the court are sufficiently flexible to enable proceedings commenced as an application for directions to be changed into proceedings for the determination of substantive rights, and this is sometimes a convenient course in order to avoid the need to commence further proceedings involving additional cost and delay …. However it is important that the distinction between the two kinds of proceedings be not lost sight of or blurred, and such a fundamental change should not be permitted unless the court is satisfied that those affected either consent to that course …, or will not suffer injustice in consequence of the alteration to the status of the proceedings." 13 The present case never was an application by a liquidator for directions. It always was the other kind of case referred to by his Honour. His Honour's observations confirm that even under s 479(3), an application for relief of the kind sought in the present case can be entertained, provided that the issues arise in the context of a liquidator's application. Given the terms of s 511(1), the proviso need not be satisfied in an application under s 511. The question is whether this is the kind of case in which a court, acting under s 479(3), would allow a substantive determination of rights to occur. 14 In my view this is just such a case. Here, the liquidator and the affected parties are all before the court. Although it cannot be said that the parties have consented to having their dispute resolved under the section, the two principal protagonists have proceeded, until just before the hearing, on the basis that s 511 was the appropriate source of jurisdiction to resolve their dispute, and the costs of preparation of the hearing were incurred accordingly. Indeed, Mr McIntosh's interlocutory process is inconsistent with his submission that the hearing that the court should not proceed under s 511. The issue to be determined was presented to the court by affidavit and documentary evidence without any cross-examination of witnesses. The court is not, therefore, required to resolve matters of credit of witnesses. Although some questions of fact are contested, the primary issues relate to the proper construction of their documents and minutes of an alleged agreement in light of admissible evidence of the surrounding circumstances. Perhaps most importantly, if the court were to decide that it is inappropriate to resolve the dispute under s 511, after hearing full argument, it would be sending them away without the "just and beneficial" exercise of the power that s 511(2) contemplates. Facts to February 2001 15 Ms Crawford and Mr McIntosh are the children of Frederick McIntosh (who died in 1985), and June McIntosh (who died in 1997). Oswald Park is a family company established by the late Mr and Mrs McIntosh and now owned in equal shareholdings by Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh. The constitution of the company divides the shares into several classes of cumulative preference and ordinary shares but the effect of clause 152(b) of the constitution is that surplus assets on winding up are to be distributed amongst the members in proportion to their capital contributions at the commencement of the winding up. The capital contributions of the shareholders, as such, are equal. 16 In about 1972 Oswald Park acquired about 48 ha of land at Kurrajong, about 75 km west of Sydney. The land, referred to as "Belltrees Estate", was subdivided into 13 lots in January 2000. By the time of the hearing, all lots had been sold and the assets of Oswald Park are cash in bank accounts. However by September 2001 only three lots had been sold, and Mrs Crawford estimated that the value of the remaining 10 lots was approximately $4.58 million. 17 In about 1996 Mr McIntosh and his family moved in with his mother, Mrs Jane McIntosh, who was at that time living in a house on Lot 102 in the Belltrees Estate. Mrs Crawford later claimed that Mr McIntosh moved after his business failed and he was forced to sell his home at Dural. Mr McIntosh asserts that he moved to Belltrees Estate under the terms of an oral agreement he made with his mother and sister on 22 and 23 January 1993, according to which he would renovate the house on Lot 103 and live with his mother while the renovations took place, and work full-time to supervise the subdivision and orderly realisation of the assets of Oswald Park, and would draw a reasonable amount from the company's account for living expenses and outgoings. 18 Mr McIntosh and his family moved in with his mother in January 1996, and Mr McIntosh supervised renovations of the house on Lot 103. He moved into the renovated house with his family in September 1996. He ran the affairs of Oswald Park from the location. According to Mr McIntosh's evidence, there were problems with the subdivision including dealing with an action group of local residents, a council moratorium on subdivisions, difficulties with the relevant water authority in litigation with contractors. He said he was paid a monthly sum by Oswald Park for managing its affairs, together with rent-free occupation of the house, the use of a motor vehicle and part of the expense of running another motor vehicle, outgoings in relation to the house, and petty cash. 19 Between 1996 and 1999 Mrs Crawford kept Oswald Park's books and made financial records, which she handed over from time to time to the company's accountants, Harrington McNamara. The arrangements obviously created the potential for financial disputes, with Mr McIntosh drawing money from the company without any clearly defined arrangements, and Mrs Crawford keeping financial records. 20 At that time the company's accountants were Harrington McNamara. According to the evidence of Mr Harrington, Mrs Crawford entered accounting data into Oswald Park's cash book and delivered to him each year, and then Oswald Park's accounts were prepared under his supervision and provided to the directors for review and signature. 21 Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh entered into an agreement on 29 November 1998, after their mother died, relating to the adjustment of their respective rights in their mother's estate and the funding of an option for Mr McIntosh to purchase Lot 105 of the Belltrees Estate subdivision. Mrs Crawford later alleged that the agreement was unconscionable and that she signed it without proper legal advice. 22 Sometime in late 1999 or early 2000, when Mr McIntosh and Mr Harrington were reviewing the draft accounts for the 1999 financial year, Mr McIntosh protested that his loan account had been debited for various matters that, according to his arrangements, should have been paid by the company. Subsequently Mr Harrington credited Mr McIntosh's loan account and debited the subdivision expense account (or, in one case, retained profits) for various items relating to private use of a motor vehicle, insurance payments, company telephone expenses, directors fees, rent and payment to Pest Control. Some of these matters have become controversial. I note, in particular, that one of the credits to the loan account was for directors fees of $58,400. 23 Late in 1999 Ms Crawford retained an accountant to advise her with respect to Oswald Park. She claimed that she did so at the suggestion of Mr McIntosh, but that he prevented the accountant from obtaining access to information about the company. Mrs Crawford complained that there had been no sales of lots in the subdivision for many months after subdivision approval, and alleged that she was not consulted about the affairs of the company and was not able to gain access to information necessary to understand what was happening about the sale of the lots. 24 In February 2001, Mr McIntosh's solicitor informed Mrs Crawford that she had been removed as a director of Oswald Park and that Mr Paul Harrington had been appointed in her place. According to Mrs Crawford, on the same day Mr McIntosh withdrew approximately $350,000 from Oswald Park's bank account and placed it in a term deposit in the name of the company, controlled by him. She says that on the same day he withdrew $15,000 from Oswald Park's cheque account and deposited it into an account of the company, also controlled by him. The 2001 proceeding 25 On 1 March 2001 Mrs Crawford commenced a proceeding by originating process in the Equity Division of this Court (No 1625 of 2001) against Oswald Park, Mr McIntosh and Mr Harrington. She sought relief on the oppression ground, including an order that Oswald Park purchase her interest and that there be an appropriate reduction in share capital, or a winding up order. She also sought a declaration that Mr Harrington was not a director and an injunction to restrain the defendants from acting as if she was no longer a director. 26 Mrs Crawford alleged oppression arising out of her brother's closing of the company's bank account and exclusion of her from the management of the company. She alleged that she had not been informed of legal proceedings taken against the company in which judgment had been entered, and that the company was under threat of winding up. 27 On 20 August 2001 Mr McIntosh filed a cross-claim in the 2001 proceeding, asserting two causes of action. 28 The first cause of action alleged an agreement made on 23 January 1993 between Mrs Crawford, Mr McIntosh and their mother, Mrs June McIntosh. According to the cross-claim, it was agreed that Mr McIntosh and his family would leave their existing home and relocate at the Kurrajong property owned by Oswald Park. Oswald Park would sell Mr McIntosh part of the land (referred to as "Lot 105"), and Mr McIntosh would renovate the property and reside in it, and supervise the realisation of the assets of Oswald Park with a view to the orderly liquidation of the company. Part of the realisation of the assets was to involve the subdivision of the Kurrajong land. Mr McIntosh said it was agreed that he would set aside his existing business activities and devote himself full-time to the supervision of the orderly realisation of the assets of Oswald Park, and that he would draw a reasonable sum for living expenses from the account of Oswald Park, as well as car expenses and other out-of-pocket expenses, generally at the rate that Mrs Jane McIntosh was withdrawing at the time for her living expenses. Mr McIntosh claimed that he performed and acted in reliance on this agreement but Mrs Crawford later repudiated it. 29 In the second cause of action, Mr McIntosh alleged an agreement, partly in writing dated 29 November 1998, between him and Mrs Crawford. He said that for the purpose of adjusting their respective rights in the assets of the estate of their deceased mother Mrs Jane McIntosh, Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh agreed to the value of a property at Bilgola that had passed to Mrs Crawford under Mrs Jane McIntosh's will. Mr McIntosh was to have an option to purchase Lot 105 from the company, under funding arrangements which involved Oswald Park repaying money owed by it to the estate of Jane McIntosh on loan account, and the estate in turn make the money available to Mr McIntosh, to whom Mrs Jane McIntosh had been indebted. Mr McIntosh claimed that Mrs Crawford repudiated the agreement. 30 Mr McIntosh made various claims against Oswald Park for amounts said to be owing to him, or him and his wife, or one of his associated companies (The Comac Company Pty Ltd and Lachlan's Interiors Pty Ltd), particularised in a series of "invoices" dated 14 August 2001 but relating to work alleged to have been done at various times going back to February 1990. The invoices were tendered (Exhibit D2). The total amount claimed is $532,372.75. These invoices were not recorded so as to be reflected in any of the company's financial statements, presumably because they were regarded as released as a result of the mediation. Mediation before Mr Morling QC, the Heads of Agreement and the Facilitating Deed 31 On 25 September 2001 a mediation was held in respect of the 2001 proceeding. The mediator was Trevor Morling QC. The mediation was attended by: · Mrs Crawford, her junior counsel and solicitor and forensic accountant; · Mr McIntosh, his solicitor and senior and junior counsel; · the respective spouses of Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh, and Mrs Crawford's son; and · Paul Harrington, a defendant in the 2001 proceeding and at that time a director of the company. 32 The mediation resulted in "Heads of Agreement" being entered into, and subsequently, a Facilitating Deed dated 6 December 2001 was executed.

The Facilitating Deed 37 The Heads of Agreement contemplated that the parties would later execute a formal deed. An instrument called the "Facilitating Deed" was executed on 6 December 2001. The parties are Oswald Park, Mrs Crawford, Mr and Mrs McIntosh and Mr McIntosh's two companies, Mr Harrington and Mr Shirlaw. 38 The recitals to the deed noted the equity proceeding and the cross-claim, and that Mr McIntosh, his two companies and Mrs McIntosh claimed that Oswald Park was indebted to them for services provided, work done and materials supplied. It was decided that all issues, disputes and differences arising in the equity proceeding and the cross-claim between Mrs Crawford, Mr and Mrs McIntosh and Mr McIntosh's two companies had been mediated before Mr Morling QC, and that the deed recorded the agreement reached between them at the mediation. 39 The terms of the Deed include provision for the following matters: · Mrs Crawford and Mr Shirlaw to be appointed directors of Oswald Park and Mr Harrington to retire as a director; · the constitution of Oswald Park to be amended so as to provide, in effect, for the entrenchment of Mr Shirlaw as the chairman of directors for the ensuing three years or until winding up; · Mr Shirlaw to be the sole signatory of Oswald Park's bank accounts; · Oswald Park to transfer Lot 103 to Mr and Mrs McIntosh for a price to be satisfied by Mr McIntosh's pecuniary legacy in his mother's estate, a debit of $152,500 to Mr McIntosh's credit loan account in Oswald Park, and an advance by Oswald Park to Mr McIntosh of $117,750 repayable by 31 October 2003 and bearing interest in the meantime (eventually recorded in a debit loan account of Mr McIntosh); · the agreement dated 29 November 1998 relating to Lot 105 was set aside; · the equity proceeding and cross-claim were to be dismissed. 40 Clause 4 of the Deed provides: "Without limiting the powers otherwise conferred upon Shirlaw by the Constitution of Oswald Park and these presents, his functions shall include acting in the best interests of Oswald Park in: 4.1 resolving disputes between Crawford and McIntosh in relation to Oswald Park, the interpretation of the Heads of Agreement bearing date 25 September 2001 and the interpretation of this Deed; 4.2 concluding litigation with contractors; 4.3 management and completion of subdivisional matters; 4.4 financial and statutory returns." 41 Clause 10 of the Deed is as follows: "Crawford, McIntosh, Harrington, Comac, Lachlans and Mrs McIntosh mutually release each other, their employees, agents and assigns from all actions, suits, causes of actions, claims and demands whatsoever which any of them now has against Oswald Park and/or any one or more of the others, their employees, agents or assigns and from all liability arising from or relating in any way to the Proceedings or the Cross Claim save that this clause does not release any loan account as finally determined (without double counting of any item referred to in the Cross Claim)." Events after the mediation, to Mr Cotman's retainer 42 Mr Shirlaw became chairman of directors pursuant to the provisions of the Facilitating Deed. Mr Harrington gave evidence that in early 2002, Mr Shirlaw instructed him to complete the financial statements for the financial years 1999, 2000 and 2001 and to incorporate the effects of the Facilitating Deed and Heads of Agreement into the 2001 accounts, notwithstanding that the documents were entered into after 30 June 2001. On 25 March 2002 Mr Harrington sent the 30 June 2001 draft financial statements to Mr Shirlaw. He said in his covering e-mail that he had incorporated the effects of the Facilitating Deed and Heads of Agreement as he understood them. He attached the journal entries arising out of implementing those agreements. One of them was as follows: "Jnl 20 write off to subdivision costs of debit loan account in accordance with the facilitating Deed and Heads of Agreement." That referred to the debit in Mr McIntosh's loan account of $39,734.05. 43 Disputes continued between Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh (for example, in Mrs Crawford's letter to Mr Shirlaw of 15 March 2002). On 13 June 2002 he wrote to Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh after having received correspondence from their respective lawyers. He provided them with an update on various matters, including litigation and the financial position of the company. He pointed out that fees were being incurred because of continuing disputes between the shareholders, and that in order to bring some of those disputes to a conclusion, he had made certain determinations after conferring with the mediator and others. He continued: "I also determined that the journal entries required as a result of the mediation agreement will be put through by the company's long-standing accountants [Harrington McNamara] in the normal manner as they determine." 44 On 12 May 2003 Mr RG Humphreys, Mrs Crawford's accountant, wrote a report directed to her solicitors. The purpose of the report was to indicate his opinion on the "current position in regard to the treatment of the disputed items of expenditure in the financial records of Oswald Park and the amendments still to be made". According to Mr Humphreys, the financial statements for the 1999, 2000 and 2001 financial years were to be adjusted to remove disputed amounts prior to signature by the directors. Apparently his opinion was formed on the basis of his interpretation of the releases in the Heads of Agreement and the Facilitating Deed. 45 His report attached a schedule, which summarised the disputed transactions. Apart from matters no longer in dispute, the summary referred to the following: (a) $10,800 in 1998 for "directors fees" for Mr and Mrs McIntosh, credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account and debited to subdivision costs, and not adjusted in any financial statements. Mr Humphreys said the charge should be reversed in 1999. He described the proposed reversal as "reversal of unauthorised directors remuneration". (b) $58,400 in 1999 for "director's remuneration for the years 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999", debited to subdivision costs and credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account, and not adjusted in any financial statements. Mr Humphreys said the charge should be reversed in the 1999 financial statements, again describing the reversal as "reversal of unauthorised directors remuneration". (c) $600 in 2000 for "director's remuneration", debited to subdivision costs and credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account, and not adjusted in any financial statements. Mr Humphreys said that the charge should be reversed in the 2000 financial statements, as "reversal of unauthorised directors remuneration". (d) $16,800 in 2000, said to represent: payments made to Comac and charged to subdivision costs $14,400; $2200 charged to subdivision costs and credited as to $1800 to director's salary and $400 to Mr McIntosh's loan account; and $200 charged to subdivision costs and credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account. Mr Humphreys said the $400 and $200 corresponded with the $600 noted at (c). As to the remainder, he said that if the entry were adjusted then subdivision costs would be credited $16,200 and Mr McIntosh's loan account would be debited $16,200, which he described as "allocation of payments made to Comac and L McIntosh". (e) $16,082 in 2001, said to represent payments made to Comac, being 7 payments of $1200, 2 payments of $1201, one of $480 and 8 of $400, adding up to $14,482. There were also 8 payments of $200 made to Mr McIntosh adding up to $1600. Mr Humphreys said adjustments for those payments had not been made. He said the required entry would be to credit subdivision costs $4882, credit hire charges $3200 and debit Mr McIntosh's loan account $16,082, which he described as "allocation of payments made to Comac and L McIntosh". 46 The total debit to Mr McIntosh's loan account recommended by Mr Humphreys in (a) to (e) above was $102,082. In addition, the report said that as of June 2001, an amount of $39,734.05 was credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account and debited to subdivision costs. This is the amount referred to in Mr McIntosh's affidavit, as noted at (i) above. According to Mr Humphreys, that amount represented the balance of Mr McIntosh's Debit Loan Account and amounted to the writing off of a balance due from Mr McIntosh to Oswald Park. He said that in his view, the transfer was contrary to the terms of the mediation agreement and the write-off was incorrect. 47 At some stage in 2003 Mr Shirlaw proposed to the shareholders that they give consideration to a voluntary winding up of Oswald Park. On 27 May 2003 Mrs Crawford's solicitors wrote to him saying that she would consent to winding up only if agreement was reached between her and Mr McIntosh "as to the appropriate adjustments to be made on the company loan account of the parties". The letter enclosed Mr Humphreys' report. 48 There was a meeting of the directors of Oswald Park on 28 May 2003. According to the minutes Mr McIntosh objected to the contents of the letter as having been dealt with under Mr Shirlaw's authority. Mr Shirlaw said that his determinations had been made and previously notified to members. There followed a heated discussion about Mr Shirlaw's winding up proposal and the meeting was adjourned. 49 At the adjournment of the directors' meeting on 25 June 2003 Mr Shirlaw presented an "Executive Chairman's Report" to the directors. In that report he referred to his letter of 13 June 2002, noted above, saying that he had made determinations in relation to the loan accounts of the two shareholders. There was further discussion at the meeting about voluntary winding up in one of the solicitors for the company suggested that a sum of money be retained until final distribution to allow Mr Shirlaw to re-examine the accuracy of the loan accounts prepared by the company's accountants in accordance with Mr Shirlaw's determination. According to the minutes, the board resolved to pursue this solution. 50 At a board meeting held on 10 December 2003, not attended by Mrs Crawford, it was resolved, on the motion of Mr McIntosh, that his debt to the company together with interest at the rate of 6.8% per annum be payable on the date of the forthcoming distribution to the shareholders. Mr Shirlaw as chairman noted that he had given Mrs Crawford time to make further submissions about the shareholders' loan accounts, the deadline expiring on that day. 51 At a board meeting on 4 February 2004, not attended by Mrs Crawford, Mr Shirlaw tabled his report headed "Determination in regard to disputes over shareholders loan accounts February 2004". In that document he referred to various discussions he had had with the parties and their legal representatives, with a view to ascertaining the meaning of the releases in the Heads of Agreement and Facilitating Deed. He made a number of determinations, which he described as final and in conclusion of the matters determined. He referred to Mr McIntosh's debit loan account of $39,734.05, which Harrington McNamara had reallocated to subdivision costs in the year to June 2001. He noted that this loan account had not been specifically mentioned in the Facilitating Deed and Heads of Agreement and made the determination that the loan account should have remained unchanged by the signing of the Deed and Heads of Agreement, and therefore the entry reallocating the loan account to subdivision costs should be reversed, leaving the balance of the loan account repayable by Mr McIntosh. He referred to the "discount" given to Mr McIntosh in the mediation, on the acquisition by him of Lot 103, and expressed the view that if this was intended to be in full satisfaction of all services provided by Mr McIntosh for the subdivision (including unpaid invoices and earlier payments) it is most likely that the Heads of Agreement and the Facilitating Deed would have said so. 52 Mr McIntosh indicated at the meeting that he would take advice on the content of Mr Shirlaw's report. 53 On 26 March 2004 Mr Shirlaw's firm wrote to Harrington McNamara querying the five entries that had not been reversed, relating to Mr McIntosh's remuneration and reimbursement of associated entities. Mr Harrington replied on 29 March 2004, saying: "I confirm that as the Facilitation Deed dated December 2001 was not clear in relation to the treatment of reimbursements and remuneration to Mr McIntosh and his associated entities these payments were regarded as reasonably incurred costs relating to the subdivision." 54 On 30 March 2004 Mr Cox, the company's solicitor, wrote to Mrs Crawford's solicitor canvassing various matters, including the loan accounts. He said: "To put this matter beyond [doubt] Mr Shirlaw has raised, once again, the issue of the reversal and non reversal of certain accounting entries with Harrington McNamara. Harrington McNamara have now advised, inter alia, that in preparation of the accounts all relevant matters contained in the Facilitating Deed were considered. In the circumstances, Mr Shirlaw advises that there is no basis for any further amendment to his determination." 55 At a board meeting on 31 March 2004, attended by all directors, Mr Shirlaw read Mr Harrington's letter of 29 March to the meeting. He then said that Mrs Crawford's query had been answered and he could not take the matter further. The meeting approved the company's accounts up to 2003 and that Mrs Crawford's request, agreed to make any adjustments the chairman might find to be necessary to the 2004 accounts. 56 On 5 April 2004 Mr Shirlaw and Mr McIntosh signed the directors' declaration for the financial statements of Oswald Park for the financial years 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003. The accounts up to the 2001 year were prepared by Harrington McNamara and the accounts for 2002 and 2003 were prepared by Mr Shirlaw's firm. Mr McIntosh's loan account recorded his borrowing of $117,750 for the acquisition of Lot 103, and interest. They did not reflect Mr Shirlaw's determination to reverse the writing off of $39,734.05, presumably because the determination occurred after the end of the 2003 financial year. Nor did they reflect any of the reversals recommended by Mr Humphreys of the amounts for Mr McIntosh's remuneration and reimbursement of his related companies. Mrs Crawford gave evidence that she agreed to the lodgment of the financial statements for the years from 1999 to 2003 on the proviso that any adjustments to the accounts could and would be made in the year ended 30 June 2004. 57 The directors met again on 19 May 2004. It appears that by that time Mr Cox, acting on behalf of the company, had obtained a draft advice from Mr Cotman SC. The draft is not in evidence but it appears to have addressed alternative means of putting the assets in the hands of the shareholders, without a winding up. According to the minutes, Mrs Crawford insisted that the company had to be wound up; and that was taken by Mr McIntosh as agreement to the proposed members voluntary winding up. But Mrs Crawford's evidence is that she made it plain that she would not agree to the company being placed into liquidation until the loan accounts had been dealt with in accordance with the Humphreys' report. 58 Mrs Crawford claimed at the meeting that the company owed her $275,000 for bookkeeping over a seven-year period, but she said she would accept $125,000. Mr Shirlaw asked why this claim was not dealt with at the mediation and there was further argument. As to that point, Mrs Crawford has provided evidence indicating that her invoice for her original claim, for $250,000 plus GST, was issued prior to the mediation but it was not referred to in the mediation documents. 59 On 25 May 2004 Mr McIntosh sent a facsimile to Mr Cox asking him whether clause 10 of the Facilitating Deed released Oswald Park from any obligation to meet Mrs Crawford's claim to $125,000. 60 On 26 May 2004 there was another meeting of the directors, which rejected the suggested alternatives to liquidation. Mr McIntosh put forward resolutions for the company to recommence business, to consider restructuring the board and management, and to create a business plan. Those motions were deferred. 61 Mr McIntosh invited Mr Cox to provide advice in response to his letter of 25 May. Mr Cox said that he was waiting on advice from Mr Cotman SC and a comment from Mrs Crawford's solicitor. According to the minutes: "After discussion, the meeting agreed that Mr Cotman's advice be sought in connection with the legal interpretation of the documents associated with the mediation outcome being joined together with the validity of the claims of Mrs Crawford." The minutes record that Mr Cox, supported by Mr Shirlaw, proposed to draft an agreement for signature by each party in order to finalise the proposed undertaking and make it binding on the participants, before any meeting with Mr Cotman. It was agreed that the directors would be able to meet with Mr Cotman separately. The retainer of Mr Cotman SC 62 On 26 May 2004 Mr Cox, the solicitor for the company, sent an e-mail to Mr Cotman SC seeking advice. He referred to Mrs Crawford's claim for bookkeeping fees, and explained that Mr McIntosh had sought clarification as to whether Mrs Crawford's claim had been extinguished by clause 10 of the Facilitating Deed. Mrs Crawford's solicitor had asserted that if Mrs Crawford's claim could not be made, then payments or entries previously credited to Mr McIntosh would have to be reversed. Mr Cotman's advice was sought on these matters. 63 Mr Cox referred to a board resolution on that day, that all matters relating to the resolution of loan account disputes be referred to Mr Cotman for his opinion, having regard to the terms of the various agreements of the parties and as to the legitimacy of the claims. Mr Cox said: "The parties have agreed that your opinion in relation to the matters in dispute will be final and binding upon them." He said the board also resolved that each of the relevant parties, namely Mr McIntosh, Mrs Crawford and Mr Shirlaw (as chairman of the company) be permitted to independently put their point of view to Mr Cotman regarding the questions to be answered. It will be noted that Mr Cox's account of the directors' decision to instruct Mr Cotman is different from the account in the minutes. I infer from the correspondence that the minutes were prepared by Mr McIntosh after he had read Mr Cox's e-mail. 64 Mr Cox also sought the advice of Mr Cotman on whether Mr Shirlaw was permitted, having regard to the terms of his appointment and the Facilitating Deed, to vote as a director on a proposal by Mr McIntosh to permit the company to continue to trade and to invest its funds, rather than to proceed to winding up. 65 Mr Cox sent Mr McIntosh a copy of his e-mail to Mr Cotman. Mr McIntosh replied by facsimile that evening. He referred to the motions he had put to the meeting of directors that day, and noted that no votes had been taken on them, and then he said: "It would be premature, in the circumstances, to action any part of any resolution at this time including, of course, the proposal involving Mr N Cotman SC in respect of loan account issues." 66 On 9 June 2004 Mr McIntosh sent another facsimile to Mr Cox, enclosing the minutes of the meeting of 26 May and saying: "Since I do not agree to being involved with a quasi-arbitration or 'Kangaroo Court' as explained to you this morning, I would not agree to Mr Cotman being involved other than to provide advice to the Company on points of law." After noting that he was not present at the time of the negotiations in the mediation, he continued: "I therefore could not be exposed to, or bound by, such an undertaking since I would be unable to make or defend my position through Mr Cotman by providing direct evidence to the negotiations." 67 Mr Shirlaw, Mr McIntosh and Mrs Crawford made submissions to Mr Cotman. Mr McIntosh was unable to attend Mr Cotman's chambers but he communicated by facsimile. Mr Cotman's written advice, undated but bearing a facsimile imprint with the date 23 August 2004, was tabled at the directors' meeting on 25 August 2004. He concluded, for reasons considered below, that all "related party claims" were released by clause 10 of the Facilitating Deed, whether recorded or not. The principal impact of that conclusion was on Mr McIntosh, for it meant that Mr Humphreys' view that the remuneration and reimbursement claims should be reversed and consequently Mr McIntosh's loan account should be debited with $102,082, was correct. On the other hand, Mr Cotman's advice arguably did not disturb Mr Shirlaw's determination as chairman with respect to the $39,734.05. 68 By letter dated 24 August 2004, Mr McIntosh's solicitors wrote to Mr Shirlaw contending that Mr Cotman's advice had not focused on the exact wording of clause 10, and that he had not examined the cost claim in the 2001 proceeding. The letter asserted that no part of the monies credited to Mr McIntosh's loan account should be reversed. 69 On 25 August 2004 Mr Shirlaw sent a memorandum to Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh saying that he had received a letter from Mr McIntosh's solicitors and had referred to Mr Cotman, and he said he would wait for Mr Cotman's final advice before deciding how the loan account should be finalised. He argued that this should not preclude the company from proceeding into liquidation because it would then be possible to pay an immediate distribution pending receipt of Mr Cotman's review. 70 The evidence includes minutes of a meeting of the directors of Oswald Park on 25 August 2004, signed by Mr Shirlaw as chairman. Whereas previous minutes had been prepared by Mr McIntosh, the minutes of this meeting were prepared by Elizabeth Occleshaw, employed as an accountant with Mr Shirlaw's firm. Under the heading, "Approval of Previous Minutes", it is recorded that Mr Shirlaw tabled the minutes of the previous meeting held on 26 May 2004 (wrongly recorded as 24 May), and that Mrs Crawford did not agree with the content of the minutes as drafted. Then the following appears in the minutes: "Janine Crawford requested the following be added to the previous minutes: 'it was decided between all of the directors to appoint Nigel Cotman to be an independent person to look at each person's submission and to give advice as to his views as to the treatment of the shareholders' loan accounts which would be final and binding on all parties.' The resolution was carried unanimously." 71 At the meeting on 25 August 2004, Mr Shirlaw recommended, after discussion and Mr Cotman's advice, that the directors resolved to consider the placing the company in liquidation. Mrs Crawford opposed this course, saying she wanted to see the company accounts before making a decision. However, a declaration of solvency, for the purposes of winding up, was put to the directors and carried by Mr Shirlaw and Mr McIntosh, Mrs Crawford abstaining. Then a resolution was carried in the same way, for convening an extraordinary general meeting of members to be held on 22 September 2004, to consider a resolution that the company be wound up. Mr Shirlaw tabled a consent to act as liquidator. 72 Ms Occleshaw gave evidence that she took handwritten notes of all matters discussed at the meeting and afterwards, typed up her notes into formal minutes which she supplied to Mr Shirlaw for review. After Mr Shirlaw signed the minute she distributed them to the directors, keeping a copy of the signed minutes on file. Her handwritten notes, annexed to her affidavit, correspond closely to the minutes in their final form, except that instead of recording that the resolution was carried unanimously, they say "both parties agreed to the above". 73 In his affidavit Mr McIntosh said that Mrs Crawford's statement about the decision at the May meeting was not proposed as a resolution of directors and was not put to a vote. He also said that it was incorrect to record that the statement was carried unanimously as a resolution, because no vote was taken. In my opinion it does not matter much whether there was a vote, if the parties agreed that the statement was correct. According to Ms Occleshaw's handwritten notes, there was agreement. Significantly, Mr McIntosh did not say in his affidavit that he disagreed with Mrs Crawford's account of the decision at the May meeting. Mr McIntosh said that the minutes were not accepted any subsequent meeting, but the copy of the minutes of 25 August 2004 that is in evidence has been confirmed by the signature of Mr Shirlaw as chairperson. 74 Ms Occleshaw's account corresponds in its essential terms with Mr Cox's e-mail of 26 May to Mr Cotman, that the parties agreed that Mr Cotman's opinion would be final and binding (although he was drafting a letter of agreement to "formalise" that aspect). Reacting to Mr Cox's e-mail on the same day, Mr McIntosh did not protest that there had been no agreement that Mr Cotman's opinion would be binding, but only that it would be premature to involve Mr Cotman until the other issues he had raised at the meeting were resolved. His facsimile of 9 June 2004 indicates that by that stage he regarded the arrangement as a "Kangaroo Court", but that was after the event. 75 In all the circumstances, my conclusion is that Mr McIntosh and Ms Crawford reached agreement at the 26 May meeting that Mr Cotman's opinion would be final and binding, as recorded in Ms Occleshaw's minutes. To the extent that the original minutes of the meeting, prepared by Mr McIntosh, are inconsistent with that conclusion, those minutes are wrong. Although a document was contemplated to "formalise" the agreement, it is plain from Mr Cox's e-mail that he regarded himself as authorised to approach Mr Cotman immediately, and his conduct in writing the e-mail implies that as an observer of the directors' decision, he regarded the arrangements reached by the directors as immediately binding on them, notwithstanding that no formal agreement had been drafted. In these circumstances my opinion is that the decision that Mr Cotman's determination would be final and binding was an immediately binding commitment by the directors. 76 Mr Cotman SC provided a written further advice dated 15 September 2004. In this advice (considered further below) he reviewed submissions of the parties and statements he had received from the persons who are present at the mediation. Having reviewed those materials, he reaffirmed his initial opinion. Mr Cotman's advice 77 In his first advice, Mr Cotman SC made points about clause 10 of the Deed which I shall summarise in my own words as follows: (1) Clause 10 states that the parties mutually release each other from claims against Oswald Park and any of the others. As a matter of construction, this includes a release by each party of that party's claims against Oswald Park. (2) The disputed items in the schedule to Mr Humphreys' report of May 2003 (the items adding up to $102,082) were items that had been recorded by crediting his debit loan account and debiting some other accounts such as subdivision expenses ("recorded claims"). The effect of a release of those claims by the Deed would be that the credits to the loan account would be reversed and Mr McIntosh's indebtedness to the company would be increased. (3) Clause 10 released the company from its liability to meet Mrs Crawford's invoice for $275,000 and the clause released the company from its liability to meet Mr McIntosh's invoices totalling $532,372.75 ("the disputed invoices"). This is presumably on the basis that Mrs Crawford, Mr and Mrs McIntosh and their companies were all releasing parties under clause 10, and as a matter of construction they released Oswald Park from liability for any claims etc they might have against it. (4) As to whether clause 10 released the "recorded claims": (a) clause 10 expands on the two clauses in the Heads of Agreement and telescopes them into one clause, adding a new element reserving any loan account as finally determined without double counting; (b) Mr Cotman received inconsistent statements as to the intended scope of the release, supplied by some of those who were at the mediation, specifically as to whether the "discount" of $185,000 on Lot 103 was intended to be in compensation for remuneration in respect of subdivision work; that is Mr McIntosh's disputed invoices ("the McIntosh view"), or all remuneration including recorded claims ("the Crawford view"); (c) under the mediated commercial arrangements, the company was recognising Mr McIntosh's subdivision work by transferring Lot 103 to him at a "discount" of $185,000, thereby effectively incurring a cost by forgoing revenue on the sale of that property, and there would be "double counting" (that is, Mr McIntosh would be remunerated twice for the same work) to the extent that it had already recorded in its books, as expenses of the subdivision, remuneration to Mr McIntosh; (d) if the Crawford view were accepted, so that clause 10 operated to release the company from "recorded claims" by Mr McIntosh for remuneration in respect of the subdivision, then the application of clause 10 would lead the company to reverse those journal entries, and consequently increase Mr McIntosh's indebtedness to the company, and so the "double counting" referred to at (c) above would be avoided; (e) if the McIntosh view were accepted, so that clause 10 only released the disputed invoices, no double counting of the kind noted at (c) above could arise; (f) consequently, the Crawford view provides a sensible field of operation for the proviso to clause 10, but on the McIntosh view the purpose of the proviso is inexplicable and it is otiose; (g) in further support of the Crawford view, if the intention of the drafter of clause 10 was merely to release the "disputed" invoices of both parties, that could have been very simply expressed, by the use of significantly different words; (h) the fact that a company has recognised a claim, by accounting for it, is not inconsistent with the idea that the company may negotiate for the release of that claim, since the released claim can be reversed out; (i) it follows the clause 10 operates to release all related party claims, whether recorded or not. 78 In their letter of 24 August 2004, Clayton Utz criticised this reasoning on the ground that the proviso about double counting related to items referred to in the cross-claim, and they asserted that Mr Cotman did not examine the cross-claim. However, the first cause of action in the cross-claim relied on the alleged agreement between Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh and their mother in January 2003, under which, according to Mr McIntosh, he was entitled to remuneration and expenses with respect to the subdivision. It is a fair inference that he would seek to justify his entitlement to the remuneration and expenses that have been credited to his loan account by reference to that agreement, as well as the disputed invoices. In my view there is no substance to this criticism. Clayton Utz said that Mrs Crawford was properly concerned to ensure that there was no item which Mr McIntosh was "giving up" as part of the commercial settlement, which had already been credited to his account. But if the "giving up" related only to the disputed invoices, it is hard to see how any crediting could already have occurred. That is Mr Cotman's point, as I understand it. 79 Mr Cotman's reasoning in his first advice seems to be directed towards what I have called "the disputed invoices" of both Mr McIntosh and Mrs Crawford, and the "recorded claims" relating to remuneration and expenses of the subdivision, the disputed amount which is now $102,682. He referred to the amount of $39,269 (presumably this is the same as the $39,734.05 now disputed), but it is not clear to me whether he reached a conclusion as to the application of clause 10 to that amount. The evidence before me now indicates that Mr McIntosh claimed that that amount should be written off because he was entitled to be paid the relevant amounts under the 1993 agreement. The 1993 agreement related to his remuneration and expenses in relation to supervision of the subdivision. It seems to me that in principle, Mr Cotman's reasoning should support the view that the company's allowance of this amount to Mr McIntosh, reflected in writing off the loan account debit as at 30 June 2001, should be reversed because the company's obligation (if any) was released by clause 10. Therefore Mr Cotman's construction of clause 10 supports the view taken by Mr Humphreys and Mr Shirlaw that the writing off should be reversed and that the debt remains owing. 80 Mr Cotman's first advice proceeded on the basis that Mr Humphreys' report had been available at the time of the mediation. If there was a report from Mr Humphreys available at that time, it is not the one in evidence before me, which is dated May 2003, well after the mediation had concluded. I have considered whether Mr Cotman's opinion would be affected if he were in error on this matter of fact. In my opinion his reasoning as to the construction of clause 10 stands independently of this matter. 81 In his second advice, Mr Cotman reviewed some additional documents dealing with the factual underpinning of his earlier advice, and reconsidered the issues. For the most part, the second advice is a refinement of the ideas in the first advice, coupled with specific rebuttal of certain arguments put on behalf of Mr McIntosh. 82 There are two issues that, in my opinion, add to the analysis in the first advice in a fashion that should be mentioned here. First, Mr Cotman construed the concept of "double counting" for the purposes of clause 10 so that double counting would not be confined to cases where there is an identical charge in the related party invoices and in a credit to the loan accounts (that is, identical as to amount and also the subject of the charge). In Mr Cotman's opinion, "double counting" also includes charges "of the same type" and as those contained in the disputed invoice, and in his view the relevant type or genus is "related party charges". To the extent that the credit in the loan account reflects a related party charge of the type, though not necessarily identical with, a charge found in the invoices, there is double counting. 83 Senior counsel for Mr McIntosh presented a detailed argument designed to show that if Mr Cotman SC's reasoning were correct, it would be incapable of yielding the conclusion that the sum of $102,682 should be debited to Mr McIntosh's own account. It seems to me plain, however, that the reasoning as I have articulated it, especially given the preference for the interpretation of "double counting", leads to the conclusion that all of the items falling within the $102,682 total fall into the "related party charges" category. 84 The second matter is that according to Mr McIntosh's interpretation of the clause, it had the effect of casting on Mrs Crawford the onus of identifying double counting in the loan accounts (with the result that the release applies). That, said Mr Cotman, was an unlikely construction because in fact, Mrs Crawford and her advisers appear to have done nothing to discharge that onus, in the context of a matter that has generated considerable animosity, trouble and expense. He regarded this as another reason why Mr McIntosh's construction of the clause was unlikely to be correct. 85 Some of the evidence supplied to Mr Cotman was evidence of external circumstances surrounding the making of the agreements reflected in the documents, and evidence of the intention of persons who participated in the negotiations leading to the agreements. Evidence of this kind is generally inadmissible for the purposes of construction of a written agreement. To the extent that Mr Cotman's reasoning relied directly on material of that kind, it would be unsafe of the court to accept his opinion unless it is separately supported by other reasoning. In my view, however, Mr Cotman's essential reasoning stands independently of inadmissible material. Indeed, he discounts much of that material. 86 In my summaries of his two written advices I have endeavoured to isolate the reasoning process permissible for a court to adopt. That is the reasoning process in paragraphs (a)-(i) in respect of the first advice (other than para (b)), and in the two matters that I have singled out for mention from the second advice. Having considered the submissions of the parties, I find myself in agreement with Mr Cotman's reasoning to the extent that I have identified it, and therefore I am in agreement with his conclusion as to the proper construction of clause 10. The winding up of the company 87 On 27 October 2004 Mrs Crawford and Mr McIntosh as the shareholders of Oswald Park resolved by special resolution that the company be wound up voluntarily and "that the Liquidator be empowered to divide among the members in specie or in kind, the whole or any part of the assets of the Company". Mr Shirlaw was appointed liquidator. At the meeting he tabled a draft plan of distribution (the 2004 Plan). I shall return to this document. I should note, however, that it reversed not only the credit of $39,734.05 to Mr McIntosh's loan account, but also it debited to Mr McIntosh's loan account the 5 amounts recommended for reversal in Mr Humphreys' report totalling $102,082. 88 About this time Oswald Park's draft financial statements for the year ending 30 June 2004 were finalised. Reflecting Mr Shirlaw's plan of distribution, there were reversals debiting Mr McIntosh's loan account with $39,734.05 and $102,682 (the latter reversals were apparently made on a basis that did not accept Mr Humphreys' view that the accounts had double-counted a figure of $600). Interest was also debited to the loan account. 89 On 7 February 2005 the liquidator made an interim distribution to the two shareholders of $600,000 each. In his memorandum to the shareholders of that date, he indicated that Mr McIntosh had submitted claims and proofs of debt against Oswald Park for services rendered by him and his company, The Comac Company Pty Ltd. He said he had taken the advice of Mr Cotman SC and had not formally responded to the proofs of debt. Mr Shirlaw also reported that he was working on some issues with the Australian Taxation Office ("ATO"). 90 Mr Shirlaw reported to the shareholders again by memorandum dated 2 March 2005, reporting on issues arising out of a review of the company by the ATO. One of the issues related to loans made by Oswald Park to Mr McIntosh, and another related to payments made by the company to Mrs Crawford and a company called Jensen Enterprises. Mr Shirlaw said in his memorandum these two matters were issues for the shareholders rather than Oswald Park. By another memorandum dated 15 March 2005, Mr Shirlaw forwarded to the shareholders his most recent correspondence with the ATO. 91 Mr Shirlaw's negotiations with the ATO came to an end in July 2005. On 15 July 2005 the ATO sent him a notice to the effect that $1.00 would be sufficient to discharge any outstanding tax-related liabilities of the company. On 21 July 2005 Mr Shirlaw wrote to the shareholders informing them that he had received this notice and that his intention was to distribute the net balance of funds to each shareholder in accordance with the Corporations Act, and to wind up the company's affairs. He said he would retain $50,000 to cover fees and expenses. He asked the shareholders to authorise the finalisation of liquidation by signing copies of his letter. It seems that they did not do so. 92 On 27 July 2005 Mr Shirlaw sent to the shareholders his plans of distribution as at 26 October 2004, and as at 19 July 2005, which are described below. Mr Shirlaw's Plans of Distribution 93 Mr Shirlaw prepared two plans of distribution, the first at the time of commencement of the liquidation of Oswald Park and the second as at 19 July 2005. He sent both plans to Mr Crawford and Mr McIntosh under cover of his letter of 27 July 2005.

Crawford v Oswald Park

At a glance

Court

Decision date

Before

Source

Judgment (15 paragraphs)

Parties

Legislation Cited (2)

Cases Cited (2)

Cited By (9)