Cohen v Cohen

Factual background

1. The Receivers relied on the affidavit dated 26 June 2018 of Mr Heesh, which identified the issues as to which a direction is sought, the circumstances in which the Receivers were appointed to SCC and the documentary history of the dealings between SCC, SGA and WGIL. The SGA Liquidators relied on the affidavits of Mr Park dated 2 July 2018 and 3 September 2018 which referred to SGA's, and Mr Park's, dealings with SCC in respect of the relevant matters. I have drawn on those affidavits in setting out the factual background to the application below. I have also drawn on a helpful schedule prepared by Mr Neggo, who appears for the Receivers, setting out the facts which they contended should be found. Mr McKechnie, who appears for the SGA Liquidators, did not identify any contest as to those facts. I also refer below to the contemporaneous correspondence between SCC, SGA and WGIL which is relevant to whether the trust for which the SGA Liquidators contend is established.
2. All the shares in each of SCC and SGA were held by Stream Group Holdings Pty Ltd and those companies had a single director, Mr Donald McKenzie, at all relevant times (Ex P4, 144-153, 154-160). Prior to 11 February 2015, an entity in the Stream Group of Companies, most likely SCC, purchased the operations of Cerno Ltd ("Cerno"), including in relation to an Assessors Services Agreement (Ex P4, 30-53) under which Cerno provided claims assessment services to WGIL. The original term of that agreement was from 30 September 2013 until 30 September 2015. On 11 February 2015, Westpac, Cerno and SGA entered into a Novation Agreement relating to the Assessors Services Agreement (Ex P4, 67, 72). The parties have not been able to locate a copy of that Novation Agreement, which is not held by the SGA liquidators and was not produced by WGIL on subpoena.
3. From around 11 February 2015, WGIL began to allocate claims assessment services to SCC, it appears that that work was invoiced by SCC to WGIL (although, I interpolate, the invoices in evidence are headed "Stream Customised Claims" and do not identify a particular company) and WGIL paid those invoices to SCC's bank account. The relevant work was done by employees of SGA, and SCC paid SGA for the work done by SGA's employees (Ex P2; Ex P4, 58, 65, 71-73). On 24 February 2015, administrators were appointed to Cerno and that company was placed in liquidation on 31 March 2015 (Ex P3). Subsequently, on 25 September 2015, WGIL wrote to "Stream Customised Claims" referring to the Assessors Services Agreement between SGA and WGIL and agreed to extend the term of that agreement to 30 June 2016 (Ex P4, 54). On 15 December 2015, WGIL wrote to SGA terminating the Assessors Services Agreement (Ex P4, 57) on the basis that it reasonably understood that SGA was at risk of becoming subject to insolvency administration. On 16 December 2015, administrators were appointed to SGA (Ex P4, 144-153).
4. On 5 January 2016, the director of SGA and SCC, Mr McKenzie, advised Mr Park, then one of SGA's administrators, (Ex P4, 58-59) that the contract with WGIL "turns out to have been with [SGA]" but the claims assessment work for WGIL was allocated to, and done by, SCC; SCC had issued invoices to WGIL and WGIL had paid on those invoices; and claims assessment work had been done by employees of SGA, for which SCC paid SGA. Mr McKenzie also advised that SCC would have paid SGA for work done by SGA's employees referable to invoices which had been sent to WGIL but not yet paid, but SCC would not yet have paid SGA for work in progress that was yet to be invoiced to WGIL. He suggested that: "To get this value fully realised, SCC would need to undertake work to either complete and bill, or just bill claims that are eligible for WIP [work in progress]." Mr McKenzie then suggested to Mr Park that: "My proposed action is as follows; Get the reconciliation of WIP [work in progress] for you to understand and then discuss next steps. This will require a conversation with [WGIL]. Ask you to consider the position of historical outstanding invoices to SCC that are due and payable. [WGIL] is saying they won't pay anything until there is direction from the Administrator [of SGA]. The value of this is approximately $180,000."
5. On 6 January 2016, Mr McKenzie emailed Mr Dixon, the chief executive officer of the Stream Group), (Ex P4, 64-65), setting out a draft letter to WGIL which stated that: "Contracting between Stream and [WGIL] Both the termination letter (15th December) and the extension letter (25th September) are addressed to [SGA]. The former obviously so as it follows the latter. I understand that [WGIL] is not willing to pay any debts or negotiate WIP until they have had written demands/confirmation from the Administrator which is understandable where the contract is with [SGA]. We however believe that the relationship is with [SCC], not [SGA]. We have been issuing invoice[s] in [SCC], and you have been remitting payment to [SCC]. Stream started undertaking working for [WGIL] directly in February 2015 after the purchase of select operations from Cerno Ltd prior to it being placed in voluntary administration. All operations and clients were transferred to [SCC], not [SGA]. I can't find the original contract (30th September 2013) which per [WGIL] is with [SGA] however this contract would have been in the name of Cerno Ltd as it predates the sale of operations from Cerno Ltd to [SCC]. Whilst I was not with the group at this point, my understanding is that the Cerno contracts were (a) checked with clients to ensure that they were OK with the change of control clause when [SCC] acquired them and (b) were novated to [SCC] rather than [SGA]. … In any case the outstanding invoices are from [SCC], and [WGIL] has been paying invoices to [SCC] since the beginning of the direct Stream relationship we request payment as soon as possible please. We must note to you that these outstanding funds are part of our forecast cash flow and the non-payment of these invoices for an extended period of time will cause harm to the Australia group and its employees."
6. On 6 January 2016, Mr McKenzie also wrote to Mr Park (Ex P4, 67-68) advising that: "To keep you updated with the [WGIL] matter, below is the draft correspondence that was sent to WGI[L] yesterday by [Mr Dixon]. We reviewed the situation and I am still of the belief that whilst WGI[L] sent a letter terminating SGA, that their agreement wasn't with SGA, it was with SCC. The reasoning is down the bottom. How we got into this mess I am unsure. But essentially all operations that we purchased from Cerno before administration was transferred to SCC so I still don't believe it is likely that it was with SGA. I think what happened was that WGI[L] agreed to continue to do work and that there was no new contract put in place - they just started dealing with SCC. And then when they went to terminate, they terminated SGA because someone must have thought it was all the same. I also attach a reconciliation of all the payments made from SCC to [SGA]. It totals $5.7 mil and essentially equates to over 98% of all revenue SCC received. On this basis I put forward that these existing invoices to SCC should be paid to SCC. I would ask you to consider this position ASAP as the recoverability of these funds for SCC will determine its future. Please note in the email below that I suggested to [Mr Dixon] that we state that they should pay ASAP given our view and the invoices being made out to SCC. I think this is highly unlikely but don't ask don't get. But I told [Mr Dixon] I would notify you guys of this and if it is established that these invoices were the property of SGA (noting that they have always been in the name of SCC, and paid to SCC) then we would then have to remit these to you."
7. The SGA Liquidators rely, in submissions, on Mr McKenzie's acknowledgement in this email that "if it is established that these invoices were the property of SGA (noting that they have always been in the name of SCC, and paid to SCC) then we would then have to remit these to you." That, however, recognises the position if that matter is established, contrary to Mr McKenzie's observations as to the way in which the parties conducted themselves, and does not itself establish that matter.
8. Later on 6 January 2016, Mr McKenzie wrote to Mr Park (Ex P4, 67) advising that: "We have now gotten the info from Westpac and somehow the deed of no[v]ation from Cerno was to SGA. Westpac have confirmed they are willing to discuss the settlement of WIP across all claims and the payment of outstanding invoices. They require a specific note to them from you on these matters so I would appreciate if you are able to consider ASAP."
9. Also on 6 January 2016, WGIL wrote to Mr Dixon (Ex P4, 71-72) requesting: "…a letter from the administrator [of SGA] that they are satisfied with our approach to settling outstanding payments, and the accounts into which fees owed are being paid."
10. On 2 February 2016, SGA was placed into liquidation (Ex P4, 144-153).
11. On 24 February 2016, Mr McKenzie emailed Mr Park (Ex P4, 78) advising that: "We had previously discussed a split for SCC to do the work of recouping potential funds from [WGIL]. I now need to get something in place as we will need to reduce our resources without other potential income. If we agree a reasonable split then I can go back to the board with a justification. If we can't then we will need to reduce resource and the WIP is likely to be unrecovered as some expertise is required to go through the files correctly. Having gone through it, I believe a reasonable split is 70% to SCC and 30% to SGA/FTI [the administrators' firm]. FTI won't have to do anything, it will just get 30% of whatever is recovered into the SGA accounts. Having gone through the files, and discussions with [WGIL] with them arguing that they should have reduced fees due to the additional costs they incurred, I believe the total will max out at about $200k, which would bring in $60k for SGA. I couldn't really give an estimate on how long this will take as many of the claims need to be put back together, and then there will be the negotiation/arguments. Please let me know your thoughts on the above proposal." Mr Park then responded accepting that proposal, and did not then suggest that monies paid by WGIL to SCC should be subject to any form of trust in favour of SGA.
12. On 14 March 2016, Mr McKenzie wrote to Mr Park (Ex P4, 80) identifying two potential mechanisms for invoicing WGIL, stating that: "We continue to work through with [WGIL] and are coming to the pointy end. Do [sic] to the quantum we may need to do a single invoice on all claims. Or they may do lump sum however that would require higher sign off. So there are two ways to do it in my view: 1) SCC does the invoices to [WGIL] like it has always done, SCC receives payment and then SCC remits 30% to you within say 3 days of payment being received. 2) For each claims [sic], there is an invoice for 70% of the agreed amount from SCC, and then an invoice for 30% of the agreed amount from you guys. This will require twice the work obviously. I think number one is easiest, and we would be able to reconcile the amounts from their remittance advices. Please could confirm which way you require, and then organise a letter to be sent to us so we can pass it onto [WGIL] with the process we are to follow." I pause to note that the former alternative contemplated a three day time period between when SCC would receive payment and when it would remit the specified percentage to SGA, and the latter arrangement was inconsistent with any subsisting arrangement for SCC to receive the funds on SGA's behalf. It appears that SCC adopted the former approach. Later on 14 March 2016, Mr McKenzie wrote to Mr Park requesting a letter addressed to WGIL confirming that the SGA Liquidators had appointed SCC to negotiate with WGIL on the settlement "as FTI on behalf of SGA has an agreement with SCC with regards to this" (Ex P4, 82).
13. On 18 March 2016, Mr Park wrote to WGIL (Ex P4, 86) stating, inter alia, that: "As you are aware, whilst the contract for services for [WGIL] was in the name of the Company [SGA], the actual work was completed and invoiced by [SCC], and [WGIL] paid all invoices to [SCC] during the relationship. As such, I advise we have appointed [SCC] as our agent to calculate the work in progress (WIP) position, negotiate with [WGIL] on the settlement of WIP and receive payment. We understand that [WGIL] is yet to provide a response to the calculations put forward by [SCC] or provide any counter offer. We request this be done as soon as possible."
14. On 13 April 2016, SCC and the SGA Liquidators agreed that the arrangement would be varied so that legal costs incurred by SCC in dealing with WGIL would be reimbursed to SCC before a distribution to SGA and SCC (Ex P4, 94-95).
15. On 20 June 2016, the Receivers were appointed to SCC (Ex P4, 98-104). Also in June 2016, WGIL and SCC entered into a Deed of Settlement and Release (Ex P4, 105-110) which provided for WGIL to pay a Settlement Sum of approximately $287,000 to SCC. The recitals to the Deed recorded that WGIL denied any liability to SGA in relation to the "WIP Claims" and the document contained a warranty by SCC (expressly relied upon by WGIL) that SCC was the only entity and the correct entity entitled to receive payment for any amounts constituting a compromise of the "WIP Claims". SGA was not named as a party to the Deed which also did not refer to payment being made by WGIL to SCC as agent for SGA. On 29 June 2016, SCC was placed in liquidation (Ex P4, 154-160). On 6 July 2016, WGIL paid the Settlement Sum to the Receivers (Heesh 26.6.18 [33]).

The parties' submissions

1. The SGA parties were in general agreement regarding the legal principles to be applied, and the primary question is whether the parties' agreement involved an intention (objectively assessed) on the part of the parties to create a trust. Mr Neggo fairly accepted that a trust may be implied, inferred or imputed on the basis of an assumed intent, referring to Korda v Australian Executor Trustees (SA) Limited [2015] HCA 6; (2015) 225 CLR 62. French CJ there (at [5]) referred to a summary of the requirements for an express trust in JD Heydon and MJ Leeming, Jacobs' Law of Trusts in Australia, (7th ed, 2006, LexisNexis Butterworths) at [306], where the learned authors note that an intention to create a trust may be found based on language which expressly or impliedly expresses that intention, or from the conduct of the parties concerned, but that no trust will be established if there is any uncertainty as to that intention. Hayne and Kiefel JJ also there noted (at [72]) that whether a trust should be found to exist depends on the proper construction of the documents which record the parties' intention, and Gageler J observed (at [109]) that whether recognition and enforcement of a trust is appropriate is to be determined according to ordinary principles of contractual construction.
2. The parties also referred to In Walker v Corboy (1990) 19 NSWLR 382, where Priestley JA observed (at 386) that, where there is no express agreement, whether a trust is established will depend upon the expectations of the parties implicit in their dealings with one another in the commercial milieu in which the particular dispute has arisen. His Honour there observed (at 387) that the parties there: "… never dreamed that separate accounts would be kept at the agent's banks for each producer or that there was anything more than a creditor-debtor relationship between them. The full circumstances of the case seem to me to require the conclusion that there was no trust relationship between the parties, nor any equitable interest of the principals in the moneys held by the agent."
3. Clarke JA there also referred (at 390) to the caution which should be exercised when deciding whether an intention to impose trust obligations should be inferred from the complex circumstances which often attend the commercial relationship of parties who have traded together for a long period of time and also pointed (at 392) to the significant disruption to the course of trading by the imposition of trust obligations. Meagher JA observed (at 395-396) that: "… an intention to create a trust is an essential element of a trust. If the parties expressly spell out that their arrangements do or do not involve a trust, a trust comes into existence or does not come into existence accordingly. When, as here, the parties have no expressed intention, it then becomes necessary to see, in all the circumstances of the case, what intention the law should impute to them." His Honour also referred (at 396) to the fact that there are numerous cases where an agent has been held not to be a trustee of proceeds of sale and pointed to several factors which tended against the finding of a trust in that case, including the absence of any requirement that the agent should keep the proceeds of sale separate from its own general funds; an industry-wide practice of mixing of funds; and the general reluctance of the courts to extend the law of trusts into ordinary commercial transactions.
4. The approach adopted in Walker v Corboy above, was followed in Walsh Bay Developments Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1995) 130 ALR 415 at 423 per Beaumont and Sackville JJ, with whom Jenkinson J agreed, and that approach was also applied in Orica Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2010] FCA 197 at [76]-[77] and in Georges (in his capacity as joint and several liquidator of Sonray Capital Markets Pty Ltd (in liq)) v Seaborn International Pty Ltd (as trustee for the Seaborn Family Trust) [2012] FCAFC 140; (2012) 206 FCR 408 at [40].
5. Mr Neggo points out that, in this case, the original commercial relationship between SCC and SGA does not provide any real support for a trust where, irrespective of the terms of the Novation Agreement, the parties' practice was for SCC to issue invoices to WGIL and for WGIL to pay SCC, which then paid SGA for the use of its employees who carried out the claims assessment work. Mr Neggo acknowledges that the letter dated 18 March 2016 from Mr Park to WGIL stated that SGA (or at least its administrators) had appointed SCC as their agent to negotiate with WGIL and to receive payment. However, he submits that the fact that an agent receives money from a third party on behalf of their principal does not necessarily make the agent a trustee of that money for the benefit of the principal.
6. Mr Neggo also points out that there is no direct suggestion in any of the communications that it was intended that SCC would hold any part of the Westpac Money on trust for SGA; that the email dated 24 February 2016 from Mr McKenzie (on behalf of SCC) to Mr Park did not use language referring to a trust or, I would add, contemplate that monies received by SCC would be segregated between those to which it was entitled and those to be paid to SCC; and that Mr McKenzie's email of 14 March 2016 proposed that SCC would remit 30% of the received money to the SGA Liquidators within three days of receipt, and did not refer to that money being held on trust, or, I again add, contemplate any segregation of that money. Mr Neggo also points out that the Deed between WGIL and SCC did not suggest that WGIL was making any payment of money for SCC to hold on trust for SGA, although he rightly recognises that is not determinative, particularly where SGA was not a party to the Deed. Mr Neggo submits that, in these circumstances, the Receivers incline towards the view that there is no trust, although they have no interest in the outcome other than to ensure that the Westpac Money is dealt with in the proper way.
7. Mr McKechnie submits that SGA rather than SCC was party to the Assessors Services Agreement and that SGA was owed money by WGIL relating to work in progress pursuant to the Assessors Services Agreement and SCC, pursuant to a prior agreement with SGA, was entitled to be paid for outstanding invoices (Park 2.7.18 [8]-[9]). The former submission presumably depends on the Novation Agreement, since neither SCC nor SGA were party to the Assessors Services Agreement in its original form. The latter submission depends on conclusory statements in Mr Park's affidavit evidence as to the results of unidentified investigations, and I give it little weight. Mr McKechnie also relies on Mr Park's characterisation of the agreement formed on 24 February 2016 as one by which "the funds owing to SGA by WGIL for work in progress under the Assessors Services Agreement would be recovered by SCC and that SGA would be entitled to 30% of those funds" (Park 2.7.18 [11]). I am not persuaded by the premise of that characterisation, that the Novation Agreement establishes that monies were owing to SGA rather than SCC, where the parties' practice was that SCC invoiced and received payment of the relevant amounts and paid lesser, although substantial, amounts to SGA referable to the work done by its employees in providing those services. Mr McKechnie also submits that the 24 February agreement created an express trust such that the money is not the property of SCC.
8. Mr Neggo also submits that, where the arguments for an implied intention are finely balanced, this raises "a cautionary concern" about the certainty of that intention, and that the imposition of trust relationships may defeat the interests and expectations of creditors: Korda v Australian Executor Trustees (SA) Limited above at [10]; Re Courtenay House Capital Trading Group Pty Ltd (in liq) [2018] NSWSC 404 per Brereton J at [19]. Mr McKechnie responds that the "cautionary concern" raised in relation to inferring a trust relationship in a commercial context should not be applied universally. He distinguishes between a trading relationship where a Court should be reluctant to infer a trust and a single isolated transaction and relies on the observation of Meagher JA in Walker v Corboy above at 396 that: "In the case of a single transaction the position is clear enough. In the absence of any other factors, the law will take the view that he who beneficially owns the tree also beneficially owns the fruit: the agent will be a trustee of the proceeds of sale."
9. That observation directs attention to the question of rights in an underlying asset. As I have noted above, it does not seem to me that question is determined by the Novation Agreement where all parties adopted a different invoicing and payment practice, and the 24 February arrangement contemplated that SCC would receive the Westpac Money at least in the first instance, subject to the sharing of that money contemplated by it, and did not confer any prior right to that money on SGA. Mr McKechnie also submits that this case is analogous to cases where an agent sells property of a principal and receives money, and that the Court can take assistance from principles applied in such cases. I do not accept that submission, which depends on SGA having a prior right to receive the Westpac Money which has not been established.
10. Both parties recognise the relevance of the way in which the Westpac Money was to be treated by SCC, although they give different weight to that matter. Mr Neggo submits that the fact that an agent receives money from a third party on behalf of their principal does not make the agent a trustee of that money for the benefit of the principal: Walker v Corboy above; Parker v Higgins [2012] NSWSC 1516 at [55]-[56]; Jacobs' Law of Trusts in Australia, 7th Edition at [210]. Mr Neggo also submits that whether a party is obliged to keep any money separate from its own money is "often decisive" as to whether a trust exists: McManus RE Pty Ltd v Ward [2009] NSWSC 440 at [25].
11. Mr McKechnie in turn refers to the observations of Channell J in Henry v Hammond [1913] 2 KB 515 at 521 that: "It is clear that if the terms upon which the person receives the money are that he is bound to keep it separate, either in a bank or elsewhere, and to hand that money so kept as a 50 separate fund to the person entitled to it, then he is a trustee of that money and must hand it over to the person who is his cestui que trust. If on the other hand he is not bound to keep the money separate, but is entitled to mix it with his own money and deal with it as he pleases, and when called upon to hand over an equivalent sum of money, then, in my opinion, he is not a trustee of the money, but merely a debtor." [Mr McKechnie's emphasis] That observation has subsequently been cited with approval or applied in Walker v Corboy (1990) above, Puma Australia Pty Ltd v Sportsman's Australia Limited (No 2) [1994] 2 Qd R 159, Georges (in his capacity as joint and several liquidator of Sonray Capital Markets Pty Ltd (in liq)) v Seaborn International Pty Ltd (as trustee for the Seaborn Family Trust) above at [41] and in my judgment in Re Kit Digital Australia Pty Ltd (in liq) [2014] NSWSC 1547 at [61]ff, on which I have drawn for aspects of the outline of the applicable principles in this judgment.
12. Mr McKechnie submits that, although any requirement that a trustee should be obliged to keep any money separate from their own money is relevant to the question to be asked by the Court, it is not decisive or determinative. He refers to Puma Australia Pty Ltd v Sportsman's Australia Limited above at 162, where McPherson ACJ observed that: "The problem of determining whether a person is a trustee of money of his 'principal' is not often capable of resolution by the simple expedient of asking whether the recipient of the proceeds is bound to keep the money in a separate account unmixed with his own. That is a hallmark duty of a trustee; but the result of such an inquiry in a particular case seldom affords a ready conclusion. A person is bound to keep the money in a separate account if he is a trustee; and he is a trustee if he is bound to keep the money in a separate account. The inquiry is circuitous and the answer inconclusive except where the notion of a duty to maintain a separate account for moneys received is so implausible as to compel the inference that a trust cannot possibly have been intended …" [citations omitted].
13. It seems to me that the balance of the case law indicates that any requirement to keep funds separate is a substantial consideration, not least because a party's ability to mix monies with its own funds is generally inconsistent with a trust. It also seems to me that the inquiry as to whether a separate account was to be maintained is a useful one, despite the observations of McPherson ACJ in Puma Australia Pty Ltd v Sportsman's Australia Limited (No 2) quoted above. In particular, a request for or implementation of such an arrangement may suggest that the parties intended that a trust exist and the absence of such a request may suggest the contrary, while leaving open a possibility that the arrangement was not maintained in breach of trust.

Mr McKechnie's six reasons why a trust is established and determination

1. I have addressed several aspects of Mr McKechnie's submissions above, but I should also deal specifically with the six reasons why he submits that a trust is established. First, he submits that SGA was the party to the Assessors Services Agreement and was legally entitled to be paid under that agreement, and the fact that SCC issued invoices in its name (or, I interpolate, in the business name "Stream Customised Claims") does not change this fact. He submits that this case is analogous with cases of an agent selling property belonging to the principal, and that, absent other factors, the law will recognise a trust in such a case. As I have noted above, I do not accept that submission or that analogy, where the parties had conducted themselves in a different manner by SCC issuing invoices and receiving payment of them and it them paying SGA for its employee costs for the work done.
2. Second, Mr McKechnie submits that the intention to create a trust can be inferred from the language used by Mr McKenzie on behalf of SCC in the 24 February email, and that the words "FTI won't have to do anything, it will just get 30% of whatever is recovered into the SGA accounts" support a clear inference that SGA (or the administrators) had a beneficial proprietary interest in the amount recovered. Mr McKechnie submits that those words carry a clear inference of an automatic entitlement to the funds on account and that is consistent with a trust existing and not with a debt arrangement. I also do not accept that submission, since the words seem to me to do no more than recognise the result of the agreement being performed, which is equally consistent with a contractual arrangement rather than a trust.
3. Third, Mr McKechnie submits that the uncertainty which may have existed regarding the proper party to the Assessors Services Agreement is consistent with the SGA parties' case, and the focus of the parties upon who has property in accounts payable under the Assessors Services Agreement is consistent with a trust arrangement rather than a simple debtor-creditor relationship. I am not persuaded by that submission, since the uncertainty as to that issue weakens any claim to a trust arising from that agreement and is consistent with the parties' wish to reach agreement as to how to share the Westpac Money, but does not indicate that agreement contemplated a trust rather than contractual obligations.
4. Fourth, Mr McKechnie submits that, although there is no express requirement for SCC to keep the Westpac Money separate, there is also nothing in the emails which indicate that SCC was free to deal with the money as it wished. Mr McKechnie submits that the email of 14 March 2016 which proposes the remission of the 30% within three days appears to be contradictory to any freedom of SCC to deal with the funds as it pleases and then pay an equivalent amount. I am not persuaded by that submission, since the absence of a requirement to keep the funds separate at least suggests that the parties did not recognise its existence, and the remission arrangement is consistent with SCC being able to mix with the funds with its own funds and use them for its purposes until the time they were due to be remitted to SGA.
5. Fifth, Mr McKechnie submits that the agreement was an isolated transaction concerning specifically identifiable property and was not part of the ordinary course of an ongoing trading relationship such that many of the concerns which occupied the Court of Appeal in Walker v Corboy do not apply. While I broadly accept that submission, it does not support any positive finding that a trust is established. Finally, Mr McKechnie submits that there can be no concern about this case involving a "straw company" and accordingly the Court need not be concerned that the arrangement is designed to defeat creditors. I do not accept that submission, where the existence of a trust would have the necessary effect, if not the subjective intent, of promoting the interests of SGA over the interests of other creditors of SCC.
6. It seems to me that the arrangement between SCC on the one hand and SGA and its administrators on the other was contractual in character rather than establishing a trust. In summary, and as I have noted above, there was no reference in the correspondence to an intent to create a trust or a proprietary interest in the Westpac Money in favour of SGA and SGA's administrators did not then refer to any risk of insolvency of SCC which may have led them to wish to obtain such an interest. There was no suggestion that SCC was bound to, or did, keep the Westpac Money separate from its other funds and the parties' correspondence contemplated there would be a delay, albeit of short duration, between SCC's receipt of payment and the payment of SGA's share of that amount to the SGA Liquidators. It seems to me that, adopting the language of Henry v Hammond above, SCC was obliged to hand over an amount corresponding to 30% of the Westpac Money, after it was paid that amount, rather than to hold that portion of the amount it received on trust for SGA. Accepting that SCC was, at least in a sense, SGA's agent to receive that payment, the absence of any other indication to create a proprietary interest in the Westpac Money in favour of SGA on receipt and the absence of separation of such funds does not support a finding that a trust was intended.

Orders and costs

1. Directions should therefore be made in accordance with the findings that I have recorded above. The Receivers also seek an order that the costs of this application be paid out of the Westpac Money. I will make such an order in respect of the Receivers' costs of the application. It is not immediately apparent why such an order should extend to the costs incurred by the SGA Liquidators in respect of the application, but I will hear the parties if they wish to be heard further in that regard. The parties should bring in orders to give effect to this judgment, including as to costs, within 7 days.

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