Applicant M256/2003 v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs

(2) Without limiting what is serious harm for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b), the following are instances of serious harm for the purposes of that paragraph: (a) a threat to the person's life or liberty; (b) significant physical harassment of the person; (c) significant physical ill-treatment of the person; (d) significant economic hardship that threatens the person's capacity to subsist; (e) denial of access to basic services, where the denial threatens the person's capacity to subsist; (f) denial of capacity to earn a livelihood of any kind, where the denial threatens the person's capacity to subsist.'

The applicant's claims 8 The applicant claimed that he had a well-founded fear of being persecuted, if he should return to Egypt, for reasons of religion or membership of a particular social group. His claims arose out of the fact that he was engaged by the management of a nightclub in Egypt to make videotapes of activities at the nightclub, and to sell those videotapes to the persons who had been participating in the activities. The nightclub was available for hire for functions. From time to time, it was hired by groups of people for functions involving heavy metal music. The applicant made videotapes of these functions and sold them to those who had participated in them. The religious authorities in Egypt took the view that these concerts involved satanic practices, or 'devil-worship'. The authorities were aware of the involvement of the applicant. As part of a crackdown on the practices, the authorities had obtained a court order against the applicant, requiring his arrest. The applicant's father had been required to give an assurance that he would give up the applicant to the authorities, if the applicant should return. Two of the applicant's brothers, who lived outside Egypt, had been detained and questioned at the airport, when they visited Egypt. The questioning concerned the applicant's whereabouts. 9 The applicant claimed to fear that he would be punished severely, including arrest and torture, for his perceived apostasy or blasphemy, and that what he had done would be held against him for the rest of his life, so that he would be unable to live normally. His claim to fear of persecution for the reason of religion was therefore based on his contravention of a religious-based law, or his failure to conform to the dictates of a dominant religion. So far as his alternative claim was concerned, it was based on the suggestion that he was a member of a particular social group, namely those perceived to be involved in satanic rituals.

The Tribunal's reasons 10 In the course of its written reasons for decision, the Tribunal said: 'The Tribunal is prepared to accept in their entirety the applicant's claims of his involvement in the Zamalek club in Egypt and his role, though not as an organiser, in videotaping parties, including parties of devil worshippers. The Tribunal similarly is prepared to accept his claims made at the hearing as to his purpose in and method of departing Egypt and his arrival in Australia. It accepts that there are court orders out against the applicant, that Egyptian authorities are interested in talking to the applicant on return, that his brothers have been questioned about his whereabouts at the airport and that his father has been forced to sign a document to notify the authorities if he discovers his son's whereabouts. While the Tribunal is prepared to accept these claims, it does not accept that the applicant faces a real threat of Convention-related persecution because of his role in videotaping parties including parties involving satanic rituals in Egypt: country information available to the Tribunal, detailed below, does not support such a claim.' 11 Under the heading 'Devil Worship', the Tribunal then said: 'Sources consulted by the Tribunal indicate that in January 1997, 80 to 100 young people were arrested in Egypt and accused of being devil-worshippers. The young people were mostly students from well-off families, who had adopted Western modes of dress and behaviour and who listened to "heavy-metal" music; few if any appeared to have any real connection with Satanism. Most of the youths were released after a short period, although some were held for longer periods. News reports on these events include the following.' 12 The Tribunal then referred to a Radio Monte Carlo report from January 1997, identifying a group called 'the Worshippers of Satan', which were described as organising 'wild hard-rock music parties', engaging in 'orgies', and using cannabis. The report stated that a senior Egyptian mufti had called members of this group who had been arrested apostates, and had called for the death penalty if they did not repent and return to religion. 13 The Tribunal also referred to a report on the arrest of a number of young people in Egypt for the Washington report on Middle Eastern affairs in May 1997, which referred to a hundred people having been arrested and to three or four of them being still in jail by late February 1997. This report described most of those arrested as 'young sons and daughters of the relatively well-to-do whose only crime seemed to be their penchant for foreign, heavy metal bands'. It described them as dancing, 'maybe a bit spastically, at concerts by raucous local rock bands', and as wearing black T-shirts imprinted with skull and crossbones, painting their nails black, wearing black lipstick and tattooing their arms. The report indicated that the connection with the practice of Satanism had been made by the authorities and the media. It described the official reaction as typical of 'short-lived hysterias, whipped up by government and opposition media', about various issues. 14 The Tribunal referred to a report in January 1997 of Deutsche Presse-Agentur, headlined 'Teenage devil worshippers rounded up in Egypt 1997'. It referred to a January 1997 Agence France Presse report, which quoted the Coptic Pope as urging the imposition of the stiffest possible sanctions against dozens of youths under investigation for alleged 'Satan worship'. The Tribunal also referred to a February 1997 Deutsche Presse-Agentur report, quoting as follows: 'Thirty-one young people were released on bail shortly after their arrest. Two weeks later, the prosecutor ordered the release of 24 others, and on Wednesday, all the remaining defendants were freed except for four young men whose detention was extended for 15 days pending further investigation.' 15 The Tribunal referred to a further Deutsche Presse-Agentur report on 3 March 1997, to the effect that the last four ring-leaders had been released on bail. 16 The Tribunal referred to what it described as a 'detailed analysis by A. Khattab', published in May 1997. This quoted 'SSP General Attorney Hesham Sarraya' as acknowledging that there are no devil worshippers in Egypt, but a group of 'spoiled teenagers who suffer from lack of parental control.' 17 Finally, the Tribunal referred to an Associated Press report of 8 June 2001, quoting as follows: '"Egypt was shocked when police in 1997 arrested 78 students for holding heavy metal music parties that allegedly involved sex and devil-worship rituals in the desert and various Cairo hotels. All were convicted and fined for scorning religion. Four of the teens spent 45 days in custody, while the others were released."' 18 The Tribunal went on to say: 'Country information suggests that those arrested and accused of being devil-worshippers were mostly released after a short period; while there had been calls from Egypt's Mufti Shaykh that those arrested - and called apostates - should be put to death if they did not repent and return to religion, all involved had eventually been freed by March 1997 with one report noting that "the last four ring-leaders" had been released on bail. The Tribunal notes the comments of SSP General Attorney Hesham Sarraya that there were no devil-worshippers in Egypt whatsoever; rather they were "just a group of spoiled teenagers who suffer from lack of parental control". The Tribunal also notes the explanation of one observer that Egypt was going through a particularly tough passage in its continuous struggle to come to terms with influences from the West. Based on this country information, the Tribunal is satisfied that Egyptian authorities confronted a problem as they saw it of youth, devil-worship, endorsement of heavy metal music and its various accoutrements. It was investigated thoroughly and dealt with; all those who were arrested have long since been released. There is no evidence before the Tribunal to suggest that any of those involved, including "ring leaders", were dealt with by authorities in a persecutory manner; rather, of those arrested, all were convicted and fined for scorning religion. The Tribunal finds that such treatment does not amount to serious harm under s.91R of the Act.' 19 On this reasoning, the Tribunal said that it was not satisfied that the applicant faced a real chance of being persecuted by Egyptian authorities for a Convention-related reason, because of his involvement in the events at the nightclub. The Tribunal also expressed the view that, even if the applicant were to return to Egypt, and to re-engage in videotaping or other involvement in heavy metal parties, he would not face a real threat of persecution for such involvement. Because his fear of persecution was not well-founded, the Tribunal was not satisfied that the applicant was a person to whom Australia had protection obligations under the Convention.

The applicant's case 20 There were three grounds in the applicant's amended draft order nisi, filed in this Court. The first ground was that the Tribunal had failed to take into account relevant considerations. The considerations identified were the facts by which the applicant sought to differentiate himself from those who had merely been involved in the events at the nightclub. The applicant complained that the Tribunal had ignored those facts, and had regarded the information it had as to the manner in which the majority of those people had been dealt with as applicable to the applicant's case. The second ground was that the Tribunal had failed to understand the meaning of persecution, and the provisions of s 91R of the Migration Act as to serious harm. The third ground was that the Tribunal had denied the applicant procedural fairness, because the interpreter through whom he gave his evidence at the Tribunal hearing was Lebanese, and failed to interpret accurately what the applicant was saying. At the hearing of the proceeding, counsel for the applicant expressly abandoned the third ground. The matter proceeded on the basis that it was argued that the Tribunal had failed to deal with the actual case made by the applicant, and that it had failed to understand the meaning of persecution and to construe correctly the provisions of s 91R of the Migration Act. It was contended that these errors amounted to jurisdictional errors, and that they entitled the applicant to have the Tribunal's decision set aside and his application to review the decision of the Minister's delegate reviewed again by the Tribunal, according to law.

The time issue 21 Counsel for the Minister argued that, at least as to part of the relief claimed, the application was out of time under the High Court Rules 1952 ('the High Court rules') and, unless the Court extended the time, that relief could not be granted. As I have said, the relief sought against the Minister is prohibition. The High Court Rules contained no time limit in respect of an application for prohibition. Counsel for the Minister contended that it was inappropriate to seek prohibition against the Minister; once the Tribunal decision has been made, if it is not set aside, the Minister has a statutory obligation to remove the applicant from Australia. While this argument may be correct, it is of no consequence in the present case. It is conceded that, as against the Tribunal, the remedy of certiorari was sought by the filing of the application in the High Court within the time limit then fixed by O 55 r 17(1) of the High Court Rules. The application to the High Court was not filed within the two-month time limit, fixed by O 55 r 30 of the High Court Rules, in respect of an application for mandamus. In Applicants M16 of 2004 v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCA 1641 at [73], after examining some of the authorities, I expressed the conclusion that the better view is that, once the High Court has remitted an application for an order nisi to this Court, the time limits applicable in that court are no longer of any consequence. I remain of that opinion. 22 In any event, there was an amended draft order nisi filed in this Court. Although the use of an amended draft order nisi was perhaps not the most convenient procedure, it was of itself sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court, conferred by s 39B of the Judiciary Act, afresh. On the assumption that the Tribunal's decision is affected by jurisdictional error, and is consequently not 'a decision...made...under this Act' for the purposes of the definition of 'privative clause decision' in s 474(2) of the Migration Act, the time limit then fixed by s 477(1) was inapplicable. On that assumption, there was no time limit fixed for invoking the jurisdiction conferred on this Court by s 39B of the Judiciary Act, in respect of the Tribunal's decision. See Applicants M16 at [74].

23 If it were necessary to enlarge the time limit for the application for mandamus, to give the applicant a constitutional entitlement to seek certiorari as an adjunct to mandamus (certiorari being a remedy not mentioned in s 75(v) of the Constitution), then I should not hesitate to do so in the present case. There has been no undue delay. The proceeding was commenced within the time limited for an application for certiorari. The delay is not, in any event, gross. The Minister has not claimed to have suffered any prejudice by reason of the delay. The applicant's claim is one that has merits. 24 An alternative view is that certiorari might be a remedy available to the applicant, pursuant to s 23 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), in a proceeding in which the jurisdiction of the Court is invoked validly by the remittal by the High Court of the application for prohibition against the Minister, even if the applicant could not succeed in obtaining that remedy against that respondent. 25 For all these reasons, it is unnecessary to consider the issue of the time of the commencement of the proceeding any further.

Consideration of the applicant's whole case 26 The applicant's case included a number of facts which, if accepted, distinguished him from most, if not all, of the people dealt with by the Egyptian authorities as a result of the activities at the nightclub. At the time of the events, the applicant was not a teenager, but was in his mid-twenties. He was not merely attending the events at which what were regarded as satanic rituals were taking place, but was facilitating those events, by making videotapes, and ensuring that the memory of the events was kept alive, by selling the videotapes to the participants. It was perhaps true to say, as the Tribunal did, that he was not an 'organiser' of the events, but he was certainly not in the same category as the ordinary participants. 27 Further, the applicant's case included the proposition that there was a current court order for his arrest, and that he was being sought actively by the authorities, who had questioned his two brothers at the airport in 2001 and 2003, seeking information as to the applicant's whereabouts. The applicant's father had given an undertaking to give up the applicant to the authorities if he should return. 28 The Tribunal found in favour of the applicant in relation to all of these facts. Having done so, it did not mention any of those facts again in the course of its reasoning. In terms of the Tribunal's findings, in the paragraph under the heading 'Devil Worship', which I have quoted in [11], the applicant did not fit the picture. He was not as young as the others involved. He was not a student. He was not from a 'well-off' family. As a consequence, it was a matter of some doubt whether he would be in the category of 'most' of those people, who were released after a short period. At the very least, it would have been likely that the applicant would have been among those who were 'held for longer periods.' 29 It was true to say, as the Tribunal did, after reviewing the media reports, that those arrested were 'mostly released after a short period'. If it were the case that 'all involved had eventually been freed by March 1997', it was also the case that some had been released on bail. This certainly suggested that further action against them was pending at that time. The evidence afforded no foundation for the Tribunal's finding that 'all those who were arrested have long since been released.' There appears to have been no evidence of what subsequently occurred in relation to those released on bail. 30 The Tribunal was entitled to place emphasis on the opinion of SSP General Attorney Hesham Sarraya, that there were no devil-worshippers in Egypt, but just a group of spoiled teenagers suffering from lack of parental control. Its reference to the opinion of an observer that Egypt 'was going through a particularly tough passage in its continuous struggle to come to terms with influences from the West' is more difficult to comprehend. Given that the Tribunal described the struggle as a continuous one, it might have been expected that the Tribunal would turn its attention to the possibility that Egypt would go through another such 'tough passage', and that another wave of 'short-lived hysteria[s], whipped up by government and opposition media', might be generated. Although it is possible to be critical of the Tribunal's approach to these issues, they were essentially issues of fact for the Tribunal to determine. It is not possible to overturn the Tribunal's decision on the basis that it took a wrong view of the facts, even if that view seems not to accord with the evidence. 31 The stark feature of the Tribunal's reasoning is its failure to deal with the differentiating factors in the applicant's case, apart from finding that they existed. Instead, the Tribunal appears to have acted on the assumption that whatever had happened to the majority of the young people who had been arrested in consequence of the activities at the nightclub, and in other places, would happen to the applicant. Without turning its attention to the question whether the differentiating factors would be enough to ensure that something more might happen to the applicant, the Tribunal cannot be said to have dealt with the case that the applicant put. 32 It is true, as counsel for the Minister argued, that the applicant cannot object to the processes of reasoning of the Tribunal. He cannot object to the emphasis given by the Tribunal to various matters of fact, nor to its choice of the material on which it relies in making findings. In my view, however, this case falls on the other side of the line that separates those issues from a failure to deal with the case as put. The Tribunal's statutory function, pursuant to s 414(1) of the Migration Act, was to review the decision of the Minister's delegate. The Tribunal was obliged to exercise this power on the basis of the material before it, reaching its own conclusion on that material, and not merely deciding whether the delegate had reached the correct conclusion on the material before him or her. It follows that the Tribunal was obliged to take account of all the material before it. It was insufficient for the Tribunal simply to pay lip-service to that material. In my view, that is what the Tribunal did in the present case. It made findings in favour of the applicant as to all the facts he had alleged, which differentiated him from the majority of those arrested for satanic practices in Egypt. It did not then go on to consider whether those differentiating facts did in fact differentiate the applicant from those others. In my view, the Tribunal thereby failed to deal with the applicant's case. Its failure to do so amounted to a jurisdictional error.

The meaning of 'persecution' and 'serious harm' 33 The argument on this ground was based on the sentence in the Tribunal's reasoning in which the Tribunal said, 'There is no evidence before the Tribunal to suggest that any of those involved, including "ring leaders", were dealt with by authorities in a persecutory manner'. The Tribunal went on to say that all were convicted and fined for scorning religion, and that such treatment does not amount to serious harm within the meaning of s 91R of the Migration Act. 34 In fact, as the Tribunal itself had said, there was any amount of evidence that more serious consequences than convictions and fines were visited upon those who were arrested, particularly some of them. As the February 1997 Deutsche Presse-Agentur report said, there was evidence that 24 of those arrested were held in custody for two weeks, others for some greater time, and four for at least 15 days after that. On 3 March 1997, Deutsche Presse-Agentur reported that the last four were released on bail, which suggests that further proceedings against them were contemplated. The Associated Press report of 8 June 2001 recorded that four of the teenagers spent 45 days in custody. There was no evidence to contradict these statements, which were chosen by the Tribunal as the material on which it wished to rely. The evidence did not sustain the Tribunal's finding that all of those arrested were merely convicted and fined. There was substantial, uncontradicted evidence that a number of them were detained for significant periods, including four who were said to have been held for 45 days and then released on bail. 35 Section 91R of the Migration Act was inserted into the Migration Act by amendment in 2001, apparently for the purpose of attempting to clarify what should be regarded as persecution. It is clear that the section contains no exhaustive definition of persecution, but subs (2) provides examples of serious harm that Parliament has seen fit to characterise as persecution. The first of these, in par (a), is 'a threat to the person's life or liberty'. Imprisonment of up to 45 days plainly involves a loss of liberty. The applicant's case amounted to an assertion that, on his return to Egypt, the court order for his arrest would be enforced, consequent upon his father complying with the undertaking to give up the applicant to the authorities. On the uncontradicted evidence on which the Tribunal chose to rely, the applicant might then be liable to imprisonment for up to 45 days. Such a scenario required the Tribunal to consider whether it amounted to a threat to the applicant's liberty, and therefore to serious harm, amounting to persecution. It is certainly the case that the prospect of imprisonment for up to 45 days is capable of involving a threat to liberty. Imprisonment necessarily involves loss of liberty. 36 For the Tribunal to have reached the conclusion that there was 'no evidence' that any of those involved, including ring-leaders, were dealt with in a persecutory manner, it must have misunderstood the concept of persecution. In particular, it must have misunderstood the requirement of s 91R of the Migration Act that there be serious harm before there could be persecution, and that an example of serious harm involved a threat to liberty. If it had not misunderstood the concepts of 'serious harm', and consequently of persecution, the Tribunal could not have reached the conclusion that there was 'no evidence' to suggest that persecution had occurred. 37 Manifestly, in the exercise of its statutory function to review the delegate's decision, the Tribunal was required to apply the law. In particular, it was required to apply the correct standard, when determining whether a fear of persecution was well-founded. This the Tribunal failed to do, and its failure to do so may have affected the outcome of the applicant's case. The Tribunal therefore did not perform its statutory function. There was jurisdictional error.

Conclusion 38 The result of my conclusion that the Tribunal's decision was the result of jurisdictional error in two respects is that the decision cannot stand. For the reasons I have given in [5], orders must be made having the effect of adding the Tribunal as a respondent to the proceeding. In accordance with the usual practice of administrative decision-makers, the Tribunal ordinarily submits to any the Court may make, except for an order for costs against it. It is therefore safe to dispense with the requirement to serve process on the Tribunal. As the proceeding remains in form an application for an order nisi, the order nisi should be granted and made absolute. A writ of certiorari should issue, bringing the Tribunal's decision into Court for the purpose of quashing it, and it must be quashed. A writ of mandamus must also issue, directed to the Tribunal, ordering it to hear and determine the applicant's application for review of the decision of the Minister's delegate according to law. 39 In the normal course, costs would follow the event. As I have said, counsel for the applicant was engaged pursuant to a referral under O 80 of the Federal Court Rules. Ordinarily, solicitors and counsel who accept such referrals are required to do so without charging any fee to the person referred to them. Order 80 r 9(2) provides that, if an order for costs is made in favour of a litigant who is assisted under the O 80 scheme, the legal practitioner who has provided the legal assistance is entitled to recover the amount of the fees and disbursements that another party is required to pay under the order. In the present case, an order for costs ought to be made.

I certify that the preceding thirty-nine (39) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Gray.

Counsel for the applicant: S Burchell (Pro Bono)

Solicitor for the respondent: Australian Government Solicitor