Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Small-scale Technology Shortfall Charge) Act 2010

The Act is structured around a few narrowly defined legal concepts and cross‑references. Core concepts present in the text are:

• Small‑scale technology shortfall charge: The Act imposes the charge that is payable under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 5). The Act does not itself elaborate the substantive content of that charge beyond imposing it and setting its monetary rate (s 5; s 6). Accordingly, the operative legal concept of a "shortfall" and the identity of liable parties remain matters governed by the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000, to which this Act expressly refers for meanings (s 3).

• Rate per unit of energy: The Act sets a single numeric rate, $65 per MWh, for the charge (s 6). The unit of measure used is megawatt hour. The Act does not provide for indexation, escalation, bands, or varying rates by technology or time; it sets a dollar amount per MWh point‑blank (s 6).

• Commencement sequencing: The Act contains a commencement table that distinguishes provisions that commenced on Royal Assent and those that commence in step with an amendment Act (s 2). Sections 1 and 2 and any parts of the Act not covered by the table commenced on the day of Royal Assent, recorded as 28 June 2010. Sections 3 to 7 commenced on 1 January 2011, synchronised with Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment Act 2010 (s 2).

• Crown binding and State property protection: The Act binds the Crown in right of each State and the Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory, but not the Commonwealth (s 4). Separately, the Act declares that it does not impose a tax on property of a State and adopts the constitutional meaning of property of a State as provided for in section 114 of the Constitution (s 7(1) and (2)). The two provisions coexist: the Crown in right of States and Territories is bound by the Act (s 4), while the Act does not amount to a tax on State property (s 7).

• Cross‑reference to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000: Section 3 makes explicit that expressions used in this Act and in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 have the same meaning in both Acts. That creates a legal dependency: operational definitions, liability rules, enforcement mechanisms, calculation methods, exemptions and administrative procedures are not contained in this Act but are to be found in the 2000 Act.

These are the only concepts defined or asserted by the text. The Act is not a framework statute; it is a price‑setting and imposition instrument that sits within the architecture of an earlier Act.

The Act nominally affects the same set of persons and entities that are subject to the small‑scale technology shortfall charge under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000, because it imposes that charge rather than creating a new separate obligation (s 5; s 3). The Act itself does not name or define payers. Therefore, identification of specific affected parties , liable electricity retailers, liable entities, or others , requires reference to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 where those categories are legally defined (s 3).

From the text the following parties and institutional actors are directly implicated:

• Entities defined as liable under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000: The charge imposed by this Act is the shortfall charge "payable under" that Act (s 5). The Act therefore practically affects anyone who, under the 2000 Act, is assessed as having a shortfall in small‑scale technology certificates or otherwise obliged to make payment in lieu of meeting certificate requirements. The Act does not itself alter those liability criteria.

• State and Territory Governments: The Act "binds the Crown in right of each of the States, of the Australian Capital Territory and of the Northern Territory" (s 4). That means State and Territory governments are subject to the Act as a matter of statutory operation. The Act separately provides that it does not impose a tax on property of a State (s 7), which limits one category of legal challenge or constitutional implication but does not remove the statutory obligation where the State is otherwise liable under the 2000 Act.

• The Commonwealth: The Act expressly does not bind the Crown in right of the Commonwealth (s 4). Entities that are part of the Commonwealth or whose liabilities depend on the Commonwealth being bound would therefore not be affected by this Act in the same way as States and Territories are. The Act does not elaborate on the consequences of that non‑binding effect; it is a statement of statutory reach.

• Administrators and regulators under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000: Because the Act relies on that scheme for definitions, calculation and enforcement, operators of that scheme and agencies charged with administering it are affected operationally. The Act sets the monetary parameter for the shortfall charge those administrators will apply (s 6), which in turn affects their billing and compliance processes under the 2000 Act.

• Owners and operators of small‑scale renewable generation and small‑scale technology certificate registrants: The $65 per MWh shortfall charge creates a monetary benchmark relevant to decisions about generating capacity and certificate trading, though the Act does not itself create rights for certificate owners or trading rules. The practical implications for market participants flow from the rate being set at $65 per MWh (s 6) and the requirement that shortfalls produce a payable obligation (s 5).

Because the Act does not contain operational detail on liability, the precise list of affected commercial entities, market participants, or public bodies cannot be created from this text alone. Section 3 requires consulting the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 for those identifications.

The Act creates a specific statutory duty: the shortfall charge payable under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 is imposed by section 5. The monetary rate of that duty is fixed at $65 per MWh by section 6. Those two provisions together create the legal obligation to pay a dollar amount tied to a shortfall measured in MWh, subject to the definitions and procedural rules in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 3).

Duties

• Payment duty: The Act imposes the shortfall charge for the small‑scale technology scheme (s 5). The existence of the payable charge is statutory; the Act does not state the payment timetable or method. Those procedural duties are in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000, to which the Act defers through statutory cross‑reference (s 3).

• Application to the Crown in right of States and Territories: The Act binds the Crown in right of each State and the ACT and NT (s 4). That creates a duty on State and Territory governments to comply with the Act when otherwise liable under the 2000 Act, subject to the separate protection regarding State property (s 7).

Rights

• No tax on State property: Section 7 establishes a legal right or protection: the Act "does not impose a tax on property of any kind belonging to a State" (s 7(1)). The Act expressly adopts the constitutional meaning of "property of any kind belonging to a State" from s 114 of the Constitution (s 7(2)). This is a definitional protection carved out of the Act's operation that must be considered in disputes about whether a particular imposition constitutes a tax on State property.

• Interpretive right to definitions in the 2000 Act: Section 3 makes it plain that expressions used in this Act and in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 have the same meaning. That gives affected parties the right to rely on the definitions, calculation methods and recognised terminology in the 2000 Act when construing obligations under this Act (s 3).

Operational interdependence

• The Act does not itself create enforcement rights, remission regimes, audit powers, objection or review processes, or remission discretions; those are matters for the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000. The Act therefore functions as a price‑setting overlay to the duties and rights already established in the 2000 regime (s 3; s 5).

• The Act does not provide for indexation, escalation, or periodic review of the $65 per MWh figure (s 6). Any right to challenge or seek adjustment of the monetary rate would therefore have to be pursued by amendment of this Act or via the administrative machinery of the 2000 Act if that Act has relevant discretion, but the text of this Act itself sets a fixed dollar rate (s 6).

In sum, the key duty is statutory payment of the shortfall charge as defined by the 2000 Act, and the key right is the protection that the charge is not a tax on State property. The practical content and enforcement of the duty are left to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.

This Act contains no provisions setting out penalties, enforcement mechanisms, collection procedures, remission powers, objection or review processes. Its content is limited to imposing the shortfall charge and fixing the unit rate (s 5; s 6). Because the Act expressly imports definitions and uses of language from the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 3), the enforcement and penalty architecture for the charge must be located in that parent statute.

Consequences of the Act’s silence

• Enforcement and penalty rules are external: The Act does not provide for how the charge is assessed, invoiced, collected or enforced, or the remedies for non‑payment. The relevant procedural and penalty rules remain in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000. Practitioners must consult that Act to understand penalty rates, interest on late payments, garnishment mechanisms, administrative penalty provisions, civil recovery options or criminal offences, if any.

• Administrative dependence: Agencies administering the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 will be the bodies responsible for implementing the charge, applying whatever compliance and enforcement tools are available under the 2000 Act. This Act merely supplies the monetary parameter that those agencies must apply (s 6).

• No criminal or civil penalty created here: Because the Act does not itself create contraventions or sanctions, no new criminal liability or civil penalty is established by it. Any sanction for failure to pay the shortfall charge would therefore be asserted under the enforcement provisions of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.

Practical notes for enforcement assessment

• The fixed $65 per MWh rate creates an arithmetic basis for calculating liabilities but does not remove uncertainty about what quantity of MWh constitutes the shortfall. Measurement and allocation rules are in the 2000 Act; enforcement will hinge on those prescription and related audit powers (s 3; s 5).

• The Act’s binding of the Crown in right of States and Territories (s 4) means that enforcement processes under the 2000 Act are likely to apply, subject to constitutional protections such as the non‑property tax protection in section 7. How enforcement interacts with State immunity or other constitutional doctrines will depend on the 2000 Act and constitutional law beyond this text.

• Any interest, penalty percentages or recovery costs are not in this Act and therefore must be ascertained in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.

In short, this Act sets the charge and the unit rate but delegates the hard enforcement work to the existing statutory machinery of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.

The Act is explicitly designed to operate within the statutory architecture created by the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000. Section 3 states that "an expression used in this Act and in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 has the same meaning in this Act as it has in that Act." Section 5 imposes the shortfall charge that is payable "under" that 2000 Act. In practical terms this Act is a subordinate instrument in the sense that it sets a pricing parameter for an existing scheme rather than creating a standalone scheme.

Key interaction points demonstrated in the text

• Dependence on the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000: Definitions, liability rules, measurement, calculation of shortfall, payment timing, enforcement, exemptions and administrative procedures rely on the 2000 Act (s 3; s 5). This Act cannot be read in isolation; it must be read together with the 2000 Act to understand operational detail.

• Commencement interlock with amendment legislation: Sections 3 to 7 commence "at the same time as Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment Act 2010 commences" and that date is shown as 1 January 2011 (s 2). The cross‑commencement indicates legislative sequencing to ensure the rate and imposition come into effect contemporaneously with amendments to the 2000 Act. The commencement table also records the date of Royal Assent for sections 1 and 2 as 28 June 2010 (s 2).

• Crown and constitutional interface: The Act binds the Crown in right of each State and of the ACT and NT but not the Commonwealth (s 4). At the same time, the Act declares it does not impose a tax on property of a State (s 7). Those two provisions interact with broader constitutional law, particularly the meaning of "property of any kind belonging to a State" drawn from s 114 of the Constitution and imported by s 7(2). The Act thereby attempts to preserve the imposition while neutralising one specific constitutional argument about taxation of State property.

• No conflict‑resolution clauses: The Act contains no express savings, transitional arrangements beyond the commencement table, or non‑application clauses vis‑à‑vis other Commonwealth laws. Any question about inconsistency with other Commonwealth statutes would be approached under general constitutional rules rather than through this Act’s text. The Act’s express non‑binding of the Commonwealth (s 4) is itself an interaction outcome.

• Tax classification limited: The Act specifically denies that it imposes a tax on State property (s 7). It does not comment on whether the charge is a tax for other constitutional purposes, or whether it might be characterised as a fee, penalty or regulatory charge in other contexts. That classification will therefore depend on broader legal tests and the character of the charge as applied, but the Act rules out one particular constitutional route , a tax on State property.

Overall, the Act functions as an amendment to the pricing parameter of a pre‑existing Commonwealth renewable energy scheme and must be read and applied together with the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 and any relevant subsequent amendments.

The Act as supplied contains only the enactment as originally passed and the original commencement table. The commencement table in section 2 notes that sections 1 and 2 and anything not elsewhere covered commenced on the day of Royal Assent, 28 June 2010, and that sections 3 to 7 commenced 1 January 2011, synchronised with commencement of Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment Act 2010 (s 2). The Act itself contains a note that the table relates only to the provisions of this Act as originally passed and assented to, and "will not be expanded to deal with provisions inserted in this Act after assent" (s 2, table note).

What is present in the text

• Original enactment dates: The Act records its initial dates of effect for its provisions (s 2). Those dates show a two‑step commencement consistent with an adjustment that required alignment with amendments to the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.

• No textual amendment schedule: The provided text contains no provisions that amend other Commonwealth statutes, other than by imposing the shortfall charge within the framework of the 2000 Act. There are no later inserted sections, schedules or amendment histories recorded within the supplied document. The Act’s note that the commencement table relates solely to original provisions suggests that any later amendments, if made, are not recorded in this document.

• No clause for future indexation or review: Section 6 fixes the $65 per MWh rate and provides no mechanism for legislative automatic adjustment, indexation, or review. Any change to the rate requires amendment to this Act or a legislative instrument that expressly changes the statutory rate.

How to interpret absence of amendment record in this text

• This document does not list subsequent amendments or repeals. If amendments to the Act were passed after the original assent, they are not reflected in the supplied text. The Act itself cautions that the table is limited to provisions originally passed (s 2). Therefore a researcher seeking a comprehensive amendment history must consult other official consolidated sources or amending instruments external to this text.

• The Act is self‑contained in its original form for the purposes of the obligations it imposes: imposition of the shortfall charge and the setting of the rate to $65 per MWh (s 5; s 6). Any statutory changes to that rate or to the structure of the shortfall charge would require a subsequent legislative amendment not present in this version.

In short, the supplied Act shows the original enactment and commencement sequencing and contains no internal record of later amendments. The Act fixes the operative rate at $65 per MWh until changed by further legislative amendment.

The text of the Act supplied contains no litigation history. It does not cite, reference or summarise any court decisions, nor does it record any legal proceedings or disputes about its interpretation, application, or constitutional validity.

What the Act does provide that is relevant to litigation potential

• Cross‑reference to definitions and mechanisms in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 3) suggests that any litigation about liability, measurement of shortfall, enforcement, collection processes or related disputes will be largely litigated under the statutory machinery and interpretive provisions of the 2000 Act rather than under this Act. The Act’s silence on penalties or enforcement (s 5; s 6) means litigation will concern how the 2000 Act operates with this statutory rate imposed.

• The explicit statement that the Act does not impose a tax on property of a State (s 7(1)) and the adoption of the constitutional meaning of State property from s 114 of the Constitution (s 7(2)) points to a potential locus of constitutional litigation: parties might have raised constitutional arguments about whether the charge constitutes a tax on State property or is otherwise inconsistent with section 114. The Act’s explicit provision narrows that particular route, but the text supplied contains no record of any litigation testing that clause.

• The binding and non‑binding clauses (s 4) create distinctions that could give rise to litigation about whether a particular Crown entity falls within "the Crown in right of each of the States" or whether a Commonwealth entity is affected. However, the Act contains no case law or reported disputes within the supplied text.

For a complete picture of litigation, one must examine court records and consolidated statutory sources beyond this document. The supplied Act does not supply litigation history.

The Act is short and straightforward in its wording, but its brevity produces a number of practical pitfalls and legal points that practitioners, compliance officers and counsel should note. Each "gotcha" below refers to the relevant section of the Act.

1. Payer and procedural detail are not in this Act (s 3; s 5). The Act imposes the shortfall charge but does not define who pays, how shortfall quantities are calculated, when the charge is due, or how it is collected. Mistaking this Act for a self‑contained charging regime is a risk. Always consult the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 for operative liability rules; this Act only sets the dollar quantum per MWh (s 6).

2. Fixed nominal rate, no indexation (s 6). The Act sets $65 per MWh and contains no mechanism for automatic adjustment. That means real value can erode with inflation and market prices unless Parliament amends this Act. Parties assuming the rate will be adjusted administratively will be surprised.

3. Commencement sequencing matters (s 2). Sections 3 to 7 commence on 1 January 2011, not on Royal Assent. Practitioners must track which legal regimes were in force at a given date for compliance, retrospective liability or accounting purposes. The Act’s table expressly limits itself to original provisions, so later amendments will not be recorded in that table in this text (s 2 table note).

4. Crown binding versus property tax protection (s 4; s 7). The Act binds the Crown in right of States and Territories (s 4) but says it does not impose a tax on State property (s 7). These two statements can create apparent tension in litigation or administrative application. For example, a State may be subject to the charge as a matter of statute, while simultaneously protected against characterising the charge as a property tax on State assets. The practical effect of these clauses must be analysed against the rules and definitions in the 2000 Act and constitutional law, not assumed from this Act alone.

5. Commonwealth not bound (s 4). The Act’s reach excludes the Crown in right of the Commonwealth. Where Commonwealth entities generate electricity or hold certificate obligations, the treatment may differ. Assuming uniform application across all public bodies would be an error.

6. No enforcement or penalty detail in this Act (s 5; s 6). If you seek the mechanics of penalty interest, administrative penalties, audit powers or recovery procedures, they are not in this Act. Trying to rely on this Act for enforcement authority will fail.

7. Definitions imported wholesale (s 3). Section 3 imports expressions from the 2000 Act. Differences in terminology between this Act and other documentation will be resolved by reference to the 2000 Act. Be cautious when drafting notices or compliance documents; use the 2000 Act’s definitions to avoid inadvertent misstatements.

8. Constitutional definition of "property of any kind belonging to a State" adopted (s 7(2)). The Act references the constitutional definition in s 114. Parties should not assume the term "property" in this Act has an expanded or different meaning; the Act intentionally anchors that term to the constitutional test.

9. Lack of amendment record here (s 2 note). The supplied text does not show later amendments. Reliance on this document alone for a current statutory position is risky; always check a consolidated statute source.

10. Market signalling effect not explicit in text (s 6). Although the $65 per MWh rate will act as an economic price signal in practice, the Act does not include any market design or transitional protections that might mitigate strategic responses. Anticipate behavioural responses by market participants and consult the 2000 Act for any safeguard provisions.

Each of these items follows directly from what the Act says and what it omits. They are practical, operational issues for anybody implementing, litigating, or advising around the shortfall charge.

Because the Act imposes the shortfall charge payable "under" the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 and fixes the rate at $65 per MWh, compliance is a two‑step exercise: identify whether the entity is liable under the 2000 Act and, if so, ensure correct calculation and timely payment of the charge at the $65 per MWh rate (s 3; s 5; s 6).

Practical compliance steps

1. Determine liability under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 3; s 5). The Act does not define liable persons. The first compliance step is to consult the 2000 Act to determine whether an entity is a "liable entity" or otherwise subject to the small‑scale technology shortfall charge. Liability definitions, certificate accounting periods, aggregation rules and exemptions are located in that Act, not in this Act.

2. Calculate MWh shortfall using definitions in the 2000 Act (s 3; s 5). The number of MWh of shortfall is the quantity that will be multiplied by $65. Use the 2000 Act’s measurement and accounting provisions to compute the shortfall. Do not attempt to invent alternative measurement methods; the legislative duty is to pay the charge "payable under" the 2000 Act (s 5).

3. Apply the $65 per MWh rate (s 6). Once the shortfall quantity is calculated in MWh, apply the fixed statutory rate of $65 per MWh. The Act contains no alternative rate or tiering; the arithmetic multiplier is straightforward once the MWh figure is known.

4. Observe payment timing and administrative processes in the 2000 Act (s 3; s 5). The Act does not set payment dates or invoicing rules. Ensure invoices, payment dates, netting arrangements, and reporting requirements specified by the 2000 Act are complied with. Check for any applicable remissions, offsets, or credits available under the 2000 Act.

5. Consider State and Commonwealth status (s 4; s 7). If the liable party is a State or Territory government entity, note that the Act binds the Crown in right of the States and Territories (s 4), but also that the Act does not impose a tax on State property (s 7). For Commonwealth entities, the Act does not bind the Crown in right of the Commonwealth (s 4), so confirm whether separate Commonwealth arrangements apply.

6. Maintain records and documentation consistent with the 2000 Act (s 3). Because this Act relies on the definitions and schemes in the 2000 Act, keep certificates, generation records, purchase records and any evidence of compliance that the 2000 Act requires. These records will be essential for audit defence and for establishing exact MWh shortfalls.

7. Plan for absence of indexation (s 6). The $65 per MWh is nominal and fixed in the Act. For budgeting and compliance forecasting, treat $65 as the statutory rate until changed by Parliament. If your organisation has long‑term obligations, model the financial effect of that fixed rate and plan for potential legislative change.

8. Monitor for amendments to either Act (s 2 note). This Act’s commencement note indicates the commencement alignment with an Amendment Act (s 2). For ongoing compliance, monitor legislative changes to both this Act and the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000, since operational detail and enforcement rules are contained in the latter.

9. Seek advice on constitutional and Crown issues (s 4; s 7). If the liable party is a government entity or the liability raises questions about characterisation as a tax on State property, obtain legal advice. Section 7 adopts the constitutional meaning of State property and section 4 distinguishes State and Commonwealth Crown binding.

10. Liaise with relevant administrators. The agencies administering the renewable energy scheme under the 2000 Act will be responsible for notices, invoices and collection. Establish contacts with those agencies to ensure smooth compliance and timely resolution of any assessment disputes.

Checklist summary

• Confirm liability under the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (s 3; s 5).
• Compute MWh shortfall per the 2000 Act’s rules (s 3).
• Multiply shortfall by $65 per MWh (s 6).
• Pay in accordance with the 2000 Act’s payment and collection rules (s 3; s 5).
• Keep documentary evidence for audit and dispute resolution.
• Monitor for legislative change and consider the Crown/State property interface if relevant (s 4; s 7).

Following those steps will align an entity’s operations with the obligations imposed by this Act as read together with the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000.