Part 1PRELIMINARY AND DEFINITIONS

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY AND DEFINITIONS 1.01 Name of instrument (1) This instrument is the Part 138 (Aerial Work Operations) Manual of Standards 2020. (2) This instrument may be cited as the Part 138 MOS. (3) Unless the contrary intention appears, references in this instrument to “the MOS” or “this MOS” are references to the Part 138 MOS. (4) The Table of Contents at the front of this MOS is not part of this instrument. It is for guidance only and may be modified or edited in any published version of this instrument. 1.02 Commencement This instrument commences immediately after the commencement of Part 138 of CASR. > Note 1 Part 138 of CASR is contained in the Civil Aviation Safety Amendment (Part138) Regulations 2018 which commences on 2 December 2021. > Note 2 Some provisions have a date of effect which is later than the date of commencement of this MOS — see paragraph 9.05 (c) and subsection 22.06 (1). 1.03 Application (1) Consistent with subregulations 138.005 (3) and (4) and 138.030 (1), the provisions of this MOS apply only to an operator who is an aerial work certificate holder, unless the provision is expressed to apply to an operator in an aerial work operation whether or not the operator is such a holder. (2) In this MOS, a provision is taken to be expressed to apply to an operator in an aerial work operation whether or not the operator is an aerial work certificate holder if the provision is expressed to apply to: (b) a limited aerial work operator.\` > Note See the definitions of a limited aerial work operator and limited aerial work operation in subsection 1.04 (6). (3) Despite subsections (1) and (2), the definitions in this MOS, and the prescriptions for definitions, apply within this MOS as required by the provisions of this MOS. 1.03A References to instruments and documents (1) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to an instrument or any other document (however described) is a reference to the instrument or document, as in force or existing from time to time. (2) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to any legislative instrument is a reference to the instrument, as in force from time to time. (3) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a FAR is a reference to the FAR, as in force from time to time. (4) If a provision of this MOS applies, adopts or incorporates any instrument or other document, then, unless a contrary intention appears, the instrument or other document, is taken to have been applied, adopted or incorporated as in force or existing from time to time. > Note 1 This section applies to an AFM (which includes an AFM Supplement) because it is also a document. > Note 2 A reference to an instrument or other document, which only occurs in a Note to a provision, does not have the effect that the instrument or document is taken to be applied, adopted or incorporated for this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears. Such references in Notes are to documents which may be used as guidance or background information. 1.03B References to ICAO documents (1) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to an ICAO document (however described) is a reference to the document, as in force or existing from time to time. (2) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a numbered ICAO Annex is a reference to the Annex of that number, as in force or existing from time to time, and as contained in the Chicago Convention. (3) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a numbered ICAO manual is a reference to the manual of that number, or subsequent version, as in force or existing from time to time and issued by ICAO. (4) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a numbered ICAO circular is a reference to the circular of that number, or subsequent version, as in force or existing from time to time and issued by ICAO. > Note 1 Relevant ICAO documents for this MOS may be accessed by navigating from the following link: http://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/default.aspx. > Note 2 A reference to an ICAO document, including an ICAO Annex, which only occurs in a Note to a provision, does not have the effect that the document is taken to be applied, adopted or incorporated for this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears. Such references in Notes are to documents which may be used as guidance or background information. 1.03C References to AS/NZS standards, TSOs, ETSOs, (E)TSOs (1) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular AS/NZS standard is a reference to the particular joint Australian and New Zealand Standard, as in force or existing from time to time. > Note For example, the joint Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1754:2004, Child restraint systems for use in motor vehicles. (2) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular TSO is a reference to that TSO or a later version of that TSO. (3) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular ETSO is a reference to that ETSO or a later version of that ETSO. (4) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, a reference to a particular (E)TSO is a reference to the relevant ETSO or TSO, or a later version of the relevant ETSO or TSO. > Note 1 The first versions of a TSO may have been issued with or without the notation “(0)” at the end (for example only, citations of TSO-C129 and TSO-129(0) would refer to the same document). Thus, for first version TSOs, either form is an acceptable citation for the other. > Note 2 TSO later versions are identified by an alphabetical letter (for example only, TSO-C129 (or TSO-C129(0) versus TSO-C129a). Unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to (for example only) TSO-C129 (or TSO-C129(0)) means that version or a later version. A reference to TSO-C129a means that version or a later version, but not the earlier version — unless a contrary intention appears. Division 2 Definitions — general 1.04 Definitions etc. (1) In this instrument words and phrases have the same meaning as in Part 138 of CASR and in the Civil Aviation Act 1988 unless a contrary intention appears. (2) In this MOS, unless a contrary intention appears, mention of a provision with the prefix “91.” or “138.” is a reference to that provision in Part 91 or Part 138 of CASR. (3) In this instrument, a reference to an emergency services operation (an ESO) is a reference to an aerial work operation that is part of an ESO. (4) In this instrument, unless a contrary intention appears, mention of anything that must be in accordance with procedures (however described) in an operations manual is to be taken as requiring the operations manual to contain the procedures as if they had been prescribed for regulation 138.020. > Note Operations manual procedures may be in the form of procedures, instructions, requirements, specifications, operational criteria, restrictions and similar matters. It is an offence not to comply with relevant operations manual requirements. (5) In this instrument, a reference to any document that is applied, adopted or incorporated is a reference to the document as it exists or is in force from time to time, unless a contrary intention is expressly stated by the reference being to a specifically dated version of the document. (6) In this MOS: > aerial work cargo means things (but not persons) carried on an aircraft in an aerial work operation: (a) that are not carried as an external load operation; and (b) whose carriage is the purpose of, or required for carrying out the purpose of, the operation. > aerial work certificate holder is the expression that is used in this MOS to denote an aerial work operator. > aerial work operation has the meaning given by regulation 138.010. > aerial work operator has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Note A aerial work operator is defined in the CASR Dictionary as a person holding an aerial work certificate (an aerial work certificate holder). Only aerial work certificate holders are permitted to carry aerial work passengers as defined in the CASR Dictionary. See also Chapter 2. > aerial work passenger has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Note An aerial work passenger is a specific subset of the general definition of passenger in the CASR dictionary. Only aerial work passengers may be carried in an aerial work operation and only on an aerial work certificate holder’s aircraft. > aerial work zone, or AWZ, has the meaning given by section 1.05. > AFCS means automatic flight control system. > AFM means aircraft flight manual. > air crew member has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > approved cargo rack means a cargo rack whose fitment and use on a rotorcraft has been approved for the carriage of aerial work cargo by: (a) an STC for the rotorcraft; or (b) an approved engineering order under Subpart 21.M of CASR, designed for fitment and use of the cargo rack on the rotorcraft. > ATSO (short for Australian Technical Standard Order) has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > authorised weather forecast has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > automatic flight control system is a system which integrates the functionality of the autopilot, the flight director, the flight management and navigation system and other systems fitted to an aircraft. > avoid area of the HV envelope, for a rotorcraft, means the combinations of altitude and airspeed displayed on the height-velocity diagram in the AFM which have been determined by the OEM as not offering safe autorotational landing capability, or OEI accountability, in the event of engine failure. > AWZ-RA means a risk assessment for an AWZ. > belly hook means a hook that: (a) is attached to the underside of a rotorcraft in accordance with the AFM; and (b) if a Class D external load is carried — either: (i) is certified by its manufacturer for the carriage of such a load; or (ii) complies with the standard approved in writing by CASA for the carriage of such a load. > Note For example, CASA may approve a standard so that a belly hook may be used for a Class D external load where there is a supplementary type certificate (STC) for a change to the rotorcraft made by someone other than the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). > CAO means Civil Aviation Order. > CAR means the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988. > CASR means the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998. > CASR Dictionary means the Dictionary under regulation 1.004 of CASR. > category of aircraft: see regulation 61.010 of CASR. > Class A external load means a load that is not a person, carried by a rotorcraft in an external load operation (which under this MOS is called a Class A external load operation) that: (a) is external to the rotorcraft; and (b) is not carried in an approved cargo rack, or in a sealed receptacle; and (c) is not jettisonable; and (d) cannot move freely; and (e) does not extend below the rotorcraft’s landing gear. > Note An example of an operation involving a Class A external load is when a load is carried on a platform from which the load has the potential to fall off if it is not properly secured. See the definition of sealed receptacle which means a belly tank for firefighting, or a cargo pod, basket, bin, or similar thing in which a load can be fully enclosed and sealed. > Class B external load means a load that is not a person, carried by a rotorcraft in an external load operation (which under this MOS is called a Class B external load operation) that is: (a) external to the rotorcraft; and (b) jettisonable; and (c) carried above or below the rotorcraft’s landing gear; and (d) by using the rotorcraft’s belly hook or winch: (i) lifted off land or water, or off a structure that is on land or water; and (ii) carried in flight; and (iii) set down on land or water, or on a structure that is on land or water. > Note An example of an operation involving a Class B external load is the picking up and carriage, using a sling attached to the belly hook of a rotorcraft, of an air-conditioning unit that is then set down on the roof of a tall building. > Class C external load means a load that is not a person, carried by a rotorcraft in an external load operation (which under this MOS is called a Class C external load operation): (a) that is external to the rotorcraft; and (b) that is jettisonable; and (c) part of which remains in contact with land or water during the lifting. > Note An example of an operation involving a Class C external load is powerline stringing. > Class D external load means a load that is a person, carried external to the rotorcraft, by a rotorcraft in an external load operation (which under this MOS is called a Class D external load operation). > Note Examples of operations involving a Class D external load are the following: winching a person on board from land or water; winching a person already aboard onto land or into the water; positioning a person on or at a transmission wire using a fixed line attached to the rotorcraft’s belly hook; carrying a person on a platform; conducting a person’s hover exit from, or entry to, the rotorcraft. The belly hook, winch, hard point, or platform must be approved for the purpose of the lifting, placement or carrying of the person (see for example, subsection 15.06 (4)). Only an aerial work certificate holder may carry out a Class D external load operation — see generally subregulations 138.005 (3) and 138.030 (1). > Class E external load means a load, carried by an aeroplane in an external load operation (which under this MOS is called a Class E external load operation) that is: (a) external to the aeroplane; and (b) jettisonable; and (c) either: (i) attached to the exterior of the aeroplane; or (ii) picked up, towed, and released by, the aeroplane. > Note 1 An example of an operation involving a Class E external load is a banner towing operation by an aeroplane. > Note 2 Glider towing is excluded from the definition of aerial work operation by paragraph 138.010 (5) (c). Therefore, a glider that is towed by an aeroplane is not a Class E load. > cloud seeding, for a dispensing operation, means the dropping of approved substances from an aeroplane flying though, or above, cloud formations, for the purpose of causing precipitation from the clouds. > emergency service operation has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > ESO means an aerial work operation that is part of an emergency service operation, other than a fireground personnel carriage operation. > Note The term emergency service operation is defined in the CASR Dictionary and the term fireground personnel carriage operation is defined in subsection 1.04 (6) of this MOS. > ESO operating site means: (a) a location on ground or water, on a vessel, or on an offshore facility, at or from which an aircraft lands or takes off for the purposes of an ESO, or for training for an ESO; or (b) a position in the air at which a rotorcraft hovers for carrying out an aerial work operation as part of an ESO or training for an ESO. > Note ESO operating sites are places where an aerial work objective is actually carried out, for example, a clearing or reserve adjacent to a relevant incident site, on to which, or from which, a rotorcraft lands or takes off, or over which it hovers in an ESO external load operation, for the purpose of facilitating a SAR or police operation. ESO operating sites do not include, for example, an aerodrome that is the operator’s normal base, or a hospital or other location which is served by a purpose-built heliport. > ETSO is short for European Technical Standard Order: see the CASR Dictionary. > (E)TSO, followed by an identifying letter and number, is a shorthand reference to both the TSO and the ETSO, each of which has the same identifying letter and number. > external load means a load that is external to an aircraft. > Note An external load is not cargo. > external load operation has the meaning given by regulation 138.010 (2). > Note 1 An external load operation means carrying or towing a load outside an aircraft in flight and includes training for such an operation. > Note 2 An external load operation is not a cargo transport operation. > FATO means final approach and take-off area, as that expression is defined in the CASR Dictionary. > FCM means a flight crew member. > FD means flight director. > fireground emergency organisation means an authority mentioned in: (a) paragraph 3.03 (f); or (b) paragraph 3.03 (h) — but only to the extent that the authority mentioned engages in firefighting, or protecting or saving wildlife from an active fire. > fireground personnel carriage operation means an operation: (a) conducted by an aerial work certificate holder, for hire or reward, which is tasked by a fireground emergency organisation to carry passengers in a helicopter for the operation: (i) from a fire helibase in the vicinity of a relevant fireground to the fireground, or from one part of a relevant fireground to another part of the fireground, to carry out a relevant ground activity; or (ii) from a relevant fireground to a fire helibase in the vicinity of the fireground, after carrying out a relevant ground activity; and (b) that involves carrying passengers in a helicopter, for the operation, in accordance with the task mentioned in paragraph (a); and (c) unless an exemption under Part 11 of CASR is applicable to, and being used by, the holder — for which the holder meets the requirements stated in paragraphs 4.02 (1) (f) and 5.02 (1) (a), and Chapter 17A. > Note 1 The passengers are aerial work passengers under section 2.02. > Note 2 An effect of this definition is that if any of the elements of the definition are not met, then the transport of the passengers is either a private operation but only if the aerial work certificate holder is not conducting the operation for hire or reward, or a Part 133 operation, with its attendant obligations, if the holder is conducting the operation for hire or reward. > Note 3 Another effect of this definition is that a fireground personnel carriage operation cannot be conducted by a limited aerial work operator. > fire helibase, for a fireground personnel carriage operation, means a safe area: (a) at which passengers, who are carried in a helicopter for the operation, assemble, to embark on a helicopter at the start of the operation; or (b) to which passengers, who are carried in a helicopter for the operation, are returned, to disembark on completion of the operation. > flight director means a system within the AFCS, which overlays the attitude indicator, and whose purpose is to compute and indicate the aircraft attitude required to attain and maintain a preselected flight condition for a particular flight trajectory. > FMS means flight management system, and is an aircraft’s on-board multi‑purpose navigation, performance and aircraft operations computer. > GNSS means the global navigation satellite system. > head of operations, for an aerial work certificate holder, has the same meaning as in subparagraph (b) (ii) of the definition of key personnel in the CASR Dictionary. > HLS means helicopter landing site. > IFR means instrument flight rules. > ISA means international standard atmosphere. > key personnel, for an aerial work certificate holder, has the same meaning as in paragraph (b) of the definition of key personnel in the CASR Dictionary. > Note Refer to the CASR Dictionary. Generally, relevant key personnel are the chief executive officer, the head of operations, the head of training and checking (if required under CASR Part 138), and the safety manager (if required under CASR Part 138). > kind, of an aircraft, has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > limited aerial work operation means an aerial work operation: (a) that is described in subregulation 138.030 (2); and (b) for which the operator is not required by subregulation 138.030 (1) to be an aerial work certificate holder. > Note The effect of this definition is that a limited aerial work operation is either or both of the following: (a) spotting or photography where no remuneration is received by any of the following for the operation: (i) the pilot; (ii) for a registered aircraft — the registered operator; (iii) for an unregistered aircraft — the aircraft owner; (iv) a person or organisation on whose behalf the operation is conducted; (b) an operation that is: (i) for a registered aircraft — conducted over land owned or occupied by the registered operator; and (ii) otherwise — conducted over land owned or occupied by the aircraft owner; and (iii) not conducted over a populous area or public gathering; and (iv) not an external load operation involving the carriage of a person as an external load. > limited aerial work operator means an operator who conducts a limited aerial work operation. > line means a rope, cable, or similar item suitable for use in rappelling. > load, in the expression external load, means anyone or anything that is picked‑up, carried and set-down by an aircraft during an external load operation. > Note A load is not cargo. > LSALT means lowest safe altitude. > MEL means minimum equipment list. > minimum equipment list has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > minimum flight altitude, for a point on the route, or a route segment, of a flight of a rotorcraft, means: (a) for an IFR flight or a VFR flight at night: (i) the published LSALT for the route or route segment; or (ii) if subparagraph (i) does not apply — the LSALT for the route or route segment; or (b) for a VFR flight at night when not using the LSALT determined under paragraph (a) — 1 000 ft above the highest obstacle on the ground or water within 10 NM ahead of, and to either side of, the aircraft at that point; or (c) for a VFR flight by day over a populous area — 1 000 ft above the highest feature or obstacle within a horizontal radius of 300 metres of that point on the ground or water immediately below the rotorcraft; or (d) for a VFR flight by day other than over a populous area — 500 ft above the highest feature or obstacle within a horizontal radius of 300 metres of that point on the ground or water immediately below the rotorcraft. > minimum height means the applicable height under the following regulations: (a) for a flight over a populous area or a public gathering — regulation 91.265; (b) for a flight over other than a populous area or a public gathering — regulation 91.267; (c) for a VFR flight at night — regulation 91.277; (d) for an IFR flight — regulation 91.305. > MOS means Manual of Standards. > MTOW means maximum take-off weight. > MTOW HOGE means maximum take-off weight hover out of ground effect. > navigation system has the same meaning as in the CASR Dictionary. > national aviation authority or NAA has the meaning given by the CASR Dictionary. > NM means nautical miles. > NVIS means night vision imaging system. > NVIS air crew member has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > NVIS firebombing has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > NVIS fire mapping has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > NVIS incendiary dropping has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > NVIS operation has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > NVIS pilot has the same meaning as in Chapter 12 of this MOS. > OEI, for a rotorcraft, means one engine inoperative. > OEI accountability, for the flight of a multi-engine rotorcraft, means: (a) operating in accordance with a performance class of PC2WE or higher performance class as described in the Part 133 MOS; or (b) during the take-off, take-off and initial climb, en route, and approach and landing and baulked landing, phases of a flight, as applicable, doing all of the following: (i) operating in accordance with the requirements of the rotorcraft’s AFM Category A performance supplement; (ii) remaining clear of obstacles; (iii) using en route performance to fly to a suitable OEI landing area at or above the minimum height for the flight: or (c) operating OEI with the capability to do all of the following: (i) remain clear of obstacles; and (ii) reach a suitable forced landing area; and (iii) conduct a landing using the power available in the remaining engine within its operating limits. > OEI accountability, for the flight of a single-engine rotorcraft, means: (a) operating in accordance with a performance class of PC3 as defined by the Part 133 MOS; or (b) operating by day in VMC in accordance with the requirements of the rotorcraft’s AFM and with the capability to: (i) remain clear of obstacles; and (ii) reach a suitable forced landing area; and (iii) conduct a forced landing into the area without causing a hazard to persons or property on the ground in the area; or (c) operating at night in VMC using NVIS and able to comply with the requirements mentioned in paragraph (b) as if they applied. > offshore facility has the same meaning as in the Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Act 2003. > offshore surveillance operation means a surveillance operation that is conducted over the sea. > Part 91 MOS has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Part 121 MOS has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Part 133 MOS has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Part 142 operator has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > performance class, or PC, means a class of performance capability of a rotorcraft and has the same meaning as in the Part 133 MOS. > positioning flight means: (a) a flight of an aircraft to position aerial work cargo, or an aerial work passenger, in order to prepare for and carry out an aerial work operation; and (b) a flight to reposition or remove aerial work cargo or an aerial work passenger on completion or cancellation of an aerial work operation, or of that part of the operation, to which a positioning flight related. > prescribed single-engine aeroplane has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > PSEA means a prescribed single-engine aeroplane. > Note A single-engine aeroplane is a prescribed single-engine aeroplane if it is of a kind prescribed by the Part 135 MOS for the purposes of subregulation 135.240 (3) of CASR. > radio navigation system means equipment carried on, or installed in, an aircraft for the purpose of navigating the aircraft by reference to the signals emitted by a radio navigation aid. > RAIM means receiver autonomous integrity monitoring for GNSS. > rappelling means any of the following: (a) a person lowering themselves from an airborne rotorcraft by going down a line hanging from the rotorcraft; (b) a person being lowered from an airborne rotorcraft by controlled release from the rotorcraft of a line to which the person is securely attached; (c) a person lowering themselves down a line hanging from an airborne rotorcraft, with descent of the person controlled by a person on the ground; (d) a person coming down from, or going up to, an airborne rotorcraft by using a flexible ladder hanging from the rotorcraft. > relevant fireground means one or more of the following, which is notified by a fireground emergency organisation to the operator for a flight that is a fireground personnel carriage operation to be, be within, or be in the vicinity of, a fireground: (a) an area involved in active fire, including burning and burnt areas; (b) an area immediately threatened by fire, including any adjoining property; (c) an area where fire suppression is required or taking place; (d) an area where any of the following are deployed for use in the area or a related area: (i) firefighters; (ii) firefighting appliances; (iii) firefighting equipment; (e) an area where fire containment lines are constructed or proposed to be constructed; (f) a road, or access point, under traffic management control, relating to any of the areas mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e); (g) a track, amenity, facility or structure. > relevant ground activity, for a fireground personnel carriage operation, means any activity by passengers, who are carried in a helicopter for the operation, at a relevant fireground, with or without equipment, for the purpose of saving or protecting persons, property or the environment, including, for that purpose, any of the following: (a) attacking, stopping, slowing, blocking, redirecting, controlling, observing, or extinguishing the fire, or any similar activity; (b) observing, rescuing, or humanely addressing in the most appropriate manner, the effects of the fire on domesticated animals or wildlife. > restricted person has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Note The CASR Dictionary defines a restricted person as one of the following: (a) a deportee (within the meaning of subsection 5 (1) of the Migration Act 1958); (b) a removee (within the meaning of subsection 5 (1) of the Migration Act 1958); (c) a person in custody; (d) a passenger \[that is, an aerial work passenger\] carried on an aircraft: (i) on the aircraft because they have been refused entry to a country; or (ii) whose passport does not include a visa required for entry to the passenger’s destination country. > risk assessor means: (a) the pilot in command of an aircraft in an aerial work operation; or (b) another person, mentioned in the operator’s operations manual, who is: (i) qualified to conduct the type of aerial work operation for which the person prepares a pre-flight assessment; or (ii) appointed in writing by the operator to prepare risk assessments in accordance with the applicable provisions of Chapter 13. > Note If the risk assessor is not the pilot in command, the operations manual must identify the risk assessor, for example, by name, role or title. > SAR means search and rescue. > Note For related definitions of SAR operation, search, rescue, search and rescue body, see section 1.07. > sea means the waters extending from the coastline of Australia in a seawards direction. > Note Sea includes tidal estuaries but does not include inland rivers, lakes, reservoirs, dams, or other similar bodies of water. > sealed receptacle means a belly tank for firefighting, or a cargo pod, basket, bin or similar thing, that: (a) is a sealed container within which aerial work cargo, water or fire retardant is fully enclosed; and (b) is fixed to the exterior of a rotorcraft in accordance with the rotorcraft’s AFM supplement. > significant change has the same meaning as in regulation 138.012. > STC means supplementary type certificate. > standard rate turn means a turn of approximately 3 degrees per second, or 360 degrees in 2 minutes. > suitable forced landing area has the meaning given by section 1.06. > surveillance operation means an operation to look for, identify or monitor a person or thing. > task specialist has the meaning given by regulation 138.015. > time-in-service has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > training endorsement: see the CASR Dictionary. > transition mode capability means the capability, through the AFCS, to do the following: (a) hover hold at a selected height above the surface; (b) ground speed hold; (c) transition down and hover to a waypoint under guidance from the navigation function of the FMS (the navigation computer); (d) transition down and hover near a target over which the helicopter has flown; (e) transition up, climb, and capture a cruise height; (f) capture and track search patterns generated by the navigation computer; (g) monitor the preselected hover height with the option of automatic correction if the aircraft height drops below the safe minimum height. > TSO is short for Technical Standard Order of the FAA: see the CASR Dictionary. > type has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > vertical reference operation is an external load operation: (a) in which a rotorcraft picks up, carries and sets down a load; and (b) during which the pilot, by looking down vertically from the rotorcraft, is able to observe the position of the load. > Note These operations are sometimes colloquially known as “long-lining” — the load at the end of its long-line below the rotorcraft is always within a vertical line of sight to the pilot in the rotorcraft. The pilot must be able to look down and observe the position of the load so that the pilot can alternately scan the load, the flight controls, the instruments and the rotorcraft’s position. > vessel means any on-water craft or structure capable of navigation. > VMC has the meaning given by Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary. > Vmini means instrument flight minimum speed, utilised in complying with minimum speed limit requirements for instrument flight in a rotorcraft. > water rescue operation means: (a) an external load operation in a rotorcraft to rescue a person from the sea or other water, using rescue equipment attached to an AFM-approved external load attachment point on the rotorcraft, whether or not the attachment hook is certified by its manufacturer for the carriage of a Class D external load; or (b) training for an operation mentioned in paragraph (a). (7) In this MOS, without affecting any other requirement of this MOS, any mention of a pilot or a pilot in command for any particular aerial work operation means a pilot who is qualified under Part 61 of CASR to conduct the particular aerial work operation. Equivalent qualifications required to crew a foreign registered aircraft (8) If the aircraft for an aerial work operation, or a limited aerial work operation, is a foreign registered aircraft, any reference in this MOS (however formulated): (a) to a person holding, or being required to hold, a qualification for or under Part 61 for the operation; or (b) to a person having, or being required to have, any authorisation for or under Part 61 for the operation; or (c) to a person meeting, or being required to meet, any other requirement for or under Part 61 for the operation; must be read as a requirement for the person to hold the equivalent qualification, or have the equivalent authorisation, or meet the equivalent requirement, of the NAA of the aircraft’s State of registry, for the equivalent operation. Division 3 Definitions — AWZ 1.05 Aerial work zone (AWZ) (1) Subject to subsection (3), an aerial work zone (an AWZ) means the area of land or water: (a) beneath an aerial work operation in which: (i) an aircraft is flown below the height, and closer than the distance, specified in paragraph 91.265 (2) (a) or (3) (a); and (ii) none of the circumstances mentioned in subregulation 91.265 (4) applies; and (b) within which there are, or are likely to be, one or more of the following: (i) buildings, other than a building involved in the operation; (ii) persons, other than persons involved in the operation (participants); (iii) vehicles or vessels, other than the vehicles or vessels of participants; (iv) livestock not associated with the operation; and (c) where one or more of the following events might occur: (i) a collision between the aircraft and a building, or between the aircraft and terrain; (ii) the falling of any load from the aircraft; and (d) where, if an event mentioned in paragraph (c) were to occur, there would be a reasonable risk of: (i) serious injury or death to a person in the area (other than the pilot or a participant); or (ii) serious damage or injury to a building, vehicle, vessel or livestock in the AWZ (other than a building on which, or from which, a load is to be placed or removed, or the vehicle or vessel of a participant). > Note The fact of an operation occurring above an area may attract persons, some in vehicles or vessels, to enter the area as spectators unless they are properly prohibited. Such an area may then become an AWZ requiring such persons and vehicles or vessels to be properly prohibited from entering. (2) For this instrument, an area may be an AWZ despite the fact that a person has total control over who may enter, or be in, the area. > Note For example, the presence of contiguous or adjacent buildings not involved in the operation may make an area an AWZ despite the fact that the person for whom the operation is being carried out otherwise has total control over who may enter or be in the area of the building that is involved in the operation. (3) If an area beneath an aerial work operation is not an AWZ but, in the event of an emergency or a mechanical failure, the reasonably likely trajectory of an aircraft or its external load would be over the area, then the area beneath the aerial work operation is also an AWZ.