Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995 — Zoe

Victoria act

Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995

In ForceVIC

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Victoria

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Plain English Summary

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What this law does, in plain language

The Act's stated purpose is to regulate the provision of credit (s.1). Mechanically, it: binds the Crown (s.4); links Victoria's consumer credit rules to the Commonwealth National Credit Code by definition and by reference to a "Commonwealth commencement" date (s.38AA); requires certain civil penalty amounts to be paid into the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (s.38); and sets bright‑line legal limits on high interest credit and related mortgage security (ss.39–40).

Key operative rules and who they affect

Credit contracts with an annual percentage rate (APR) above 48% are unenforceable and a credit provider is forbidden from entering into such contracts (s.39(1), s.39(3)). The prohibition carries a penalty of 10 penalty units for entering into a contract with APR above 48% (s.39(3)). This directly imposes legal risk and a compliance obligation on credit providers: they must calculate APR and not enter contracts exceeding 48%.
If a credit contract's APR exceeds 30%, any mortgage that relates to that contract is void in so far as it relates to the contract (s.40). That creates a risk to lenders that security taken for high‑rate loans may be unenforceable.
Courts retain residual powers to intervene in particular transactions even where the APR does not exceed the numerical caps. Specifically, a court can use its powers under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code or section 76 of the National Credit Code to find a transaction excessive, unjust, or to grant equitable relief (s.39(2)). That preserves judicial discretion to address unfairness beyond the statutory percentage thresholds.

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What it does

This Act establishes a Victorian statutory framework that, as of the version provided, performs three concrete mechanical tasks.

First, it states its object: to regulate the provision of credit (s 1). That is the statutory purpose the rest of the instrument is tied to.

Second, the Act preserves two substantive regulatory constraints on high-cost credit and related security arrangements. It makes a credit contract and any mortgage given in relation to that contract unenforceable where the annual percentage rate (APR) in respect of the contract exceeds 48 per cent (s 39(1)). It also makes a mortgage relating to a credit contract void in so far as the APR exceeds 30 per cent (s 40). Separately, the Act criminalises the act of a credit provider entering into a credit contract with an APR exceeding 48 per cent by imposing a monetary penalty of 10 penalty units for contravention of s 39(3).

Third, the Act handles a narrow financial-accounting outcome for civil penalties. Amounts of civil penalty awarded in proceedings commenced under a provision of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before the Commonwealth commencement are to be paid into the Victorian Consumer Law Fund established under the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012 (s 38).

Mechanically, the Act also binds the Crown (s 4) and links its terminology and reach to the Commonwealth national regime by importing definitions and concepts from the National Credit Code and the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (see s 38AA). The remaining operative provisions of the Act have largely been superseded, repealed, or adapted following Commonwealth arrangements (see the long list of repeals and the amendment table in the endnotes). The Act therefore functions both as a local protector of specified APR ceilings and as a transitional vehicle for pre-Commonwealth‑commencement civil penalty funds.

Current sections

Direct links to the current provisions in Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995.

Official source available

Zoe has indexed the source text for search and analysis. Use the official register for the original document and download formats.

View on official register

Sourced from Victorian Legislation (legislation.vic.gov.au), CC BY 4.0.

The Act formally aims to regulate credit provision (s.1). The mechanical instruments it uses are numerical caps on APR (ss.39–40), criminal/penalty deterrence for entering very high rate contracts (s.39(3)), removal of security where rates exceed a lower cap (s.40), and judicial backstops for unfair transactions (s.39(2)). The Act also channels civil penalty receipts into a state consumer law fund (s.38).
Who pays: lenders/credit providers bear the primary legal and financial costs if they charge rates above the statutory caps — they face unenforceability of contracts, voided mortgages, and a 10‑penalty‑unit sanction for entering contracts above 48% (ss.39–40). Civil penalties awarded in certain proceedings are paid to the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (s.38).
Incentives and possible responses from market participants: because lenders risk loss of contract enforceability and loss of security if APR thresholds are exceeded (ss.39–40), they have an incentive to keep quoted APRs within the caps. Practically this may lead lenders to (a) redesign fee structures to keep APR calculations below statutory limits, (b) refuse to offer high‑cost credit in Victoria, or (c) shift activity to arrangements outside the Act's reach—outcomes that depend on how the National Credit Code and Commonwealth commencement operate (s.38AA). The statutory court power (s.39(2)) preserves an incentive for lenders to avoid transactions that could be judged "unjust" even if under the percentage caps.
Compliance burden and administrative discretion: credit providers must monitor APR calculations and the legal character of their securities (ss.39–40). Courts retain discretion under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and the National Credit Code to intervene (s.39(2)), which creates case‑by‑case legal uncertainty that market actors must factor in. The link to Commonwealth commencement and the many recorded repeals (see s.38AA and the endnotes) introduce transitional complexity for providers operating during or after those changes.

Main concepts

The Act uses a compact set of concepts and imports several technical terms from the Commonwealth National Credit Code. The operative definitions and cross-references are essential to understand how the Victorian provisions apply.

Regulate the provision of credit: The Act’s stated purpose is to regulate the provision of credit (s 1). The Act does not itself contain a detailed code of consumer credit terms; instead, it preserves specific rules (APR ceilings) and links to the Commonwealth credit framework.
Credit contract and credit provider: Both "credit contract" and "credit provider" are defined by reference to the National Credit Code, because s 38AA expressly states that those expressions "have the same meaning as in the National Credit Code". That means the Act’s substantive tests and prohibitions operate with the National Credit Code’s conceptions of who is a credit provider and what constitutes a credit contract, rather than definitions contained within the Victorian Act.
National Credit Code and Commonwealth commencement: The Act treats the National Credit Code as incorporated in certain respects. "National Credit Code" is defined in s 38AA as the national credit code in Schedule 1 to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth). The Act also repeatedly refers to "Commonwealth commencement", defined in s 38AA by reference to s 4 of the National Consumer Credit Protection (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Act 2009 (Cth). These cross-references create a dependency: the scope and operation of the Victorian provisions must be read alongside the Commonwealth commencement timetable and the National Credit Code.
Annual percentage rate (APR) threshold concepts: The Act creates two distinct APR thresholds that carry different legal consequences. An APR exceeding 48 per cent renders a credit contract (and any mortgage given in relation to that contract) unenforceable (s 39(1)). Separately, where the APR exceeds 30 per cent, a mortgage relating to the credit contract is void insofar as it relates to that contract (s 40). The Act does not itself define "annual percentage rate"; that definition is to be located in the National Credit Code because the Act imports the Code’s meanings for "credit contract" and related concepts (s 38AA).
Court powers and equitable relief: The Act preserves judicial power to scrutinise the fairness and excessiveness of rates independent of the numeric ceilings. Section 39(2) preserves or does not limit the powers of a court under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code or section 76 of the National Credit Code where the court is satisfied that, even if APRs do not exceed the statutory ceilings, the rate is excessive or the transaction is unjust, or equitable relief would be appropriate. That creates an independent common law or statutory avenue for relief beyond the bright‑line percentages.
Civil penalty routing: Section 38 requires amounts of civil penalty awarded in proceedings commenced under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before Commonwealth commencement to be paid into the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (established under the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012). The Act therefore designates the destination fund for certain historic proceedings, rather than establishing a new penalty mechanism.
Repeals and transitional scope: The Act contains multiple repeal entries and notes that large parts of the Act were repealed by later Victorian Acts and by the Commonwealth credit transfer (see the amendment table and repeal notes). Those repeal entries narrow the catalogue of operative Victorian provisions to the parts still shown in the text, and they make cross-references to federal law particularly important.

In short, the main concepts are statutory APR ceilings with different legal effects, cross-references to the National Credit Code for definitions and procedural context, preserved court powers to redress unjust transactions, and a designated destination for particular civil penalties. Each of those points is grounded expressly in the Act’s text, primarily ss 1, 38AA, 38, 39 and 40.

Who it affects

The Act affects a narrow class of economic actors and a small set of state institutions, as the text describes.

Credit providers and borrowers: Because the Act’s operative substantive provisions refer to "credit contract" and "credit provider", and those expressions have the same meaning as in the National Credit Code (s 38AA), the principal affected parties are those who enter into credit contracts under the definitions of the National Credit Code. That includes lenders, financiers, consumer credit businesses, and the borrowers who obtain credit under those contracts. The obligations and prohibitions in s 39 and the mortgage effects in s 40 attach directly to those relationships.
Mortgagees and mortgage securities: The Act alters the legal status of mortgage securities taken in relation to credit contracts where the APR crosses regulatory thresholds. Section 39(1) makes the credit contract and any mortgage given to a credit provider in relation to that contract unenforceable if the APR exceeds 48 per cent. Section 40 makes a mortgage void insofar as it relates to a credit contract with APR exceeding 30 per cent. The direct consequence is that lenders who have taken mortgages as security for such high-cost credit must contend with unenforceability of the debt or voidness of the mortgage to the stated degrees.
Courts and tribunals: The courts are explicitly referenced as decision-makers with continuing power to declare transactions unjust or excessive under other statutory provisions: the Court under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and a court under section 76 of the National Credit Code (s 39(2)). The Act therefore affects the caseload and remedial discretion of courts and tribunals dealing with consumer credit disputes.
Victorian executive institutions and funds: Section 38 directs civil penalty amounts from pre-Commonwealth‑commencement Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code proceedings to the Victorian Consumer Law Fund, which is established under the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012. That directs where funds flow after enforcement and therefore affects the budgetary position of that fund and its administrators.
The Crown: The Act expressly binds the Crown (s 4), which means Victorian public authorities and, to the extent parliamentary sovereignty allows, other capacities of the Crown are subject to the Act.
Entities within the scope of Commonwealth transition: The Act’s definitions tie to the Commonwealth commencement concepts (s 38AA). Through the amendment history and the many repeal entries, the Act also affects parties who were regulated under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code at times before the Commonwealth commencement. The endnotes and table of amendments document multiple transfers of regulatory competence to Commonwealth law (for example, the Credit (Commonwealth Powers) Act 2010 entries). Therefore, affected stakeholders include businesses that must now comply with the National Consumer Credit Protection Act and the National Credit Code rather than with the older Victorian provisions.

Who pays and who bears legal risk: Credit providers who enter into contracts with APRs exceeding 48 per cent are subject to a statutory penalty (10 penalty units) for entering into such contracts (s 39(3)). Where APRs exceed the statutory thresholds, borrowers may gain practical relief because the contract becomes unenforceable (s 39(1)) or the mortgage security is void (s 40), shifting enforcement risk and commercial loss to lenders. The Act’s tracing of civil penalties to the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (s 38) also specifies which public pot receives the money from certain historic enforcement actions.

All of the above descriptions and allocations of legal effects are stated in the Act’s operative provisions: ss 1, 4, 38AA, 38, 39 and 40, and in the endnotes describing the amendment timeline.

Key duties and rights

This Act creates specific duties, establishes statutory consequences, and preserves judicial rights; the principal duties and rights follow directly from the statutory text.

Key duties on credit providers

Do not enter into contracts with APR >48 per cent: Section 39(3) imposes an express prohibition on credit providers: a credit provider must not enter into a credit contract where the annual percentage rate in respect of the contract exceeds 48. The contravention carries a penalty of 10 penalty units.
Exposure to unenforceability: If a credit provider does enter into a credit contract with APR exceeding 48 per cent, the contract and any mortgage given to the credit provider in relation to that contract are unenforceable (s 39(1)). That is a substantive duty with a direct consequence: the lender loses contractual enforceability, not merely face a regulatory fine.
Mortgage voidness where APR >30%: Where the APR in respect of a credit contract exceeds 30 per cent, any mortgage relating to that contract is void insofar as it relates to the contract (s 40). The duty here is to avoid taking or enforcing mortgage security at that rate if the mortgage is to remain effective.

Key rights of borrowers and courts

Borrower remedy by unenforceability: Borrowers benefit from an immediate statutory right to avoid enforcement of credit contracts where APR >48 per cent (s 39(1)), and to challenge the efficacy of mortgage security where APR >30 per cent (s 40). That placement of statutory relief sits alongside but is separate from judicial findings of unjust or excessive transactions under other statutory sections.
Court discretion preserved: Section 39(2) explicitly preserves the powers of the Court under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and of a court under section 76 of the National Credit Code. This preserves rights of parties to seek judicial relief against excessive rates or unjust transactions even when APRs do not exceed the bright lines established in ss 39 and 40. The text therefore creates dual pathways: statutory bright-line thresholds and court-based equitable/statutory review.

Other duties and interactions

Payment of civil penalties to specified fund: The Act requires that amounts of civil penalty awarded in proceedings commenced under a provision of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before Commonwealth commencement be paid into the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (s 38). This is a duty on the recipient of civil penalties or on the administering authority to transfer or credit funds in accordance with the Act.
The Crown is bound: Section 4 binds the Crown, making the duties and restrictions applicable to Victorian government entities and, to the extent possible, Crown entities in other capacities.

What the Act does not do

It does not itself define APR nor the calculation methodology within its text; those concepts are linked to the National Credit Code through s 38AA. As a result, the precise measurement and statutory mechanics for calculating APR are provided elsewhere by the national framework.
It does not itself set out enforcement agencies or procedures beyond specifying penalties and referring to court powers; those enforcement mechanisms may therefore rely on existing court procedures and the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code or the National Credit Code.

All listed duties and rights are drawn directly from and limited to the textual provisions identified: s 39 (duties, penalties, unenforceability), s 40 (mortgage voidness), s 38 (disposition of civil penalties), s 4 (binding the Crown), and s 38AA (definition linkages).

Penalties and enforcement

The Act provides for both civil‑law effects and a specific monetary penalty tied to entering into certain contracts. Enforcement mechanisms are a combination of statutory consequences and preserved court remedies.

Monetary penalty

Entry into prohibited contract: Section 39(3) establishes a penal sanction for a credit provider who enters into a credit contract where the annual percentage rate exceeds 48 per cent. The statutory fine is 10 penalty units. The Act specifies the penalty quantum only by reference to "penalty units"; the Act does not state the monetary value of a penalty unit , that is governed by separate statutory instruments that set the value of a penalty unit, which this Act does not reproduce.

Substantive statutory consequences

Unenforceability of contract and related mortgage: Section 39(1) makes a credit contract (and any mortgage given to a credit provider in relation to that contract) unenforceable where the APR exceeds 48 per cent. Unenforceability is a direct legal consequence affecting private rights and remedies; it prevents a credit provider from using contractual or mortgage enforcement processes to recover sums under such a contract.
Mortgage voidness at a lower threshold: Section 40 makes a mortgage void in so far as it relates to a credit contract where the APR exceeds 30 per cent. That is a security‑specific consequence that may allow borrowers to retain property or otherwise defeat a charge despite continuing indebtedness, depending on whether the contract remains enforceable by other means (which s 39(1) addresses for APRs >48 per cent).

Judicial enforcement and discretionary relief

Court powers preserved: Section 39(2) expressly provides that nothing in s 39 affects or limits the powers of the Court under s 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code or of a court under s 76 of the National Credit Code. Those provisions provide courts with a statutory route to examine whether a rate is "excessive" or a transaction is "unjust", and allow courts to give relief even where APRs do not exceed the numeric ceilings. The Act therefore enables both bright-line statutory sanctions and case-specific judicial equity or statutory review.

Procedural and administrative enforcement

The Act does not itself specify an administrative regulator or a process of administrative sanction in its text. Enforcement therefore appears to proceed through existing court procedures and statutory enforcement avenues under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and the National Credit Code, which are referenced but not reproduced.

Allocation of civil penalties

Section 38 directs civil penalties from pre-Commonwealth‑commencement Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code proceedings to the Victorian Consumer Law Fund established under the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012. That specifies the financial destination for retrospective or transitional civil penalty awards tied to the former state consumer credit code.

Practical enforcement implications

The interplay of statutory unenforceability and monetary penalties places direct compliance incentives upon credit providers: entering prohibited contracts exposes lenders to both loss of contractual remedy and a statutory fine. Lenders who accept or charge APRs between 30 and 48 per cent face the particular risk that their mortgage security may be voided if the APR exceeds 30 per cent and, if it exceeds 48 per cent, that the contract itself will be unenforceable.

All of the enforcement mechanics described above are set out in ss 38, 39 and 40 and in the cross-reference to judicial powers in s 39(2).

How it interacts with other laws

The Act is short on standalone mechanics and instead deliberately integrates with, and in many respects yields to, Commonwealth consumer credit legislation. The text and the endnotes set out a network of statutory interactions that practitioners must read together.

Direct cross-references to Commonwealth law

Definitions and imported concepts: Section 38AA expressly defines "credit contract", "credit provider" and "National Credit Code" by reference to the National Credit Code in Schedule 1 to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth). It also borrows the notion of "Commonwealth commencement" from s 4 of the Commonwealth Transitional and Consequential Provisions Act. That means the Act depends on the Commonwealth Code for technical definitions, including the boundaries of who falls within its scope and, likely, for the meaning and calculation of APR.
Reserved court powers in national law: Section 39(2) preserves powers under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and under section 76 of the National Credit Code. Those provisions are external to the Victorian Act but are preserved as available remedies and powers. Practitioners must therefore coordinate arguments under both Victorian residual provisions and the Commonwealth Code.

Allocation of penalties and institutional linkages

Civil penalty destination: Section 38 directs certain civil penalty receipts to the Victorian Consumer Law Fund under the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012. That ties Victorian enforcement outcomes to the administrative machinery created under a separate Victorian Act (the 2012 Act). The interaction is specific: only amounts awarded in proceedings commenced under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before the Commonwealth commencement are obliged to be paid to that Fund.

Subordination and repeal in the reform timeline

Transfer of regulatory competence to Commonwealth law: The endnotes and the table of amendments record that large swathes of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995 were repealed by the Credit (Commonwealth Powers) Act 2010 (No. 11/2010) and other Victorian Acts. Multiple parts and sections were repealed, and s 38AA was inserted by No. 11/2010 s 22(3). The legislative history shows a pattern: the Victorian Act has been progressively modified and in many places replaced by the Commonwealth national credit regime. Practitioners must therefore understand which provisions remain operative in Victoria and which legal obligations are governed by the National Consumer Credit Protection Act and the National Credit Code.

Interplay with the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code

Residual application to pre-Commonwealth‑commencement proceedings: Section 38 explicitly mentions proceedings commenced under a provision of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before Commonwealth commencement, indicating that the Victorian Act preserves certain transitional arrangements tied to the old state code. The Act thus operates in a transitional space where some remedies, penalty allocations and legal consequences persist for historic matters handled under the prior Victorian framework.

Limits of the Act: what to consult elsewhere

The Act does not itself define APR calculations or many technicalities of credit regulation. Because the relevant definitional and operational detail is imported from the National Credit Code (s 38AA), advisers are directed to consult the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth), the National Credit Code, and relevant Commonwealth commencement orders to determine operational definitions, procedural requirements and thresholds for enforcement.
Penalty unit valuation and administrative enforcement processes are not set in this text. The Act refers to penalty units but the monetary value and inflation adjustments of penalty units are governed by other legislative instruments.

To summarise, the Act operates as a set of state-level residual rules and bright-line limits that must be read in junction with the National Credit Code and the National Consumer Credit Protection Act. Its practical operation overlaps with and is often superseded by Commonwealth law following the transfer of regulatory powers, and it contains express transitional mechanisms for pre-Commonwealth proceedings (s 38). All these interactions are documented in the Act’s text, s 38AA and the endnotes and amendment table.

Amendment history

The Act’s endnotes provide a detailed amendment record and show that this Victorian statute has been amended frequently and partially repealed, particularly where Commonwealth reform of consumer credit took effect. The key amendments and repeal milestones in the endnotes are:

Assent and commencement: The Act was assented to on 14 June 1995, with sections 1-4, 43, 44, 53, 54 and 58 commencing on that date (endnote 1). Further staged commencements are documented in the endnotes: s 42 commenced 28 September 1995, s 52 on 5 March 1996, and the rest of the Act on 1 November 1996 (endnote 1).
Late 1990s amendments: The Act was amended by multiple Victorian Acts in the late 1990s, including the Law and Justice Legislation (Further Amendment) Act 1997 (No. 84/1997), the Tribunals and Licensing Authorities (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1998 (No. 52/1998), the Consumer Credit (Finance Brokers) Act 1998 (No. 77/1998) and the Licensing and Tribunal (Amendment) Act 1998 (No. 101/1998). The endnotes list the assent and commencement dates for these amendments and note that some provisions were never proclaimed or were later repealed (see the explanatory details in the endnotes).
2001-2009 legislative changes: The Act was amended by the Statute Law Amendment (Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions) Act 2001 (No. 11/2001), Corporations (Consequential Amendments) Act 2001 (No. 44/2001), Monetary Units Act 2004 (No. 10/2004), Statute Law Revision Act 2005 (No. 10/2005), Fair Trading and Consumer Acts Amendment Act 2007 (No. 17/2007), Motor Car Traders Amendment Act 2008 (No. 4/2008), Consumer Credit (Victoria) and Other Acts Amendment Act 2008 (No. 6/2008) and Fair Trading and Other Acts Amendment Act 2009 (No. 19/2009). The endnotes set out the commencement dates for the various sections amended.
Transfer to Commonwealth powers and large-scale repeals: The most significant amendments in terms of scope occurred with the Credit (Commonwealth Powers) Act 2010 (No. 11/2010). The endnotes show that multiple parts, headings and sections (Parts 2, 3, 4, 4A Divs and numerous sections) were repealed by No. 11/2010 s 20(1) and s 20(2). Sections 20(1), 21 and 22 of No. 11/2010 commenced on 1 July 2010, and further provisions commenced on 1 January 2011 (endnote 1). As a result, many former Victorian consumer credit provisions were transferred to Commonwealth regulation.
Insertion of s 38AA and subsequent amendments: Section 38AA (definitions linking to Commonwealth law) was inserted by No. 11/2010 s 22(3). Section 38 was substituted by No. 11/2010 s 21 and later amended by the Australian Consumer Law and Fair Trading Act 2012 (No. 21/2012) which commenced on 1 July 2012 for the relevant item (endnotes). Other amendments followed in 2012 and 2013 as listed.
Miscellaneous legislative history notes: The endnotes also identify that some provisions introduced by earlier amending Acts were never proclaimed and were later repealed (for example, some items of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) and Other Acts Amendment Act 2008 were never proclaimed and were repealed by No. 30/2012). The explanatory details footnote addresses one such example for the Consumer Credit (Finance Brokers) Act 1998.

The endnotes therefore record a phased and complex amendment history in which the Victorian Act was progressively amended, partially repealed, and in significant parts replaced by Commonwealth law. The key textual consequences in the active statute are the retention of s 38 (routing of certain civil penalties), s 38AA (definitions tied to the National Credit Code), s 39 (APR thresholds, unenforceability and penalty) and s 40 (mortgage voidness). All amendment dates, assents and commencement information are drawn from the endnotes and the table of amendments supplied in the Act text.

Litigation history

The Act’s text does not include any reported litigation history or case citations. The only judicial references in the text are statutory cross-references to judicial powers rather than citations of decided cases.

Statutory judicial references: Section 39(2) refers to the powers of "the Court under section 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code or of a court under section 76 of the National Credit Code". Those are statutory avenues for judicial relief where a court finds an APR to be excessive or the transaction to be unjust. The Act itself does not record how courts have applied these powers in practice.
No cases named in the source: The provided text contains no named judicial decisions, no summaries of litigation, and no pointers to specific cases decided under the Act or under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code. The endnotes and explanatory details likewise do not report litigation outcomes.
Implications for research and practice: Because the Act preserves court powers and creates statutory consequences (unenforceability and mortgage voidness), there is a high likelihood that litigation or judicial consideration could arise where parties dispute APR calculations, the proper characterization of the transaction, whether an APR exceeds the statutory thresholds, or whether the transaction is "unjust" under the relevant court powers. However, the Act text does not supply any precedent or reported litigation history to illuminate how courts have interpreted "annual percentage rate" for the purposes of s 39 and s 40, or how strictly courts have applied unenforceability or mortgage voidness.
What the source does provide: Practitioners must therefore rely on the cross-referenced provisions of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and the National Credit Code, and on external case law (not contained in this Act text) concerning applications of sections 70 and 76 respectively. The Act preserves judicial avenues but does not itself document litigation outcomes.

In short, the Act contains statutory references to court powers and concepts that invite litigation but does not, within the supplied text, provide any litigation history or judicial interpretations to date.

Gotchas

Several practical pitfalls and interpretive risks are visible from the Act’s wording and its amendment history. These are matters that advisers and practitioners should note and verify externally (by reference to the National Credit Code, court practice and the penalty unit schedule), because the Act’s text either imports definitions or leaves technical detail to other instruments.

Two different APR thresholds with different consequences: The Act uses two distinct APR percentage thresholds: 48 per cent and 30 per cent, with materially different legal effects. If APR >48 per cent, the credit contract and any mortgage given in relation to it are unenforceable (s 39(1)). If APR >30 per cent, a mortgage relating to the credit contract is void insofar as it relates to the contract (s 40). This difference matters in practice because there is a range,between 30 per cent and 48 per cent,where a mortgage may be void while a contract might remain enforceable. Credit providers and borrowers must therefore pay attention to which threshold may affect the contract and which affects the security.
Definition and calculation of "annual percentage rate" sit outside this Act: The Act does not define APR. Section 38AA ties "credit contract" and related terms to the National Credit Code, which means that the calculation and components of APR are set out in the National Credit Code rather than in this Act. Failure to consult the National Credit Code for the APR methodology could lead to incorrect compliance assessments. The Act’s bright-line percentages are therefore meaningful only when combined with the Code’s formula and disclosure rules.
Unenforceability and voidness produce different practical remedies: The legal difference between a contract being "unenforceable" (s 39(1)) and a mortgage being "void" (s 40) is substantive. Unenforceability of the credit contract may prevent the lender from recovering under contractual remedies; voidness of a mortgage affects the security interest in property. Parties should not assume these outcomes are interchangeable; the Act explicitly differentiates them.
Courts retain independent power to intervene: Even where APRs do not exceed the statutory thresholds, the Act preserves court powers to find a rate excessive or a transaction unjust under other statutory provisions (s 39(2)). Parties should therefore not assume that compliance with the numeric thresholds is the whole compliance story: judicial scrutiny remains a live risk.
Penalty unit value is not stated: The criminal/monetary penalty is expressed as 10 penalty units (s 39(3)). The Act does not provide the monetary equivalent of a penalty unit. The practical amount payable and the method for updating that amount are established elsewhere in Victorian law; advisers must therefore check the current penalty unit value rather than assume a fixed monetary fine.
Transitional and repeal complexity: The Act’s endnotes record major repeals and transfers to Commonwealth law. That creates a trap for practitioners: the statute on its face contains live sections, but many former Victorian consumer credit rules are now administered under Commonwealth law. Advisers must determine whether the present matter arises from pre‑Commonwealth‑commencement proceedings (which affect where civil penalties are paid, s 38) or whether the National Credit Code now governs the matter.
Narrow scope of the Act: Beyond the APR ceilings and the routing of certain civil penalties, the Act contains little procedural guidance or administrative enforcement mechanism. Practitioners should therefore not look to this Act for detailed licensing, disclosure, or conduct obligations; those are in the National Credit Code and other laws.
The Crown is bound but with legislative limits: Section 4 binds the Crown "so far as the legislative power of the Parliament permits". That qualifier flags constitutional limits on the extent Victorian legislation can bind the Crown, which may be relevant for matters involving state bodies. The Act does not elaborate those limits.
The Act refers to the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code without reproducing the Code: Where s 38 references proceedings commenced under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code, the Act leaves practitioners to consult the Code for the procedural context. The Act’s reference is narrow and transitional, so practitioners should confirm whether their matter is governed by the Code or by the National Credit Code.

Each of these issues is grounded in the text: the two APR thresholds and their effects (ss 39 and 40), the imported definitions (s 38AA), the penalty quantum stated as penalty units (s 39(3)), the routing of civil penalties (s 38), and the amendment and repeal history in the endnotes. These are not speculative observations but practical consequences following from the statutory wording.

How to comply

Compliance under this Act requires coordination with the National Credit Code and attention to the statutory thresholds and transitional provisions set out in the Act.

Determine whether the Act applies or whether the National Credit Code governs

Identify whether the credit contract or proceeding was commenced before or after the Commonwealth commencement. Section 38 deals specifically with civil penalties in proceedings commenced under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before the Commonwealth commencement. Section 38AA imports "Commonwealth commencement" and the National Credit Code definitions. Practitioners must check commencement dates and whether the National Consumer Credit Protection Act and National Credit Code now govern the matter.

Calculate the annual percentage rate using the National Credit Code methodology

Because the Act imports definitions and terms by reference (s 38AA), do not apply a local or ad hoc APR calculation. Use the APR calculation method contained in the National Credit Code when assessing whether a proposed or existing contract would exceed the 48 per cent or 30 per cent thresholds. The Act’s substantive outcomes depend on that computation.

Avoid entering contracts with APR >48 per cent

Section 39(3) imposes a statutory duty on credit providers not to enter into a credit contract with APR exceeding 48 per cent. Entering into such a contract risks a 10 penalty unit fine and renders the contract unenforceable (s 39(1)). As a compliance step, ensure credit agreements are priced and documented so that the APR calculated under the National Credit Code does not exceed 48 per cent.

Be aware of the mortgage security risk at APR >30 per cent

If a mortgage is to be taken as security for a credit contract, ensure the APR does not exceed 30 per cent if the mortgage is to remain effective (s 40). Between 30 per cent and 48 per cent there is a risk that mortgage security could be voided although the contract might not be unenforceable, depending on where the APR lies relative to the thresholds.

Review documentation and disclosure practices

Even though the Act does not set out disclosure mechanics, the reliance on the National Credit Code implies that relevant disclosure obligations and formality requirements are governed by that Code. Ensure contractual documentation, schedules, and disclosure statements conform to the National Credit Code formats and calculations.

Manage litigation and judicial risk

Remember that courts retain powers under s 70 of the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code and s 76 of the National Credit Code to find rates excessive or transactions unjust (s 39(2)). Even if APRs are within the statutory ceilings, consider dispute-resolution provisions, fairness testing, and evidence to resist a court’s finding of excessiveness or injustice.

If subject to enforcement proceedings, understand financial flows

For proceedings commenced under the Consumer Credit (Victoria) Code before Commonwealth commencement, any civil penalty amounts are to be paid into the Victorian Consumer Law Fund (s 38). Ensure that, where enforcement occurs, payments are directed to the proper fund as required by the Act.

Check current penalty unit value and related administrative regulations

The statutory penalty of 10 penalty units in s 39(3) is expressed in units, not in currency. Confirm the current monetary value of a penalty unit in Victorian law and any indexing mechanisms that apply at the time of an alleged contravention.

Consider Crown implications

If the potential transaction involves a Crown entity, note that the Act binds the Crown "so far as the legislative power of the Parliament permits" (s 4). Seek counsel on any constitutional or administrative law limits that may affect enforcement against government bodies.

Track amendment and repeal status for operative provisions

The Act’s endnotes show that many provisions have been repealed and that responsibility for regulating consumer credit has been substantially transferred to the Commonwealth. Before relying on any provision that appears in older versions or in historical materials, verify its current operative status by reference to the amendment table and to extant Commonwealth and Victorian instruments.

All compliance steps above derive from the Act’s operative provisions and its explicit cross-references: ss 1, 4, 38, 38AA, 39 and 40, and the endnotes describing amendments and repeals. Practitioners should treat this Act as creating limited, high‑impact constraints (the APR thresholds and civil‑penalty routing) that must be handled in conjunction with the National Credit Code and relevant Commonwealth commencement orders.