Wood v Prentice

Reference to evIdence - s 149C(1)(b) 11 It is contended that the reference to the evidence or other material in the notice of objection ought to be sufficient to enable the bankrupt to identify, for the purpose of review, what was relied on, in the opinion of the trustee, to make out the ground. It is said that the notice did not do this and is therefore invalid. 12 It should be taken into account, when considering the question of what is meant by a requirement that there should be a reference to evidence or other material, that the section allowing for automatic discharge confers a substantial advantage on a bankrupt and that, therefore, some care should be taken in making an objection. In Van Reesema v Official Receiver in Bankruptcy (1983) 50 ALR 253 at 264, Sheppard J said that there was cast on: " … the trustee … an obligation to apply his mind carefully to the question of whether there is sufficient reason or basis for the entry of an objection upon one or more of the available grounds. By that I do not mean that the objector must be satisfied that the ground exists upon the basis of any absolute standard. But, in my opinion, he must turn his mind to the problem and ought not to enter the objection unless reasonably satisfied of the correctness of what the ground implies. … This means that from the point of view of bankrupts the section [providing for automatic discharge] confers a substantial advantage. A bankrupt knows that at the end of a period of three years after his bankruptcy he will be discharged and thus freed from a number of obligations and disabilities which arise upon bankruptcy." 13 In that case, his Honour found that the ground stated in the notice to objection was not a ground provided for in the Act and that, therefore, the defect was not a mere irregularity. He considered (at 268) that the defect went to "the very substance of the matter". Accordingly, he held that there was no valid objection. 14 The second case referred to by Counsel for Mr Wood is the decision of Branson J in Re Hall (1994) 14 ACSR 488. In that case, the bankrupt applied for a declaration that the notice of objection by the trustee was invalid for failure to comply with s 149C(1)(b) and (c). The ground relied on by the trustee under s 149D(1) was that: "(b) after the date of the bankruptcy the bankrupt continued to manage a corporation as mentioned in section 91A of the Corporations Law without having been given leave to do so under section 229 of that Law;" 15 The relevant part of the notice in that case stated: "The bankrupt has, since the date of bankruptcy continued to manage Yandall Pty Ltd, a company of which he was a director and of which his spouse is a director and which is his employer. From information provided by the bankrupt and his accountant it appears that the financial affairs of the bankrupt and the company are intermingled." 16 Her Honour said, at 492: "The notice of objection should put the bankrupt in a position where he or she can identify, and if necessary search out, the evidence or other material relied upon for the purpose of the objection. Only if the bankrupt is in a position to do this can he or she sensibly determine [what course of action to adopt, namely; whether to make representations, seek a review, question the weight accorded to such evidence, or provide answering material] …" 17 Her Honour went on to say (at 493) that she did not intend to suggest that the above alternatives, which I have summarised in brackets, are exhaustive of the purposes served by the reference in the notice of objection to the evidence or other material that, in the opinion of the trustee, establishes the grounds of objection. Her Honour considered that the notice of objection in that case did not refer to the evidence or other material because it did not provide the bankrupt with sufficient information to enable him to make a sensible and informed decision as to whether the objection could or should be challenged and what course of action to adopt in doing so. 18 When considering the operation of s 149C(1)(b), it must be borne in mind that the evidence in question need only "be referred to" and that there is no requirement that it be set out. The words "refer to" do not require any listing of all the evidence relied on, nor do they require any discussion or consideration of that material in the notice. 19 The approach taken by her Honour was applied by Einfeld J in Re Graeme John Harris [1997] FCA 627. More recently, a number of refugee decisions have taken a similar approach. These decisions considered the wording of s 430(1)(d) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) which requires the Refugee Review Tribunal to prepare a written statement that "refers to the evidence or any other material on which the findings of fact were based". Although relating to a different subject matter, the observations in those cases are apposite to this case: see, for example, Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Gutierrez [1999] FCA 990 at [12]-[13]; Wimalaweera v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 1823 at [23]-[24]; and Thirunavukkarasu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 551 at [40]-[41]. 20 In the present case, the notice refers to two assessments of income contributions payable on 17 May 1997 and 17 May 1998. There is a reference to two amounts and it is common ground that both these amounts are erroneous. Although they are less than the amounts actually assessed, they bear no relationship to any relevant calculation which can be made from the material in the evidence. There is reference to a "Cash Flow Report" received by the trustee on 20 August 1999 that discloses Mr Wood's income and expenditure for the 1998/99 CAP Year. There is reference to the fact that two previous assessments remain outstanding. There is an estimate that Mr Wood's income assessment for the CAP Year for 1998/99 would be comparable to the two previous years. There is then a summary statement that none of the assessed outstanding income contributions totalling $88,340.38 (the total of the two erroneous amounts) had been received nor had any income been received from Mr Wood for the 1998/99 CAP Year. 21 The notice does not specify the amount that the bankrupt was liable to pay but instead provides some other figures which the trustee appears to have relied on. The provenance of these figures is unknown. They are agreed to be erroneous but no explanation is proffered as to how these figures were determined. 22 In my view, the notice is deficient in not referring to the amount of the assessments which had been made. On its face, the notice is misleading in that there are substantial differences between the amounts specified in the actual assessments and the amounts referred to in the notice of objection. It is incorrect to say that the assessed outstanding income contributions totalled $88,340.38 and the figure is confusing. In my view, the notice is deficient both in form and substance. This is not a mere defect or irregularity in the notice. It is no answer to suggest that Mr Wood as an experienced barrister must have been aware of the correct amounts and therefore that it does not matter if the notice was erroneous. 23 In my opinion, the notice fails to satisfy the requirement that there must be a reference in the notice to the evidence or other material that, in the opinion of the trustee, established the ground relied on. The notice therefore is invalid.

Notice of available Options 24 A further submission is that the notice of objection is invalid because Mr Wood did not receive a copy of the notice of objection together with a notice of available options for review. The evidence shows that Mr Wood received the notice of bankrupt's options relating to the trustee's objections on about 31 August 1999. There is no reason to doubt that he was then aware of his options to dispute the grounds on which the objection was lodged. It is also clear that the objection in the present case, by reason of s 149G, took effect on 2 September 1999 and that Mr Wood on 2 September 1999 had received a copy of the notice of objection. It is also important to note that a contravention of s 149F does not affect the validity of the objection: s 149(3). The introductory words of s 149F(1) show that the notice of objection need not itself contain a notice of the bankrupt's options to dispute the notice. The words "together with" contemplate that there may be two distinct notices, although, in principle, there is no reason why the notice of objection could not also contain the notice of the bankrupt's options. 25 The intent of the section is clearly that, when the bankrupt receives the notice of objection, he or she is aware of the options to review the objection and can exercise them, if so decided, in a timely way. In the present case, I am satisfied that, at the time when the facsimile was received by Mr Wood of the notice of objection on 2 September 1999, he had been made aware in writing of his options for review. It is sufficient to satisfy s 149F(1), in my view, if there has been substantial compliance. I am satisfied in the present case that there was such compliance. I consider that support for this conclusion as to substantial compliance being sufficient is provided by s 149(3) which provides that failure to satisfy the requirements of the section does not affect the validity of the objection. 26 Independently of the above conclusions, I consider that this is a situation where s 306 of the Act applies. That section provides: "306 Formal defect not to invalidate proceedings (1) Proceedings under this Act are not invalidated by a formal defect or an irregularity, unless the court before which the objection on that ground is made is of opinion that substantial injustice has been caused by the defect or irregularity and that the injustice cannot be remedied by an order of that court." 27 I am also satisfied that the fact that the two notices were received at different times was a formal defect or irregularity and that this section applies. I am not satisfied that any substantial injustice has been caused to Mr Wood by reason of this defect or irregularity. His evidence was that he had not taken any steps to seek review of the grounds in the notice of objection.

failure to give Reasons 28 The final submission for Mr Wood is that the reasons of the trustee for objecting to the discharge on the ground raised have not been stated. Reference is made to the decisions in Re Hall; Re Ansett; Ex parte Ansett v Pattison (1995) 56 FCR 526 and Re Graeme John Harris. In Re Hall, Branson J decided that the notice of objection complained of did not state the reasons for objecting to the discharge on the grounds identified: at 493. Mere recitation of a ground of objection was not sufficient. The provision requires an exercise of some discretionary judgment by the trustee: ibid. 29 In the Ansett case, the only reason set out in the notice of objection was a statement that an amount of money had not been paid. Olney J considered that this was not a statement of "reasons" but was properly regarded as part of the evidence which established the ground on which the respondent relied. Therefore, the notice of objection did no more than repeat the ground of objection and refer to evidence that established that ground, without giving reasons as required. 30 Both these cases are distinguishable on their facts from the present. 31 Reliance was also placed on the judgment of Einfeld J in Harris. After referring to the decision of Olney J in Ansett his Honour said, at 11-12: "The distinction being made is between a mere restatement of the grounds of objection (a statement that the amount of money was not paid) and the disclosure of the reason for the lodging of the objection (a statement that the money was not paid and that the notice has been lodged in order to ensure its repayment). I am of the opinion that taking the extra step to specify the trustee's purpose would have constituted an adequate reason for the purposes of section 149C(1) (c). A statement of reasons in that form would allay the concerns of Justice Branson that a bankrupt should be 'fully informed by a notice of objection … as to the bases on which such a notice has been filed'." 32 In the present case the reason relied on in the notice of objection is that: "[C]reditors will directly benefit from my Notice of Objection to Discharge since, if Mr Wood continues to practice as he has done in the past, creditors will be entitled to enjoy a further five (5) assessment periods of Mr Wood's income." 33 This statement, in my opinion, satisfies the requirement to state reasons set out in s 149C(1)(c). It is apparent that the trustee formed the view that there will be a benefit to the creditors in the event that Mr Wood continues to practice for a further five assessment periods and that this was the basis for the objection to discharge. In my view, this is a sufficient statement of his reasons for making the objection. It is submitted for the bankrupt that, in order to satisfy the subsection, it is necessary that the reasons should support the discharge on the ground relied on. It is said that the reasons in the present case relate to future possibilities whereas the ground relied upon concerns past conduct in failing to pay an amount in respect of which the bankrupt was liable. I do not accept this. The substance of the reason disclosed does relate to the failure to pay the amount because the trustee anticipates that if there is no discharge then further income will become available to satisfy the outstanding liabilities of the bankrupt, which include those assessed for the two CAP Years relied on.

CONCLUSION 34 Having regard to the foregoing, I am satisfied that the notice of objection is invalid and I am prepared to make appropriate declarations. I will make no order at this stage but direct the bankrupt to provide Short Minutes to give effect to these reasons at a time to be arranged with my Associate. I will hear the parties on costs and on any question as to the appropriate date of discharge. I certify that the preceding thirty-four (34) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Tamberlin.