Vickery v Woods

The appellant, accepting this view or hypothesis, maintains that, consistently with it, the inference must be drawn from the transaction and the circumstances surrounding it that when the company was incorporated a novation of the contract of sale took place by obligation, the company agreed to assume the obligation of the contract and the vendors agreed to the substitution of the company as the party to the contract agreeing to purchase. Accordingly there would be a rescission of the contract within the meaning of s 41 (7) and the appellant would be entitled to have the duty upon the contract refunded to him. In support of this conclusion a number of considerations was arrayed. First, so it was said, the contract must be understood as an engagement with the appellant beneficially and as involving an obligation to transfer to him and to no one else except at his direction. But no direction was in fact given, none was recorded in the transfer as s 42 (5) demanded that a direction should be, and there was no contract of resale by the appellant to the company. The transfer could not, therefore, be explained as a performance of the appellant's contract with the vendors. Next the argument relied on the fact that, when the company came into existence it dealt with the vendors. In the books of account of the agents through whom the transaction was effected the appellant was, in the first instance, debited with the deposit paid by the agents, but the entry was reversed when the company came into being and the amount charged to it. The purpose of the contract from the beginning, it was said, was for the appellant to occupy the temporary role of purchaser and then to drop out and this was effected in the result. To infer a novation would accord with the intention of all parties from beginning to end: to infer a direction, it was contended, would be contrary to the truth and would suppose an infringement of s 41 (5). (at p344)

The short answer to all this is an old one. It is that to a company that is brought into existence and acts upon an agreement antecedently made in its interest an intention to contract is not to be imputed in order to give a legal basis or rationale to a transaction carried through upon an assumption, however incorrect, that no further contract was required and nothing more was necessary than to complete the transaction as initially provided in the contract. (at p345)

Rescission and novation ultimately depend on intention, and here none existed in fact and nothing was done from which such an intention must necessarily be implied. (at p345)

In the language of Lord Davey in Natal Land and Colonization Co. Ltd v Pauline Colliery and Development Syndicate Ltd (1904) AC 120, at p 126 the circumstances relied on for the purpose of showing that a new contract was made with the company after its incorporation on the terms of the old contract are not necessarily referable to and do not necessarily imply a new contract with the vendor. Even less reason is supplied by the course taken for the conclusion that the appellant was a party to a tripartite agreement involving a rescission of the contract between him and the vendor. (at p345)

The fact is that the transaction took the course which the contract entered into by the appellant contemplated and the company paid the purchase money and took the transfer because that is what the parties to the contract intended. There was, in my opinion, no rescission or annulment of the contract and s 41 (7) (a) does not apply. (at p345)

I have had the advantage of reading the judgment prepared by Williams J. and I agree in the statement of facts and the reasoning it contains. (at p345)

I think that the appeal should be dismissed. (at p345)

This is an appeal by the plaintiff from an order of the Full Supreme Court of New South Wales setting aside a verdict and judgment given in his favour for the sum of 1,395 pounds. The respondent, the defendant in the action, is the Commissioner of Stamp Duties for New South Wales and the nominal defendant appointed under the Claims against the Government and Crown Suits Act 1912 NSW. The origin of the action was a contract in writing made on 11th April 1947 between three vendors and the plaintiff as purchaser on behalf of Gunbar Pastoral Co. Ltd, a company not then incorporated, for the purchase of 122,000 acres of station lands for the sum of 146,444 pounds 15s. 4d. Under the Stamp Duties Act 1920-1940 ad valorem duty was payable on the contract and this was assessed at 1,396 pounds and later paid by or on behalf of the plaintiff. The company was incorporated on 11th June 1947 and the plaintiff became its managing director, but no new contract was ever executed between the vendors and the company in the terms of the contract of 11th April 1947. Clause 2 of the contract of 11th April 1947 provided that it was made subject to the National Security (Economic Organization) Regulations and to the consent of the Federal Treasurer with the approval of the Minister for Lands thereto. It contained provisions relating to the application for such consent to the delegate of the Treasurer and provided, inter alia, that if at the expiration of three months from the date of the contract (or such further term as might mutually be agreed) consent should not have been granted either vendor or purchaser should be entitled to regard such consent as having been refused and the purchaser should be entitled to a refund of all moneys paid by him thereunder, but without any interest, damages, expenses or costs. The contract also provided that the purchase money should be payable as follows: (1) a deposit of 6,000 pounds in cash on the fall of the hammer and (2) the residue in cash on completion. The consent of the Treasurer was applied for on 5th June 1947 and therefore before the company was incorporated. It was not given within three months, but the time was extended by mutual agreement. It was given on 6th November 1947. The consent was indorsed on the contract and was in the following terms: "In pursuance of the National Security (Economic Organization) Regulations I hereby consent to the within transaction. Dated 6th day of November 1947 F. Lowther Delegate of the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia". (at p346)

The contract was completed by conveyances of the subject lands to the company on 8th December 1947. The defendant claimed and was paid by the company under protest ad valorem duty on the conveyances, the amount of the duty being 1,403 pounds. The defendant was asked by the company to state a case under s 124 of the Stamp Duties Act as to whether he was entitled to claim ad valorem duty on the conveyances, the company contending that the conveyances were only liable to a duty of five shillings each because they were made in conformity with the contract. The company did not proceed with the case stated and the plaintiff commenced this common law action to recover the duty paid on the contract. Section 41 (4) (a) of the Stamp Duties Act 1920- 1949 provides that where duty has been paid in conformity with the foregoing provisions (in this case the ad valorem duty on the contract) the conveyance made in conformity with the agreement shall not be chargeable with ad valorem duty, but shall be chargeable with a duty of five shillings. The defendant exacted ad valorem duty on the conveyances on the ground that they were not made in conformity with the contract of 11th April 1947. He relied on the decision of the Full Supreme Court of New South Wales in Lake Victoria Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1949) 49 SR (NSW) 262; 66 WN 119. We are not concerned on this appeal with the question whether that case was or was not rightly decided or, if it was rightly decided, whether it applied to the facts of the present case. These are questions which would have arisen if the company had proceeded with the appeal under s 124 of the Stamp Duties Act. (at p347)

The common law action is based on s 41 (7) of the Stamp Duties Act. Paragraph (a) of this sub-section provides, so far as material, that where an agreement on which ad valorem duty has been paid is afterwards rescinded or annulled the ad valorem duty paid thereon shall be refunded by the commissioner to the party to the agreement by whom the duty was paid provided an application for a refund is made within three months of the agreement being rescinded or annulled. Paragraph (c) provides that the sub-section shall not apply where the purchaser or any person claiming under him has entered into possession of or has attorned tenant of the property nor unless the commissioner is satisfied that the contract has not been rescinded or annulled to avoid the stamp duty upon a sub-sale of the property. (at p347)

The action was tried by Owen J. without a jury. The plaintiff alleged in his declaration that the contract of 11th April 1947 was rescinded and that within three months of rescission he requested the defendant to refund the stamp duty on the contract, but the defendant refused to do so. The defendant in his first plea denied that the contract had been rescinded and for a second plea said that at no material time was he satisfied that the agreement had not been rescinded as alleged only to avoid the stamp duty upon a sub-sale of the property the subject thereof. Owen J. held that the contract had been rescinded. He also held that the defendant had failed to sustain the second plea. The Full Supreme Court upheld the appeal on the ground that the contract had not been rescinded. It found it unnecessary to decide the further question under s 41 (7) (c) which would have arisen under the second plea if the contract had been rescinded. (at p347)

I agree with the Full Supreme Court. There is, in my opinion, no evidence that the contract of 11th April 1947 was rescinded. It was a contract entered into between three vendors and the plaintiff on behalf of a company which was not then in existence. The legal consequences that flow from such a contract were recently discussed by this Court in Summergreene v Parker [1950] HCA 13; (1950) 80 CLR 304. Usually, and the present contract is no exception, an agreement entered into between a vendor and a person on behalf of a company not then incorporated, whether as agent or trustee, creates in law a contract between the vendor and that person as a principal. I repeat the opinion already expressed in Summergreene's Case (1950) 80 CLR, at p 318 that "An agent cannot contract on behalf of a principal who is not in existence and ascertainable at the date of the contract, and the contract, if contract there be, must be a contract between the agent as principal and the other party, and therefore a contract on which the agent is personally liable. In Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174, it was held that such an agent is personally liable unless it clearly appears from the terms and conditions of the alleged contract that it was not intended that the agent should be so liable." (at p348)

The transaction to which the Treasurer gave his consent under the Economic Organization Regulations was the contract of 11th April 1947. He was not asked to give his consent to any other transaction. There never was any other contract in existence. From the beginning the vendors may have known that the purchaser intended that the subject lands should be conveyed to the company and that the purchase moneys should be paid by the company. It was immaterial to the vendors who paid the purchase money, but only the plaintiff was personally liable to pay it. They could not have sued the company for it. Upon payment the vendors would be bound to convey the lands to the company when formed if so directed by the purchaser either expressly or by implication. Contracts entered into between a vendor and a purchaser as agent for an unincorporated company are often completed by the company paying for the property and taking a conveyance. If there is no express direction by the purchaser it would be implied from his conduct where a conveyance to the company was tendered to the vendors with his consent. But a company cannot after incorporation adopt or ratify a contract purporting to be made on its behalf before it is incorporated (North Sydney Investment and Tramway Co. Ltd v Higgins (1899) AC 263). In order to bring the vendor and the company into contractual relations a new contract must be made between the vendor and the company after its incorporation, usually in the terms of the previous contract (Natal Land and Colonization Co. Ltd v Pauline Colliery and Development Syndicate (1904) AC 120). (at p348)

Where the facts are sufficient it can be inferred that a new contract has been entered into between the vendor and the company after its incorporation (Howard v Patent Ivory Manufacturing Co. (1888) 38 Ch D 156, at p 164; Natal Land and Colonization Co. Ltd v Pauline Colliery and Development Syndicate (1904) AC, at p 126). But the only reported case in which such a contract has been inferred would appear to be Howard's Case (1888) 38 Ch D 156, and there the evidence was very strong because after the incorporation of the company the vendor attended meetings of the board of directors, and by agreement between him and the board acts were done which could only be referable to an agreement made between him and the company at these meetings to vary the agreement with the promoter in certain respects. In two cases of the highest authority the fact that the company entered into possession of the subject land and did acts which on their face appeared to be referable only to an agreement between the vendor and the company was held not to be sufficient for the Court to infer a new agreement between the vendor and the company: In re Northumberland Avenue Hotel Co. (1886) 33 Ch D 16; Natal Land and Colonization Co. Ltd's Case (1904) AC 120. (at p349)

In the present case there is no evidence of any new contract between the vendors and the company. The memorandum and articles of association of the company are not in evidence. The minutes of meetings of directors of the company are not in evidence. There is no evidence of any meeting between the vendors and any person or persons having any authority to contract on behalf of the company. There is correspondence between the solicitors for the vendors and the solicitors, who were acting first for the plaintiff and later also for the company, phrased as though the sale was a sale by the vendors to the company. But there is no evidence that the respective solicitors had any authority to make a contract between the vendors and the company. The tone of the correspondence is explained by the evident belief of all concerned that the contract would be completed by conveyances to the company. The one and only contract was the preliminary contract between the three vendors and the plaintiff. Such contracts are entered into so that the vendor will have a person liable to pay the purchase money. After that has been paid it is immaterial to the vendor whether he conveys to the promoter or to the company. On the other hand, the promoter, before he incorporates the company, wants to be in a position to compel a conveyance by the vendor to the company after its incorporation. The novation of the contract between the vendors and the plaintiff in the present case into a contract between the vendors and the company would have meant that the vendors were content to accept the liability of the company to pay the purchase money in lieu of the liability of the plaintiff. There is no evidence of this and no evidence that the company ever agreed with the vendors to pay the purchase money. There were three vendors, and therefore three parties between whom and the company a new contract would have to be inferred. But there is no evidence of a novation with any of them. It is, therefore, as the Full Supreme Court said, unnecessary to consider the second plea. (at p350)

18. The conveyance to the Gunbar Pastoral Co. was not, I think, in conformity with the contract between Outhwaite, the Ulonga Pastoral Co. and the Wood Pastoral Co., as vendors, and the appellant Vickery, as purchaser. It could not have been in conformity with a contract to which the Gunbar Pastoral Co. was not a party; under which alone it had no rights; which it could not ratify; and which contained no provision for a conveyance to it. A subsequent direction to convey to the company would be outside the contract, and dutiable under s 42 (5) of the Stamp Duties Act 1920-1949 NSW. The conveyance was not inconsistent with the contract; but it does not follow that it was in conformity with it. (at p350)

19. Then the conveyance must have been the result of one of three transactions: (1) a direction by Vickery to the vendors to convey to the Gunbar Pastoral Co.; or (2) a sub-sale by Vickery to the Gunbar Co.; or (3) a contract between the vendors and the Gunbar Co., following rescission of the contract between the vendors and Vickery. If a transaction as in (1) or (2) took place, then duty was payable on the conveyance, as claimed by the respondent commissioner. The onus of proving that rescission took place was on the plaintiff, that is, Vickery. I hestitate to say there was no evidence to support a finding of rescission in view of the correspondence between the solicitors. But, even if there was evidence, Vickery had to prove, in addition to rescission, that the commissioner was in fact satisfied that the agreement between the vendors and Vickery had not been rescinded to avoid the duty on a sub-sale. It was not necessary, in fact it was impossible, for Vickery to establish the actual state of mind of the commissioner. But it was sufficient for him to prove facts from which it necessarily followed that the commissioner was satisfied. I do not think that the onus of proof rested on the commissioner on the ground that his satisfaction, or lack of it, was a matter peculiarly within his knowledge. All the commissioner had to do was to assert his want of satisfaction. It was for Vickery to show that s 41 (7) (a) applied by proving the satisfaction of the commissioner within sub-s (7) (c). Vickery claimed a refund of duty paid under s 41 (1) and had to establish his claim. This view of s 41 (7) (a) and (c) may appear to place on a taxpayer an onus almost impossible to discharge; but if the legislature has seen fit to do this as a condition of securing a refund of duty, as I think it has, that is the end of the matter. After all, this is a provision for a concession. The concession may be worth little in view of the condition as to the commissioner's satisfaction; but it is still a concession for what it is worth. I am not prepared to say that it can never be secured if contested by the commissioner. (at p351)

20. I think the onus resting on Vickery was not discharged: it cannot be held that the only inference from the facts is that the contract was not rescinded to avoid duty on a sub-sale. (at p351)

22. I agree that this appeal should be dismissed. There is no evidence that the original contract was ever rescinded or annulled, or that any new contract was ever made between the vendors and the company. All parties concerned simply treated the conveyance to the company as performance of the original contract, and it did, in my opinion, in truth amount to performance of that contract. (at p351)

23. Duty has, in my opinion, been wrongly charged, because the conveyance was "made in conformity with the agreement" within the meaning of s 41 (4) of the Stamp Duties Act 1920-1949 NSW. This view, however, cannot avail the appellant in these proceedings. (at p351)

24. I have read the judgments prepared by my brothers Dixon and Williams. I agree with them and have nothing to add. (at p351)