The Village Building Co Limited v Airservices Australia

Background 31 I have had the advantage of reading in draft form the reasons for judgment of Graham J. I gratefully adopt his Honour's recitation of the factual background.

Is there a matter? 32 Before addressing the issues raised by the appeal it is appropriate to address the notice of contention filed by the second respondent, Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd ("CIA"). CIA contended that the proceeding before the primary judge was not a "matter" within the meaning of s 39B of the Judiciary Act because the proceeding did not involve any justiciable controversy between the parties. If there was no "matter" before the primary judge, the jurisdiction of the Federal Court was not properly invoked by the filing of the application heard by his Honour (ss 75, 76 and 77 of the Constitution). CIA Ltd placed particular reliance on Truth About Motorways Pty Limited v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Limited (2000) 200 CLR 591 ("Truth About Motorways"). 33 In Truth About Motorways the High Court upheld the validity of s 80 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). It had been contended in that case that a private individual must have some special interest in the subject matter of the proceeding before the proceeding could constitute a matter for the purposes of Chapter III of the Constitution. This argument was unanimously rejected by the High Court. Relevantly, however, at [42]-[43] Gaudron J said: …Ch III selects 'matters' as the subject-matter of federal jurisdiction. And 'matters' is a word of such generality that it necessarily takes its content from the categories of matter which fall within federal jurisdiction and from the concept of 'judicial power'… Although the constitutional meaning of 'matter' is to be derived, in significant part, from the concept of 'judicial power', it is not necessary in this case to attempt any exhaustive exposition of that concept. It is sufficient to describe judicial power as that power exercised by courts in making final and binding adjudications as to rights, duties or obligations put in issue by the parties. Similarly, it is sufficient to note that the constitutional meaning of 'matter' involves the existence of a controversy as to 'some immediate right, duty or liability to be established by the determination of the Court'. (footnotes omitted) 34 Her Honour at [45] referred to the observation contained in the joint judgment of Gaudron, Gummow and Kirby JJ in Bateman's Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 at 262 that "in federal jurisdiction, questions of 'standing', when they arise, are subsumed within the constitutional requirement of a 'matter'." 35 In Truth About Motorways at [122] Gummow J said: The notion of 'standing' is an implicit or explicit element in the term 'matter' throughout Ch III, identifying the sufficiency of the connection between the moving party and the subject-matter of the litigation. However, it would be an error to attribute to this notion a fixed and constitutionally mandated content across the spectrum of Ch III. 36 CIA Ltd's contention that the subject matter for determination in the proceeding before the primary judge was not a "matter" was founded on its submissions that the proceeding did not call for any immediate right, duty or liability to be established by determination of the Court and Village had no entitlement to any legal remedy for the wrong claimed by it. 37 No argument was advanced on this appeal that the issue raised by the notice of contention should be determined ahead of the determination of all other issues. Nor was it contended that the primary judge erred in not addressing the same issue as a preliminary point. Consideration of the question of whether a challenge to the Court's jurisdiction based on the contention that the subject matter for determination in the proceeding is not a "matter" should always be heard and determined as a preliminary issue should thus be left for another day. 38 Notwithstanding that the jurisdiction of this Court is a jurisdiction in respect of "matters", it is plain that the Court has jurisdiction to determine whether or not it has jurisdiction in respect of a proceeding instituted in the Court and to dismiss the proceeding if it determines that it does not (Residual Assco Group Ltd v Spalvins (2000) 202 CLR 629 per Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, Haynes and Callinan JJ at [14]). Moreover, in the present case, a decision as to whether Village had a sufficient connection with the subject matter of the litigation to give rise to a "matter" depended, to some extent at least, upon the proper construction of laws of the Parliament, namely the Air Services Act 1995 (Cth) ("the Air Services Act") and the Airports Act 1996 (Cth) ("the Airports Act"). On the construction of those Acts for which the appellant contended the interests of the appellant would be more directly affected by the conduct of AA in endorsing the draft ANEF than it would be on the construction for which the other parties contended. 39 In the event, neither the primary judge nor this Full Court has been persuaded that Village has any entitlement to relief under either enactment. Nevertheless, the Court has and had jurisdiction to determine the extent of its jurisdiction. Whether any wider "matter" was brought to the Court by the proceeding below need not now, in my view, be determined.

Relevant Legislation 40 The appellant's claim to be entitled to relief depends upon the proper construction of various provisions of the Air Services Act and the Airports Act respectively. It is therefore convenient to give consideration to those Acts and to consider the extent to which, if at all, the provisions of one informs the proper construction of the other.

Air Services Act 41 The Air Services Act establishes AA (s 7(1)), specifies its functions (s 8(1)), specifies the manner in which its functions are to be performed (s 9 and s 10), and vests in it various powers (s 11). The Minister is authorised to give written directions to AA relating to the performance of its functions or the exercise of its powers (s 16(1)). AA is required to comply with any such direction (s 16(3)). 42 Section 8 of the Air Services Act gives AA extensive functions concerning air navigation including the function specified by s 8(1)(d), namely: Carrying out activities to protect the environment from the effects of, and effects associated with, the operation of: (i) Commonwealth jurisdictional aircraft, whether in or outside Australia, or other aircraft outside Australia; or (ii) other aircraft outside Australia. 43 In exercising its powers and performing its functions AA must regard the safety of air navigation as the most important consideration (s 9(1)). Subject thereto, s 9(2) requires AA to exercise its powers and perform its functions in a manner that ensures that, as far as is practicable, the environment is protected from: (a) the effects of the operation and use of aircraft; and (b) the effects associated with the operation and use of aircraft 44 Section 20 of the Air Services Act establishes the Board of AA and s 21 gives that Board the function of ensuring that AA performs its functions in a proper, efficient and effective manner.

The Ministerial direction 45 On 3 May 1999, in reliance on s 16(1) of the Air Services Act, the Minister for Transport and Regional Services directed AA "for the purposes of paragraph 8(1)(d) and subsection 9(2) of the Air Services Act" to: Make available data for the development of aircraft noise exposure analyses and prediction and be responsible for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports. This direction is referred to in these reasons for judgment as "the Ministerial direction".

Airports Act 46 The objects of the Airports Act include the promotion of the sound development of civil aviation in Australia and the establishment of a system for the regulations of airports that has due regard to the interests of airport users and the general community. To these ends, the Airports Act provides that for each airport there is to be a "final master plan" (s 70(1)) which must relate to a period of 20 years (s 72)). This period is called the "planning period" (s 72). 47 Amendments made to the Airports Act by the Airports Amendment Act 2007 (Cth) ("the Amendment Act") are of importance in this matter. The Amendment Act inserted into the definition section of the Airports Act (s 5) the following definition: Australian Noise Exposure Forecast, for an airport, means an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister. It is accepted that the Minister has not acted under the Airports Act to approve the manner in which an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast is to be endorsed. Importantly, in my view, the Ministerial direction makes no reference to the Airports Act and, in particular, no reference to the definition of ANEF contained in s 5 of that Act. 48 Although the Amendment Act did not introduce into the Airports Act the requirement that each airport must have a "final master plan", it specified the purposes of a "final master plan". Those purposes include: to ensure that uses of the airport site are compatible with the areas surrounding the airport. (s 70(2)(d)) 49 Additionally, the Amendment Act introduced into s 71(2) of the Airports Act, which is concerned with the content of a final master plan for an airport, the requirement that it specify: an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (in accordance with regulations, if any, made for the purpose of this paragraph) for the areas surrounding the airport; (s 71(2)(d)) 50 Further, the Amendment Act inserted s 78(2A) into the Airports Act. Section 78(2A) provides: (2A) If a final master plan (the original plan) for an airport is in force, and a more recent Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the airport is endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister, the airport lessee company for the airport must give the Minister, in writing, a draft master plan that is expressed to replace the original plan. The company must give the Minister the draft master plan: (a) within 180 days of the more recent Australian Noise Exposure Forecast being endorsed; or (b) if the Minister, by written notice given to the company, allows a longer period - within that longer period.

Issues Raised by the Appeal 51 The Notice of Appeal is in an inappropriate and unhelpful form (see Sydneywide Distributors Pty Ltd v Red Bull Australia Pty Ltd (2002) 55 IPR 354 per Branson J at [2]-[5] and Weinberg and Dowsett JJ at [49]). It is therefore probably unsurprising that no party other than the appellant made reference to it in its written or oral submissions. The appellant referred to it only for the purpose of abandoning certain of the grounds of appeal. 52 The parties accepted that the appeal raises the following issues: 1. whether the draft ANEF, upon being endorsed by AA pursuant to the Air Services Act and in accordance with a Ministerial direction issued under s 16 of that Act, will become an ANEF "endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister" within the meaning of the Airports Act 2. whether AA, when endorsing an ANEF under the Air Services Act and in accordance with the Ministerial direction referred to above, is obliged by s 9(2) of the Air Services Act to assess for itself the appropriateness of the data used to prepare the ANEF and, in particular, the data relating to the forecast numbers and timing of future aircraft movements for Canberra Airport; 3. whether the draft ANEF is incapable of being endorsed by AA pursuant to the Air Services Act because it does not relate to a 20 year "planning period" as referred to in s 72 of the Airports Act; 4. whether the draft ANEF is incapable of being endorsed by AA because it is not a "forecast"; and 5. whether AA is under a duty to accord procedural fairness to Village before endorsing the draft ANEF and, if so, whether it has breached that duty in a way which would justify a grant of relief in favour of Village.

Whether the draft ANEF, upon being endorsed by AA pursuant to the Air Services Act and in accordance with a Ministerial direction issued under s 16 of that Act, will become an ANEF "endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister" within the meaning of the Airports Act. 53 Village contended that an ANEF endorsed pursuant to the Ministerial direction (ie a direction given under the Air Services Act) is an ANEF which falls within the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecast contained in s 5 of the Airports Act. This contention was based on the submission that the terms of the definition do not operate to confer on the Minister power to approve the manner in which an ANEF is to be endorsed under the Airports Act with the consequence that the definition must be understood to refer to a manner approved by the Minister under the Air Services Act. Village identified the Ministerial direction as the applicable Ministerial approval. 54 Village placed reliance on observations made by Barwick CJ, McTiernan and Taylor JJ in Gibbs v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1966) 118 CLR 628 ("Gibbs v FCT")at 635. In Gibbs v FCT the High Court was concerned with a definition of "dividend" in the Income Tax and Social Services Contribution Assessment Act 1936-1961 (Cth) which included bonus shares. The primary judge had proceeded on the basis that as bonus shares, which are by their nature capital, fell within the definition of "dividend", bonus shares were to be treated for all purposes under the Act as income. It was in this context that Barwick CJ, McTiernan and Taylor JJ said at 635: The function of a definition clause in a statute is merely to indicate that when particular words or expressions the subject of definition, are found in the substantive part of the statute under consideration, they are to be understood in the defined sense - or are to be taken to include certain things which, but for the definition, they would not include. Such clauses are, therefore, no more than an aid to the construction of the statute and do not operate in any other way. 55 The above observations provided limited, if any, assistance on the question of whether the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts in s 5 of the Airports Act discloses a legislative intention to confer power on the Minister to approve the manner in which an ANEF is to be endorsed for the purposes of that Act. The first issue to be considered in determining the intention of the legislature in this regard is the intended meaning of the expression "the Minister" in that definition. 56 Unless a particular Act discloses a contrary intention, a reference in an Act to "the Minister" is to be understood in the way required by s 19A(1) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth). Section 19A(1) provides: If a provision of an Act: (aa) refers to a Minister by using the expression "the Minister" without specifying which Minister is referred to; or (ab) refers to a particular Minister; then, unless the contrary intention appears, the reference is a reference to: (a) if, for the time being, different Ministers administer the provision in respect of different matters: (i) if 2 or more Ministers administer the provision in respect of the relevant matter - any one of those Ministers; or (ii) if only one Minister administers the provision in respect of the relevant matter - that Minister; (b) if paragraph (a) does not apply and, for the time being, 2 or more Ministers administer the provision - any one of those Ministers; or (c) if paragraphs (a) and (b) do not apply - the Minister for the time being administering the provision. 57 The Airports Act does not, in my view, disclose an intention that the expression "the Minister" in the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecast should not be understood in the way required by s 19A(1) of the Acts Interpretation Act. Unless recourse is made to s 19A, the expression "the Minister" in the s 5 definition will lack content. Additionally it will be ill‑adapted to accommodate the exigencies of government. For these reasons it is, in my view, plain that if the Parliament had intended the reference to "the Minister" in the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecast in s 5 of the Airports Act to mean a Minister, in his or her capacity as the Minister administering relevant provisions of the Air Services Act, it would have so stated. 58 Section 19A(1) of the Acts Interpretation Act thus requires the expression "the Minister" in the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecast to be understood as referring to the Minister for the time being administering s 5 of the Airports Act (s 19A(1)(c)). Although logically (albeit not necessarily) that Minister is likely also to be the Minister responsible for administering the provisions of the Air Services Act, this does not provide justification for construing the reference to "the Minister" in the definition as a reference to the Minister in any capacity other than as the Minister administering s 5 of the Airports Act. 59 No source of authority for the Minister administering s 5 of the Airports Act to approve a manner of endorsement of an ANEF for the purpose of that Act other than s 5 itself has been identified. In the circumstances it is to be inferred that the legislature intended s 5 itself to provide the necessary authority. 60 It may additionally be noted that, even if s 19A of the Acts Interpretation Act is put to one side, a difficulty in the way of accepting Village's contention is that the Ministerial direction identifies activities to be undertaken by AA, one of which is to be responsible for endorsing ANEFs for all Australian Airports; it does not specify any manner of endorsement of Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts. There is, it seems to me, a significant difference between directing someone to be responsible for doing something and identifying the manner in which the thing is to be done. 61 Of course, if the Executive intends, as it appears it may, that ANEFs for airports are to be endorsed by AA, the Ministerial direction is probably a necessary first step. It is the Minister administering the Air Services Act who can give AA directions relating to the performance of its functions and the exercise of its powers; that is, in the circumstances under consideration, direct it to endorse ANEFs. However, it is the Minister administering the Airports Act who has the responsibility of approving a manner of endorsement of an ANEF for an airport for the purposes of that Act.

Conclusion 62 The learned primary judge correctly concluded that the draft ANEF proposed to be endorsed by AA pursuant to the Ministerial direction will not by reason of that endorsement alone become an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the Canberra Airport within the meaning of s 5 of the Airports Act.

Whether AA, when endorsing an ANEF under the Air Services Act and in accordance with the Ministerial direction referred to above, is obliged by s 9(2) of the Air Services Act to take steps to assess the appropriateness of the data used to prepare the ANEF and, in particular, the data relating to the forecast numbers and timing of future aircraft movements for Canberra Airport

The Ministerial direction 63 As mentioned above, the Ministerial direction directs AA to be responsible for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports. On the view that I take, this direction seems likely to be a step on the way towards the establishment of a scheme whereby AA assumes responsibility for the endorsement of ANEFs for the purposes of the Air Services Act. However, until the Minister administering the Airports Act approves a manner of endorsement of ANEFs for the purposes of that Act, the scheme will not be complete. 64 The Macquarie Dictionary relevantly defines the verb "endorse" to mean "to approve; give support to". The Oxford Dictionary relevantly gives the meanings "[t]o confirm, sanction, countenance, or vouch for (statements, opinions, acts etc…), as by an endorsement". These definitions seem to me to reflect the intended meaning of the Ministerial direction; that is, that AA is to be responsible for approving or vouching for Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts. 65 It is plain from the terms of the Ministerial direction that the assumption by AA of responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts is to be an aspect of the performance of its function of carrying out activities to protect the environment from the effects of, and the effects associated with, the operation of Commonwealth jurisdiction aircrafts in Australia (s 8(1)(d)) of the Air Services Act (see [42] above)). 66 Neither the Ministerial direction nor the Air Services Act prescribes how AA is to assume responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts; that is, what it is actually required to do. This lacuna, as it seems to me, will be filled when the Minister acts pursuant to the Airports Act to approve a manner for endorsement for ANEFs for airports. If the Minister administering the Airports Act wishes AA to endorse ANEFs for the purposes of that Act it will be necessary that any manner of endorsement of ANEFs approved by the Minister under s 5 of the Airports Act does not involve AA in performing its function and exercising its function in a way that is inconsistent with the Air Services Act, including s 9(2) of that Act.

Section 9(2) of the Air Services Act 67 In arguing that the Ministerial direction requires AA to verify the reasonableness of assumptions concerning future aircraft movements underlying the draft ANEF, Village placed reliance on the requirements of s 9(2) of the Air Services Act which concerns the manner in which AA is to exercise its powers and perform its functions (see [43] above). Implicit in Village's argument is the assumption that s 9(2) places an obligation on AA to undertake each of its individual activities in the manner described by the subsection. This assumption was not directly challenged by either respondent. However, I do not wish to be understood as necessarily accepting it. Section 9(2) is relevantly directed to the performance by AA of its functions. As mentioned above, the functions of AA are specified by s 8 of the Air Services Act. The critical function of AA for present purposes is the function specified by s 8(1)(d). The Ministerial direction concerns various activities (of which assuming responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports is only one) which fall within the function specified by s 8(1)(d). 68 Leaving aside for present purposes the intended significance of the disjunctive "or" between subparagraphs (i) and (ii) of s 8(1)(d)(see [42] above), s 8(1)(d) specifies one of a number of functions of AA. It seems to me to be strongly arguable that s 9(2) is concerned with how AA performs either the totality of its functions or alternatively each of its functions. I doubt that it is concerned to regulate the manner of performance of every activity carried out by AA within one of its functions. It would not logically follow that, because a particular activity had not been performed in accordance with the requirements of s 9(2), AA had not performed its functions, or any of them, in the way required by the subsection. A judgment concerning the manner in which AA had performed its functions, or any of them, could only be made by reference to the totality of the relevant activities undertaken by AA. 69 For the above reason, even if it be assumed that if AA endorses the draft ANEF it will become an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the Canberra Airport within the meaning of the Airports Act, I doubt the relevance of asking whether AA will thereby have acted in a manner that ensures that, as far as is practicable, the environment is protected from the effects of, and associated with, the operation and use of aircraft. It is more likely, in my view, that the relevant question is whether, if AA endorses the draft ANEF as proposed, it can be demonstrated (a) that AA has not performed its functions in the way required by s 9(2), or alternatively, (b) that AA has not performed the function identified in s 8(1)(d) in the way required by s 9(2). The evidence before the primary judge was plainly insufficient to demonstrate either of these things. 70 However, having regard to the way in which the appeal was argued, it is appropriate to give consideration to whether the evidence was sufficient to show that, if it endorses the draft ANEF as proposed, AA will have performed the activity of endorsing the draft ANEF in a manner contrary to the requirements of s 9(2).

The Evidence 71 The only witness who gave evidence about the process whereby AA formed the view that the draft ANEF should be endorsed was Kenneth John Owen, the Senior Environment Specialist of the Environment Branch of AA. Mr Owen gave affidavit evidence before the primary judge on which he was not cross examined. His evidence may therefore be accepted. 72 Mr Owen's evidence was that there are three types of noise control maps which are produced using the ANEF system. He said that each of them is produced using the same computer model, namely the FAA-1NM, which is a software package used widely all over the world for the modelling of aircraft noise. Mr Owen's affidavit included the following paragraphs: 34. Typically ANEFs are prepared by specialist aviation consultants engaged by airport operators. Those consultants use the FAA-INM as the basis for the preparation of the ANEF. 35. Once a draft ANEF is prepared by an aviation consultant, it is forwarded to Airservices. The materials which must be submitted include the following: (a) a draft ANEF chart; (b) a report of assumptions used; and (c) a copy of the input files and contours in digital form. 36. The Airservices review panel, which I lead, then requires the following technical and administrative determinations to be undertaken: (a) that the appropriate selection of aircraft types has been used as input data; (b) that the runway usage and flight path data used as input to the FAA-INM are operationally suitable; (c) that the forecast numbers of aircraft operations are not greater than the anticipated physical capacity of the airport; (d) that the assumed data have been correctly entered into the model; (e) that the correct version of the software has been used; (f) that the shake and size of the ANEF contours appears to be consistent with the input data; (g) that the chart and data as presented in the Draft ANEF format contained all the items required; and (h) that the sources of data submitted with the Draft ANEF can be identified. 37. I work to a checklist when undertaking the technical endorsement review procedure. At pages 102 - 133 of exhibit "KO 1" is a copy of a checklist used in relation to the draft ultimate capacity ANEF for Canberra International Airport (CIA), the subject of this Application. 38. As can be seen from the checklist used for the ANEF technical endorsement review, the data source for the proposed ANEF is recorded in relation to each of the following items: (a) airport and runway descriptions; (b) movement numbers; (c) aircraft types; (d) day/night splits; (e) track locations; and (f) runway usage. 39. In undertaking the technical endorsement review against each of the 'data source' headings, I check that the submitted report of assumptions attributes the source of the data relied upon by the applicant for the ANEF. In doing so, I am not assessing any of the data in a qualitative way or seeking to determine the likelihood of the assumption behind the relevant data occurring. Likewise, I am not undertaking an audit of the business plan of the airport operator which stands behind the assumptions used in the ANEF application. I check that the modelling data and parameters presented to me are attributed to an appropriate and relevant source. I also consider the runway usage used as input to the model is operationally suitable and that the forecast numbers of aircraft operations are not greater than the capacity of the airport. 40. I then discuss with the applicant (or its consultants) the technical data contained in the draft report and contour maps submitted. I prefer to do this early in the process, before a final draft is presented to me for endorsement. 41. Once I am satisfied that the information provided is in accordance with my checklist and that the FAA-INM has been run correctly, I then inform the General Manager, Corporate Affairs that the ANEF has been assessed as ready for endorsement for technical accuracy. The General Manager, Corporate Affairs, being the delegate, may then inform the airport operator that the ANEF has been assessed as ready for endorsement for technical accuracy. 73 As can be seen from the above evidence, in undertaking the technical endorsement review procedure for the proposed ANEF, AA, amongst other things, checked that the sources of data relied upon for the purposes of the ANEF were attributed to an appropriate and relevant source. It considered whether the runway usage used as input to the model was operationally suitable and that the forecast numbers of aircraft operations were no greater than the capacity of the airport. It also considered whether the FAA-INM had been run correctly.

Conclusion 74 Significance must be attributed to the fact that the Ministerial direction does not require AA to prepare Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports; it requires AA to assume responsibility for endorsing indices or forecasts prepared by others. The Ministerial direction does not specify how AA is to perform this activity. On the view that I take, the manner in which ANEFs for airports are to be endorsed for the purposes of the Airports Act awaits the approval of the Minister administering that Act (see [63] above). If I am wrong in this regard, it is appropriate, in my view, to conclude that the Minister was content to leave responsibility for this matter with the Board of AA which has the function of ensuring that AA performs its functions in a proper, efficient and effective way. 75 Of course, for AA to perform its functions in a proper manner it must perform them as required by s 9(2) of the Air Services Act. However, s 9(2) recognises the limits of practicability. In the circumstances that AA has been directed to endorse, but not to formulate, Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts, Village has not demonstrated that the endorsement procedure of which Mr Owen gave evidence was inadequate to satisfy the requirements of s 9(2). 76 For the above reasons I conclude that it has not been established that if AA endorses the draft ANEF under the Air Services Act it will have acted inconsistently with the requirements of s 9(2) of that Act.

Whether the draft ANEF is incapable of being endorsed by AA pursuant to the Air Services Act because it does not relate to a 20 year "planning period" as referred to in s 72 of the Airports Act 77 Village contended that AA is precluded from endorsing the draft ANEF because it is not limited to the 20 year planning period referred to in s 72 of the Airports Act (see [46] above). This contention was based on the premise that an ANEF endorsed under the Air Services Act in the performance by AA of the function identified in s 8(1)(d) of the Act is an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister within the meaning of s 5 of the Airports Act. For the reasons given above under Issue 1, this is, in my view, a false premise. No other basis was advanced for Village's contention that AA is precluded from endorsing an ANEF not limited to a 20 year period. 78 However, as this issue has been considered by both the primary judge and Moore J, it may be of value for me to express the following views. 79 Canberra Airport is no longer a joint‑user airport (see reg 1.04 of the Airports Regulations 1997 (Cth)). Section 71(2)(d) thus requires a draft or final master plan for the Canberra Airport to specify "an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (in accordance with the regulations, if any, made for the purpose of [par 71(2)(d)]) for the areas surrounding the airport". It appears that no regulations have been made for the purpose of s 71(2)(d). No party contended that s 71(2)(d) discloses a legislative intention to use the expression Australian Noise Exposure Forecast other than in accordance with its defined meaning. Consequently, s 71(2)(d) requires a draft or final master plan for the Canberra Airport to specify an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister. 80 Section 71(4) authorises the making of regulations that, amongst other things, provide that a forecast or other matter specified by s 71(2) may relate to one or more of the following: (a) the whole of the planning period of the plan; (b) one or more specified 5 year periods that are included in the planning period of the plan; (c) subject to any specified conditions, a specified period that is longer than the planning period of the plan. 81 The Explanatory Memorandum for the Bill that, when enacted, became the Amendment Act, reveals that para 71(4)(c) was enacted primarily to allow for a draft or final master plan to include Australian Noise Exposure Forecast information that extends beyond the 20 year planning period, enabling State and Territory land use planning agencies to implement long-term planning goals that are compatible with an airport's proposed long term aeronautical operation (Airports Amendment Bill 2006, Explanatory Memorandum, note 37 of the notes on clauses). It appears that no regulation relevant to the issue presently under consideration has been made in reliance on s 71(4). 82 As mentioned above, s 71(2)(d) requires the specification of an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister. For the reasons set out above (see [53]-[62]) I have concluded that this means an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister in the Minister's capacity as the Minister administering s 5 of the Airports Act. As noted above, the Minister has not as yet approved a manner of endorsement in this, or as it seems to me, any capacity. For this reason it is, in my view, presently impossible for the requirement of s 71(2)(d) to be met. I conclude that it is appropriate to assume that the Minister will act promptly to rectify this situation. 83 The question of whether an implication should be identified in the Act that, absent any regulation made in reliance on s 71(4), an ANEF endorsed in a manner approved by the Minister must relate to the whole of the planning period of the plan, and additionally may not relate to any longer period, is in the above circumstances moot. It should, in my view, be left to be answered in the context of factual circumstances that call for its determination.

Whether the draft ANEF is incapable of being endorsed by AA because it is not a "forecast" 84 As mentioned above, the Ministerial direction, which was given pursuant to s 16(1) of the Air Services Act, requires AA to be responsible for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports. Village submitted that an ANEF is a document that must conform with the definition section of the Australian Standard. 85 The relevant Australian Standard, as I understand it, is "AS 2021-2000 Acoustics - Aircraft noise intrusion - Building siting and construction" published by the Council of Standards Australia on 10 August 2000 ("the Standard"). Paragraph 1.5 of the Standard is headed "Definitions". Subparagraph 1.5.6 reads: 1.5.6 Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (ANEF) A single number index for predicting the cumulative exposure to aircraft noise in communities near aerodromes during a specified time period (normally one year). NOTE: The computation of this index includes‑ (a) measurements of aircraft noise (expressed in Effective Perceived Noise Decibels, EPNdB), which take account of the spectral, temporal and spatial aspects of the noise; (b) estimates and generalizations of aircraft type grounds and mix, number of operations, runway utilization, flight paths and operational procedures; and (c) time of day, i.e. whether daytime (0700 hours to 1900 hours) or evening/night-time (1900 hours to 0700 hours) This simple number index is useful for rating the compatibility of various land uses with respect to aircraft noise. For this purpose, equivalent ANEF values at individual positions around an aerodrome are combined on a map to form ANEF contours. (See Appendix A for a description of the ANEF system and the method for its determination.) 86 Appendix A to the Standard provides information concerning the "Australian noise exposure forecast system". It describes three different types of aircraft noise contour charts produced using the ANEF system. The description of an ANEF is in the following terms: ANEF - Australian Noise Exposure Forecast This is a contour map showing the forecast of noise exposure levels that will exist in a future year. It may be for a particular year, generally about 10 years from the date of issue, or in the case of some of the busier civil airports, it may represent the airport operating at 'ultimate capacity'. It is based on a firm forecast of aircraft movement numbers and operating times, aircraft types, destinations, flight paths and a given use of runways at the aerodrome. The ANEF chart is the only one of the three types of chart which is intended to have status in land-use planning decisions. It will have been subjected to review by relevant authorities before release, and the chart will display the official endorsement of AirServices Australia or the Department of Defence. Only one ANEF chart for a given aerodrome can be current at any one time. A more recently endorsed chart supersedes an earlier chart. 87 It is plain that, unless incorporated therein by reference, a definition or description of a term contained in an Australian Standard cannot dictate the meaning of a term used in legislation. Nonetheless, there may be circumstances in which the content of documents such as the Standard may throw light on the meaning of a technical term or expression. The evidence indicates, as it seems to me, that "Australian Noise Exposure Forecast" is a technical expression. 88 In contending that the draft ANEF is incapable of being endorsed because it is not a "forecast", Village placed reliance on what it contended, by reference to the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed, Vol 14, was the natural or ordinary meaning of "forecast". That meaning is "a conjectural estimate or account, based on present indications, of the course of events or things stated in the future". Village placed particular emphasis on the words "based on present indications". It claimed that the draft ANEF is not based on present indications of likely future noise exposure levels in the vicinity of the Canberra Airport. Rather, it claimed, the draft ANEF is based on a hypothetical maximum capacity for the Canberra Airport without any future temporal reference. Village submitted that the draft ANEF is thus not a "forecast" and therefore not an ANEF within the meaning of either the Air Services Act or the Airports Act. 89 Village called no evidence in support of the above submissions. For this reason it could point to no evidence in support of its contention that the draft ANEF was not an ANEF within the technical meaning of that expression. 90 The only witness before the primary judge with qualifications in the relevant area of technical expertise was Mr Owen. Mr Owen accepted that the draft ANEF was an ANEF. He was not challenged in this, or indeed any, regard. It would therefore appear reasonable to conclude, and I do conclude, that the draft ANEF was an ANEF within the technical meaning of that expression. 91 The primary judge was, in my view, correct to conclude that the draft ANEF is not incapable of being endorsed as an ANEF - albeit that it will not thereby become an ANEF within the meaning of the Airports Act.

Whether AA is under a duty to accord procedural fairness to Village before endorsing the draft ANEF and, if so, whether it has breached that duty in a way which would justify a grant of relief in favour of Village 92 Village contended that AA was under an obligation to notify it of the basis upon which it proposed to endorse the draft ANEF; that is, what matters AA was taking into account including the consideration given by AA to the number of predicted aircraft movements and how the modelling of contours had been achieved. It may be assumed that Village wished to be notified of those things so that it would be heard in relation to them. 93 Village's concern that enforcement of the draft ANEF will adversely affect its ability to exploit the Land arises from the terms of Direction No 12 issued to all councils by the New South Wales Minister for Planning under s 117 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW). Direction No 12 applies when a council prepares a draft local environmental plan that creates, removes or alters a zone or a provision relating to land subject to noise from a licensed aerodrome. Direction No 12 relevantly states: (1) In the preparation of a draft Local Environmental Plan affecting land in the vicinity of a licensed aerodrome, the council shall: (a) consult with the Department of the Commonwealth responsible for aerodromes and the lessee of the aerodrome, … (2) Draft Local Environmental Plans shall not rezone land: (a) for residential purposes, nor increase residential densities in areas where the Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (ANEF) as from time to time advised by that Department of the Commonwealth exceeds 25, or (b) for schools, hospitals, churches and theatres where the ANEF exceeds 20, or (c) for hotels, motels, offices or public buildings where the ANEF exceeds 30. (3) Draft Local Environmental Plans that rezone land: (a) for residential purposes or to increase residential densities in areas where the ANEF is between 20 and 25, or (b) for hotels, motels, offices or public buildings where the ANEF is between 25 and 30, or (c) for commercial or industrial purposes where the ANEF is above 30, shall include a provision to ensure that development meets AS 2021 regarding interior noise levels. (4) A draft LEP may be inconsistent with this direction only if council can satisfy the Director-General that any particular provision or area should be varied or excluded having regard to the provisions of section 5 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, and (a) the land has been identified in a strategy prepared by the council and approved by the Director-General, or (b) the rezoning is justified by an environmental study, or (c) the rezoning is in accordance with the relevant Regional Strategy prepared by the Department, or (d) the rezoning is, in the opinion of the Director-General, of a minor significance. (5) For the purposes of (4)(b), an environmental study has the same meaning as in s 57 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act. 94 The evidence shows that by a letter dated 18 April 2007 Village's solicitors wrote to AA's Chief Executive Officer asserting that it was clear that Village's interests would be adversely affected by AA's endorsing the draft ANEF. The letter further advanced arguments as to what AA was required to do before it could endorse the draft ANEF. The letter asked AA to acknowledge that it was required to do those things and also to acknowledge that Village was entitled to be heard on those matters before any endorsement took place. 95 The solicitors for AA responded to the above letter by a letter dated 30 April 2007. Their letter concluded in the following way: We are instructed that our client intends to follow its usual procedures in relation to the endorsement of the draft ANEF. On this basis, if your client wishes to meet with Airservices Australia to discuss its processes please let us know. In addition, if your client wishes to make any further submissions in relation to the process of endorsing ANEFs, our client will give them due consideration. Please contact us if you wish to arrange a mutually convenient time for our clients to discuss the process to endorse ANEFs or if you have any questions in relation to this letter. 96 There is no evidence that Village, or its solicitors, responded to the above letter or otherwise took up the offer to meet with AA to discuss its processes or to make further submissions in relation to the process of endorsing ANEFs. In the circumstances, even if it be assumed that Village had an entitlement to be heard before AA endorsed the draft ANEF, Village is unable to show that it was denied that entitlement. 97 However, it is, I consider, plain that Village's interest in the decision of AA to endorse the draft ANEF is insufficiently direct to give rise to any obligation to AA to afford it procedural fairness (Kioa v West (1955) 159 CLR 550 per Mason J at 584, Brennan J at 619 and Deane J at 632; Comptroller-General of Customs v Kawasaki Motors Pty Ltd (No 1) (1991) 32 FCR 219 per Hill and Heerey JJ at 238-241; Transport Action Group Against Motorways Inc v Road and Traffic Authority NSW (1999) 46 NSWLR 598 per Mason P, with whom in this regard Sheller JA agreed, at [88]-[102]). It is not just that Village's interest is a financial interest of a kind likely to be shared by other landowners in the vicinity of the Canberra Airport. Village's interest arises because of State planning regulations and is conditional upon the rezoning of the Land on the application of a third party, namely the local council. The mere fact that Village purchased its interest in the Land with the intention of developing it for residential purposes does not give Village a more direct interest in AA's decision than other affected landowners. 98 Moreover, the application and content of the supposed duty of AA to afford procedural fairness depends, at least to a large extent, on the construction of the Air Services Act (Kioa v West per Mason J at 584). The subject matter, scope and purpose of that statute, while extending to the protection of the environment from the effects of the operation of aircraft, are far removed from private financial interests in land development. The carrying out by AA of its functions will not ordinarily affect individuals other than as members of the public or a class of the public. In particular, as mentioned above, in endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for Australian airports, AA is carrying out an activity calculated to protect the environment from the effects of, and the effects associated with, the operation of Commonwealth jurisdiction aircraft in Australia. The nature and purpose of this activity strongly suggests against a legislative intention that an individual landholder should have a right to be heard in respect of the carrying out of the activity because it may indirectly by reason of the planning law of a State, impact on a private interest, or perhaps more accurately, a private expectation, of the landholder's, namely the landholder's ability to redevelop the land in the event of the land being rezoned. 99 I conclude that AA is not under a duty to accord procedural fairness to Village before endorsing the draft ANEF.

Conclusion 100 I would dismiss the appeal with costs. I certify that the preceding seventy-two (72) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Branson.

Associate: Dated: 10 April 2008 IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY DISTRICT REGISTRY ACD 37 OF 2007

ON APPEAL FROM A JUDGE OF THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA

BETWEEN: THE VILLAGE BUILDING CO LIMITED ACN 056 509 025

CANBERRA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PTY LTD ACN 080 361 548

GRAHAM J 101 This case concerns the anticipated endorsement by the first respondent of an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for Canberra International Airport.

Air Services Act 102 Airservices Australia ('AA'), the first respondent, was empowered by the Air Services Act 1995 (Cth) (the 'Air Services Act') to exercise a number of functions. Relevantly for present purposes s 8(1) provided as follows: '8(1) AA has the following functions: …. (d) carrying out activities to protect the environment from the effects of, and the effects associated with, the operation of: (i) Commonwealth jurisdiction aircraft, whether in or outside Australia; … … (i) any functions incidental to any of the above functions; …' 103 Under s 16(1) of the Air Services Act the relevant Minister was empowered to give written directions to AA relating to the performance of its functions or the exercise of its powers and under s 16(3) AA was bound to comply with any such directions. 104 In accordance with s 16(1) the then Minister gave a direction to AA for the purposes of ss 8(1)(d) and 9(2) of the Air Services Act ('the Ministerial Direction'), to undertake a number of activities specified in the Schedule. The Schedule to that direction, dated 3 May 1999, included: '(x) Make available data for the development of aircraft noise exposure analyses and prediction and be responsible for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports.' 105 Section 9 of the Air Services Act, subsection (2) of which was referred to in the Ministerial Direction, dealt with the manner in which AA was to perform its functions. Section 9 provided as follows: '9(1) In exercising its powers and performing its functions, AA must regard the safety of air navigation as the most important consideration. (2) Subject to subsection (1), AA must exercise its powers and perform its functions in a manner that ensures that, as far as is practicable, the environment is protected from: (a) the effects of the operation and use of aircraft; and (b) the effects associated with the operation and use of aircraft. (3) AA must perform its functions in a manner that is consistent with Australia's obligations under: (a) the Chicago Convention [meaning the Convention on International Civil Aviation done at Chicago on 7 December 1944, the Protocols amending same and the Annexes thereto]; and (b) any other agreement between Australia and any other country or countries relating to the safety of air navigation.' 106 Neither the Explanatory Memorandum circulated in respect of the Air Services Bill 1995 (Cth), the Supplementary Explanatory Memorandum nor the relevant Ministers' Second Reading speeches cast any relevant light on the meaning of the words 'ensures that … the environment is protected from' in s 9(2) of the Air Services Act. 107 It is important to note that the Ministerial Direction of 3 May 1999 specified numerous other activities to be undertaken by AA for the purposes of ss 8(1)(d) and 9(2) of the Air Services Act additional to those covered by paragraph (x) of the Schedule referred to above. These included: '(iii) Initiate and participate in discussions, consultations, studies and research with the aviation industry and the community in relation to environmental aspects of air traffic management. … (v) Develop and implement effective aircraft noise abatement procedures and monitor and report to the Secretary on compliance with those procedures at Australian airports (vi) Provide advice and information on aircraft environment related matters to, and participate in, airport consultative committees at those Australian airports that have such a committee. … (ix) Monitor, collate and report to the Secretary on aircraft movements during curfew hours at Sydney (Kingsford Smith), Adelaide and Coolangatta airports. … (xiii) Carry out the activities in this Schedule in accordance with government policy as determined from time to time.' 108 On 18 August 1999 the First Assistant Secretary, Airports in the then Department of Transport and Regional Services forwarded to AA an 'agreed understanding' under the heading 'THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF AIRSERVICES AUSTRALIA IN RESPECT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT'. That document referred to a letter from the Minister to the then Chairman of AA under cover of which the Ministerial Direction was forwarded to AA. Relevantly, it provided: 'I would expect Airservices to work very closely with my Department to determine and settle the scope and parameters of the activities it will perform under the Direction.' 109 In relation to item (x) in the Schedule to the Direction the following appeared in the agreed understanding: 'Agreed Interpretation It is understood that this item refers to the provision of data to the Department. Airservices currently sells data and noise modelling services to the private sector and nothing in this item in the Direction is intended to restrict this. The intention is to ensure that the Minister and the Department have continued access to noise modelling data (eg INM input files) and that they can request services, such as those currently provided in relation to the Airports Act, on a no-charge basis. The formal endorsement of ANEF/ANEI for technical accuracy, a requirement of Australian Standard AS2021, will continue. However, it is noted that there may be a conflict of interest issue with respect to Airservices both endorsing and producing noise exposure charts.' The reference to the 'requirement of Australian Standard AS2021', would now appear to be a reference to that part of Appendix A to AS 2021 - 2000, set out below, where it is said in paragraph A3(a): 'The ANEF chart … will have been subjected to review by relevant authorities before release, and … will display the official endorsement of AirServices Australia …'

AS 2021 - 2000: Acoustics - Aircraft noise intrusion - Building siting and construction 110 From time to time Australian Standards are prepared by Standards Australia International Limited. They cover many and varied issues. As at 3 May 1999 the relevant standard for present purposes was AS 2021 - 1994. It was superseded in 2000 by AS 2021 - 2000 entitled 'Acoustics - Aircraft Noise Intrusion - Building Siting and Construction' which was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 7 July 2000 and published on 10 August 2000. In the preface to the standard the following appeared: 'This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee EV 11, Aircraft and Helicopter Noise to supersede AS 2021-1994. This Standard is the result of a consensus among representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard. This Standard provides guidance on the siting and construction of buildings in the vicinity of airports to minimize aircraft noise intrusion. The assessment of potential aircraft noise exposure at a given site is based on the Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (ANEF) system (for details of this system refer to Appendix A). This edition provides expanded aircraft noise tables and incorporates various associated amendments to the text. …' 111 Under the heading 'APPLICATION', AS 2021 - 2000 provided, inter alia, as follows: '1.3 APPLICATION Application of this Standard should be considered when a building site is located within certain distances from an aerodrome as given below. The following distances are approximations and should be used as guidelines only: (a) Within 15 km of an international airport, major domestic airport, or … … Reference to the appropriate ANEF chart will be necessary to determine the applicability of the recommendations of this Standard. …' 112 Under the heading 'DETERMINATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE OF BUILDING SITE' the Standard provided: '2.1.1 Aerodromes with ANEF charts ANEF charts for the major Australian city airports … are available from the appropriate authorities. All or some of the noise exposure contours of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ANEF are shown on these charts. These contours indicate land areas around aerodromes which are forecast to be exposed to aircraft noise of certain levels as defined in Clause 1.5.6; the higher the ANEF value the greater is the noise exposure. Locate the position of the building site on the ANEF chart and determine the highest value ANEF contour which crosses the building site. If the building site is outside the 20 ANEF contour, noise from sources other than aircraft may dominate; therefore, there is usually no need to proceed further in this Standard as the construction of the building need not specifically be designed to provide protection against aircraft noise intrusion. Nevertheless, if it is desired that premises be insulated against aircraft noise, the procedures of this Standard may be followed. … 2.2.1 General The acceptability of the building site is dependent on the type of building proposed and on the ANEF zone in which it is to be located. …' 113 Table 2.1 in AS 2021 - 2000 indicated that for houses, home units, flats and caravan parks an ANEF zone of less than 20 ANEF was acceptable, of 20 - 25 was conditionally acceptable and greater than 25 was unacceptable. Notes 1 and 2 to the table included the following: '1. The actual location of the 20 ANEF contour is difficult to define accurately, mainly because of variation in aircraft flight paths. … 2. Within 20 ANEF to 25 ANEF, some people may find that the land is not compatible with residential or educational uses. Land use authorities may consider that the incorporation of noise control features in the construction of residences or schools is appropriate …' 114 In relation to Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts the Australian Standard provided the following definition in clause 1.5.6: '1.5.6 Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (ANEF) A single number index for predicting the cumulative exposure to aircraft noise in communities near aerodromes during a specified time period (normally one year). NOTE: The computation of this index includes - (a) measurements of aircraft noise (expressed in Effective Perceived Noise Decibels, EPNdB), which take account of the spectral, temporal and spatial aspects of the noise; (b) estimates and generalizations of aircraft type groups and mix, number of operations, runway utilization, flight paths and operational procedures; and (c) time of day, i.e. whether daytime (0700 hours to 1900 hours) or evening/night-time (1900 hours to 0700 hours). This single number index is useful for rating the compatibility of various land uses with respect to aircraft noise. For this purpose, equivalent ANEF values at individual positions around an aerodrome are combined on a map to form ANEF contours. (See Appendix A for a description of the ANEF system and the method for its determination).' 115 The aircraft Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF) technique was first developed in the United States of America in the late 1960s and later adopted in Australia. It was subsequently redefined in Australia in 1982 and renamed the 'ANEF system' following the publication of a study by the National Acoustic Laboratories of the Department of Health in February 1982 which had been sponsored in 1979 by the then Department of Transport and the Department of Defence. The ANEF system is based on survey evidence of the reaction of Australian communities to aircraft noise. ANEF charts are simply plans of an aerodrome and the surrounding localities on which noise exposure contours of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ANEF units have been drawn. In the areas outside 20 ANEF, noise from sources other than aircraft tends to predominate over aircraft noise. Within the area from 20 ANEF to 25 ANEF, aircraft noise exposure starts to emerge as an environmental problem, while above 25 ANEF the noise exposure becomes progressively more severe (see paragraph A1 of Appendix A to AS 2021 - 2000). Appendix A to AS 2021-2000 provided a description of the ANEF system and the method for its determination. Its inclusion in the Standard was noted as being '(Informative)'. 116 The ANEF computation is based on forecasts of air traffic movements on an average day (see paragraph A2.3 of Appendix A to AS 2021 - 2000).

Guidelines for the production of noise contours 117 On 1 July 2005 the Airspace and Environment Regulatory Unit of AA published 'GUIDELINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NOISE CONTOURS FOR AUSTRALIAN AIRPORTS' which also provided a cross reference to the Australian Standard AS 2021. The guidelines relevantly provided: '1. Background It is Australian Government policy that ANEF contours and the associated land use compatibility advice be used as the land use planning criteria around Australian airports. This policy was announced in the Government's response to the HoRSCAN recommendations in September 1990. The ANEF system is the basis of Australian Standard AS2021-2000 (Acoustics - aircraft noise intrusion - building siting and construction). 2. Types of Maps Produced Three different types of aircraft noise contour maps are produced using the ANEF system. All there (sic) types are produced using the same computational process, a modified version of the US FAA's Integrated Noise Model (INM). The differences between three types arise from the data, which have been used as input to the INM. a) ANEF - Australian Noise Exposure Forecast This is a contour map showing the forecast of aircraft noise levels that is expected to exist in the future. The contour set may relate to a particular year, generally about 10 years from the date of issue, or it may be an "ultimate capacity" forecast. In the former case, it is based on a forecast of aircraft movement numbers, aircraft types, destinations and originations, and a given set of runways at the airport for a particular year. In the latter case, it may incorporate several sets of such information relating to progressive stages in the development of an airport within a definite time horizon. An ANEF requires review at regular intervals (about 5 years) to ensure its continuing validity. The ANEF map is the only one of the three types of map which is intended to have status in land-use planning decisions. It will have been subjected to review by relevant authorities before release and, for civil airports, the map will display the official endorsement of Airservices Australia and the date of the endorsement. Only one ANEF map can be current at any one time, and a more recently endorsed map supersedes an earlier map. b) ANEI - Australian Noise Exposure Index This is a contour map based on historical data from a previous year, where actual numbers and types of aircraft which used the airport are known. It shows the average daily aircraft noise exposure around the airport for that year. ANEI maps are used principally as benchmarks or indicators of change of aircraft noise exposure. c) ANEC - Australian Noise Exposure Concept This is a noise contour map which may be produced during consideration of options for airport development. It is based on a hypothetical set of conditions of runways, aircraft types, etc., and there may be several ANEC maps prepared for the same future year. It may be a supposition for a long way into the future, and may never occur. Because it has a hypothetical basis and/or may not have been subject to review by relevant authorities, an ANEC has no official status and cannot be used for land-use planning purposes. An ANEC map can be turned into an ANEF through the procedure outlined below.' 118 The guidelines relevantly continued as follows: '3. Production of ANEFs In general, the onus to initiate the process for the production of aircraft noise contour maps rests with the airport owner. In May 1999, the Minister for Transport and Regional Services directed that Airservices Australia: "be responsible for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports." Airservices Australia may in some cases undertake the work of producing noise contours. In other instances, where the preparation of these maps is undertaken by the airport owner or their consultants, Airservices stands ready to assist airport owner/s or their consultants in the process. The publication and issue of completed aircraft noise exposure contour maps is the responsibility of the airport owner. 4. Review procedures for endorsement of contours Prior to a set of contours becoming and (sic) ANEF they must be endorsed for technical accuracy by the General Manager, Airspace and Environment Regulatory Unit (AERU), GPO Box 367, Canberra ACT 2601. It is common for a similar endorsement to be sought for ANEIs as they become public documents and can be subject to considerable scrutiny. ANECs however, require no such endorsement as they are generally produced as a step in the planning process. For ANEF and ANEI contours, the review procedures which are overseen by Airservices Australia include the following technical and administrative checks:- Procedure 1 a) that the appropriate selection of aircraft types have been used as input data; b) that the runway usage and flight path data used as input to the model are operationally suitable; c) that the forecast numbers of aircraft operations are not greater than the capacity of the airport; and, d) that the contours have been modelled correctly. Based on experience, it is strongly recommended that airport owners and their consultants discuss and agree with AERU staff early in the process (ie before preparing contour charts). Procedure 2 Following Airservices' advice of the successful completion of the checks on the validity of the input information used to produce the contour set, the airport owner must then make a proposed ANEF contour chart available to the relevant authorities in State and local government for sighting and comment. Any such comments are to be collated and returned to Airservices Australia for review, following which it can be expected that the contour map will be endorsed by Airservices Australia as the official ANEF for the airport. The data presentation requirements for the endorsement process is listed in Section 7 below. Procedure 3 The airport owner may then issue the contour map as the new and current ANEF for the airport. ... 7. Requirements for contour checking and endorsement The information generally needed to be supplied when requesting endorsement of ANEFs or ANEIs includes the following on completion of 'Procedure 2': ● Three copies of the proposed ANEF or ANEI map suitable for endorsement (two to be retained by Airservices Australia); ● A copy, in digital form, of the INM study, including all files complete and unzipped; ● A plot of the flight tracks used, with tracks labelled, on A3 or larger paper; ● A table of aircraft movements by aircraft type, time of day and runway (usually reproduced on the ANEF/ANEI map); and, A bound report which details the following: ● the INM version used, and the refinement and tolerance used in the calculation. The currently acceptable version of the INM should be checked with Airservices before preparation of the study. At the date of preparation of this document, INM version 6.1 is acceptable. Contours prepared using earlier versions of the INM will not be accepted. ● the coordinate system used for the base map, runways and contours. At the date of preparation of this document, WGS84 or GDA94 are the acceptable coordinate systems. ● all assumptions made in the preparation of the ANEF/ANEI, especially the allocation of aircraft to flight tracks; and, ● the person or persons and the organisation or company who have taken responsibility for all input assumptions used in the preparation of the contours, including the forecasts of aircraft numbers and types, the day/night splits, the runway locations and usage and the flight track locations and the assignments of aircraft to those tracks. Note that if the aircraft noise contours have been modelled incorporating the effects of topography, this needs to be specifically noted in the title block of the map. 8. Updating of ANEFs ANEFs are regarded as being valid for a period of five years at which time they should be replaced. …' 119 The material contained in the guidelines under paragraph 2 resembles that contained in paragraph A3 of Appendix A to AS 2021-2000. It could loosely be described as a paraphrase of the relevant paragraph in the Appendix to the Australian Standard with the exception of the last sentence of paragraph 2(c) which is peculiar to the guidelines. To enable a proper comparison to be drawn between the Australian Standard and the guidelines, paragraph A3 of Appendix A to the Australian Standard is set out below: 'A3 TYPES OF AIRCRAFT NOISE CONTOUR CHARTS There are three different types of aircraft noise contour charts produced using the ANEF system. All three types of chart are prepared using the same computational procedures. The differences arise from the types of data which have been input to produce the following charts: (a) ANEF - Australian Noise Exposure Forecast This is a contour map showing the forecast of noise exposure levels that will exist in a future year. It may be for a particular year, generally about 10 years from the date of issue, or in the case of some of the busier civil airports, it may represent the airport operating at 'ultimate capacity'. It is based on a firm forecast of aircraft movement numbers and operating times, aircraft types, destinations, flight paths and a given use of runways at the aerodrome. The ANEF chart is the only one of the three types of chart which is intended to have status in land-use planning decisions. It will have been subjected to review by relevant authorities before release, and the chart will display the official endorsement of AirServices Australia or the Department of Defence. Only one ANEF chart for a given aerodrome can be current at any one time. A more recently endorsed chart supersedes an earlier chart. (b) ANEI - Australian Noise Exposure Index This is a contour map based on historical data from a previous year, where exact numbers and types of aircraft which used the aerodrome are known. It shows the average daily aircraft noise exposure around the aerodrome for that year. ANEI charts are used principally as benchmarks or indicators of change of aircraft noise exposure. (c) ANEC - Australian Noise Exposure Concept This is a noise contour map which may be produced during consideration of options for aerodrome development. It is based on a hypothetical set of conditions of runways, aircraft types and so on, and there may be several ANEC charts prepared for the same future year. It may be a supposition for a long way into the future, and may never occur. Because it has a hypothetical basis and may not have been subject to review by relevant authorities, an ANEC chart is not intended for use for land-use planning purposes.'

General background 120 On 30 September 2005 the New South Wales Minister for Planning issued a direction under s 117(2) of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) in which he directed Councils 'to exercise functions under Divisions 4 and 5 of Part 3 of the Act in relation to the preparation of a draft local environmental plan as specified in Schedule 1'. Schedule 1 included 'Direction No. 12 - Development near Licensed Aerodromes' which stated as one of its objectives; '● To ensure development for residential purposes or human occupation, if situated on land within the ANEF contours of between 20 and 25, incorporates appropriate mitigation measures so that the development is not adversely affected by aircraft noise.' Under the heading 'What a council must do if this direction applies' the following, inter alia, appeared: '(2) Draft Local Environmental Plans shall not rezone land: (a) for residential purposes, nor increase residential densities in areas where the Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (ANEF) as from time to time advised by that Department of the Commonwealth exceeds 25, or (b) for schools, hospitals, churches and theatres where the ANEF exceeds 20, or (c) for hotels, motels, offices or public buildings where the ANEF exceeds 30. (3) Draft Local Environmental Plans that rezone land: (a) for residential purposes or to increase residential densities in areas where the ANEF is between 20 and 25, or (b) for hotels, motels, offices or public buildings where the ANEF is between 25 and 30, or (c) for commercial or industrial purposes where the ANEF is above 30, shall include a provision to ensure that development meets AS 2021 regarding interior noise levels. (4) A draft LEP may be inconsistent with this direction only if council can satisfy the Director-General that any particular provision or area should be varied or excluded having regard to the provisions of section 5 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, and (a) the land has been identified in a strategy prepared by the council and approved by the Director-General, or (b) the rezoning is justified by an environmental study, or (c) the rezoning is in accordance with the relevant Regional Strategy prepared by the Department, or (d) the rezoning is, in the opinion of the Director-General, of a minor significance. …' 121 On 28 May 2007 Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting produced a Practical Ultimate Capacity ANEF for Canberra International Airport. That ANEF was based on 282,120 annual fixed wing aircraft movements and 2,920 annual helicopter movements, i.e. a total of approximately 781 movements per day. 122 The proceedings which are the subject of the present appeal are concerned with and directed at stopping AA from endorsing Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting's ANEF for Canberra International Airport dated 28 May 2007 as contemplated by the Ministerial Direction of 3 May 1999. 123 In its report dated 28 May 2007 Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting said amongst other things: 'The ANEF contour produced is a composite of three ANECs representing future possible operating scenarios. [Later in the report it was stated that "The ANEF contour is a composite produced by superimposing three ANECs representing three possible future operating scenarios".] All three scenarios take into account the Canberra and Queanbeyan Noise Abatement Areas. Existing noise abatement procedures have been modelled for the two scenarios based on the existing runway operating mode which favours aircraft operations on runway 35. … In summary, the three scenarios from which the composite ANEF contour has been derived are: · the currently preferred runway 35 operating mode and route/track structure (including RNP [Required Navigation Procedure] approaches/departures), with runway utilisation based on Airservices data; · the preferred runway 35 operating mode with both the current RNP approaches/departures and the additional 15O offset RNP track for long haul domestic/international arrivals; and · a preferred runway 17 operating mode with current RNP approaches/departures and a 3O offset precision approach, with runway utilisation derived from meteorological analysis. … Canberra International Airport has two runways, 17/35 and 12/30. Runway 17/35 is modelled in this study at its present length of 3283 metres. … The report, prepared by R-AOS forecasts an ultimate annual capacity of 282,120 fixed wing aircraft movements. …' 124 'Annex 1' to the Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting report of 28 May 2007 was an earlier report of Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting of 30 March 2005 estimating the Annual Ultimate Capacity of the runway system at Canberra International Airport. The estimate proceeded on the basis that aircraft parking aprons for regular public transport and for general aviation would be expanded as and when required, as would passenger terminal capacity. The 30 March 2005 report addressed seven different time periods in a day. The Annual Ultimate Capacity was calculated using a weighted average for the seven different time periods, which were themselves based on different operations and aircraft types. Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting derived an averaged hourly movements' rate for the ultimate capacity of the Canberra International Airport, allowing for appropriate separation between aircraft, of 36.47 comprising up to 0.07 Category A aircraft movements (for small aircraft under 7,000 kg Maximum Takeoff Weight), 0.18 Category B aircraft movements (for small aircraft under 7,000 kg Maximum Takeoff Weight) [categories 'A' and 'B' drew a distinction between small aircraft with different approach speeds], 28.74 Category C aircraft movements (for large aircraft with a Maximum Takeoff Weight of 7,000 to 136,000 kg) and 7.84 Category D aircraft movements (for heavy aircraft with a Maximum Takeoff Weight of more than 136,000 kg). The averaged hourly movements' rate of 36.47 equated to 875 movements per day or 319,477 movements a year. 125 The 30 March 2005 report ('Annex 1') then continued: '6.0 Airport Annual Ultimate Capacity ... However, CAG [Capital Airport Group] have advised AOS [Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting] to lower the capacity of the airport between the hours of midnight and 0500 to 20 movements an hour to provide a realistic demand profile. These 20 movements will consist of 8 freight operations and 12 international operations. This means that from 0300 to 0400 the only movements will be 8 freight departures and from 0400 to 0500 the only movements will be 12 international arrivals …. Based on this information, the Annual Ultimate Capacity of CIA [Canberra International Airport] has been calculated as 282,119 aircraft movements.' 126 In the Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting report of 28 May 2007, details of aircraft movements by type, track and time of day for each of the three modelled operating scenarios were recorded in tables 19-24. These tables were predicated upon there being 446 daytime (7am to 7pm) aircraft movements and 335 night time (7pm to 7am) aircraft movements per day (i.e. a total of 781 movements). 127 Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting derived an ANEC for each of the three possible future operating scenarios which they analysed. From these they established a Practical Ultimate Capacity ANEF. In their report they said: 'The composite ANEF contour set which results from superimposing the ANECs for these three scenarios is shown tin (sic) the last of seven drawings included at the end of this report. Capital Airport Group is seeking formal endorsement of this contour set as the Practical Ultimate Capacity ANEF for Canberra International Airport.' 128 The appellant's interest in the foreshadowed endorsement of Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting's ANEF lies in the fact that it is the registered proprietor as a tenant in common in a 575/1000 share in certain parcels of land located in the local government area of Queanbeyan City in the State of New South Wales which fall partly between the 25 and 30 contours in the ANEF and partly between the 20 and 25 contours (together Tralee North) and certain other parcels which fall partly between the 20 and 25 contours and partly between the 25 and 30 contours (together Tralee South). In his affidavit sworn 23 July 2007 the General Manager Special Projects and Feasibilities of the applicant said: '2. As the General Manager for Special Projects and Feasibilities, it was my job to investigate and deal with the land purchased by the Applicant at Tralee and I am aware of most of the details of that land and this present litigation. 3. At the time that it purchased the land, the Applicant intended to rezone it for the purpose of developing it for residential use. … 5. None of the land currently falls within a contour exceeding 20 on the current Canberra International Airport ANEF. 6. A major portion of that part of the land known as Tralee North falls within the contour exceeding 25 and the balance falls within the contour exceeding 20 of the new draft Canberra International Airport ANEF. 7. A portion of that part of the land known as Tralee south falls within the contour exceeding 25 and a major portion falls within the contour exceeding 20 of the new draft Canberra International Airport ANEF. …' 129 On 6 April 2006 the Minister for Planning, for Redfern Waterloo, for Science and Medical Research and Minister Assisting the Minister for Health (Cancer) in the New South Wales Government announced an Inquiry into future settlement patterns in Queanbeyan. In his Media Release the Minister said that a number of rezoning proposals were 'currently on the table'. 130 In May 2006 a Queanbeyan land release inquiry Background paper was issued, the purpose of which was to provide general information on the forthcoming inquiry, including some background on the various sites which were the subject of the inquiry. The identified sites included 'Tralee', in relation to which the background paper stated: 'Tralee ● 'Tralee' comprises two separate parcels of land located south west of the existing residential area of Jerrabomberra which are shown on the attached map as light blue ● Both parcels immediately adjoin the ACT border and the industrial area of Hume ● Proposal is for approximately 1,500 - 2,000 lots ● Issues relevant to the Tralee site are threatened species, water supply, aircraft noise, potential land use conflict with Hume industrial area and cross border infrastructure provision ● The Council is currently seeking a section 65 certificate from the Director-General of the Department of Planning to publicly exhibit the rezoning.' 131 By a letter dated 13 March 2007 the appellant wrote to AA stating, amongst other things: '… I am writing to ask that this company be provided with a copy of the latest draft ANEF proposed by Canberra Airport, which the Airport has now formally given to the NSW Minister and to Queanbeyan City Council on a purported "Commercial-in-Confidence" basis. As a matter of natural justice, we believe it is administratively inadequate for a matter that so vitally affects this firm and others, to be withheld from us, denying us and others an opportunity to have the matter examined by expert international aviation and acoustics consultants. … I understand that the airport has recently met with Queanbeyan City Council. If this was part of the formal requirement for consultation with local and NSW planning authorities in developing a new ANEF, then this matter now has real urgency. …' 132 In a reply dated 30 March 2007 AA responded, inter alia: 'AirServices Australia's role in this process is to check draft ANEF's for technical accuracy in accordance with our "Guidelines for the Production of Noise Contours for Australian Airports" … … With respect to the draft practical ultimate capacity ANEF for Canberra, Airservices can confirm we have a draft, but we are still in the process of satisfying ourselves of the technical accuracy of the draft ANEF - checking validity of the input information and the modelling of the contours. That is, we are at the stage before the airport is required under our guidelines to obtain external comment. Whilst I appreciate the importance of the ANEF to your business, I do not believe that it is appropriate for me to meet with you to discuss the draft ANEF or for Airservices to provide you with any of the documentation. I also ask that you note that Airservices does not have any separate public consultation role in relation to the ANEF endorsement process. …' 133 By a letter dated 18 April 2007 the solicitors for the appellant wrote to AA expressing the appellants' concern in respect of the new ANEF plan which had been prepared. In the letter they wrote: 'It is clear that VBC's [referring to the appellant] interests will be adversely affected by AA endorsing the new draft ANEF for the airport. By reason of the terms of the Ministerial direction 3 May 1999, AA is under an obligation to check the whole of the ANEF before endorsing it. This means that AA is required to check not only the new draft ANEF for "technical accuracy" but is also obliged to check the accuracy and validity of all of the projections upon which the new draft is based, including those projections relating to future aircraft movements and the type and mix of aircraft to be so used. A decision by AA to endorse the new draft ANEF in its present form will adversely affect the financial interests of VBC. It follows that our client is entitles (sic) to be given an opportunity to be heard on the matter before any decision is made by AA. Accordingly, we request that AA acknowledge that it is obliged by the terms of the direction issued by the Minister of Transport and Regional Services on 3 May 1999 pursuant to s 16(1) of the Air Services Act to check the accuracy and validity of all projections upon which the new draft ANEF plan for the airport is based, including those projections relating to future aircraft movements and the type and mix of aircraft to be so used, before endorsing the new draft ANEF. We also request that AA acknowledges that VBC is entitled to be heard on such matters before any endorsement takes place. If we do not receive an adequate response from AA within 14 days of the date of receipt of this letter, we have been instructed by our client to commence proceedings against AA for appropriate declaratory relief together with costs without any further notice to AA.' 134 On 27 April 2007 the Minister for Planning, for Redfern Waterloo and for the Arts in New South Wales, as he had become, issued a media release under the heading 'Sustainable Land Release For Queanbeyan Families'. In this media release the Minister said: 'The strategy provides for the release of: … ● Land for 2,000 new homes at South Tralee, south-west of Queanbeyan; … ● The release of additional land for up to 1,500 homes at North Tralee and North Environa has been temporarily deferred for further discussions between the NSW and ACT Governments.' 135 In a report of the NSW Department of Planning on 'Review of Queanbeyan Residential and Economic Strategy 2031' of April 2007 aircraft noise was canvassed. In the relevant recommendations the following appeared: 'Aircraft Related Noise 3. Prior to any rezoning being concluded Council is to ensure that all new residential development in Queanbeyan is located outside the Airservices Australia currently endorsed 2050 ANEF 20 contour for Canberra airport or in the event that revised ANEF contours are approved, that any residential development that exceeds the new ANEF 20 contour meets AS2021 in regard to internal noise levels. …' 136 By letter dated 30 April 2007 the solicitors for AA wrote to the solicitors for the appellant saying in respect of the question of endorsement of the ANEF which had been submitted to it: 'We are instructed that our client intends to follow its usual procedures in relation to the endorsement of the draft ANEF. On this basis, if your client wishes to meet with Airservices Australia to discuss its processes please let us know. In addition, if your client wishes to make any further submissions in relation to the process of endorsing ANEFs, our client will give them due consideration. Please contact us if you wish to arrange a mutually convenient time for our clients to discuss the process to endorse ANEFs or if you have any questions in relation to this letter.' There was no evidence that the appellant sought to avail itself of the invitation so extended to it by AA. 137 The new draft Canberra International Airport ANEF was annexed to the affidavit of Kenneth Ineson sworn 23 July 2007 as Annexure 'B'. Paragraph 9 of that affidavit, which was the subject of objection as to part, was read by the appellant only to the following extent: '9. If … the Applicant would be required to construct residential buildings on the land in accordance with the interior noise reduction guidelines contained in Australian Standard AS 2021/2000. In doing so it would incur considerable additional costs.' 138 Between 1986 and 1988 the then Department of Aviation was responsible for and produced all ANEFs. At that time the Department of Aviation controlled all major airports which were owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. In due course responsibility for the preparation of ANEFs was transferred to private consultants and the role of what then became AA was to be responsible for endorsing ANEFs produced by others. As indicated above, guidelines were issued by AA on 1 July 2005 so that private consultants could follow them in the production of their ANEFs and be aware that there was a process available for their review. It was out of this procedure that the endorsement for 'technical accuracy' procedure was developed. According to the unchallenged evidence of Mr K J Owen, the Senior Environmental Specialist of the Environment Branch of AA, AA was not in a position to check all the data provided by private consultants when producing ANEFs. AA's practice was to check that the guidelines were followed. 139 In his affidavit declared 27 June 2007 Mr Owen deposed as follows: '34. Typically ANEFs are prepared by specialist aviation consultants engaged by airport operators. Those consultants use the FAA-INM as the basis for the preparation of the ANEF. 35. Once a draft ANEF is prepared by an aviation consultant, it is forwarded to Airservices. The materials which must be submitted include the following: (a) a draft ANEF chart; (b) a report of assumptions used; and (c) a copy of the input files and contours in digital form. 36. The Airservices review panel, which I lead, then requires the following technical and administrative determinations to be undertaken: (a) that the appropriate selection of aircraft types has been used as input data; (b) that the runway usage and flight path data used as input to the FAA-INM are operationally suitable; (c) that the forecast numbers of aircraft operations are not greater than the anticipated physical capacity of the airport; (d) that the assumed data have been correctly entered into the model; (e) that the correct version of the software has been used; (f) that the shape and size of the ANEF contours appear to be consistent with the input data; (g) that the chart and data as presented in the Draft ANEF format contained all the items required; and (h) that the sources of data submitted with the Draft ANEF can be identified. … 40. I then discuss with the applicant airport (or its consultants) the technical data contained in the draft report and contour maps submitted. I prefer to do this early in the process before a final draft is presented to me for endorsement. 41. Once I am satisfied that the information provided is in accordance with my checklist and that the FAA-INM has been run correctly, I then inform the General Manger, Corporate Affairs that the ANEF has been assessed as ready for endorsement for technical accuracy. The General Manager, Corporate Affairs, being the delegate, may then inform the airport operator that the ANEF has been assessed as ready for endorsement for technical accuracy. 42. The airport operator must then make the proposed ANEF contour chart available to the relevant authorities in State and Local Government for sighting and comment. Any such comments are collated and returned to the delegate for review, following which the delegate is in a position to finally consider endorsement of the ANEF for technical accuracy. 43. As part of the technical review process, I have to be convinced that the local planning authorities have seen the draft ANEF before it is endorsed. I expect to receive from the airport operator letters or other suitable documentation evidencing that relevant authorities have seen the draft ANEF.' 140 In relation to the anticipated endorsement of the draft ultimate capacity ANEF for Canberra International Airport, Mr Owen deposed as follows: '46 … We received the initial materials for the draft ultimate capacity ANEF from the CIA [Canberra International Airport]'s consultant now known as Rehbein AOSAirport Consulting (AOS) on or about 8 December 2006. An outline chronology of the materials considered is as follows: (a) AOS met with Airservices on 31 May 2005 to discuss the draft ultimate capacity ANEF for the CIA. (b) Comments were prepared by Airservices, dated 23 June 2005 and I believe forwarded to AOS. (c) No further action on the ANEF occurred until November 2006 when the CIA approached Airservices about the matter. (d) Copies of the draft ultimate capacity ANEF report and supporting materials were supplied to Airservices on or about 8 December 2006 for review for technical accuracy. (e) Airservices attended a meeting with the CIA regarding the draft ultimate capacity ANEF on 21 December 2006. (f) Airservices received a revised draft ultimate capacity ANEF report and supporting material from AOS in early February 2007 for review for technical accuracy. (g) Airservices commented on the revised report and supporting materials to the CIA and AOS on 6 March 2007. (h) Airservices met with the CIA on 21 March 2007 to discuss the comments provided and reported on 6 March 2007. It was this process which provided further information required by Airservices to continue the endorsement process. (i) The revised draft ultimate capacity ANEF and supporting materials were provided to Airservices by the CIA in or about mid April 2007. (j) The section on the draft ultimate capacity ANEF, where Airservices applies its endorsement, was provided to the CIA on 27 April 2007. (k) Airservices reconsidered the draft ultimate capacity ANEF and supporting materials and provided comments to the CIA on 7 May 2007. (l) The response from AOS regarding the comments forwarded to the CIA on 7 May 2007 were received on or about 29 May 2007. (m) Airservices provided comments to the CIA regarding the latest revisions to tables in the draft ultimate capacity ANEF on 1 June 2007. (n) Airservices sought comment on 1 June 2007 from the CIA regarding a (sic) airport capacity issue. (o) AOS provided revised report tables to Airservices on 6 June 2007. (p) The CIA provided a revised draft ultimate capacity ANEF on 12 June 2007. Airservices advised the CIA that the coordinate system information was missing from the chart on 14 June 2007. (q) The CIA provided a revised draft ultimate capacity ANEF to Airservices addressing the coordinate system information issue on 15 June 2007. (r) The CIA provided further information regarding Airservices capacity inquiries on 15 June 2007. (s) Airservices performed its final check for technical accuracy of the draft ultimate capacity ANEF on 15 June 2007. (t) The CIA was advised by Airservices on 18 June 2007 that the draft ultimate capacity ANEF was considered to be suitable for endorsement for technical accuracy following the completion of the consultation process.' 141 No cross-examination was directed to Mr Owen to suggest that the relevant technical and administrative determinations referred to in paragraph 36 of Mr Owen's affidavit had not been carried out by AA in respect of the anticipated endorsement of the draft ultimate capacity ANEF for Canberra International Airport properly or at all. For example, there was no suggestion put to him that the forecast number of aircraft operations was greater than the anticipated physical capacity of the airport, nor was there any suggestion that an inappropriate selection of aircraft types had been used as input data, nor was there any suggestion that the runway usage and flight path data which had been used was operationally unsuitable.

Airports Act 142 Section 70 of the Airports Act 1996 (Cth) ('the Airports Act') provides for there to be a 'final master plan' for each airport in Australia. In s 70(2) of the Airports Act the purposes of a final master plan are identified as follows: '(a) to establish the strategic direction for efficient and economic development at the airport over the planning period of the plan [a period of 20 years - see s 72]; and (b) to provide for the development of additional uses of the airport site; and (c) to indicate to the public the intended uses of the airport site; and (d) to reduce potential conflicts between uses of the airport site, and to ensure that uses of the airport site are compatible with the areas surrounding the airport.' 143 In respect of the content of master plans s 71 of the Airports Act relevantly provides: '71(1) This section specifies the matters that must be set out in each draft or final master plan for an airport. (2) … a draft or final master plan must specify: (a) the airport‑lessee company's development objectives for the airport; and (b) the airport‑lessee company's assessment of the future needs of civil aviation users of the airport, and other users of the airport, for services and facilities relating to the airport; and … (d) an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast (in accordance with regulations, if any, made for the purpose of this paragraph) for the areas surrounding the airport; and (da) flight paths (in accordance with regulations, if any, made for the purpose of this paragraph) at the airport; and (e) the airport‑lessee company's plans, developed following consultations with the airlines that use the airport and local government bodies in the vicinity of the airport, for managing aircraft noise intrusion in areas forecast to be subject to exposure above the significant ANEF levels [a noise above 30 ANEF levels - see s 5]; and …' 144 By the Airports Amendment Act 2007 (Cth) the former s 71(2)(d) was repealed and s 71(2)(d) and (da) were substituted for it. Prior to that, s 71(2)(d) provided: '71(2)(d) forecasts relating to noise exposure levels; and' At the same time as this substitution occurred an extra definition was inserted into s 5 of the Airports Act as follows: 'Australian Noise Exposure Forecast, for an airport, means an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister.' Thus, s 71(2)(d) required that a draft or final master plan specify an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister in accordance with regulations, if any, made for the purposes of s 71(2)(d) [as yet there have been no such regulations made] for the areas surrounding the airport. 145 The relevant portion of the Airports Amendment Act 2007 (Cth) came into force on 13 May 2007. 146 In relation to, inter alia, forecasts covered by s 71(2)(d) and plans covered by s 71(2)(e) of the Airports Act, s 71(4) contemplated the making of regulations governing, amongst other things, such forecasts and plans as follows: '71(4) The regulations may provide that the objectives, assessments, proposals, forecasts and other matters covered by subsection (2) … may relate to one or more of the following: (a) the whole of the planning period of the plan [a period of 20 years - see s 72]; (b) one or more specified 5‑year periods that are included in the planning period of the plan; (c) subject to any specified conditions, a specified period that is longer than the planning period of the plan.' 147 Section 71(8) made provision in respect of plans for managing aircraft noise intrusion in areas forecast to be subject to exposure above the significant ANEF levels as follows: '71(8) In developing plans referred to in paragraph (2)(e) … an airport‑lessee company must have regard to Australian Standard AS2021 - 1994 ("Acoustics - Aircraft noise intrusion - Building siting and construction") as in force or existing at that time.' 148 By virtue of s 77 of the Airports Act a final master plan remains in force for 5 years. However, if at that end of that 5 years, a fresh final master plan does not come into force, the original plan remains in force until a fresh plan comes into force. 149 Section 78 of the Airports Act dealt with the replacement of final master plans. Inter alia, it provided:- '78(2A) If a final master plan (the original plan) for an airport is in force, and a more recent Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the airport is endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister, the airport‑lessee company for the airport must give the Minister, in writing, a draft master plan that is expressed to replace the original plan. The company must give the Minister the draft master plan: (a) within 180 days of the more recent Australian Noise Exposure Forecast being endorsed; or (b) if the Minister, by written notice given to the company, allows a longer period - within that longer period.' 150 In relation to the insertion of the definition of Australian Noise Exposure Forecast into the Airports Act the Explanatory Memorandum circulated by authority of the relevant Minister provided in respect of item 7 in the Bill: 'This item inserts a definition for the term Australian Noise Exposure Forecast. It is consequential to items 26, 30 and 39.' Items 26, 30 and 39 of the Explanatory Memorandum dealt with, amongst other things, the clauses which became s 71(2)(d), 71(2)(da) and the clause that became s 78(2A) of the Act. The Explanatory Memorandum relevantly provided: '31. Items 26 and 30 respond to community concern about adequate information concerning flight paths and aircraft noise exposure patterns around airports by providing that an airport master plan released for public comment is to specify such information in accordance with requirements to be set out in regulations. … … 42. Item 39 inserts new subsection 78(2A), which provides for a replacement master plan to be developed for approval should a more recent Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the airport be endorsed. The replacement master plan is to be made available either within 180 days of the Forecast being endorsed or, if the Minister allows in writing, then a longer period. 43. This amendment should assist State and Territory land use planning agencies in implementing long-term planning arrangements that take account of an airport's proposed aeronautical operations. …' 151 In respect of the clause which became s 71(4)(c) of the Act the Explanatory Memorandum relevantly provided: '36. This item provides that a draft or final master plan may, subject to specified conditions, relate to a period beyond the 20 year planning period set by section 72 of the Act. 37. Primarily, it is envisaged this amendment will allow for a draft or final master plan to include Australian Noise Exposure Forecast information that extends beyond the 20 year planning period, enabling State and Territory land use planning agencies to implement long-term planning goals that are compatible with an airport's proposed long term aeronautical operations.'

The Application 152 In the foregoing circumstances, the primary judge considered the appellant's application under s 39B(1A)(c) of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) ('the Judiciary Act') for the following relief: '1. A declaration that the first respondent is obliged by the direction issued by the Minister for Transport and Regional Services on 3 May 1999 pursuant to s.16(1) of the Air Services Act 1995 (C'wealth), to consider and determine, in endorsing the new draft ANEF contour plan for Canberra International Airport, the accuracy and validity of all assumptions upon which such a plan is based, including those assumptions relating to future aircraft movements, flight paths and the type and mix of aircraft to be so used. 1A. A declaration that the new draft ANEF contour plan for Canberra International Airport is incapable of being endorsed by the first respondent in the manner approved by the Minister for Transport and Regional Services. 2. A declaration that the first respondent is obliged to afford the applicant natural justice and procedural fairness when considering whether the new draft ANEF contour plan for Canberra International Airport should be endorsed pursuant to the direction issued by the Minister for Transport and Regional Services on 3 May 1999. 2A. An order that the first respondent by itself, its servants and agents be restrained from endorsing the new draft ANEF contour plan for Canberra International Airport. 3. Alternatively to order 2A, an order that the first respondent by itself, its servants and agents be restrained from endorsing the new draft ANEF contour plan for Canberra International Airport pursuant to the direction issued by the Minister for Transport and Regional Services on 3 May 1999 other than in accordance with the terms of the declaration referred to in paragraph 1 above. …' 153 On 15 August 2007 the primary judge ordered that the application be dismissed with costs. 154 The primary judge identified three principal issues as to the capacity of AA to endorse the new draft Canberra International Airport ANEF. His Honour expressed the first of these as follows (see The Village Building Co Ltd (ACN 056 509 025) v Airservices Australia and Another (2007) 241 ALR 685) at [5] as follows: '(1) Village asserts that s 9(2) of the Air Services Act requires that Airservices must examine all the underlying assumptions on which the draft ANEF is based in order to see whether they provide a reasonable or realistic foundation for the projections which are based on them. Airservices argues that its function of endorsement does not require it to make an assessment of the validity, commercial viability or likelihood of the assumptions which the proponent of an ANEF uses as a basis of its calculations.' 155 His Honour found, at [36], that s 9(2) of the Air Services Act did not impose on AA 'an absolute obligation to protect the environment'. At [38] he observed that 'the s 16 direction gave [AA] a function of endorsing someone else's forecast without specifying how that was to be done'. His Honour then continued at [38] - [39]: '[38] … Some discretion to select the means and the nature of its endorsement or approval must be afforded to the repository of that function of endorsement or approval. But Village says that any discretion is removed by the requirement to ensure, as far as is practicable, the protection of the environment in the way s 9(2) provides. [39] … Confining [AA's] role in the endorsement process to assessing the technical accuracy of a forecast is a means of ensuring, as far as is practicable, the protection of the environment from the direct or indirect effects of the operation and use of aircraft. …' 156 His Honour proceeded at [43] to find 'that the function of endorsement required by para (x) of the minister's s 16 direction relates to the authentication of the technical accuracy of the draft ANEF submitted by an airport lessee or other proponent'. 157 The second issue identified by the primary judge at [5], was as follows: '(2) Village argues because the draft ANEF makes projections beyond the 20-year planning period under the Airports Act, it cannot be endorsed by Airservices. The airport lessee argued that an ANEF could be made for any time period and that there was no requirement to limit it to 20 years or less. Airservices and the airport lessee say that Airservices does not have a function of endorsing ANEFs under the Airports Act. Rather they say that Airservices has a different function, which is to endorse ANEFs under the Air Services Act. The minister has not yet approved a manner of endorsing an ANEF under the Airports Act. Accordingly, Airservices argues that any endorsement by it in the exercise of its functions under the Air Services Act of the draft ANEF cannot have any effect for the purposes of the Airports Act.' 158 His Honour found at [59] that the proper construction of the Airports Act did not support a requirement that the ANEF specified in a draft or final master plan under that Act must be limited to a planning period of 20 years. At [63] he said: '… it can hardly have been the intention of the parliament in enacting the Airports Act, as amended, to have stultified the future growth potential of an airport in the way contended for by Village. The consequence of Village's argument, that an ANEF cannot extend beyond 20 years, absent a regulation under s 71(4), is that third parties would be able to engage in development or uses of land around an airport which created a planning conflict between the user of the airport and the surrounding development at a time over 20 years away, that prevented the future expansion of use of the existing capacity of the airport.' 159 Later at [71] the primary judge said '[t]he consequence of Village's argument is so impracticable that it cannot have been intended in the absence of express words'. 160 In any event, his Honour held, at [56], that the endorsement of the draft ANEF by AA would not enliven any obligation of the second respondent under s 78(2A) of the Airports Act to prepare a new draft master plan since no manner for the endorsement of Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts had been approved by the Minister under that Act. 161 The third issue identified by the primary judge at [5] was as follows: '(3) Village argues that the draft ANEF is not capable of being regarded as an ANEF at all. This is because, it argues, the draft ANEF is not a forecast within the ordinary and natural meaning of the word "forecast". It says that a "forecast" must be based on present indications of forecast usage of the airport and that the draft ANEF was not so based.' 162 His Honour held, at [76], that the ordinary and natural meaning of the word 'forecast' as used in the term 'Australian Noise Exposure Forecast' must connote conjecture, at least to some degree. He said: '[76] … There is no necessity that every element of a forecast in an ANEF be founded in fact or be based on a prediction with which all reasonable people will agree. …' 163 Later at [79] the primary judge said: '… The nature of conjecture in estimation or forecasting suggests that [AA's] function of "endorsement" need not necessarily be to verify or approve every integer in an ANEF as a valid forecast. While [AA] must "endorse" the forecast, I am of opinion that the forecast is not that of [AA]. The function of endorsement can be achieved by [AA's] approach of ascertaining the technical accuracy of the ANEF. There is no error in [AA] exercising it powers and functions in that way. …' 164 In his reasons for judgment the primary judge made a series of more general findings, including: (a) the endorsement of a particular ANEF will be understood, in terms of the Ministerial Direction, as being an approval of the complex calculations and formulae needed to produce an ANEF on its identified assumptions (at [45]); (b) an Ultimate Capacity ANEF is simply a calculation which expresses a forecast of the noise impact of the maximum use of an airport. That calculation does not depend on an assessment of whether or not that maximum capacity will be reached. The validity of the assumptions as to when a particular level of usage or the ultimate capacity will be reached cannot affect the actual calculation of the noise impact at that usage once it is reached (at [49]); (c) it is open to AA to endorse such an ANEF under the Ministerial Direction (at [50]); (d) it is a lawful manner of discharging the function of endorsing an ANEF under the Ministerial Direction for AA to assess it for technical accuracy (at [81]). 165 The respondents submitted, at first instance, that the then applicant, now appellant, lacked standing to claim the relief sought in the application. The primary judge, at [84], found it unnecessary to decide the question of standing as he was not satisfied that any jurisdictional or reviewable error in the endorsement process had been established. On the hearing of the appeal, the appellant submitted that the application was not one for judicial review, no decision having been made. It was simply one seeking declaratory relief in relation to the position that then existed.

The appeal 166 By a Notice of Appeal filed 3 September 2007, the appellant appealed from the whole of the judgment of the primary judge given on 15 August 2007. 33 grounds of appeal were specified under the headings 'S.16 Direction' (grounds 1 - 8), 'Nature and purpose of ANEF' (grounds 9 - 16), 'S.9(2) - Air Services Act' (grounds 17 - 27), 'Planning period' (grounds 28 - 31) and 'Natural justice' (grounds 32 - 33). In the 'Outline of Submissions of the Appellant' filed 22 October 2007 it was indicated that grounds Nos 5, 15, 16, 25 and 26 were no longer pressed. 167 The remaining grounds of appeal were as follows: 'S.16 Direction 1. The trial judge erred in holding that an ANEF endorsed by Airservices Australia in the manner specified by the s16 direction was not an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister as defined in the new definition of "Australian Noise Exposure Forecast" introduced into s.5 of the Airports Act 1996 (C'th) ("the Airports Act") by item 7 in Part 1 of Schedule 1 of the Airports Amendment Act 2007. 2. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that the new definition of "Australian Noise Exposure Forecast" in s.5 of the Airports Act was merely descriptive of an ANEF endorsed by Airservices Australia in the manner specified by the s.16 direction. 3. The trial judge erred in holding that the Airports Amendment Act 2007 gave the Minister power to approve the manner of endorsement of an ANEF under and for the purposes of the Airports Act. 4. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that the source of Airservices Australia's function and power to endorse an ANEF was s.8(1)(d) and s.11(1) of the Air Services Act 1995 (C'th) ("the Air Services Act"). … 6. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that the proper construction of the Airports Act required that only one ANEF could be current and in force at one time for an airport. 7. The trial judge erred in failing to find that Airservices Australia regarded and proceeded on the basis that the draft ANEF to be endorsed by it in the manner specified by the s.16 direction would be an ANEF endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister as defined by s.5 of the Airports Act. 8. The trial judge erred in holding that the airport-lessee company was not required by s.78(2A) of the Airports Act to give the Minister a draft master plan to replace the original master plan upon a more recent ANEF being endorsed by Airservices Australia in the manner specified by the s.16 direction. Nature and purpose of ANEF 9. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that the draft ANEF was not a forecast since it was not based on "present indications" as to what the use and operation of aircraft would be in the future. 10. The trial judge erred in holding that the word "forecast" as used in the term ANEF must connote conjecture. 11. The trial judge erred in holding that the factors that underpin an estimate of future demand for aircraft movements to and from the airport do not have the character of matters appropriate for consideration by Airservices Australia in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF. 12. The trial judge erred in finding that the assumptions upon which the draft ANEF is based would be exposed to others such as the planning authorities, the Minister and the public to consider when reviewing the document. 13. The trial judge erred in failing to find that the planning authorities, the Minister and the pubic were not in the position to be able to review the appropriateness or accuracy of the assumptions upon which the draft ANEF is based. 14. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that the suitability for endorsement of an ANEF was dependent upon the appropriateness and accuracy of the assumptions upon which it is based in relation to the use and operation of aircraft to and from the airport. … S.9(2) - Air Services Act 17. The trial judge erred in holding that Airservices Australia was obliged by s.9(2) of the Air Services Act, in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF, to assess an ANEF only for technical accuracy. 18. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that Airservices Australia was obliged by s.9(2) of the Air Services Act, in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF, to take steps to ascertain and satisfy itself of the appropriateness and accuracy of the assumptions upon which an ANEF is based in relation to the use and operation of aircraft and their effect upon the environment. 19. The trial judge erred in holding that the construction placed on s.9(2) of the Air Services Act by the appellant required Airservices Australia to analyse and approve the economic predictions of an entrepreneur and to assess the entrepreneur's business skills. 20. The trial judge erred in holding that the question of whether the Minister had complained of Airservices Australia acting otherwise than in accordance with the s.16 direction was a relevant consideration in determining what was required by Airservices Australia in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF in accordance with the obligation imposed by s.9(2) of the Air Services Act. 21. The trial judge erred in holding that the construction placed upon the word"ensure" in Reliance Permanent Building Society v Harwood- Stamper [1944] 1 Ch 362, Commercial and General Acceptance Limited v Nixon (1981) 152 CLR 491 and Gration v C. Gillan Investments Pty Limited [2005] 2 Qd R 267 did not apply since the word in those cases was used in a contractual rather than a statutory context. 22. The trial judge erred in failing to construe the word "ensure" in s.9(2) of the Air Services Act so as to give it its natural and ordinary meaning. 23. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that Airservices Australia was obliged by s.9(2) of the Air Services Act, in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF, to ensure that the ANEF results in the environment being protected, as far as is practicable, from the effects of and associated with the operation and use of aircraft. 24. The trial judge erred in holding that the word "practicable" in s.9(2) of the Air Services Act should be construed so as to include consideration of the resources available to Airservices Australia with which it could perform its functions. … 27. The trial judge erred in failing to find that Airservices Australia, in performing its function of endorsing an ANEF, had not taken steps to ascertain and satisfy itself of the appropriateness or accuracy of the assumptions upon which the draft ANEF is based in relation to the use and operation of aircraft and their effect upon the environment. Planning period 28. The trial judge erred in holding that the proper construction of the Airports Act did not require that an ANEF, which is to be included in a draft or final master plan, must be limited to the planning period of 20 years. 29. The trial judge erred in holding that on the proper construction of s.71(2) of the Airports Act some of the matters required to be included in a draft or final master plan would endure longer than the 20 year planning period. 30. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that on proper construction of s.71(2) of the Airports Act the matters required to be included in a draft or final master plan were the objectives, intentions or plans to use or develop the airport and not the physical fixtures of the airport such as the runways or buildings. 31. The trial judge erred in holding that an ultimate capacity ANEF would relate to the 20 year planning period by reason that any long term development of the airport and surrounding areas must have regard to the impact of its operations at its ultimate capacity (whenever the airport is used at that level). Natural justice 32. The trial judge erred in failing to hold that Airservices Australia was under a duty to observe the requirements of natural justice and procedural fairness as to whether it should endorse the draft ANEF for the airport. 33. The trial judge erred in holding that the proper construction of s.10 of the Air Services Act required Airservices Australia to afford an opportunity to the appellant to be heard as to whether it should endorse the draft ANEF for the airport.' 168 On the hearing of the appeal the primary submission of the appellant was that the draft Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for Canberra International Airport was not a 'forecast' and thus it was incapable of being endorsed by AA. It was submitted that it was based on mere speculation. 169 It was further submitted that the draft Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the Canberra International Airport did not constitute an ANEF which AA could endorse because it had been derived from three noise contour maps, produced during consideration of options for the airport being Australian Noise Exposure Concept charts, by superimposing the three ANEC contour maps representing three possible future operating scenarios for the airport. No submission had been put to the primary judge to the effect that the superimposition of ANECs to produce an ANEF, was impermissible. The appellant contended that superimposition of the three noise contour maps required additional aircraft movements to be taken into account above and beyond the total runway capacity of the airport. It also contended that the draft Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for the airport was nothing more than a 'forecast' for the runways rather than for the airport itself. The submission was that things such as terminal capacity and aircraft parking aprons may constitute significant limiting factors affecting the future operation of the airport. 170 The appellant submitted that the Ministerial Direction under s 16(1) of the Air Services Act specified the 'manner' of the endorsement approved by the Minister administering that Act and that an ANEF endorsed by AA pursuant to the Ministerial Direction was also an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast endorsed in the manner approved by the Minister, administering the Airports Act, with the consequence, so the argument ran, that an ANEF would be required to relate to a planning period of no more than 20 years in the absence of regulations under s 71(4) of the Airports Act specifying a longer period for the draft or final master plan. 171 In relation to natural justice, the appellant was content to say no more than that it relied upon its submissions in chief and in reply. Those submissions did not develop any particular argument. Rather they recorded that the appellant wished to be heard about the 'technical accuracy' of the draft ANEF.

The Notice of Contention 172 The second respondent filed a Notice of Contention on 24 September 2007 in which it contended that the application should have been dismissed on the additional ground that the proceedings raised no 'matter' within the meaning of s 39B of the Judiciary Actin respect of which judicial power was engaged. 173 AA supported the second respondent's Notice of Contention, particularly on the issue of standing, submitting that there was no duty to afford the appellant procedural fairness in the circumstances of the case. AA submitted that the rights and interests of the appellant did not qualify as a special or sufficient material interest, the appellant being in no different a position from that of any other landholder in the area surrounding the airport. AA contended that the appellant had no legitimate expectation; it had nothing other than a hope that a Local Environmental Plan would be made under State planning legislation rezoning Tralee or parts of it in a manner that might be favourable to future residential development. 174 The second respondent submitted that there was nothing in s 8(1)(d) of the Air Services Act which could be construed as creating any duty on the part of AA in respect of which there was a remedy at the suit of the appellant. It contended that there was an insufficient connection between the appellant and any statutory duty to which AA may have been subject. 175 Counsel for the second respondent accepted that whether there was a 'matter' was inextricably bound up with the issue of standing. 176 The second respondent, like AA, contended that the interest of the appellant was no greater than that of any member of the public or any member of the public owning land in the vicinity of the airport.

Important considerations 177 It is convenient at this stage to observe: (a) no draft 'ultimate capacity' ANEF contour chart for Canberra International Airport has, as yet, been endorsed by AA as contemplated by paragraph (x) of the Schedule to the Ministerial Direction; (b) a reasonable opportunity to be heard, in relation to the process to be employed for the anticipated endorsement of the ultimate capacity ANEF contour chart, was afforded to the appellant by AA's solicitors' letter to the appellant's solicitors of 30 April 2007; (c) no regulations have been made under s 71(2)(d) of the Airports Act; (d) nothing in the Airports Act regulates or controls the processes to be adhered to by AA when endorsing an ANEF contour chart as contemplated by the Ministerial Direction; (e) an ANEF is a single number index for predicting the cumulative exposure to aircraft noise in communities near aerodromes during a specified time period (normally one year); (f) ANEF contour charts are contour maps showing the forecast noise exposure levels that will exist in a future year or when an airport is operating at 'ultimate capacity'; (g) the power of AA to endorse 'ANEF' contour charts as contemplated by paragraph (x) of the Schedule to the Ministerial Direction of 3 May 1999 is not limited to ANEF contour charts required to be specified in a draft or final master plan for an airport in accordance with ss 70-71 of the Airports Act; (h) before a draft master plan for an airport is given to the Minister in accordance with s 78(2A) of the Airports Act, an airport-lessee company for the airport must first publish a notice providing certain details in respect of a preliminary version of the draft master plan and in that notice invite members of the public to give written comments about it to the company in accordance with s 79(1)(a)(iv) of the Airports Act; (i) the appellant is the registered proprietor as a tenant in common in an undivided 575/1000 share of both Tralee North and Tralee South, parts of which were located between contours 20 and 25 of the draft ultimate capacity ANEF for the Canberra International Airport, of Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting, and parts of which were located between contours 25 and 30 on that draft; (j) Queanbeyan Local Council in the State of New South Wales has prepared a draft Local Environmental Plan entitled 'Queanbeyan Local Environmental Plan 1998 (Amendment No. 36)' which proposes the rezoning of Tralee North and Tralee South from a 'Rural A zone' to Zone 2(d) (the Residential D zone), Zone 2(e) (the Residential E Zone), Zone 3(b) (the Business zone) and Zone 7(b) (the Environmental Protection B zone); (k) subject to paragraph (4) of Direction No. 12 of the New South Wales Minister for Planning's s 117(2) Direction of 30 September 2005, it was not open to the Queanbeyan City Council to propose the rezoning of any parts of Tralee which were located between contours 25 and 30 on any Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for Canberra International Airport, endorsed by AA, as contemplated by paragraph (x) of the Schedule to the Ministerial Determination of 3 May 1999, for residential purposes; and any proposal to rezone any parts of Tralee which were located between contours 20 and 25 for residential purposes required the imposition of a provision ensuring that the development met AS 2021 regarding interior noise levels.

Matter/Standing 178 Section 39B(1A)(c) of the Judiciary Actupon which the appellant bases its public law claims for relief relevantly provided: '39B(1A) The original jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia also includes jurisdiction in any matter: … (c) arising under any laws made by the Parliament, …' 179 Whether or not a controversy is a 'matter' is not always easy to decide. A proceeding is not itself a 'matter'. Thus, the mere creation of a proceeding by legislation does not mean that the controversy to be resolved by the proceeding is a 'matter … arising under' the relevant Act (see per McHugh J in Ruhani v Director of Police (2005) 222 CLR 489 ('Ruhani) at [55]). 180 In Ruhani McHugh J provided a summary in relation to what constitutes a 'matter' at [56] as follows: 'In Abebe [referring to Abebe v The Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510], Gleeson CJ and I held that the term "matter" meant "subject matter for determination in a legal proceeding", that is, the "determination of rights, duties, liabilities and obligations in a legal proceeding", and not simply "legal proceeding". Gummow and Hayne JJ identified three elements that may be used to ascertain whether there is a "matter": "the subject matter for determination in a proceeding", the "right, duty or liability [that] is to be established" and "the controversy between the parties".' (Footnotes omitted) 181 It is unnecessary to decide whether, in this case, there was a 'matter' arising under laws made by the Parliament, but the question of the appellant's standing remains. In Truth About Motorways Pty Limited v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Limited (2000) 200 CLR 591 ('Truth About Motorways'), Gummow J said at [122]: '… The notion of "standing" is an implicit or explicit element in the term "matter" throughout Ch III [of the Constitution], identifying the sufficiency of the connection between the moving party and the subject matter of the litigation. …' 182 The appellant submits that it may, without the Attorney-General's fiat, seek to vindicate the public interest in the due exercise by AA of its power to endorse an ANEF chart as contemplated by paragraph (x) of the Schedule to the Ministerial Direction of 3 May 1999. 183 In Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated v The Commonwealth of Australia (1980) 146 CLR 493 the High Court held that Australian Conservation Foundation had no special interest in the preservation of the environment in an area where Iwasaki Sangyo Company (Australia) Pty Ltd proposed to establish and operate a resort and tourist area in Central Queensland. It held that Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated lacked standing to bring an action alleging non-compliance with administrative procedures. In his judgment Gibbs J, as his Honour then was, said at 530-531: 'I would not deny that a person might have a special interest in the preservation of a particular environment. However, an interest, for present purposes, does not mean a mere intellectual or emotional concern. A person is not interested within the meaning of the rule [with respect to standing], unless he is likely to gain some advantage, other than the satisfaction of righting a wrong, upholding a principle or winning a contest, if his action succeeds or to suffer some disadvantage, other than a sense of grievance or a debt for costs, if his action fails. A belief, however strongly felt, that the law generally, or a particular law, should be observed, or that conduct of a particular kind should be prevented, does not suffice to give its possessor locus standi. If that were not so, the rule requiring special interest would be meaningless. Any plaintiff who felt strongly enough to bring an action could maintain it. It is quite clear that when the rule is thus understood, the Foundation has no special interest in the preservation of the environment at Farnborough, and of course none in Iwasaki's exchange control transactions. … The fact that the Foundation is incorporated with particular objects does not strengthen its claim to standing. A natural person does not acquire standing simply by reason of the fact that he holds certain beliefs and wishes to translate them into action, and a body corporate formed to advance the same beliefs is in no stronger position.' 184 In Bateman's Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v The Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Limited (1998) 194 CLR 247 ('Bateman's Bay') the first respondent, the Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd, operated a contributory funeral benefit fund business catering for members of the New South Wales Aboriginal community. The second respondent, the Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund No 2 Pty Ltd, operated a contributory life insurance business for members of the same community. The first appellant, the Bateman's Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council, was a body corporate constituted under s 6 of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW). Its functions were set out in s 12(1) of that Act. The second appellant, the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council, was a body corporate constituted under s 22 of the same Act. Its functions were set out in s 23(1) of that Act. There was no power permitting the second appellant to expend monies by providing a subsidy, guarantee or indemnity. By a deed of trust between the first appellant as trustee, the second appellant as guarantor and the State of New South Wales, the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council's Funeral Contribution Fund was established. The second appellant provided an indemnity to the first appellant in respect of any liability the first appellant might suffer in connection with the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council's Funeral Contribution Fund. 185 The respondents instituted proceedings in the Supreme Court of New South Wales seeking an order restraining the appellants from carrying on the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council's Funeral Contribution Fund. At first instance, McLelland CJ in Eq held that the respondents lacked standing to maintain the proceedings. That decision was reversed on appeal to the New South Wales Court of Appeal. The matter was remitted to McLelland CJ in Eq for hearing. His Honour proceeded to make declarations and grant injunctions in the respondents' favour. The appellants proceeded to appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal in respect of standing. Special leave to appeal was granted on the condition that the appellants withdrew their appeal against McLelland CJ in Eq's decision on the merits. The High Court dismissed the appeal in respect of standing, with costs. 186 It held that the public interest in equity may be vindicated at the suit of a party with a sufficient material interest in the subject matter. 187 At [51]-[52], Gaudron, Gummow and Kirby JJ stated their conclusions as follows: '51 … the use of equitable remedies to ensure compliance by the executive and legislative branches of government with the requirements of the Constitution should not be overlooked. No doubt special considerations may apply in that context, but it would be an odd result if the requirements for standing outside the constitutional sphere were more stringent than within it. Prejudice to a sufficient material interest, such as that in the practice of a profession or occupation, will suffice in constitutional cases. 52 Here, the respondents had an interest in the observance by the appellants of the statutory limitations upon their activities with respect to contributory funeral funds which, as a matter of practical reality, was immediate, significant and peculiar to them. The primary judge found that because the parties would be operating in substantially the same limited market it was highly probable that, if not restrained from commencing and concluding their activities, the appellants would cause severe detriment to the business of the respondents. That, in the circumstances of this litigation, gave the respondents a sufficient special interest to seek equitable relief.' (Footnotes omitted) 188 McHugh J also concluded that the appeal should be dismissed. In his reasons he said at [83], [86] and [103]: '83 The enforcement of the public law of a community is part of the political process; it is one of the chief responsibilities of the executive government. In most cases, it is for the executive government and not for the civil courts acting at the behest of disinterested private individuals to enforce the law. There are sometimes very good reasons why the public interest of a society is best served by not attempting to enforce a particular law. To enforce a law at a particular time or in particular circumstances may result in the undermining of the authority of the executive government or the courts of justice. In extreme cases, to enforce it may lead to civil unrest and bloodshed. … 86 The decision when and in what circumstances to enforce public law frequently calls for a fine judgment as to what the public interest truly requires. It is a decision that is arguably best made by the Attorney-General who must answer to the people, rather than by unelected judges expanding the doctrine of standing to overcome what they see as a failure of the political process to ensure that the law is enforced … … 103 As Australian Conservation Foundation and Onus show, a special interest in the subject matter of the proceedings is sufficient to give standing in a case such as the present. The subject matter of this suit is the legality of the Councils' arrangements setting up the State Fund. The respondents had a special interest in that subject. The allegedly unlawful activities of the appellant affected them financially and to an extent that exceeded the injury to any other individual. Moreover, if the arrangement between the appellants was illegal, the continuing financial injury to the respondents, caused by the arrangement, would be remedied by a grant of the injunction they sought.'

Procedural Fairness 189 It is a fundamental rule of the common law doctrine of natural justice expressed in traditional terms that, generally speaking, when an order is made which will deprive a person of some right or interest or the legitimate expectation of a benefit, he is entitled to know the case sought to be made against him and to be given an opportunity of replying to it. 190 The reference to 'legitimate expectation' makes it clear that the doctrine applies in circumstances where the order will not result in the deprivation of a legal right or interest. Take for example, an application for renewal of a licence where the applicant, though he has no legal right or interest, may nevertheless have a legitimate expectation which will attract the rules of natural justice. The expectation may be based on some statement or undertaking on the part of the authority that makes the relevant decision (per Mason J in Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 ('Kioa v West') at 582-583). 191 A failure to observe an expectation reasonably attributable to a party such as the appellant does not reasonably (perhaps better expressed as 'necessarily') found a case of denial of natural justice. The notion of legitimate expectation serves only to focus attention on the content of the requirement of natural justice in the particular case. The ends sought to be attained by the requirement of natural justice may be variously identified. The concern is with the fairness of the procedure adopted rather than the fairness of the outcome. It is with the decision-making process, not the decision (per McHugh and Gummow JJ in Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1 ('Lam')at [105]). 192 On no view can the doctrine of 'legitimate expectation' give rise to substantive rights rather than to procedural rights (per Callinan J in Lam at [148]; see also per Gleeson CJ at [28]). 193 The duty to act fairly, in the sense of according procedural fairness, does not attach to every decision of an administrative character. Many such decisions do not affect the rights, interests and expectations of the individual citizen in a direct and immediate way. Thus a decision to impost a rate or a decision to impose a general charge for services rendered to ratepayers, each of which indirectly affects the rights, interests or expectations of citizens generally does not attract this duty to act fairly. This is because the act or decision which attracts the duty is an act or decision which directly affects the person or corporation individually and not simply as a member of the public or a class of the public. An executive or administrative decision of the latter kind is truly a 'policy' or 'political' decision and is not subject to judicial review (per Mason J in Kioa v West at 584. See also per Jacobs J in Salemi v MacKellar [No. 2] (1977) 137 CLR 396 ('Salemi [No. 2]') at 452). 194 If a power is apt to affect the interests of an individual in a way that is substantially different from the way in which it is apt to affect the interests of the public at large, the repository of the power will ordinarily be bound or entitled to have regard to the interests of the individual before he exercises the power. No doubt the matters to which the repository is bound or is entitled to have regard depend on the terms of the particular statute and, if there be no positive indications in its text, the subject-matter, scope and purpose of the statute must be looked at to determine whether the repository is bound or is entitled to have regard to individual interests (per Brennan J in Kioa v West at 619). 195 Where the exercise of a statutory power attracts the requirement for procedural fairness, a person likely to be affected by the decision is entitled to put information and submissions to the decision-maker in support of an outcome that supports his or her interests. That entitlement extends to the right to rebut or qualify by further information and comment by way of submission upon adverse material from other sources which is put before the decision-maker (per Northrop, Miles and French JJ in Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 576 ('Alphaone') at 591-2). 196 A person likely to be affected by an administrative decision to which requirements of procedural fairness apply can support his or her case by providing appropriate information but cannot complain if it is not accepted (per Northrop, Miles and French JJ in Alphaone at 591). 197 A general duty to accord procedural fairness in executive decision-making may arise at common law but may be excluded as a matter of statutory construction. Such a right may also arise as a matter of positive statutory implication. The requirement for procedural fairness is part of the background of judicial decision-making against which the legislative process is undertaken. The implication can be made in the ordinary course and may be defeated by a contrary intention expressly stated or otherwise discernable as a matter of proper implication (per Northrop, Miles and French JJ in Alphaone at 589-590). 198 Natural justice and fairness are to be equated. In the context of administrative decision-making it is more appropriate to speak of a duty to act fairly or to accord procedural fairness (per Mason J in Kioa v West at 583). 199 The expression 'procedural fairness' more aptly conveys the notion of a flexible obligation to adopt fair procedures which are appropriate and adapted to the circumstances of the particular case. The statutory power must be exercised fairly i.e., in accordance with procedures that are fair to the individual considered in the light of the statutory requirements, the interests of the individual and the interests and purposes, whether public or private, which the statute seeks to advance or protect or permits to be taken into account as a legitimate consideration (per Mason J in Kioa v West at 585 cf Salemi [No. 2] at 451 per Jacobs J). 200 In most cases the critical question is not whether the principles of natural justice apply. It is: what does the duty to act fairly require in the circumstances of the particular case? (see per Kitto J in Mobil Oil Australia Proprietary Limited v The Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 113 CLR 475 at 504 and per Mason J in Kioa v West at 585). 201 The content of the requirement for procedural fairness may fluctuate during the course of particular administrative decision-making (per Gaudron and Gummow JJ in Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte AALA (2000) 204 CLR 82 ('AALA')at [62]; see also per McHugh and Gummow JJ in Lam at [48]). 202 Fairness is not an abstract concept. It is essentially practical. Whether one talks in terms of procedural fairness or natural justice, the concern of the law is to avoid practical injustice (per Gleeson CJ in Lam at [37]). 203 If, in making a decision, a decision-maker is obliged to act with procedural fairness, the decision-maker must give a sufficient opportunity to those directly affected by the decision to present material and argument before the decision is made (per Hayne J in Lam at [114]). 204 An intention to exclude the rules of natural justice must be clearly evident in the express words of a statute. Such an intention cannot be gleaned from 'indirect references', 'uncertain inferences' or 'equivocal considerations' (per McHugh J in Johns v Australian Securities Commission (1993) 178 CLR 408 at 470).

Consideration 205 Before embarking on a consideration of the issues raised on the hearing of the appeal and the grounds of appeal it is appropriate to address the appellant's standing and rights, if any, to procedural fairness. 206 In my opinion, the appellant lacks standing to claim the relief sought in the application. True it is, that a declaration that the draft ANEF is incapable of lawful endorsement or that a lawful endorsement of it may not be given without all the assumptions upon which it was based being assessed for accuracy and validity, may profit the appellant if, in the absence of an endorsed ANEF chart, the New South Wales planning authorities see fit to rezone parts of Tralee North and Tralee South as Residential 2(d) or Residential 2(e). However, there would be no direct correlation between the one and the other. Such a declaration may simply create a window of opportunity for what might otherwise be an impermissible rezoning to slip through. 207 The rule requiring an applicant, seeking to secure compliance with a public duty, to have a special or sufficient material interest in the subject matter for determination in a proceeding, for that applicant to have standing, has not, in my opinion, been satisfied in this case. I accept the submissions of AA and of the second respondent that the interest of the appellant was no greater than that of any member of the public owning land in the vicinity of the airport. The appellant had nothing other than a hope that the land in which it had an interest and which was zoned Rural, would be rezoned in part as Residential under a Local Environmental Plan made under State planning legislation. 208 The present case may be distinguished from Truth About Motorways where the High Court held, inter alia, that s 163A of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (the 'Trade Practices Act') was valid insofar as it purported to confer standing to obtain declaratory and other relief on an applicant who, in that case, was a company which did not claim any special interest in the subject matter of the dispute. It did not claim that it had suffered any loss or damage by reason of the respondent's conduct. The High Court held that s 163A of the Trade Practices Act, which allowed 'a person' to institute proceedings seeking declaratory relief in relation to the operation or effect of, relevantly, the provisions of Part V of the Trade Practices Act, was constitutionally valid and that 'a person' included a person who had neither a direct nor a special interest in the subject matter of the proceedings. No such comparable provision was contained in the Air Services Act. 209 The appellant, in this case, did not have a legitimate expectation of a benefit entitling it to procedural fairness. The discharge by AA of its functions of carrying out activities to protect the environment from the effects of, and the effects associated with, the operation of Commonwealth jurisdiction aircraft and performing its functions under s 8(1) of the Air Services Act in a manner that ensured that, as far as practicable, the environment was protected from the effects of the operation and use of aircraft and the effects associated with the operation and use of aircraft, including its responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports, did not, in my opinion, attract a requirement for the appellant, as a co-owner of certain land in the area surrounding Canberra International Airport, to be accorded procedural fairness by AA in relation to the endorsement process. Any endorsement by AA of the draft ANEF for Canberra International Airport would not directly affect the appellant individually, but simply as a member of a class of the public, that class being all landholders in the area surrounding Canberra International Airport. 210 In any event, a reasonable opportunity to be heard in relation to the process to be employed for the anticipated endorsement of the ultimate capacity ANEF contour chart for Canberra International Airport was afforded to the appellant, so that it would be inappropriate to grant declaratory relief as sought in paragraph 2 of the application even if, contrary to my opinion, the appellant's circumstances entitled it to be accorded procedural fairness. Fairness did not, in the circumstances of this case, require any more than was offered to the appellant by AA's solicitors' letter to the appellant's solicitors of 30 April 2007. 211 Whilst it is not strictly necessary to do so, I now turn to the question of whether the draft Australian Noise Exposure Forecast for Canberra International Airport was a 'forecast'. Was it based on mere speculation as the appellant has submitted? In relation to this issue, I agree with the observations of the primary judge especially as recorded at [162]-[163] above (see also Note 1 to Table 2.1 in AS 2021-2000 at [113] above, Note (b) to clause 1.5.6 of AS 2021-2000 at [114] above and paragraph 2(a) of the Guidelines at [117] above). 212 The draft ANEF was an 'ultimate capacity' ANEF contour chart. It recognised that there were 24 hours in a day, that there would be a minimal number of aircraft movements between midnight and 5.00 am, that during the day, different operations and aircraft types necessitated the consideration of seven different time periods, which were later subjected to a weighted average, that allowance had to be made for aircraft separation, that it was realistic to take into consideration 24 different fixed wing aircraft types and two helicopter types, that some of the services provided by the aircraft would be Regular International Public Transport Jet Services, some would be Regular Domestic Public Transport Jet Services, some would be Regular Regional Non-Jet Public Transport Services, some would be Freight Operations, some would be corporate aviation services, some general aviation services, some military aircraft operations, including VIP operations, some helicopter operations and some training activities. It is unnecessary to recount the immense detail into which the Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting report descended. 213 The report of 28 May 2007 included matters of projection which were incapable of objective verification. They were simply forecasts. For example, under the heading '6.0 AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS' the report included: 'Future domestic operations are forecast to include long haul destinations such as Darwin, Cairns and Townsville and an increased frequency of services to Perth. Direct services are also forecast to Alice Springs, the Sunshine Coast, Avalon, Hobart and Launceston. These have been modelled primarily as the B737-800 and A320 which are expected to dominate Australian domestic airline fleets. The continued peak hourly growth Sydney/Melbourne traffic will justify occasional operations by larger aircraft as well as frequent shuttle-type operations throughout the day.' 214 I cannot accept that the inclusion of forecasts such as these in the draft ANEF allow a finding that it was not a 'forecast' at all and was based on mere speculation. 215 Of necessity, circumstances will change over time such that an appropriately endorsed ultimate capacity ANEF for an airport will itself be superseded. As AS 2021-2000 indicates 'A more recently endorsed chart supersedes an earlier chart' and AA Guidelines published on 1 July 2005 make it clear that ANEFs 'are regarded as being valid for a period of five years at which time they should be replaced'. Apart from other considerations, it is self evident that aircraft types will change, newer engines may generate less noise, the mix of aircraft types using an airport will change and so on. 216 The function of endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts is not to convert a third party's forecast into an AA forecast. 217 It should not be overlooked that the Ministerial Direction contained a direction that AA carry out the relevant activities in accordance with government policy as determined from time to time. That policy would appear to be reflected in part in the 'agreed understanding' forwarded to AA by the Department on 18 August 1999 which included, in respect of AA's responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports, 'The formal endorsement of ANEF/ANEI for technical accuracy, a requirement of Australian Standard AS2021, will continue.' 218 I cannot accept the appellant's submission, in respect of the generation of the draft ANEF contour chart by the superimposition of the three ANEC contour maps produced during the consideration of options for the airport, set out at [123] above, that the superimposition required additional aircraft movements to be taken into account above and beyond the total runway capacity of the airport. 219 Under the heading '9.0 Runway Movement Tables' the Rehbein AOS Airport Consulting report of 28 May 2007 said: 'Aircraft have been allocated to specific arrival and departure tracks in accordance with established principles confirmed in discussions between Capital Airport Group, Canberra ATC [Air Traffic Control] Tower Manager (Peter Romeis) and Airservices Australia Canberra Approach Sector Manager, Melbourne Centre (Bill Phelan). The track allocation principles applied to RPT and Freight operations are detailed in Tables 15, 16, 17 and 18. These constitute the majority of aircraft movements on runway 17/35. The application of these track allocation principles is demonstrated by reference to the sample listing of possible origins and destinations provided earlier in Table 6. … Runway utilisation for the runway 35 preferred scenarios was determined from Airservices NFPMS data for calendar year 2005 - the last full year results available on commencement of the INM study. Utilisation adopted in the runway 17 preferred was determined from the Canberra International Airport Meteorological Analysis after validating the calculated runway 35 usability against recorded 2005 NFPMS data, as detailed in Annex 3.' 220 Plainly, meteorological conditions will not permit the use of the 17/35 runway exclusively in the northerly (350o) direction at all times. This was recognised in the report under the heading '1.0 INTRODUCTION' as follows: 'The theoretical runway utilisation has been established for each runway direction by an analysis of meteorological data which considered wind speed and direction coupled with visibility/cloudbase criteria applicable to both non-precision and precision approaches. This report, Canberra International Airport: Meteorological Analysis,is included as Annex 2. Observed differences in theoretical and practical usability of runway 35 suggest that ATC is not always able to adopt the runway direction most favoured by meteorological considerations. This has been taken into account by applying a lower percentage than indicated in the meteorological analysis in modelling the runway 17 operations. The practical, as opposed to theoretical runway utilisation, is derived in a further analysis of the meteorological report which is included as Annex 3.' 221 The report took into account Global Positioning System-based Required Navigational approach/departure Procedures which had recently been introduced for Qantas operations. It noted that those procedures were to be progressively adopted by Virgin Blue in 2007 and that it was expected that the RAAF VIP squadron and additional aircraft operators providing future services to Canberra would also utilise that technology. The Report then continued: 'A future RNP [Required Navigation Procedures] approach has been modelled for ultimate capacity operations to provide a 15° offset approach to runway 35 for long haul domestic/international aircraft. The current RNP approaches have shown this is feasible and Capital Airport Group expects the additional arrival track to be adopted as a further noise abatement measure. It will also reduce track miles - and associated fuel consumption and greenhouse emissions - for aircraft arrivals from the south or west (Adelaide, Perth, Southern or South-east Asia or the Middle East) or from the north after tracking around the Canberra Noise Abatement Area (Cairns, Darwin or Northern Asia). A reverse operating mode has also been considered as this has been shown feasible once GPS-based precision approaches are possible from the north using GBAS technology which is currently being proven by Airservices Australia. A 3° offset precision approach has been agreed by the former Head of CASA's Airspace and Aerodrome Standards Branch as compliant with ICAO design requirements. The existing 17 RNP approach already greatly enhances procedures for arrivals from the north. RNP departures are also modelled and it has been assumed that these will continue to be based on the existing standard instrument departures. The predominant use of precision approaches and RNP approaches and departures will provide sufficient tracking accuracy to allow the use of single vector tracks in modelling except for general aviation and a portion of corporate aircraft movements.' 222 The report clearly indicated that a 15° offset approach track to runway 35 was considered to be feasible and there was an expectation that it would be adopted as a noise abatement measure. 223 To develop an ultimate capacity noise exposure forecast for Canberra International Airport, it seems to me to have been reasonable to have contemplated a transitional development from the currently preferred runway 35 operating mode and route/track structure, including RNP approaches/departures, to the preferred runway 35 operating mode with both the current RNP approaches/departures and the additional 15° offset RNP track for long haul domestic/international arrivals. A comparison of Tables 19 and 20 in the Report with Tables 21 and 22 make it clear that ultimate capacity has been determined by reference to 446 day time aircraft movements and 335 night time aircraft movements. The significant difference is an anticipated use by Boeing 737, 747, 757 and 777 aircraft and Airbus A320, A330 and A340 aircraft of an arrival track to Runway 35 identified as JET 35A7 in lieu of arrival tracks JET 35A1, JET 35A2, JET 35A3 and JET 35A4. As the transition or development, in respect of approach tracks occurs, the ANEF contour map will inevitably change. This seems to me to be clearly and appropriately recorded in the draft ultimate capacity ANEF chart of which endorsement by AA is sought and which was derived by the superimposition of the three different contour maps. As has already been observed, the appellant's argument in relation to superimposition was not put to the primary judge and there was no suggestion put to Mr Owen, as one might have expected, that an efficacious ANEF contour map or chart could not be derived from the superimposition of the three separate and different ANEC contour maps (see Browne v Dunn (1893) VI The Reports 67). 224 The superimposition did not require additional aircraft movements beyond the capacity of the runways to be taken into account. Clearly, on different days, in different meteorological conditions, runway usage will vary. Likewise, approach tracks may change. For an ultimate capacity ANEF to be of value to those who are concerned with the siting and construction of buildings within 15 km of an international or major domestic airport, it would be of little comfort to learn that aircraft noise levels will be tolerable in a particular location so long as aircraft use the currently preferred approach tracks. If, by the time that ultimate capacity is achieved, aircraft are employing different preferred approach tracks, noise levels at the relevant location which is of concern may be dramatically increased. To that end the draft ANEF for Canberra International Airport which is, after all, only a forecast, has been derived in a way which will provide useful ANEF contours for those who are contemplating or concerned with the construction of buildings in the areas surrounding the airport. As was explained in AS 2021-2000 an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast is based on a firm forecast of aircraft movement numbers and operating times, aircraft types, destinations, flight paths and a given use of runways. It may well transpire that, by the time that 'ultimate capacity' is achieved at Canberra International Airport, all the current aircraft types on which the draft ANEF is based will have ceased to operate. The next generation of commercial aircraft could, for all one knows, be vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, perhaps even with different methods of propulsion. 225 Given that Mr Owen was not cross-examined to suggest that the expansion of the aircraft parking aprons and/or the passenger terminal could not be achieved to meet the needs of Canberra International Airport with the runways operating at 'ultimate capacity', I reject the appellant's submission that the draft ANEF was nothing more than a forecast for the runways rather than for the airport itself. 226 It follows that the draft ANEF was an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast in accordance with AS 2021 or, more accurately, the ANEF system referred to in AS 2021, and within the AA 'Guidelines for the production of noise contours for Australian airports'. 227 The Ministerial Direction conferred responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices/Forecasts for all Australian airports on AA. The responsibility was conferred in the context of a prevailing Australian Standard AS 2021-1994 and the existence of the revised Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF) technique first developed in the United States of America in the late 1960s and revised by the Department of Aviation in Australia to become the ANEF system. 228 Whilst s 9(2) of the Air Services Act required AA to perform its functions in a manner that ensured, as far as was practicable, the environment, which I would understand to mean the built or potentially built environment, was protected from the effects of the operation and use of aircraft and the effects associated with the operation and use of aircraft, it seems to me that both the Ministerial Direction and the section were silent on the manner of endorsement of Australian Noise Exposure Indices and Forecasts to be employed by AA. That was a matter left to AA's discretion. 229 Insofar as the 'agreed understanding' of 18 August 1999 recorded 'government policy' within the meaning of paragraph (xiii) of the Schedule to the Ministerial Direction, it seems clear that AA's responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices and Forecasts under paragraph (x) of the Schedule was capable of being satisfied by 'formal endorsement … for technical accuracy' and that is just what AA was prepared to provide in accordance with 'Procedure 2' as set out in paragraph 4 of AA's published 'Guidelines for the Production of Noise Contours for Australian Airports' of 1 July 2005. 230 The relevant technical and administrative checks as detailed in paragraph 4 of the Guidelines were repeated and amplified by Mr Owen in paragraph 36 of his affidavit declared 27 June 2007. No suggestion was put to him that the relevant checks were inappropriate or that they were not performed or that the checks revealed flaws in the draft ANEF. I am satisfied that the draft ANEF was an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast in accordance with AS 2021 and also the Guidelines. 231 Not only did the Ministerial Direction not specify a 'manner' of endorsement of Australian Noise Exposure Indices or Forecasts approved by the Minister administering the Air Services Act, but also no manner of endorsement of Australian Noise Exposure Forecasts has been approved by the Minister administering the Airports Act. In the circumstances, there could be no requirement that an ANEF relate to a planning period, for a draft or final master plan, of no more 20 years. In any event, an 'ultimate capacity' Australian Noise Exposure Forecast 'may relate to' the periods mentioned in s 71(4)(a) and (b) of the Airports Act and, if specified, a period contemplated by s 71(4)(c), also. 232 The Airports Act in no way regulated the discharge by AA of its responsibility for endorsing Australian Noise Exposure Indices and Forecasts under the Ministerial Direction given under s 16(1) of the Air Services Act. 233 The obligation upon an airport-lessee company, pursuant to s 78(2A) of the Airports Act, to give a draft replacement master plan for an airport to the Minister, is not triggered by the endorsement of an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast by AA in accordance with the Ministerial Direction under the Air Services Act. Section 78(2A) is only triggered by the endorsement of an Australian Noise Exposure Forecast in the manner approved by the Minister administering the Airports Act, and, as previously observed, no such manner has been approved. 234 In my opinion the appeal should be dismissed with costs. No ground of appeal has been made good such as would lead to the appellant having an entitlement to the relief sought in the application or any of it. I certify that the preceding one hundred and thirty-four (134) paragraphs numbered [101] to [234] are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Graham.

Counsel for the Appellant: A S Martin SC and G M Drew

Solicitor for the Appellant: J S O'Connor Harris & Co

Counsel for the First Respondent: Dr J E Griffiths SC and S J Free

Solicitor for the First Respondent: Minter Ellison

Counsel for the Second Respondent: L McCallum SC

Solicitor for the Second Respondent: Mallesons Stephen Jaques

Date of Hearing: 29 October 2007

Date of Judgment: 10 April 2008