SZTQL v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection

Background 5 The appellant is a young Nepalese man who was born in January 1989. He arrived in Australia in February 2009 on a student visa. He applied for protection in September 2011. He is Hindu. He claimed that while in Nepal he had a sexual relationship with a young Muslim woman who lived nearby. She became pregnant. He said that the young woman's family reported the matter to the Young Communist League (the YCL), and that prior to this the YCL had assaulted members of his family (including himself) in furtherance of extortion of donations. 6 The grounds put forward by the migration agent in 2011 encapsulated the claims of the appellant: • Membership of a Particular Social Group: The applicant has informed us that he fears persecution due to the Convention reason of his membership of a particular social group. As per the information provided to us by the applicant, he is from a Hindu family. He fell in love with a Muslim girl who was his neighbor. As a result of their physical relationship, the girl fell pregnant. As the applicant is Hindu, the family of the girl became very angry and they were completely against the relationship. The applicant has advised us that due to this, some Muslim men vandalised his residential building. According to the claim, the people from Muslim community are still after him. • Political Opinion: The applicant has advised us that his father is a businessman and an active supporter of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist and Leninist) (CPN-UML). The members of Young Communist League (YCL) which is a youth wing of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (UCPN- Maoist) used to ask his father for donations. However, because he did not support the Maoists, he would refuse to donate any money to them. The applicant states that like his father, he is also an active member of the CPN-UML. Because the members of YCL were already against the applicant's family, they used their tense relationship with the Muslim community to their advantage. They sided with the Muslim community. The applicant advises that his father, brother and himself were physically assaulted by the YCL cadres. He fears that if he returns, he will be persecuted by them again. 7 The notice of appeal as pressed contained five grounds (grounds 2 to 6) that fell into three categories. The first category (grounds 2 to 4) concerned the use by the second Tribunal of the first Tribunal's decision. The primary judge was said to have erred by failing to conclude that the second Tribunal should not have had regard to the evidence and findings of the first Tribunal, and by doing so the second hearing became infected with the apprehended bias of the first; or alternatively, failing to conclude that, if it was permissible to draw upon the record, the second Tribunal should have taken into account the fact that the first Tribunal had been set aside by the Full Court. 8 The second category (ground 5) concerned the question of particular social group. The primary judge was said to have erred by failing to conclude that the second Tribunal erred by concluding that Hindus who make Muslim girls pregnant do not constitute a particular social group in Nepal, in circumstances where the particular social group put forward was different. 9 The third category (ground 6) concerned the real chance test. The primary judge was said to have erred by failing to conclude that the second Tribunal did not apply the real chance test to the claims as they related to the future. 10 One further issue arose. The Minister relied on s 36(3) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) such that, even if there was shown to be some error in the second Tribunal's approach, it otherwise relevantly made findings sufficient to engage s 36(3). 36 Protection visas - criteria provided for by this Act … (3) Australia is taken not to have protection obligations in respect of a non-citizen who has not taken all possible steps to avail himself or herself of a right to enter and reside in, whether temporarily or permanently and however that right arose or is expressed, any country apart from Australia, including countries of which the non-citizen is a national.

First category - the impermissible use of the first Tribunal's reasons 11 It is important to state at the outset that the appellant was assisted at the hearing by a registered migration agent and an interpreter. There was no suggestion that the appellant was denied any opportunity to place material before the second Tribunal. Nor was there any evidence before the Circuit Court that at the first Tribunal hearing the appellant was so overborne by the conduct of the member that he could not express himself with clarity. 12 At para 11 of its reasons, the second Tribunal set out paras 30 to 52 of the first Tribunal's reasons as a "convenient summary" of the evidence provided to the first Tribunal. 13 Then at paras 12 to 37, the second Tribunal set out the evidence given at the second hearing. 14 In its findings and reasons (from para 38 onwards) the Tribunal directed itself as to the caution necessary in making credibility findings. At para 40 the Tribunal made the following comment: In this instance, careful consideration of successive evidence provided by the applicant reveals a pattern of inconsistency and imprecision about key matters, including approaches by the girl's family and by Maoists in 2007/2008. The Tribunal has therefore approached the applicant's evidence with caution and has not been prepared to accept it uncritically at face value. 15 At para 42 of the reasons the Tribunal drew the conclusion from the inconsistencies it perceived that his claims were exaggerated ("embroidered and embellished"). 16 The first point made by Mr Young was that these inconsistencies included matters that the first Tribunal had expressed at paras 41 and 42 of its reasons. 17 I do not consider that the second Tribunal in setting out the findings of the first Tribunal as a record of what was said at the first hearing could be seen by an impartial observer as in any way biased or unable or unwilling to deal with the matter fairly. Absent evidence that the appellant was unable at the first hearing to express himself properly because of the behaviour of the first Tribunal member, all that can be said of the second Tribunal at this point is that it took into account in assessing the evidence of the appellant matters that he had said to the first Tribunal. 18 Separate and specific complaint was made by Mr Young about para 44 of the second Tribunal's reasons, which was in the following terms: The applicant submitted and relied upon a newspaper report of an attack on his home (following paragraph 9 above, see the paragraph numbered 27 in summary of evidence provided to the Department). The authenticity of this report (the original of which was submitted as a newsprint broadsheet) was questioned both by the delegate and by the previous Tribunal. It is the case that document fraud is common in Nepal and the previous Tribunal identified certain physical features of the original which suggested that it had been inserted or copied onto an original. This Tribunal found the physical indications inconclusive. On the other hand, an item may be genuinely printed in a newspaper but contain fabricated or inaccurate material. The Tribunal noted a number of aspects of the report which were inconsistent with the evidence provided directly to it at hearing by the applicant: for example, it states that the applicant and his brother were injured in the YCL attack. The Tribunal is therefore not prepared to accept the news report as reliable or authoritative corroborative evidence. 19 It was submitted by Mr Young that this revealed that the second Tribunal had taken into account the views and findings of the first Tribunal. I do not agree. The reasons reveal a separate and independent conclusion about the newspaper material. 20 It can be accepted that as Gaudron and Gummow JJ said in Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Bhardwaj [2002] HCA 11; 209 CLR 597 at 614-615 [51] "a decision that involves a jurisdictional error is a decision that lacks legal foundation and is properly regarded, in law, as no decision at all". That does not, however, mean that the first Tribunal's decision and reasons did not exist. Nor did it mean that some references to them by the second Tribunal would lead to a reasonable apprehension of bias. 21 Nor was there any error in the second Tribunal failing expressly to say that it took into account the Full Court's decision about the first decision. The second Tribunal's reasons demonstrate a separate and independent analysis, without reliance upon conclusions or reasoning of the first Tribunal other than as a record of what was said and what had happened. 22 The first category of grounds fails. 23 I should add that the Minister objected to these grounds having raised as not raised below. I reject that submission. They could not have been the subject of evidence in the way they were put. It was in the interests of justice to permit the issues to be ventilated.

Second category - particular social group 24 The appellant's claim in this regard can be seen in the paragraph from his migration agent's submission in 2011: see [6] above. Mr Young accepted that it was not there submitted with precision. He relied, however, on how his claims were summarised by the second Tribunal at para 41 at the beginning of the reasoning: … • the applicant fears persecution as a member of a particular social group because he is Hindu and had a relationship with a Muslim girl…who became pregnant. 25 At para 52 of its reasons the second Tribunal stated the following as the totality of its reasons on the subject: If the applicant was not attacked or harmed by the Muslim family of [the girl]…it is difficult to understand why he might be now, 5 years later. It is conceivable, albeit unlikely, that should the applicant return to his home…animosities might be revived and he might come under some pressure in relation to [the Muslim girl] (and/or their child), short of actual harm. The Tribunal is satisfied that this would not amount to persecution for a Convention reason, including as a member of any particular social group. Nor does the Tribunal accept that Hindus who make a Muslim girl pregnant constitute a particular social group in Nepal. 26 Mr Young submitted that this was too narrow a group because of its terms on pregnancy. He submitted that the group was those who have offended social mores as a member of the majority religion having sexual relations with a person of a minority religion. 27 In Applicant S v Minister [2004] HCA 25; 217 CLR 387 at 400-401 [36] Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Kirby JJ said: Therefore, the determination of whether a group falls within the definition of "particular social group" in Art 1A(2) of the Convention can be summarised as follows. First, the group must be identifiable by a characteristic or attribute common to all members of the group. Secondly, the characteristic or attribute common to all members of the group cannot be the shared fear of persecution. Thirdly, the possession of that characteristic or attribute must distinguish the group from society at large. Borrowing the language of Dawson J in Applicant A, a group that fulfils the first two propositions, but not the third, is merely a "social group" and not a "particular social group". As this Court has repeatedly emphasised, identifying accurately the "particular social group" alleged is vital for the accurate application of the applicable law to the case in hand. (footnotes omitted) 28 One of the difficulties that faces the appellant in this regard is understanding how the matter was put to the Tribunal. It is debateable whether what appears at para 52 of the reasons is a fair encapsulation of what the appellant's migration agent had put forward. Much would depend upon how the matter was articulated before the second Tribunal. That question (being a matter of evidence) was not agitated before the primary judge because the point was not taken before him. Nor was there any evidence about it before me. 29 Further, the Tribunal found that none of the threats of harm occurred. It is important to see the full nature of the findings at paras 47 to 51 leading up to the findings on particular social group in para 52: 47. There was said to be a long history of the YCL coming to ask for donations from the applicant's father (a member of another party). In his original statement the applicant had claimed that they used to give donations to YCL but his later evidence, including at the recent hearing, was that they had not responded to the requests for donations. These requests were regularly refused and nothing happened; the applicant's father was not harmed. After careful consideration, the Tribunal reached the conclusion that the particular incident relied upon by the applicant was simply the latest of these requests and with a similar outcome. This has been conflated with the issue surrounding the relationship with [the Muslim girl]; perhaps the YCL members made some reference to situations which would have become widely known in the local community. However, the Tribunal does not accept that the YCL made demands in relation to [the Muslim girl], including financial support, or in any meaningful sense took up the issue, when [the Muslim girl's] own family had not made such demands or threatened the applicant in relation to [the Muslim girl]. It is hard to see that requests for donations, however emphatically made, which when unmet resulted in no harm, of themselves amount to serious harm or significant harm. 48. The Tribunal does not accept that such requests were related to the situation with [the Muslim girl] as they long preceded that relationship. Nor does the Tribunal accept that these approaches arose essentially from the political opinion of the applicant and/or his father. Significantly, these demands were not actually made of the applicant himself, only of his father. There is ample evidence (not least, from other applicants before the Tribunal) that generally businesses in Nepal have received forceful requests for donations for different parties. The Tribunal has seen no evidence that only members of a particular party received such demands and threats or that members of other parties (or of no party) were exempted from such demands. Nor was there evidence before the Tribunal that businessmen were singled out because there was an animus against them or intention to persecute them as members of a particular social group. The Tribunal is satisfied that the applicant's father was asked for money because he ran a business and was therefore opportunistically extorted (like many other businessmen in Nepal) as someone in position to actually provide money. This is consistent with a pattern of extortion and fund-raising directed at businessmen in Nepal. 49. Although the Tribunal accepts that the applicant's father as a Nepalese businessman did receive demands for money over a period of time, the Tribunal notes the applicant's evidence that his father had rejected or ignored such demands. It does not appear that his father suffered any serious or significant harm for this reason including during the five years since the specific incident complained of, during which period the applicant's father remained living at the same place. The Tribunal does not accept that the YCL and/or Maoists have targeted the applicant or that they pursued him to Kathmandu. The Tribunal does not accept that the YCL has threatened to kill the applicant if he returns. 50. The Tribunal does not accept that the Maoists and/or YCL have made any specific demands of, or threats against, the applicant and therefore does not accept that he faces a real chance of serious harm or a real risk of significant harm from them in the reasonably foreseeable future for that reason. 51. The Tribunal accepts that the Muslim family of [the Muslim girl] were angry with the applicant but notes that in his evidence before the present Tribunal the applicant did not claim that they had attacked or threatened him or that they had made any specific demands of him. The Tribunal rejects suggestions in earlier evidence that since the applicant's departure the Muslim family have threatened or attacked the applicant's family. Further, if there had been a real threat of serious harm to the applicant's family, or attacks on their property, it is difficult to imagine why they would not seek the assistance of the authorities. 30 It was submitted by the Minister that the whole analysis undermines any basis for a finding of a reasonable apprehension of persecution for this reason. 31 Whether or not the last point is correct, the point is one which could have been dealt with by evidence below. For that reason it should not be permitted to be relied on.

Third category - real chance 32 Mr Young submitted that the error in approach was illuminated in para 50 of the second Tribunal's reasons. That paragraph reveals, he submitted, a concentration upon the past and a failure to assess the future. 33 I do not accept this submission. A fair reading of the whole of the reasons discloses attendance to the real chance test. Future harm or its possibility was considered: paras 50 and 52. The past was used as a guide to the future. In the circumstances of these claims, the past could be seen as a reasonably reliable ground to the future. The only real basis for a fear of the future was the asserted events of the past which were not accepted. In these respects, I broadly agree with the conclusions of the primary judge on this point, being the only point effectively raised before him. 34 There was some suggestion in the submissions that the second Tribunal did not apply the real chance test to a claim in relation to extortion as a member of a particular social group, being families of businessmen in Nepal. This matter was not raised before the primary judge. It may have been met by evidence as to how the Tribunal hearing was conducted. It was said by the Minister not to have been raised below. Thus it should not be permitted to be ventilated. The findings at paras 47 and 49 of the second Tribunal's reasons about the appellant's father and the lack of harm and the lack of serious harm undermines any conclusion of likely injustice in this approach. 35 I am not persuaded of any error in assessing any real chance of persecution given the clarity of the factual findings about the past.

The s 36(3) point 36 The above makes it unnecessary to deal with s 36(3).

Orders 37 The appeal should be dismissed with costs. I certify that the preceding thirty-seven (37) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Chief Justice Allsop.