Shield Lifestone Holdings Pty Limited v LSKF Holdings Pty Limited

Illusory Obligation

1. The legal principle relating to discretionary promises is well-known. In general terms, a contract that reserves to a party a true discretion or option whether to carry out what appears to be a promise is void: Thorby v Goldberg (1964) 112 CLR 597 at 605. The following formulation of the principle by Vaughan Williams LJ in Loftus v Roberts (1902) 18 TLR 532 at 534 was authoritatively adopted by Kitto J in Placer Development Ltd v Commonwealth (1969) 121 CLR 353 at 356: … wherever words which by themselves constitute a promise are accompanied by words showing that the promisor is to have a discretion or option as to whether he will carry out that which purports to be the promise, the result is that there is no contract on which an action can be brought at all.
2. However, little is needed to show that it is inappropriate to characterise a discretion as unfettered - in the sense that it leaves the promisor with an unqualified option whether to perform the promise or not. It has been said that all that is required is 'some vestige of an objectively ascertainable obligation': Giasoumi v Ribbera [2017] VSC 631 at [82] and Cheshire & Fifoot Law of Contract, 11th Australian Edition p195; or that the discretion be contained within confined parameters: Anglican Development Fund Diocese of Bathurst [2015] NSWSC 1856 at [349]. In the latter case, Hammerschlag J said: A promise is not illusory because the promisor has some discretion in how its obligations are to be performed. It is only necessary that there be an obligation that the promise be performed and that the discretion is contained within the defined parameters: M Furmston and G J Tolhurst, Contract Formation: Law and Practice, (1st ed 2010, Oxford University Press) par 11.20; Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace (1988) 15 NSWLR 130 at 151; Allcars Pty Ltd v Tweedle [1937] VLR 35; Thorby v Goldberg (1964) 112 CLR 597; Yaroomba Beach Development Co Pty Ltd v Coeur De Lion Investments Pty Ltd (1989) 18 NSWLR 398 at 404.
3. In Meehan v Jones (1982) 149 CLR 571, one of the issues was whether a contract for the sale of land was void because the purchaser's performance was allegedly voluntary and depended on an unfettered discretion. The contract was subject to the purchaser 'receiving approval for finance on satisfactory terms and conditions'. It was held that the purchaser did not have an unfettered discretion and that his decision as to whether the finance was satisfactory was circumscribed by defined parameters. Mason J said at 590-1. The judgment of the purchaser as to what constitutes finance on satisfactory terms is not an unfettered discretion - it must be reached honestly, or honestly and reasonably.
4. Ultimately, in this case, the argument that the plaintiff's obligation in relation to funding amounted to an unfettered discretion and was therefore illusory, rested on a narrow foundation. It depended on the effect of the words 'may request' in Clauses 5.2(a) and (b), read in isolation, without giving weight to the textual context and the overriding good faith obligation of each director stipulated in clause 7.6(a).
5. Counsel for the first defendant placed reliance on the decision of Sholl J in Bailes v Modern Amusements Pty Ltd [1964] VR 436, which concerned an agreement by a company to repay a shareholder loan 'when the company considers that it is in a position to repay'. That obligation was held to be void for uncertainty. However, among many obscurities, it was not even clear whether the phrase 'when the company considers …' should be taken to mean a decision of the board or of the shareholders, or whether the decision should be unanimous or by majority. There is no such obscurity in this case.
6. The discretion to request a shareholder loan in both Clauses 5.2(a) and (b) is controlled by objectively ascertainable criteria. The ground for a request in Clause 5.2(a) depends on the express factors stipulated in that clause, namely the existence of a requirement that funds are needed by the company 'for the purpose of performing the Assets Management Functions' or 'any other activities as determined by the Board of Directors in accordance with this Agreement'. The ground for a request in Clause 5.2(b) depends on the existence of a 'reasonable request' by KLK 'to provide funds for the Business'.
7. In both cases, the operation of the discretion whether to request a shareholder loan is further controlled by each director's express obligation to 'act in good faith and in the best interests of the Company and the Group as a whole' subject to his entitlement to have regard to and act in the interests of his appointing shareholder. These are defined, ascertainable and justiciable criteria whose performance can be tested by time-honoured court processes.
8. As Mason J said in Meehan v Jones at 589: 'There is in this formulation no element of uncertainty - the courts are quite capable of deciding whether the purchaser is acting honestly and reasonably'. To apply those remarks to this case, one only need substitute for 'honestly and reasonably' the words 'in good faith in accordance with Clause 7.6(a) of the shareholders' agreement'. For those reasons, I have concluded that there is nothing illusory in the obligation to request a shareholder loan. It is neither optional nor unfettered.

Uncertainty

1. For similar reasons, there is no available separate argument that the contractual provisions relating to a request for a shareholder loan are void for uncertainty.
2. The general principle is that a contractual obligation expressed in language 'so obscure and so incapable of any definite or precise meaning that the court is unable to` attribute to the parties any particular contractual intention' is void for uncertainty. Scammell & Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] AC 251 at 268; Meehan v Jones (1981-2) 149 CLR 571 at 587. However, an important qualification is that, where possible, courts are 'astute to adopt a construction which will preserve the validity of the contract': Meehan v Jones Mason J at 589. As Barwick CJ said in Upper Hunter County District Council v Australian Chilling & Freezing Co Ltd (1967-8) 118 CLR 429 at 437: In the search for that intention, no narrow or pedantic approach is warranted, particularly in the case of commercial arrangements. Thus will uncertainty of meaning, as distinct from absence of meaning or of intention, be resolved.
3. More recently, in Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd [2015] HCA 37 at [51], the High Court reaffirmed that, unless a contrary intention is indicated in the contract, a court should approach the task of giving a commercial contract an interpretation based on the assumption that the parties intended to produce a commercial result. Further, a commercial contract should be construed so as to avoid it 'making commercial nonsense or working commercial inconvenience'; see also Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd [2014] HCA 7; (2014) 251 CLR 640 at 657 [35], citing Zhu v Treasurer of New South Wales [2004] HCA 56; (2004) 218 CLR 530 at 559 [82]; [2004] HCA 56.
4. For those reasons, I have concluded that there is no ground for holding that the shareholders' agreement is void for uncertainty. The parties should deliver agreed short minutes to my Associate disposing of the proceedings.

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