REGINA v. TETERYCZ [2005] NSWCCA 197

The Grounds of appeal "1. His Honour failed to properly take into account the applicant's plea of guilty in relation to the charge of robbery in company by:- (a) taking into account the strength of the Crown case when considering the utilitarian value of the plea; (b) giving a lesser discount to the applicant than the co-accused for the utilitarian value of the plea; (c) failing to give effect to the discount found by him to be appropriate. 2. The sentence in relation to the robbery in company and the total effective sentence are manifestly excessive. 3. The applicant has a justifiable sense of grievance when considering the sentence imposed on his co-offender in relation to the robbery in company, Steven Wayne Roberts."

Ground 1(a) and (b) 19 The applicant appeared on 29 April 2004 unrepresented before Ellis, DCJ. and on that date entered a plea of guilty on indictment to the charge of robbery in company, pursuant to s.97(1) of the Crimes Act 1900 (an offence carrying a maximum penalty of imprisonment for 20 years). 20 The relevant passage in the reasons for sentence in relation to the strength of the Crown case is in the following terms:- "Pursuant to the principles set in R v Thompson & Houlten (sic) (2000) 49 NSWLR 383, a discount of up to 25% for a plea of guilty is appropriate. I do not think in the circumstances that the full 25% should be given in this case. The sentences I impose in respect of all of the offences to which the offender has pleaded guilty will reflect a 25% discount for a plea of guilty. On the one hand, there was a strong Crown case in respect of all of the offences to which the offender has pleaded guilty and in no case did he immediately admit his involvement to police, or assist their investigations in any way. On the other hand, there is considerable utilitarian benefit to the State in not having to conduct a trial in respect of these offences …" (emphasis added)

21 In Regina v. Carter [2001] NSWCCA 245 at [13], Howie, J., with whom Barr, J. concurred, stated:- "There is a view held by some judges that in determining the quantum of such a discount (the utilitarian benefit of a plea of guilty), a relevant consideration is the strength of the Crown case. It is not. That is a factor that is relevant to a consideration of whether the plea of guilty shows contrition and whether any discount over and above that for the utilitarian benefit of the plea should be allowed." 22 I am of the opinion that, in context, his Honour's quoted statement contravened the principle stated by Howie, J. His Honour allowed the co-offender a discount of 25%. A reading of the reasons on sentence at pp.14-15 in this matter indicates that, but for the incorrect allowance for the strength of the Crown case, his Honour probably would have allowed the applicant, like his co-offender, a 25% discount. 23 It was argued on behalf of the Crown that his Honour's allowance of a 20% discount is explicable upon the basis that, on a reading of relevant comments in the remarks on sentence, his Honour did not consider that any significant allowance should be made for the contrition expressed by the applicant (remarks on sentence, p.36). There is no express statement by the sentencing judge as to why a 20% discount for a plea of guilty was determined as a appropriate discount. In its context, I do not with respect, consider that the relevant passage on p.14 of the remarks on sentence should be construed as the Crown has submitted. 24 I accordingly consider that the appropriate discount for the applicant's plea of guilty should be 25%, being the same discount for an early plea applied in respect of the co-offender, Roberts.

Ground 1(c) 25 This ground should be considered in the context of his Honour's assessment of a discount of 20% as discussed above. The submission shortly stated is that:-

• if the sentencing judge allowed for a discount of 20%, then his starting point for the sentence was too high (estimated at six years and three months).

• if 20% was not allowed for because his Honour understood the guideline judgment in Regina v. Henry (1999) 46 NSWLR 346 (which was held to apply to offences of robbery in company) had a discount for an early plea of guilt built into it, then that was an error and it should have been given effect. 26 Submissions made on behalf of the applicant are:-

• There is no express reference by the sentencing judge to applying the 20% discount assessed by him to the sentence. That leaves open to interpretation that it may not have, in fact, been applied.

• The Henry guideline of a four to five year head sentence was expressly stated to be appropriate, having regard to the judgment of Simpson, J. in Regina v. Murchie (1999) 108 A. Crim. R. 482, 485.

• There was acceptance of the point that the Henry guidelines allowed for a plea of guilty. Armitage, DCJ. stated:- "The Crown also draws attention, correctly, to the fact that a plea of guilty was built into the Henry guidelines, and this fact also has been considered in determining the appropriate head sentence …" (at p.43)

• However, if the sentencing judge accepted that the plea was built into the "starting point" it is said his Honour fell into error as Spigelman, CJ. in Thomson v. Houlton (supra) at [161] stated that the guidelines for the offence considered in that case "should be understood to involve a late plea of guilty, for purposes of the application of the guideline promulgated in these reasons" . (emphasis added)

• If Armitage, DCJ. allowed the full 20% discount, it is said that this would mean the starting point was too high, namely, six years and three months.

• When imposing sentence (at p.48), the sentencing judge nominated a starting point of five years imprisonment (having regard to the Henry guideline of four to five year head sentence range) prior to the 15% discount for hardship in custody, without reference to any reduction for the plea of guilty. 27 It is difficult to infer that his Honour did allow a 20% reduction before nominating the five year starting point for this would have meant a starting point of six years and three months, which would be well outside the Thomson & Houlton (supra) guideline range and have been manifestly excessive. His Honour accepted the Crown's submission that a four to five year head sentence range was appropriate. 28 The only reasonably inference, therefore, is that his Honour did not apply the 20% discount given that Henry (supra) guideline was for a late plea and there was no inbuilt allowance for an early plea. On this basis, I am of the opinion that there was no express discounting of 20% made by his Honour. 29 There is a need for caution in any event in applying Henry (supra) to the facts of this case. In Murchie (supra), Simpson, J. considered the guideline judgment promulgated by the court in Henry (supra) in relation to armed robbery offences is equally applicable to offences of robbery in company. However, in that case, the lack of a weapon was balanced by the fact that the offence was committed by four young men who behaved in a violent and very aggressive fashion, a description which also applied to the offender before the court in that case. The facts as to violence and aggression in the present case are not on the same level as in Murchie (supra), although it is significant that the applicant, when the bystander called out, punched the victim to the left hand side of his face causing pain and suffering. There was, of course, no knife involved, although the applicant called out "Just, just give it to him, I have a knife". 30 Accordingly, a second aspect of the sentence for the principal offence - the offence of robbery in company - gives rise to some concern, namely, the statement by the sentencing judge that the offence of 4 December 2003 falls at the higher end of the four to five year range, even allowing for the fact that the applicant was on conditional liberty and bail at the time of the commission of the offence. However, I do not consider this particular aspect of the assessment per se calls for the intervention of this Court. I will elaborate upon the reasons for this conclusion when I come to Ground 3. 31 If this Court is of the opinion that a lesser sentence is warranted in law, it is required to quash the sentence and pass that sentence in substitution: s.6(3) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1912. 32 I turn to consider the effect of a discount of 25% (Ground 1(a)), taking as a starting point five years. The sentencing judge determined that there should be a discount of 15% for custodial hardship. If that discount is applied to the five years starting point, it would reduce the head sentence to 4.25 years. Applying a further discount of 25% reduces the latter figure to three years and two months, dating from 28 September 2005. I would propose that a sentence of three years and two months be substituted in lieu of four years and three months imposed by the sentencing judge and that with respect thereto that a non-parole period of two years should be substituted for the non-parole period imposed by the sentencing judge of two years and six months. The non-parole period on that basis will expire on 27 September 2007.

Ground 2 33 The applicant has submitted that the total effective sentence is manifestly excessive. The submission has been made that, accepting the 18 months imprisonment as a substantial period of incarceration for the other offences, the total sentence is manifestly excessive. It has been submitted that the sentencing judge did not adjust the sentence to take into account totality but chose to partly accumulate the sentences, commencing the sentence after the applicant had served 18 months in relation to the other offences. 34 I am of the opinion, subject to the adjustment of the discount for an early plea to increase it to 25% and the adjustment of the non-parole period indicated in this judgment, that the total effective sentence is not manifestly excessive. I would accordingly dismiss this ground of the application.

Ground 3 35 The applicant has argued that he has a justifiable sense of grievance when considering the sentence imposed on his co-offender. The first point raised is the question of the discount of 20% for an early plea of guilty. That matter has already been dealt with in relation to Ground 1(b). The discount, as I have stated, should be 25%. 36 A further submission has been made that parity is relevant where the sentence of the co-accused could be said to be based on an erroneous finding of fact resulting in unjustified leniency. The applicant relies upon the decision in Regina v. Hodges (1997) 95 A. Crim. R. 85. 37 The sentencing judge determined the sentence of the co-offender, Roberts, on 16 December 2004. In sentencing him, his Honour identified a number of differentiating factors before concluding that a sentence of two years imprisonment to date from 16 December 2004 was appropriate. The applicant's submission to this court was, in essence, that the applicant's sense of grievance was founded upon the premise that the differentiating factors were not of such significance as to warrant the sentence imposed in this case. Specifically in this respect, reference was made to the applicant's criminal record and that of his co-offender and additionally to the specific features of the offence in question. As to the first of these two matters, I have examined the particulars of the previous convictions of the applicant which include a term of three months imprisonment for obtaining money by deception, six months imprisonment for being in a conveyance without consent, a fine of $400 for negligent driving, a conviction of disposing of stolen property (a bond for 18 months), on 15 October 2003, a conviction of entering enclosed lands (fined $400) and on 27 January 2004, a conviction in respect of common assault (fined $500). The offences of aggravated break and enter and malicious damage committed on 11 August 2003 were more serious matters, but was pointed out by the applicant's counsel, all offences on that date arose from one incident. 38 The co-offender's record on the other hand consisted of a conviction for being carried in a conveyance, taken without the consent of the owner on 24 May 2000 for which he was fined and two offences of maliciously destroying or damaging property which were the subject of the convictions on 5 August 2002, for which the co-offender was respectfully put on a s.9 bond for six months and fined. 39 The sentencing judge was, in my opinion, entitled to have regard to the more extensive and serious criminal record of the applicant to that of his co-offender. 40 As to the facts concerning the robbery in company offence committed on 4 December 2003, the facts sheet does support the proposition that the applicant's criminality was of a higher order than that of his co-offender. The differentiating factors in this respect include:-

• The applicant wrapped his arm around the neck of the victim in a stranglehold, causing discomfort to his neck.

• It was the applicant who said "my mate wants your phone" .

• It was the applicant who also said, "just, just give it to him, I have a knife" .

• The applicant got hold of the victim's IPOD equipment.

• The applicant punched the victim to the left hand side of his face, causing pain. 41 I am of the opinion that these factual matters are sufficient to support the conclusion that the applicant had the dominant role in the offence of 4 December 2003 including the use of violence. 42 I am, accordingly, satisfied that, having regard to the applicant's previous criminal record and his role in relation to the offence in question, he does not have a basis for any legitimate sense of grievance based on principles of parity. 43 I, accordingly, propose orders in the following terms:- 1. Application for leave to appeal is granted. 2. The appeal is allowed in relation to grounds 1(a), (b) and (c) of the application for leave to appeal. 3. The sentence imposed of four years and three months, dating from 28 September 2005 be set aside. 4. That a sentence of three years and two months be substituted dating from 28 September 2005. 5. That a non-parole period in respect of that sentence of two years be substituted for the non-parole period specified by the sentencing judge of two years and six months. 6. The non-parole so specified to expire on 27 September 2007. **********

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