R v Troy Rhodes

The offender's evidence

1. The offender tendered a letter written by him outlining his experience in custody. He had made progress with his own rehabilitation and was on a waiting list for rehabilitation programs. The offender had abstained from using drugs since he commenced in custody and had developed a huge "dislike for drugs". He had lost his partner and damaged family relationships as a result of his drug use. He also understood the damage caused to family, friends and the community generally. His two children were aged 9 and 8, and upon release from gaol he wanted to make sure he was a positive role model for them.
2. Exhibit 2 was a certificate for his completion of a Positive Lifestyle Program dated 16 March 2017.
3. Exhibit 3 comprised a number of references from family and friends, and a potential employer, which spoke of the offender's character and work ethic. They also spoke to his commitment to rehabilitation and his motivation to building a nurturing environment for his two children.
4. The offender also gave evidence. He had been in custody since 15 January 2016, which was his first time in custody. He gave evidence that he never wanted to experience gaol again. He accepted responsibility for his criminal offending and would complete as many courses as he could for his rehabilitation. The offender gave evidence that he had been unemployed for three months prior to his arrest because of his drug use. It had made him unreliable and he was not in the right frame of mind because of that use. He also developed issues with his girlfriend.
5. The offender gave evidence that he commenced the use of illicit drugs at age 35 because of the break-up of his marriage. He commenced using amphetamines and that progressed to daily use of ice. He was using at the time of his arrest 0.5 grams per day of ice, and selling drugs to feed his habit. The $16,455.00, the subject of the s 166 certificate charge, was proceeds from the sale of drugs.
6. The offender confirmed that he disliked drugs and did not want to have anything more to do with them. Whilst his drug use had affected his relationship with family and friends, he now had the support of both family and friends. He had a place to reside upon his release, and an offer of work.
7. The offender emphasised how disappointed he was in himself for his offending, as a result of his inability now to have access to his two sons. Prior to his offending he had regular access to them.
8. In cross-examination, the offender gave evidence that, although he had been sentenced by way of an ICO in 2012 for a drug supply charge, he had resumed abusing drugs because he was not in the right frame of mind. Now that he had experienced gaol first hand, he wanted to abstain from drugs and rebuild his life. He gave evidence that the ICO did have some deterrent effect on him "for a while". However, he relapsed.

The offender's submissions

1. The offender submitted that the biggest hurdle for him on sentence was that he had been sentenced by way of an ICO for a similar drug supply matter. Whilst he had completed that period of supervision, he had problems with drug use towards the end of it. It was accepted that his criminal history would disentitle him from leniency, however, it was emphasised that the offender needed assistance to help him with relapse prevention, his relationships and his employment.
2. The offender had been of good behaviour for the whole period of 16 months whilst he has been in custody, which spoke well for his prospects of rehabilitation.
3. It was submitted that the court should find special circumstances here pursuant to s 44 of the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 ("CSPA"), as he would benefit from an extended period of supervision on parole.
4. The offender was entitled to a discount for his plea of guilty. Whilst it had not been made at the earliest opportunity, a plea of guilty had been indicated to the Crown as early as mid-January 2017, and following some negotiations, was finalised on 17 February 2017, so there was no need for any witnesses to be arranged for the trial, which was set down in April 2017. In those circumstances, a discount of 20% was warranted.
5. It was submitted that the principle of totality meant that there should be some partial accumulation of sentence with the domestic violence offences for which he had been in custody since 15 January 2016.

Crown submissions

1. The Crown submitted that the maximum penalty on each charge was 15 years imprisonment, which was a guidepost in the sentencing process. Each of the related summary offences on the s 166 certificate carried maximum terms of imprisonment of 2 years.
2. The Crown submitted that a discount of 15% for the utilitarian value of the plea was appropriate.
3. The Crown submitted that it was an aggravating factor that the offender was on two types of conditional liberty at the time of the commission of the offences, namely, bail and a s 9 Bond. It was submitted that the offender's prior criminal record did not entitle him to any leniency on sentence and that the two counts on the Indictment reflected that the offender was substantially involved in the trafficking of illicit drugs.
4. The Crown did not oppose concurrent sentences being imposed as between the counts on the Indictment and related summary matters on the s 166 certificate. However, the Crown submitted that there should be a degree of accumulation on the existing sentences of imprisonment relating to his domestic violence offences, given that the current offences represent a completely separate and discrete course of criminal conduct to that of his domestic violence offences. The Crown submitted that a moderate degree of accumulation was warranted.
5. It was conceded by the Crown that the fact of accumulation can appropriately lead to a finding of special circumstances, "in order to preserve the statutory relationship between the overall head sentence and the overall minimum term to be served prior to release", referring to Close v R (1991) 31 NSWLR 743. It was submitted, however, that special circumstances should not be found unless there are significant positive signs which show that if allowed a longer than usual period of parole, rehabilitation is likely to be successful (R v Carter [2003] NSWCCA 243), and further, that rehabilitation is likely to be successful involves more than a finding that there are signs indicative of 'some capacity for rehabilitation" (R v Tuuta [2014] NSWCCA 40). The Crown submitted that there was no evidence to support a positive finding by the court that the offender will be successfully rehabilitated if granted a longer than normal period on parole.

Determination

1. Section 3A of the C(SP)A sets out the purposes of sentencing as follows: "3A The purposes for which a Court may impose a sentence on an offender are as follows: (a) To ensure that the offender is adequately punished for the offence, (b) To prevent crime by deterring the offender and other persons from committing similar offences, (c) To protect the community from the offender, (d) To promote the rehabilitation of the offender, (e) To make the offender accountable for his or her actions, (f) To denounce the conduct of the offender, (g) To recognise the harm done to the victim of the crime and the community."
2. In respect of Count 1 on the Indictment, although the amount of methylamphetamine involved was more than 10 times the indictable quantity, it was a long way below the traffickable quantity for that prohibited drug. In the circumstances, whilst the offending was clearly very serious, it is below the mid-range of objective seriousness for an offence pursuant to s 25(1) and s 29 of the DMTA, but towards the higher end of the low range for that offence.
3. Count 2, being a deemed supply offence of 7.78 grams of amphetamine, is well below the traffickable quantity of the prohibited drug and falls below the mid-range for an offence pursuant to those two sections. It is in the middle of the low range for an offence of deemed supply.
4. The maximum penalty of 15 years imprisonment for each offence is a guidepost in the sentencing process that I have taken into account. I have also taken into account the maximum penalty for the five matters referred to on the certificate pursuant to s 166 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986, and I refer to those matters below.
5. The offender's criminal history clearly disentitles him to leniency. It is a lamentable record relevant to domestic violence offences, for which he has now served terms of imprisonment. It also included a sentence of imprisonment by way of an ICO pursuant to s 7 of the CSPA of 1 year, 10 months and 2 weeks imposed on 12 April 2013 in respect of a similar matter. Further, an aggravating factor is that the offender was on conditional liberty by way of both bail and a s 9 Bond at the time of his arrest. The Agreed Facts clearly establish that the offender was involved in drug trafficking to a substantial degree. Such a finding is supported by the quantity of drugs the subject of the offences and related matters, the indicia of drug supply found in the motor vehicle, and the amount of money, which the offender admitted were proceeds of crime. It is clear that a full time custodial sentence is warranted and it was not submitted that there were exceptional circumstances. Rather, the focus of the offender's submissions was on the progress he had made in rehabilitation in custody to date, his prospects of rehabilitation in the event of having an extended period on parole following a finding of special circumstances, and a utilitarian discount on sentence of 20%. Further, applying principles of totality, there should be some partial accumulation with the sentence he has been serving in respect of the domestic violence offences from 15 January 2016.
6. The offender is entitled to a discount of 15% for his plea of guilty in respect of each charge. It came following the offender being committed for trial, and at a relatively late stage. However, I note that no witnesses were required to attend court.
7. I was impressed with the evidence given by the offender, and in particular, as to his recognition of the need for rehabilitation and relapse prevention. Unusually, he commenced using illicit drugs at a fairly late stage in life at age 35. It was undoubtedly related to his employment as an interstate truck driver that he first used amphetamines, and later progressed to ice. It is to his credit that he has been drug free for the last 16 months whilst he has been in custody. It is no small thing to overcome a drug addiction and I find here that there are positive prospects of the offender continuing his rehabilitation with appropriate help, both whilst in custody and whilst under parole supervision. I therefore find special circumstances pursuant to s 44 of the CSPA on the basis of his need for rehabilitation, both in relation to relapse prevention for illicit use, and for domestic violence and anger management issues.
8. General deterrence is important in sentencing for drug supply offences. A strong message must be sent to like-minded members of the community that Parliament has set severe penalties for such offences, and that the courts are by well-established authority, required to impose full time custodial sentences in respect of them.
9. Specific deterrence is also important here, given that the offender had previously been sentenced by way of an ICO and had lapsed into illicit drug use during that order. He is now at a point in his life where he has to realise that continued drug use will inevitably lead him to further custodial sentences. I accept that he has expressed remorse and contrition for his offending by expressing his disappointment in himself, and his need to now be a positive role model for his two sons.
10. I am satisfied, having considered all possible alternatives, no penalty other than imprisonment is appropriate pursuant to s 5 of the CSPA. I am further satisfied that this is an appropriate matter for an aggregate sentence pursuant to s 53A of the CSPA, and that the matters contained on the s 166 certificate may be dealt with by way of an aggregate sentence.
11. The Court is required to indicate the sentence that would have been imposed for each offence had separate sentences been imposed instead of an aggregate sentence. This provides transparency in the sentencing process - see McIntosh v R [2015] NSWCCA 184 at [135]. It is clear that in indicating the sentences, there is no requirement to specify non-parole periods unless the offence is one for which a standard non-parole period is proscribed - see McIntosh v R, supra at [142], JM v R [2014] NSWCCA 297 at [8]. In any aggregate sentence there must be some accumulation of sentence reflecting the seriousness of the offending - see R v Rae [2013] NSWCCA 9.
12. The indicative sentences that I would have imposed in respect of each of the two counts on the Indictment, having regard to the objective seriousness of the offending, the strong subjective matters that I have referred to, and the 15% utilitarian discount on sentence, are as follows: 1. Count 1 - that on 15 January 2016 supplied a prohibited drug, namely, methylamphetamine, pursuant to s 25(1) and s 29 of the DMTA - 2 years and 6 months imprisonment. 2. Count 2 - that on 15 January 2016 supplied a prohibited drug, namely, amphetamine, in amount of 7.78 grams, pursuant to s 25(1) and s 29 of the DMTA - 1 year and 9 months imprisonment.
13. As to the four matters referred to in the s 166 certificate, the indicative sentences that I would have imposed, having regard to the maximum penalty of 2 years in respect of each matter, are as follows: 1. Sequence 6 - possess prohibited drug, namely, 0.40 grams of MDMA pursuant to s 10(1) of the DMTA - 1 month imprisonment 2. Sequence 8 - custody of laser pointer, pursuant to s 11FA(1)(a) of the Summary Offences Act - 3 months imprisonment. 3. Sequence 9 - deal with property suspected proceeds of crime, s 193C(1) of the Crimes Act 1900 - 3 months imprisonment 4. Sequence 10 - possess prohibited drug, namely, 3.3 grams oxymetholone, pursuant to s 10(1) of the DMTA - 1 month imprisonment. 5. Sequence 11 - possess prohibited drug, namely, 0.62 grams cocaine pursuant to s 10(1) of the DMTA - 1 month imprisonment.
14. I have had regard to the principles of totality and proportionality in sentencing as set out by the High Court in Pearce v R (1998) 194 CLR 610 at [45].
15. Having applied a discount of 15% for the offender's early pleas of guilty, and having found special circumstances pursuant to s 44(2B) of the CSPA, I intend to sentence the offender to an aggregate term of 3 years imprisonment, with a non-parole period of 1 year and 9 months. I accept the Crown submission that a moderate degree of accumulation only should be allowed on the existing sentences relating to his domestic violence offences, as the subject offences represent a separate and discrete course of criminal conduct. The non-parole period will commence on 1 September 2016, and expire on 31 May 2018, with a balance of term of 1 year and 3 months commencing on 1 June 2018 and expiring on 31 August 2019. The total term will be 3 years imprisonment.

Orders

1. I make the following orders: 1. You are convicted of the following offences: Count 1 - on 15 January 2016 at Wagga Wagga, in the State of New South Wales, supplied a prohibited drug, namely, methylamphetamine, in amount of 54.21 grams, pursuant to s 25(1) and s 29 of the DMTA. Count 2 - on 15 January 2016 at Wagga Wagga, in the State of New South Wales, supplied a prohibited drug, namely, amphetamine, in amount of 7.78 grams, pursuant to s 25(1) and s 29 of the DMTA. 1. You are also convicted of the related offences set out on the s 166 certificate of the Criminal Procedure Act, namely: Sequence 6 - possess prohibited drug Sequence 8 - have custody of a laser pointer in a public place Sequence 9 - deal with property suspected proceeds of crime Sequence 10 - possess prohibited drug Sequence 11 - possess prohibited drug 1. I sentence you to an aggregate non-parole period of 1 year and 9 months imprisonment commencing on 1 September 2016 and expiring on 31 May 2018. 2. I sentence you to a balance of term of imprisonment of 1 year and 3 months, commencing on 1 June 2018 and expiring on 31 August 2019. 3. The total term will be 3 years imprisonment. 4. Your parole eligibility date will be 31 May 2018. 5. I further order, pursuant to s 18(1) of the Confiscation of Proceeds of Crime Act 1989, that cash in the sum of $16,455.00, found at Wagga Wagga on 14 January 2016, be forfeited to the State. 6. I further order that all prohibited drugs the subject of these offences be destroyed.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 26 May 2017