R v Cheney

9 The petitioner has been through the hierarchy of courts in the criminal justice system and his conviction and penalty have been upheld by those superior courts.

Section 474D Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) 10 The relevant statutory provision, s 474D of the Crimes Act 1900, provides: (1) An application for an inquiry into a conviction or sentence may be made to the Supreme Court by the convicted person or by another person on behalf of the convicted person. (2) The registrar of the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court must cause a copy of any application made under this section to be given to the Minister.

11 Although this matter was referred to me as an application for an inquiry into conviction in July 2003, submissions by the petitioner, in reply, were not completed until a letter dated 12 January 2004. It was obviously necessary to allow the petitioner to reply to the submissions put by the Crown Solicitor, dated 8 December 2003, against the granting of any inquiry. 12 The applicable principles in relation to the decision to grant or decline to grant such an inquiry are usefully stated by Sully J in R v Garry Andrew Bayliss [2001] NSWSC 732; 124 A Crim R 362. As his Honour emphasised at [2], the statutory duty of a judge is to consider whether: there is a doubt or question as to the convicted person's guilt, as to any mitigating circumstances in the case or as to any part of the evidence in the case. 13 The options are to refuse the application for an inquiry, to grant the application for an inquiry, and direct that it be conducted by a prescribed person, into the conviction or sentence, or refer the whole case to the Court of Criminal Appeal, to be dealt with as an appeal under the Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (NSW). Sully J held that the guiding principles are well settled, and he said at [3]: Put simply, the question for the judge is whether the material which has been put forward in connection with the application causes the judge unease or a sense of disquiet about allowing the relevant conviction(s) and sentence(s) to stand. 14 I accept the strength of the Crown's submissions that the petitioner has a lengthy criminal history, and that many of the matters he seeks to advance were matters which were or should properly have been advanced at trial and on appeal. Some are matters of mere speculation and it is relevant that the petitioner was legally represented at trial and on appeal by counsel. I also accept that an application of this kind should not be used as an additional avenue of appeal: Douglas Harry Rendell (1987) 32 A Crim R 243 per Hunt J.

The Police Notebooks 15 I turn now to examine the grounds upon which the petition is based. First, it is said that the police notebooks tendered at trial were fabrications. However, those notebooks were produced at trial, and were the subject of scrutiny and cross-examination by the petitioner's legal representatives. The genuiness of the documentation was not challenged although there was a controversy about the alleged verbal admissions advanced in the Crown case. Subsequently, no appeal point was taken in relation to this issue. As the Crown submissions contend: To accept this ground as having any credibility whatsoever would mean that one would be accepting of the fact that virtually each and every police officer who produced his notebook and/or duty book at the trial was producing false document which had not really been issued by the NSW Police to that officer.

In the application no additional material to suggest there might be any substance in the assertion has been put forward. 16 In particular, it is asserted that in 1993 the police issue notebooks were numbered on each page. However, there is force in the Crown submissions that virtually all such notebooks were produced and accessed at trial and that the legal representatives had appropriate opportunity to test the veracity of their contents. Neither at trial or appeal was there any challenge to the genuineness of the material.

Fictitious Police Officers 17 It is next said by the petitioner that certain specified police officers are "fictitious" police officers. It appears to be true that one police officer, a woman, changed her name at the time of marriage, but there is no credible evidence that the supposed fictitious officers, who in any event played a minor role in the investigation, were non-existent. I find that this submission is untenable. 18 It is next said that certain facts were not given to the defence prior to trial and that a specified officer of the Police Service was able to persuade witnesses to lie in the course of the trial. In the 1995 trial, these matters were agitated before the jury and, by reason of the conviction, one can assume that those contentions were rejected. The question as to whether the police officer in question was giving false evidence was dealt with during the trial and was expressly referred to by the trial judge who appeared to be satisfied that there was no such fabrication on the part of the police. I am unable to see any cogency in the argument that certain charges were withdrawn by the Director of Public Prosecutions, relating to five charges of break enter and steal, and it seems to me that the withdrawal of those charges was well within the discretion of the DPP given that the offences concerned allegations about events in 1993, and given the fact that a lengthy period of imprisonment had already been imposed on the petitioner. 19 Much of the "fresh evidence" relied upon by the petitioner I find unpersuasive, and insufficient to raise any doubt or unease about the conviction. DNA Evidence

20 What is more troubling is the allegation that there is said to be fresh DNA evidence. The Crown submits that in substance and reality the petition is merely an attempt to re-agitate issues dealt with in the course of the trial and the appeal processes and that there is "no true fresh evidence disclosed." In my view, if this Court can be persuaded that there is fresh evidence, then there is at least some arguable basis for a further inquiry. 21 I now turn to examine what the alleged fresh evidence is upon which the petitioner relies in relation to the DNA issue.

22 The petitioner asserts that DNA results he claims to be in the possession of the Police will prove his innocence. The Crown accepts that in the evidence tendered at trial there was no semen on the swabs and smears and no blood in the fingernail scrapings and, so it is said, that would explain the lack of any DNA evidence, given the state of technology in 1993. However, it seems that DNA tests were carried out prior to the trial and, accepting the limitations of DNA technology, as at the relevant time, it is nonetheless notorious that DNA material can either prove or disprove the guilt of an accused person.

23 Whilst I do not accept the petitioner's allegation of "fabrication" in relation to the DNA evidence, there is a lack of clarity arising from the apparent controversy as to whether there was or was not DNA testing of specified persons and whether, if there was, that material was adequately available to the petitioner.

24 The petitioner asserts that the Freedom of Information officer of the relevant health service has said that she cannot release DNA results in the possession of the Department to him.

25 The material presented by the petitioner is somewhat difficult to follow, but the documents generally seem to indicate negative results from vaginal swabs with "no sperm seen." They also indicate that certain forensic specimens relating to one of the alleged victims was handed to the police. On the other hand, a medical report of Dr Peter Bland, a specialist obstetrician and gynaecologist practising in Port Macquarie in relation to the same victim, dated 1 May 1995, indicates some form of (vaginal) penetration. The penetration (according to Dr Bland's evidence at trial) was consistent with but not diagnostic of penetration by a penis. 26 As I have hoped to make clear, I think that much of what the petitioner says about the police evidence, the numbering of notebooks and the supposed fictitious nature of various police officers is spurious. I do see some possibility of an argument that there is fresh evidence arising from documents from the Division of Analytical Laboratories, Lidcombe Sydney and in particular from senior forensic biologist Robert Goetz. The material obtained by the petitioner subsequent to the criminal justice proceedings shows that DNA tests were performed on various items. It is asserted by the petitioner that the Crown obtained adjournments because they were waiting on DNA results. The transcripts of those proceedings are apparently unavailable.

27 By letter dated 30 January 2003, the Western Sydney Area Health Service indicated that that Service did have possession of certain documents in relation to the request by the petitioner for DNA samples produced by other Government agencies, such as the Police Service. The petitioner was referred to the Freedom of Information officer of the NSW Police Department for approval to access these documents. In a report dated 24 January 1994 Mr Goetz certified that in relation of some black track pants no blood was detected. On 1 March 2002, the petitioner wrote to Mr Goetz requesting the DNA documentation, but Mr Goetz said that he was unable to respond to the request and asked the petitioner's legal representatives to instigate the correct procedures to access the documentation. He suggested that, in the absence of a solicitor, inquiry should be made of the Innocence Panel, an organisation established to investigate older cases. He indicated that he had passed on the petitioner's request to the legal branch for further opinion. 28 The critical question is whether there is a doubt or question as to the petitioner's guilt, that is, whether the court has a sense of "unease" in allowing the conviction to stand: Varley v Attorney-General (NSW) (1987) 8 NSWLR 30; Application by Robert Scott Havell, Buddin J, 9 December 2003. 29 The utility of DNA evidence to prove or disprove guilt remains a topic of some debate: see, for example, Graham Hazlitt, "DNA Statistical Evidence: Unravelling the Strands" (2002) Vol 14, No 9, Judicial Officers Bulletin, p 66. Some commentators argue that DNA profiling is of great assistance to crime investigations and the justice system generally: see, for example, R v Button [2001] QCA 133, although care needs to be taken in relation to such evidence, particularly as to the identification of samples which requires evidence from the those who carried out the procedures: R v Sing (2001) 54 NSWLR 31. 30 In the circumstances of the present application, I see a tangible difficulty in granting an inquiry without knowing any real or precise details about the DNA testing or, more importantly, the results of it. Because the relevance and nature of the DNA material is unknown to me, I am unable, to form the requisite unease or sense of disquiet in relation to the conviction.

31 I accept the Crown's submissions that there is no real evidence of police corruption and that, in any event, there was a powerful circumstantial case against the petitioner. Moreover, there was, as the Crown argues, opportunity for the petitioner and his legal representatives to investigate and test the medical evidence, including the tendered report of Mr Goetz of 16 December 1993, tendered at trial.

Orders 32 Accordingly, having regard to the material before me, I decline to direct that an inquiry be conducted. 33 The petition is dismissed. **********

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