KIEFEL CJ, BELL, GAGELER, KEANE, NETTLE AND GORDON JJ. In 2012, the appellant ("Mr Moore") booked a holiday tour for himself and his wife with the respondent ("Scenic"). The tour, which involved a European river cruise, did not proceed as promised. It is not in issue in this appeal that Scenic's attempts to perform its contractual obligations were attended by breaches of consumer guarantees in the Australian Consumer Law ("the ACL"). Mr Moore claimed damages in respect of loss suffered by him as a result of Scenic's breaches. The alleged loss included, among other things, disappointment and distress for breach of a contract to provide a pleasant and relaxed holiday recognised as a compensable head of loss in this Court's decision in Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon. The issue in this appeal is whether, as Scenic contends, s 16 in Pt 2 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) ("the CLA") applies to preclude Mr Moore from recovering damages for loss of that kind.
Mr Moore's claim, founded as it was upon the ACL, was brought in federal jurisdiction. The CLA, being a State law expressed to be binding on a court, cannot affect Mr Moore's claim unless it is picked up and applied by a law of the Commonwealth. Scenic contends that s 16 of the CLA is picked up and applied by s 275 of the ACL so as to preclude this part of Mr Moore's claim.
Mr Moore's first response to Scenic's contention is that s 16 of the CLA does not apply as a surrogate federal law because s 275 does not pick up and apply those State or Territory laws that affect the assessment of compensation for loss suffered. Secondly, Mr Moore submits that loss consisting of disappointment and distress for breach of a contractual obligation to provide a pleasant and relaxed vacation is not precluded by the provisions of Pt 2 of the CLA because those provisions are concerned exclusively with claims for damages for personal injury; and his claim for the disappointment of his expectation of a pleasant and relaxed vacation is not a claim for personal injury. Thirdly, Mr Moore submits that s 16 has no application where the loss for which damages are claimed is suffered outside of New South Wales.
Mr Moore's first submission must be rejected; but his second submission should be accepted. Accordingly, Mr Moore's appeal must be allowed; and it is unnecessary to rule upon Mr Moore's third submission.
It is convenient now to set out a brief summary of the factual, statutory and procedural background before turning to consider the arguments of the parties concerning the operation of s 275 of the ACL and the scope of s 16 of the CLA.
The facts
The river cruise was promoted in Scenic's tour brochure as "a once in a lifetime cruise along the grand waterways of Europe", with guests on board the Scenic vessel treated to "all inclusive luxury". Mr Moore and his wife chose Scenic's river cruise because they wanted to see different locations in Europe without having to unpack their belongings more than once. The river cruise also suited Mr Moore because he found it difficult to spend extended periods of time sitting down, particularly in confined spaces, following spinal surgery. The tour was paid for 12 months in advance with what Mr Moore described as his "life savings".
The tour commenced in Paris on 31 May 2013. The river cruise along the Rhine, Main and Danube Rivers was scheduled to depart from Amsterdam on 3 June 2013 on board the Scenic Jewel and to conclude two weeks later in Budapest. The cruise was severely disrupted by adverse weather conditions that resulted in high water levels on the Rhine and Main Rivers. Instead of cruising for ten days as scheduled in the itinerary, Mr Moore's experience was of many hours spent travelling by bus; he cruised for only three days. The cruise also began on board a different vessel to the luxurious Scenic Jewel; and by the time the cruise concluded in Budapest, the Moores had changed ship at least twice. In short, the holiday tour fell far short of the "once in a lifetime cruise" in "all inclusive luxury" that Mr Moore was promised by Scenic.
The proceedings
Representative proceedings were commenced in the Supreme Court of New South Wales against Scenic by Mr Moore on his behalf and that of approximately 1,500 other passengers ("group members") of 13 Scenic cruises that were scheduled to depart between 19 May 2013 and 12 June 2013.
In the representative proceedings it was alleged that Scenic failed to exercise due care and skill in the supply of the tours, in breach of the guarantee in s 60 of the ACL; that the severe disruptions to the river cruises rendered the services comprising the holiday tours unfit for the purpose for which Mr Moore and each of the group members acquired them, in breach of the guarantee in s 61(1) of the ACL; and that the tours were not of a nature and quality as could reasonably be expected to achieve the result that Mr Moore and each of the group members wished the services to achieve, in breach of the guarantee in s 61(2) of the ACL.
Mr Moore's case was that Scenic knew or should have known about the weather disruptions that were likely to occur to each scheduled itinerary; and it chose not to cancel the cruises or inform the passengers in a timely manner to give them the opportunity to cancel their booking.
Statutory provisions
The ACL
The ACL regulates the supply of services by corporations to consumers, including services supplied abroad.
Mr Moore sought relief under s 267 of the ACL. That section provides relevantly as follows:
"(3) If the failure to comply with the guarantee cannot be remedied or is a major failure, the consumer may:
...
(b) by action against the supplier, recover compensation for any reduction in the value of the services below the price paid or payable by the consumer for the services.
(4) The consumer may, by action against the supplier, recover damages for any loss or damage suffered by the consumer because of the failure to comply with the guarantee if it was reasonably foreseeable that the consumer would suffer such loss or damage as a result of such a failure.
(5) To avoid doubt, subsection (4) applies in addition to subsections (2) and (3)."
Mr Moore claimed compensation pursuant to s 267(3) for the difference between the value of services provided by Scenic and the price he had paid for the services. That claim is no longer in issue. The focus of the dispute in this Court is Mr Moore's claim for damages under s 267(4) for disappointment and distress on the basis that "loss or damage" of that kind was "reasonably foreseeable" as a result of Scenic's failure to comply with the consumer guarantees.
Mr Moore claimed that s 267(4) permits a court to award damages for disappointment and distress because the contract with Scenic was one aimed at providing enjoyment, relaxation, pleasure and entertainment. Scenic countered that s 275 of the ACL picks up and applies Pt 2 (and in particular s 16) of the CLA as a surrogate law of the Commonwealth, the effect of which is to preclude Mr Moore's claim for damages for disappointment and distress.
Section 275 of the ACL provides:
"If:
(a) there is a failure to comply with a guarantee that applies to a supply of services under Subdivision B of Division 1 of Part 3-2; and
(b) the law of a State or a Territory is the proper law of the contract;
that law applies to limit or preclude liability for the failure, and recovery of that liability (if any), in the same way as it applies to limit or preclude liability, and recovery of any liability, for a breach of a term of the contract for the supply of the services."
It is uncontroversial in this appeal that, for the purposes of s 275, the proper law of the contract between Mr Moore and Scenic is the law of New South Wales. That law includes the CLA, to which one may now turn.
The CLA
Part 2 of the CLA is headed "Personal injury damages". The ambit of Pt 2 of the CLA is relevantly stated by s 11A as follows:
"(1) This Part applies to and in respect of an award of personal injury damages ...
(2) This Part applies regardless of whether the claim for the damages is brought in tort, in contract, under statute or otherwise.
(3) A court cannot award damages, or interest on damages, contrary to this Part."
The term "personal injury damages" is defined in s 11 of the CLA to mean "damages that relate to the death of or injury to a person". The term "injury" is defined, in turn, in s 11 to mean "personal injury", and includes "impairment of a person's physical or mental condition".
Mr Moore submitted that his damages claim for disappointment and distress falls outside the scope of Pt 2 of the CLA because such damages are not damages that relate to personal injury. Scenic contended that disappointment and distress constitutes an impairment of his mental condition, and that therefore Mr Moore's claim falls within the scope of Pt 2 of the CLA.
Within Pt 2 of the CLA, s 16(1) regulates personal injury damages for non‑economic loss. It provides that:
"No damages may be awarded for non-economic loss unless the severity of the non-economic loss is at least 15% of a most extreme case."
It is common ground in this appeal that the minimum threshold set out in s 16(1) was not reached.
The term "non-economic loss" is defined in s 3 of the CLA as follows:
"non-economic loss means any one or more of the following:
(a) pain and suffering,
(b) loss of amenities of life,
(c) loss of expectation of life,
(d) disfigurement."
Scenic argued that disappointment and distress is "pain and suffering" or "loss of amenities of life", and so, it was said, s 16(1) of the CLA applies to preclude Mr Moore's claim for damages for disappointment and distress.
The primary judge
The primary judge (Garling J) concluded that Scenic had failed to comply with the consumer guarantees in s 60 and s 61(1) and (2) of the ACL, and awarded Mr Moore $10,990 in compensation for loss of value (s 267(3) of the ACL); $2,000 in damages for disappointment and distress (s 267(4) of the ACL); plus interest.
His Honour held that s 275 of the ACL picks up and applies s 16 of the CLA to proceedings in federal jurisdiction and, further, that he was bound by authority, "however surprising that result may appear in this case to be", to hold that a claim for damages for disappointment and distress is a claim for damages that relate to the injury of a person under Pt 2 of the CLA.
In the upshot, however, the primary judge rejected Scenic's contention that s 16 of the CLA applies to Mr Moore's claim. The basis for that conclusion was that s 16 of the CLA has no application to loss suffered outside of New South Wales; and that, because Mr Moore's disappointment and distress was suffered overseas, his claim for damages by way of compensation for that loss was unaffected by s 16.
The Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (Sackville A‑JA, with whom Payne JA and Barrett A‑JA agreed) upheld the primary judge's conclusion that Scenic had breached the consumer guarantees in s 61(1) and (2) of the ACL in relation to Mr Moore's holiday tour. The Court of Appeal overturned the primary judge's conclusion concerning Scenic's breach of s 60 of the ACL, but that is of no present significance.
The Court of Appeal agreed with the primary judge that s 16 of the CLA is a law of New South Wales that is picked up and applied by s 275 of the ACL to limit Scenic's liability under the ACL. Sackville A‑JA said:
"Section 16 prohibits an award of damages for non‑economic loss unless the threshold requirement of 15 per cent of a 'most extreme case' is met. It follows, subject to any geographical limitation, that s 16(1) applies to limit or preclude Scenic's liability for its failure to comply with the [relevant consumer guarantees] in the same way as s 16(1) would apply to limit or preclude liability for a breach of the contract between Scenic and Mr Moore."
On the other hand, the Court of Appeal disagreed with the primary judge's view that s 16 has no application to loss sustained outside of New South Wales. In this regard, Sackville A‑JA explained that:
"When s 16(1) of the [CLA] is read with s 11A and the definition of 'court' in s 3, the relevant matter or thing in and of New South Wales is seen to be the awarding of damages in New South Wales by a court or tribunal. In my opinion, there is no contextual reason for reading s 16(1) as subject to any other geographical limitation." (emphasis added)
Accordingly, the primary judge's award of damages for disappointment and distress was set aside.
In the Court of Appeal, Mr Moore reserved his position as to whether a claim for damages for disappointment and distress constitutes a claim for personal injury damages for non‑economic loss within the terms of s 16 of the CLA. That position was taken in light of the state of authority in New South Wales on the issue. That issue was not considered by the Court of Appeal; but it is pursued by Mr Moore in this Court.
Does s 275 of the ACL pick up and apply s 16 of the CLA?
Mr Moore, in challenging the conclusion of the primary judge and the Court of Appeal that s 16 of the CLA is a law that is picked up and applied by s 275 of the ACL to his claim, submitted that, properly construed, s 275 is directed to State and Territory laws that limit or preclude liability for breach of contract, and is not concerned with laws that limit the assessment of damages once liability has been established. Mr Moore argued that s 16 of the CLA is a law that governs the assessment and quantification of "damages" rather than a law that imposes a limitation upon "liability".
It must be said immediately that the distinction that Mr Moore seeks to draw is as difficult to appreciate as it was for Mr Moore's counsel to articulate. Importantly, Mr Moore's construction of s 275 is distinctly awkward in its attempt to downplay the significance of the reference in the provision to "recovery of that liability". Section 275 contemplates limitations upon both "liability" and "recovery"; the reference to "recovery" must be given effect. "Recovery" is readily understood to encompass the amount of money assessed as compensation for the loss for which the defendant is liable. Mr Moore argued that the reference in s 275 to "recovery of that liability" is apt to pick up only those State and Territory laws that limit or preclude legal responsibility for a wrong by placing a ceiling or cap upon the entitlement to recover for that wrong. An example of such a law was said to be that in issue in Wallis v Downard‑Pickford (North Queensland) Pty Ltd. It was said that s 275 is not concerned with laws that affect the quantification of recoverable damages where substantive liability for breach has already been established.
Mr Moore's argument sits uneasily with the ordinary meaning of the text of s 275. On the natural reading of s 275, the section is concerned to allow a State or Territory law comprehensively to limit or preclude both liability and recovery of compensation by way of damages for that liability if the State or Territory law has that effect in relation to other contracts governed by the law of the State or Territory.
Within the immediate context in which s 275 appears, the natural reading of the text is confirmed by s 267(3) and (4). These provisions permit a consumer to "recover" compensation or damages for failure to comply with a consumer guarantee; they plainly contemplate the quantification of an amount that may be recovered by way of satisfaction of the defendant's liability. The evident purpose of s 275 is to pick up and apply State and Territory laws that limit the amount of compensation or damages that might otherwise be recovered under s 267(3) and (4) of the ACL.
Other aspects of the context in which s 275 of the ACL appears provide no support for the distinction for which Mr Moore argues. In this regard, ss 281 and 285 of the ACL refer to a particular species of liability as being limited to an amount that does not exceed the sum of the amounts then set out. These provisions are plainly concerned with limitations upon the recovery of the amount, in monetary terms, that may be assessed to be necessary to extinguish the defendant's liability.
Mr Moore also contended that his argument is supported by the legislative history of s 275. He observed, in this regard, that s 275 of the ACL is similar in material respects to its predecessor, s 74(2A) of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) ("the TPA"), which was enacted to preserve State laws against invalidity for inconsistency with federal laws under s 109 of the Constitution. Section 74(2A) of the TPA was enacted in response to this Court's decision in Wallis. In that case, a State law that purported to limit the extent of a carrier's liability for a customer's lost goods to $20 per package carried was held to be invalid on the basis that it was inconsistent with s 74(1) of the TPA, which created "full contractual liability for breach". Seizing upon the circumstance that the State law in issue in Wallis imposed a monetary ceiling on recovery for each item of loss, Mr Moore sought to argue that s 74(2A) of the TPA and s 275 of the ACL should not be taken to have been intended to have an operation beyond the preservation of the validity of State laws of that particular kind. Nothing in the text, context, or purpose of the amendment of the TPA or the enactment of s 275 of the ACL suggests that either provision was confined to preserving only laws having that particular operation from the effect of s 109 of the Constitution. The legislative history provides no basis for the artificially constricted understanding of s 275 for which Mr Moore contended.
The evident purpose of the amendment of the TPA and the enactment of s 275 of the ACL was to ensure the application of State and Territory laws that limit the extent of recovery for breach of a contract otherwise governed by that law. It is difficult to see any reason why the purpose would be to apply State and Territory laws limiting heads of compensable loss but not to apply State and Territory laws regulating the quantification of damages recoverable. The extrinsic materials do not suggest any such reason for taking that course, or any reason why s 275 should not pick up and apply State laws, like s 16 of the CLA, which regulate the quantification of the damages required to extinguish a liability for loss.
Do damages for disappointment and distress constitute personal injury damages for non-economic loss?
Scenic submitted that Mr Moore's disappointment and distress is an "injury" for the purposes of Pt 2 of the CLA because it is an impairment to his mental condition. Scenic argued that a person's mental condition is impaired when expectations of pleasure, entertainment or relaxation in holiday cases are unfulfilled or dashed. In this regard, Scenic referred in particular to the reasoning of Brennan J in Baltic Shipping, where his Honour described "disappointment of mind" as "a mental reaction to a breach of contract" and "severe tension of mind and depression of spirit" as well as "mental distress". Scenic also argued that disappointment and distress constitutes "pain and suffering" or, alternatively, "loss of amenities of life", within the definition of "non-economic loss" in s 3 of the CLA.
Mr Moore submitted that his claim for damages for disappointment and distress for breach of contract falls outside Pt 2 of the CLA because the damages he claimed by way of compensation for his disappointment and distress do not relate to personal injury. He argued that a reaction of disappointment and distress to the breach of such a promise - a promise that had been bought and paid for - is a normal and healthy response to that disappointment rather than an impairment of the plaintiff's mental condition. It was said that the disappointment of a contractual expectation of recreation, relaxation and freedom from molestation is not "impairment" of a person's mental condition within the meaning of "injury" in s 11; nor is it "non-economic loss" under s 3 of the CLA. There is force in this submission.
Disappointment at a breach of a promise to provide recreation, relaxation and peace of mind is not an "impairment" of the mind or a "deterioration" or "injurious lessening or weakening" of the mind. Frustration and indignation as a reaction to a breach of contract under which the promisor undertook for reward to provide a pleasurable and relaxing holiday is, of itself, a normal, rational reaction of an unimpaired mind. In this regard, Mr Moore's claim for damages for his disappointment and distress resulting from Scenic's breach of contract can be seen as no more a claim relating to personal injury than would be a claim for damages for the indignation occasioned by false imprisonment or defamation. As was said in New South Wales v Williamson by French CJ and Hayne J, with whom Kiefel J agreed, while there may be cases where an act of false imprisonment itself causes psychiatric injury, insofar as an action for false imprisonment claims damages for loss of dignity and harm to reputation associated with the deprivation of liberty it is not a claim for an "impairment of a person's physical or mental condition" or otherwise a form of injury within s 11 of the CLA.
Scenic's submission invites this Court to elide the distinction between loss being disappointment and distress for breach of a contract to provide a pleasurable and relaxing experience and loss being disappointment and distress that is consequential upon personal injury. That submission is untenable in light of this Court's decision in Baltic Shipping.
Baltic Shipping
In Baltic Shipping, every member of the Court accepted that disappointment and distress "caused by the breach of a contract ... the object of the contract being to provide pleasure or relaxation" is a compensable head of loss separate and distinct from injured feelings compensable under the rubric of pain and suffering and loss of amenities of life associated with personal injury.
Mason CJ, with whom Toohey and Gaudron JJ relevantly agreed, took stock of the exceptions to the general rule that damages could not be recovered for injured feelings caused by a breach of contract, and described one exception in favour of claims for "damages for distress, vexation and frustration where the very object of the contract has been to provide pleasure, relaxation or freedom from molestation". That exception was identified as a category separate and distinct from a further exception, being a claim for "damages for pain and suffering, including mental suffering and anxiety, where the defendant's breach of contract causes physical injury to the plaintiff". In relation to the latter category, Mason CJ was at pains to explain that damages for pain and suffering consequent upon physical injury may include compensation for injured feelings, while the former category stands independent of physical or psychiatric injury.
Scenic's reliance upon the reasons of Brennan J in Baltic Shipping is misplaced. His Honour made it clear that disappointment and distress is compensable damage where no physical or psychiatric injury or impairment has been suffered. Brennan J referred first to the general rule that "where disappointment of mind is no more than a mental reaction to a breach of contract and damage flowing therefrom" that reaction is not compensable damage. His Honour then referred to the exception to the general rule where the "'disappointment of mind' is itself the 'direct consequence of the breach of contract'" and made the point that "[i]n such a case the disappointment is not merely a reaction to the breach and resultant damage but is itself the resultant damage". His Honour went on to say:
"[I]f peaceful and comfortable accommodation is promised to holidaymakers and the accommodation tendered does not answer the description, there is a breach which directly causes the loss of the promised peacefulness and comfort and damages are recoverable accordingly."
Disappointment and distress of this kind is not "non‑economic loss" under Pt 2 of the CLA. The text and structure of Pt 2 of the CLA are clear that non‑economic loss within Pt 2 is a head of loss associated with personal injury as pain and suffering. At common law, "pain and suffering" was understood to mean actual physical hurt occasioned by the accident or its aftermath; and damages for emotional harm were not recoverable unless a psychiatric injury was suffered. Similarly, the assessment of damages for "loss of amenities of life" invites a comparison between the ability of a person to enjoy life before and after the personal injury. But in the present case, no physical injury was alleged and no psychiatric illness was alleged to have resulted from the breach of the consumer guarantees in the ACL. The exception to the general rule relating to promises of enjoyment, relaxation or freedom from molestation, breach of which results directly in disappointment and distress, compensates a plaintiff for what he or she was promised where the expectation of a peaceful and contented holiday has been unfulfilled. The comparison between "the expectations against the reality" does not involve any reference to, or assessment of, an impairment to the plaintiff's mental condition.
The authorities on Pt 2 of the CLA
It has already been noted that the primary judge regarded himself as bound by authority to hold that a claim for damages for disappointment and distress was caught by Pt 2 of the CLA. The primary judge was not indulging in hyperbole when he described this result as "surprising". Mr Moore's right to recover damages for such loss was securely established by this Court's decision in Baltic Shipping. Nothing in the text of the CLA suggests that Pt 2 was enacted with a view to limiting the liability of a defendant for claims that do not involve personal injury as defined in the CLA. It is a strong thing to hold that the entitlement recognised by this Court in Baltic Shipping as standing independently of personal injury was abrogated by Pt 2 of the CLA, given the absence of any reference to that entitlement, in either the text or the extrinsic materials, and given further that the mischief at which Pt 2 of the CLA was directed was what was perceived as the excessive strain on insurance schemes established to indemnify defendants against their liability under the common law for loss relating to personal injury. The loss suffered by Mr Moore, and Scenic's liability to compensate him for that loss, have nothing to do with the mischief at which Pt 2 of the CLA was directed.
The primary judge referred in particular to the decision of Barr A‑J in Flight Centre Ltd v Louw. In that case the defendants claimed damages against the plaintiff travel agent for disappointment and distress in relation to an overseas holiday that was disrupted by construction noise and inaccessibility of parts of a resort by reason of the construction activity. The defendants had not claimed to have suffered any physical injury. Barr A‑J held that "the inconvenience, distress and disappointment experienced ... constituted non‑economic loss for the purposes of s 3 [of the CLA], being pain and suffering ... [T]hey constituted impairment of the mental condition of [the defendants] and so amounted to personal injury [under Pt 2 of the CLA]." This view has subsequently been applied in Tralee Technology Holdings Pty Ltd v Yun Chen, but Flight Centre was the first case to hold that a claim of the kind made by Mr Moore is caught by Pt 2 of the CLA. In this regard, Flight Centre was incorrectly decided.
Barr A‑J cited the Court of Appeal's decision in Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young and the decisions of the Court of Appeal in New South Wales v Ibbett and New South Wales v Corby as support for the view that disappointment and distress constitutes an "impairment" of a person's mental condition under s 11 of the CLA. It is to be emphasised that these were cases where the disappointment and distress in issue was claimed as loss consisting of, or consequential upon, physical injury.
Neither Ibbett nor Corby concerned damages for disappointment and distress for breach of a contract to provide a pleasurable and relaxing holiday - neither case was analogous to the holiday cases. The references in these cases to "distress" and "humiliation and injury to feelings" do not import the same meaning as disappointment and distress as understood in the holiday cases. These decisions were concerned with claims for damages for personal injuries. They do not stand as authority for the proposition that a claim for damages for breach of contract for disappointment and distress which is not consequent upon physical or psychiatric injury, but instead flows directly from a breach of a contract to provide pleasure, relaxation and freedom from molestation, is a claim in respect of non‑economic loss relating to personal injury within the scope of Pt 2 of the CLA.
When, in Ibbett, Ipp JA said that "anxiety and distress would be an 'impairment' of a person's mental condition in accordance with the ordinary meaning of 'impairment', as the word is used in s 11", his Honour was speaking in a context in which he accepted that anxiety and distress arising from an apprehension of physical violence is encompassed by "injury".
When, in Corby, Basten JA (with whom Beazley and Tobias JJA agreed) said that "to adopt a definition of 'injury' which did not include matters such as humiliation and injury to feelings ... is untenable", his Honour was directing his attention to an argument that aggravated damages fell outside personal injury damages. His Honour went on to explain:
"The general damages available for compensation for tortious conduct include damages for pain and suffering. There is no basis for limiting pain and suffering to physical suffering."
Insight Vacations was a case in which the plaintiff claimed damages for personal injuries suffered during the course of a European tour purchased from the defendant. The disappointment and distress suffered by the plaintiff was directly occasioned by her physical injury. The plaintiff was unable to enjoy the balance of her tour by reason of the physical injuries sustained in the course of the tour. Those physical injuries resulted from the defendant's breach of the implied term of the contract obliging it to render the relevant services with due care and skill. Basten JA concluded that it was "sufficient for present purposes to conclude that elements of distress and disappointment resulting from the physical injury in the course of the holiday, would have warranted inclusion in an award of damages for non‑economic loss under the general law in relation to negligence".
Sackville A‑JA reached the same conclusion, holding that "[t]he disappointment ... resulted from the [plaintiff's] inability to enjoy her tour by reason of the injuries sustained in the course of the tour". Sackville A‑JA observed that:
"Whatever uncertainties may arise in relation to the expression 'personal injury' in Pt 2 of the [CLA] ... in the present case the [plaintiff] clearly sustained personal injury in consequence of the [defendant's] breach of contract. If the damages awarded for disappointment flowing from the [plaintiff's] inability, by reason of the personal injury, to enjoy the remainder of her holiday, were damages that 'relate[d] to' her injury, they were 'personal injury damages' (s 11) and Pt 2 of the [CLA] applied in respect of the award of such damages (s 11A(1))." (emphasis added)
It has been seen that in Baltic Shipping, Mason CJ, in taking stock of the exceptions to the general rule that damages for disappointment and distress were not recoverable in actions for breach of contract, noted that one such exception was a claim for "pain and suffering, including mental suffering and anxiety, where the defendant's breach of contract causes physical injury to the plaintiff". Insight Vacations was such a case. The present case is readily distinguishable because Mr Moore's disappointment and distress was not occasioned by any physical injury. Mr Moore made no claim that he had suffered any physical injury or recognised psychiatric illness by reason of his experience.
In Insight Vacations, Spigelman CJ agreed with the reasoning of both Basten JA and Sackville A‑JA. This may have been something of a departure from Spigelman CJ's earlier view in Ibbett. In that case, his Honour had accepted that reactions such as disappointment and distress do not involve an impairment of a person's mental condition, at least where the reaction is not an aspect of physical injury. Spigelman CJ had said:
"The concept of 'personal injury' ... has rarely, if ever, been used to refer to harm to reputation, deprivation of liberty, or to injured feelings such as outrage, humiliation, indignity and insult or to mental suffering, such as grief, anxiety and distress, not involving a recognised psychological condition. (See, for example, Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon (1993) 176 CLR 344 at 359‑363.)"
This passage, which accords with the view of French CJ, Hayne and Kiefel JJ in Williamson, reflects a correct appreciation of the effect of this Court's decision in Baltic Shipping that a claim of the kind made by Mr Moore in this case stands separately and apart from a claim for damages for disappointment and distress associated with physical injury.
For the sake of completeness, it should also be noted that there is a suggestion in the reasons of the Court of Appeal in the present case that when Insight Vacations came before this Court on appeal, the Court accepted that this issue had been correctly decided below. In this regard, the Court of Appeal erred. This Court in Insight Vacations did not address those conclusions, and, indeed, had no occasion to do so given the issues before it.
Conclusion
For these reasons, the appeal must be allowed.
Mr Moore argued that s 16 of the CLA, construed in light of s 12(1)(b) of the Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW), has no application to his case because the disappointment and distress in respect of which he claims was suffered outside of New South Wales. It is unnecessary to proceed to consider whether s 16 of the CLA is subject to the geographical limitation for which Mr Moore contended. As has been explained, s 16 does not affect Scenic's liability to Mr Moore in respect of his claim for damages for disappointment and distress. That is the case irrespective of where that loss was suffered.
Orders
The following orders, which the parties agreed should take effect in the event the appeal be successful, should be made: