Martin v Ross & Ors; Martin v Vardanega & Ors

Background facts

1. I will cover the facts in five parts. The first part deals with the accident that occurred on or around 3 July 1996, and the common law and workers compensation proceedings that were commenced in consequence of the injury allegedly suffered in that accident. The second part deals with Julia Ross, and the individuals that have been involved in the Julia Ross proceedings. The third part deals with the 2020 proceedings. The fourth part deals with the allegations in Julia Ross proceedings. The fifth part deals with the allegations in Vardanega Roberts proceedings.
2. What follows reflects my findings across the matters of background.

The 1996 accident and the subsequent proceedings

1. On 3 July 1996 the plaintiff suffered an injury to her back whilst lifting heavy boxes. In or around 1997, she commenced proceedings in the District Court against her employer, Julia Ross and against the company where she was working, Gow Gates Insurance Brokers Pty Ltd ('Gow Gates'), claiming damages for the injuries and loss alleged to have been suffered in consequence of sustaining that injury. The plaintiff had been directed to that place of work by Julia Ross with whom she had registered for temporary employment. (During the course of the hearing in the District Court, the plaintiff amended the statement of claim to allege that the injury suffered occurred on 3 and 4 July 1996. Nothing turns on the precise date of when the incident giving rise to this injury occurred).
2. The plaintiff retained a firm of solicitors, Gerard Malouf & Co to represent her. Julia Ross were represented by a firm of solicitors, Vardanega Roberts - and they were appointed by its statutory workers compensation insurer, Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd. The partners of that firm, and a solicitor who was employed by them at that time, are the first, second and third defendants to the Vardanega Roberts proceedings. (Unless necessary to distinguish between the solicitors who are defendants to the plaintiff's claim, I will describe them as 'the solicitors').
3. By way of judgment delivered 16 February 2000, Acting Judge Boyd-Boland dismissed the plaintiff's claim - essentially on the basis that it had not been established that the boxes the plaintiff lifted at the time that she suffered her injury were unreasonably heavy.
4. In 2001, the plaintiff filed an Application for Determination in the Compensation Court seeking compensation in connection with the injury that the plaintiff alleged occurred on 3 July 1996 whilst she was working for Julia Ross at Gow Gates. The plaintiff was represented by the same solicitors, and Julia Ross continued to be represented by Vardanega Roberts - who, again, had been appointed by Allianz.
5. The proceedings in the Compensation Court were listed for hearing before Judge Burke on 11 September 2003. The plaintiff was represented by counsel (who is the fourth defendant in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings), and Julia Ross was also represented by counsel (who is the fifth defendant in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings). The sixth defendant is a Senior Counsel who appears to have been joined in consequence of him appearing for the solicitors in proceedings before Schmidt AJ - discussed below. As I have earlier noted, the motions filed do not involve the fourth, fifth and sixth defendants.
6. On the date listed for hearing, the proceedings resolved by way of payment to the plaintiff the sum of $9,400 as medical expenses under s 60 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW) ('WCA'). (In addition to the settlement - and as part of it - agreed facts were prepared, as well as admissions: it is unnecessary to describe what had been agreed, and admitted).
7. On 13 November 2003, the plaintiff filed an Application against Gow Gates for permanent impairment compensation in the Workers Compensation Commission. The injury relied upon was the one that was allegedly sustained on 3 (or 4) July 1996.

Julia Ross and those 'associated' with it

1. It is necessary to say something about Julia Ross - the corporate structure, and the iterations of the business, as well as those connected to the business.
2. The plaintiff was employed by Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd (ACN 003 758 709) - the entity described in these reasons as 'Julia Ross'. On 5 August 1999, Julia Ross changed its name to Julia Ross Recruitment Pty Ltd. In May, and later in August, 2000, that entity became an unlisted, but later a listed, public company. In 2003 it changed its name to Ross Human Directions Ltd - its current identity.
3. Neil Mitchell-Clark (the third defendant) worked for Julia Ross from around late November 1999 to mid-2005 as the Chief Financial Officer. For an extremely brief period of time - approximately 5 days in March-April 2000 - he was a director of Julia Ross. Mr Mitchell-Clark was also appointed company secretary in about April 2000. It is Mr Mitchell-Clark's evidence that he was unaware of the plaintiff's claim, emphasising that he had no need to be aware of the detail of what he described was a "routine matter".
4. Fergus McDonald (the fourth defendant) was appointed a director of Julia Ross in April 2000. The evidence is silent on when he ceased holding that role. It is clear from his evidence, contained within his affidavit sworn on 3 December 2022, that he had no dealings with, or knowledge of, the plaintiff's claim.
5. Frank Burke (the fifth defendant) was appointed a director of Julia Ross on 3 April 2000, and he ceased to be a director on 18 November 2005. Mr Burke was a non-Executive Director of the company, and he was not employed or engaged in the day-to-day management of its business activities.
6. Mr Burke suffers from Parkinson's disease, and he has been afflicted with that condition since 1994; and he is also currently suffering from Lewy body dementia.

The 2020 proceedings

1. By statement of claim filed on 27 November 2020 in this Court, the plaintiff commenced proceedings, claiming $48 million in damages, against six defendants: three of the defendants were solicitors who she had retained to act for her in connection with her 1996 injury; and three of the defendants were the solicitors who represented Julia Ross in the District Court and workers compensation proceedings - the same three solicitors who are sued in the current proceedings as first, second and third defendants.
2. The "Relief Claimed" was expressed in these terms: 1. Compensation for the reduction in my above average income and forced for the first time in my life to live in punary on a government pension and ultimately in public housing. 2. Compensation for my loss of ability to work and live a normal happy family life for over 24 years. 3. Compensation for pain and suffering for over 24 years and for continuing and increasing pain and mental stress until I die.
3. The plaintiff represented herself in those proceedings, and she drafted the statement of claim. It did not comply - even loosely - with the pleading requirements under the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW) ('the UCPR'). It is not easy to follow what is alleged. It is unnecessary to attempt to do so, to any significant degree at the present time. That is because the claims against the first, second and fifth defendants were summarily dismissed by Schmidt AJ by orders dated 23 April 2021 (Martin v Malouf [2021] NSWSC 415), and the claims against the third, fourth and sixth defendants were permanently stayed by Elkaim AJ by orders dated 10 February 2023 (Martin v Malouf [2023] NSWSC 71). It is also because that task was undertaken, relevantly here, by Schmidt AJ.
4. Notwithstanding that the pleadings failed to disclose the basis for the claims made against the solicitors who represented Julia Ross, they were explained in the written and oral submissions, and in an affidavit in support filed by the plaintiff, on the solicitors' application for summary relief. Schmidt AJ summarised and described the allegations in 2020 proceedings in these terms (at [13]): There Ms Martin advanced various serious allegations, including of Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart conspiring in 2003 with the other defendants to illegally remove her compensation rights against Julia Ross Personnel; co-operating in identity theft; perverting the rule of law to strip her of her workers compensation rights; conspiring to pervert the course of justice by conducting proceedings without her knowledge, approval or presence; fabricating a settlement and admissions; as well as perjury and forgery.
5. In particular, as against the solicitors who represented Julia Ross, Schmidt AJ made the following further findings about the claims that were advanced against them by the plaintiff (at 23-(12)): (11) The serious allegations which Ms Martin seeks to pursue against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart, with whom she has never had any professional relationship are properly summarised, she agreed to be: a. that all of the defendants commenced and maintained the Compensation Court proceedings without the Plaintiff's knowledge, instructions or authority and without her participating in any way in the proceedings; and b. that at some unspecified point in time the First and Second Defendants on the one hand, the Third and Fourth Defendants on the other induced their respective employees the Fifth and Sixth Defendants to conspire and subvert the course of justice in the Compensation Court in connection with the proceedings. (12) Ms Martin's evidence and submissions establish that her claims finally rest on opinions she has formed: (a) of documents which refer to her as if she had been present in the Compensation Court on 11 September 2003; (b) that there was no proof that she was aware of those proceedings, present that day, participated in the hearing or aware of the outcome; (c) that there was also no evidence that she had given instructions to commence, prosecute or settle the claim against Julia Ross Personnel; (d) that her signature was forged and that she was cheated of her compensation entitlement against Julia Ross Personnel; (e) that Gerard Malouf and Partners had failed to properly represent her in the proceedings in 2000 and did not contact her until December 2003; (f) that on 11 September 2003 the defendants conspired to pervert the course of justice by conducting proceedings without her knowledge, approval or presence; (g) that Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart may not have been aware of this perversion before the hearing, but had since December 2020 denied that perversion in 2003; (h) that Mr Petrovski and Mr Studdart prepared and signed documents in a fabricated compromise settlement of the workers compensation proceedings of $9,400, when Gerard Malouf had valued her claim at $750,000 in 1998; (i) that they had also fabricated her admissions and witnessed the forgery of her signature by a yet to be identified person, even though in earlier documents she had claimed that person to have been Ms Moroney, because she had been required to attend the Compensation Court to give evidence on 11 September; (j) that her counsel Mr Beale and Julia Ross Personnel's counsel Ms Moore had also witnessed the forgery; (k) that there was strong circumstantial evidence that she had later renewed her compensation claims against Julia Ross Personnel and Gow Gates Insurance Brokers in November 2003.
6. Having distilled the claim against the solicitors who represented Julia Ross, Schmidt AJ went on to consider whether the proceedings disclosed a reasonable cause of action. Having found that the plaintiff had knowledge of the earlier workers compensation proceedings that resulted in the settlement in September 2003 (contrary to what the plaintiff alleged), Schmidt AJ made the following further findings (at [27]-[30]): [27] When this is considered together with the serious claims which Ms Martin now wishes to advance against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart, on the basis of opinions she has formed of documents she first examined in 2020, that her claims against them have any prospects of success is impossible to see. [28] Nothing that Ms Martin has advanced provides any basis for the conclusion that they knew or should even have suspected that the workers compensation proceedings against Julia Ross Personnel, which it defended as it was entitled to do, were initiated without her authority, taking her case at its highest. Let alone that it was settled by her lawyers without her authority, with her signature on documents then provided to the Court being forged. [29] That the workers compensation claim brought against Julia Ross Personnel was defended on the basis of the findings made against Ms Martin in the District Court, also provides no support for her claims. That was a defence plainly available to Julia Ross Personnel in the circumstances. Nor does a settlement which effectively accepted that Ms Martin's further claim was estopped because of what was decided in those proceedings, apart from some limited medical expenses. [30] The result, a payment of those medical expenses and Ms Martin's costs was plainly of advantage to her, consistent with her accepting the agreed expenses and not at the time challenging the basis upon which they were obtained or making any other complaint about the settlement. Even today she remains bound by that settlement, having taken no steps to challenge the orders made in 2003 by the Compensation Court. [31] This situation simply provides no foundation for the serious allegations which Ms Martin seeks to advance against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart …
7. The dispositive conclusion of Schmidt AJ was then expressed in these terms (at [33]): [33] It is apparent from the evidence on which Ms Martin seeks to advance her very serious claims against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart, that even taking her case at its highest, she has no reasonable cause of action against them. In the result the case which they advance on their application, must be accepted.
8. Schmidt AJ ordered that the proceedings against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdert be dismissed (at [44]). No appeal was brought from the orders made by Schmidt AJ. At the hearing, the plaintiff advised that she had lodged an appeal "with the Gerard Malouf findings": T25.14 - which I take to be that she has appealed from the orders made by Elkaim AJ.

The Julia Ross proceedings

1. The plaintiff has commenced proceedings against seven defendants in the Julia Ross proceedings.
2. As with the statement of claim filed in the 2020 proceedings and the statement of claim in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings, the plaintiff drafted the statement of claim in the Julia Ross proceedings. The pleading clearly fails to comply with the pleading requirements of the UCPR (like the statement of claim in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings: see [32]ff, below), and the pleading itself is not easy to follow, nor understand (also like the statement of claim in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings: see [32]ff, below). There are similarities between what has been claimed in these proceedings, and what is alleged in them, to what is alleged and claimed in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings - for example, the relief claimed is more or less the same, albeit that a greater amount of damages is claimed in these proceedings.
3. So far as can be discerned from the statement of claim, the 'complaints' and allegations of the plaintiff appear to be as follows: 1. The directors of Julia Ross "between 2000 and 2004" allowed fraud "to take place and failed to exercise due diligence in the protection of my workers compensation entitlements and my legal rights as an injured worker": SOC, par 4. 2. The plaintiff then sets out - described by the plaintiff as "the prelude to fraud by Julia Mary Ross" - the various events giving rise to her injury to her lower back in July 1996, the claims that were brought in consequence of that injury in the District Court, and later in the Compensation Court: SOC, pars 6-27. Specifically, it is said that had "any party to the proceedings in the District Court … carried out an ASIC search", the plaintiff "would have been awarded the case": SOC, par 13. 3. The plaintiff discovered "a major fraud" against her, alleging that the proceedings in the Compensation Court - that resulted in a settlement on 11 September 2003 - were taken without notice to her, and in her absence: SOC, par 31. 4. It was the plaintiff's "opinion that the fraudulent actions against [the plaintiff] by Julia Mary Ross was financially motivated by her to conceal my personal injury claim against her company before and in the period when she was promoting the company shares to the public": SOC, par 41. 5. The plaintiff 'contends' that the "second to seventh defendants … would have or should have been aware of the first defendant's business dealings including her fraudulent actions" against the plaintiff, and that "they may have become part of the fraudulent actions against me by the first defendant by the Julia Mary Ross": SOC, pars 42-43. 6. The plaintiff has been "completely cheated and abused by the fraudulent actions of Julia Mary Ross and the negligence of the other defendants against me from 1999 and continuing and therefore seek aggravated damages in the sum of fifty million and four thousand dollars": SOC, par 45.

The Vardanega Roberts proceedings

1. The statement of claim filed in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings essentially seeks the same relief as the 2020 proceedings (see [22], above) - albeit that the lesser sum of $30 million is claimed, whereas in the 2020 proceedings the sum of $48 million was claimed.
2. As with the statement of claim filed in the 2020 proceedings and the statement of claim in the Julia Ross proceedings, the plaintiff drafted the statement of claim herself. As with the statement of claim filed in the 2020 proceedings and the statement of claim in the Julia Ross proceedings, the pleading is non-compliant with the pleading requirements contained in the UCPR, and what is alleged is not altogether easy to follow or comprehend.
3. The statement of claim was described, in the written submissions of the solicitors, as comprising "a series of discursive, rambling and incoherent allegations, made up of a mixture of contentions, submissions, references to (and extracts from) evidence, expressions of opinion and some statements of material facts" (submissions at [30]). I accept this to be a fair description of the pleading.
4. It appears, however, to involve the following essential allegations against the solicitors for Julia Ross: 1. The defendants "disadvantaged [the plaintiff] by representing or supporting the company" Julia Ross: SOC, par 1. 2. Due to the "negligence" of the defendants, the plaintiff was "cheated" of "her workers compensation entitlements and incurred costs due to the fraudulent actions of Julia Mary Ross": SOC, par 3. 3. That, in effect, the defendants allowed a "fraud" to take place, essentially by the creation of a "dummy company" in order "to corrupt the payment" of the plaintiff's workers compensation entitlements from the company she worked for when injured: SOC, pars 4 and 6. 4. There was a "failure of the lawyers" - amongst others - "to carry out or to reveal their ASIC searches on Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd": SOC, par 24. 5. The "Compensation Court of New South Wales hearing (11 September 2003) was held without my presence and without any notice to me before after the hearing": SOC, par 32. (The plaintiff alleges that her workers compensation claim at that time "would have totalled five million dollars": SOC, par 33). The plaintiff later described this as "a major fraud" against her: SOC, par 39. 6. That the plaintiff has "been completely cheated and used by the fraudulent actions of Julia Mary Ross … and her legal representatives against me from 1999 and is continuing and therefore seek aggravated damages in the sum of thirty million and four thousand dollars": SOC, par 58.

Dismissing or striking out pleadings: the power and principles

1. The moving parties seek orders under rr 13.4(1)(a)-(c) of the UCPR - it is essentially said that no reasonable cause of action is disclosed or is otherwise an abuse of process - and, in the alternative, pursuant to rr 14.28(a)-(c) of the UCPR - the same arguments are deployed and, further, it is argued that the proceedings otherwise have a tendency to cause prejudice, embarrassment and delay by reason of the manner and form of the pleading.

Rule 13.4 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)

1. The power to grant summary relief is contained in r 13.4 of the UCPR. It provides: (1) If in any proceedings it appears to the court that in relation to the proceedings generally or in relation to any claim for relief in the proceedings - (a) the proceedings are frivolous or vexatious, or (b) no reasonable cause of action is disclosed, or (c) the proceedings are an abuse of the process of the court, the court may order that the proceedings be dismissed generally or in relation to that claim. (2) The court may receive evidence on the hearing of an application for an order under subrule (1).
2. A purpose of r 13.4 is to "save the defendant from the cost, delay and vexation in having to defend clearly untenable proceedings" and to protect "the interests of the public in not having scarce judicial resources wasted in dealing with frivolous applications": Ugur v Attorney-General for NSW [2019] NSWCA 86 at [70] (White JA, Meagher and Brereton JJA agreeing).
3. The relevant principles that govern summary relief are well-established: Dey v Victorian Railways Commissioners (1949) 78 CLR 62, 84-85; [1949] HCA 1; General Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) (1964) 112 CLR 125, 128-129; [1964] HCA 69 ('General Steel'). In General Steel, Barwick CJ put the matter thus (at 129): The test to be applied has been variously expressed; 'so obviously untenable that it cannot possibly succeed'; 'manifestly groundless'; 'so manifestly faulty that it does not admit of argument'; 'discloses a case which the Court is satisfied cannot succeed'; 'under no possibility can there be a good cause of action'; 'be manifest that to allow them' (the pleadings) 'to stand would involve useless expense'. At times the test has been put as high as saying that the case must be so plain and obvious that the court can say at once that the statement of claim, even if proved, cannot succeed; or 'so manifest on the view of the pleadings, merely reading through them, that it is a case that does not admit of reasonable argument'; 'so to speak apparent at a glance'.
4. The Court of Appeal summarised the relevant principles in Simmons v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2014] NSWCA 405 at [196]-[200] (per Gleeson JA, Beazley P and Barrett JA agreeing): [196] It is not in dispute that 'great care must be exercised to ensure that under the guise of achieving expeditious finality a plaintiff is not improperly deprived of his opportunity for the trial of his cause by the appointed tribunal': General Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) (General Steel) [1964] HCA 69; 112 CLR 125 at 130 (Barwick CJ). [197] More recently in Agar v Hyde [2000] HCA 41; 201 CLR 552, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ said at [57]: 'Ordinarily, a party is not to be denied the opportunity to place his or her case before the court in the ordinary way, and after taking advantage of the usual interlocutory processes. The test to be applied has been expressed in various ways, but all of the verbal formulae which have been used are intended to describe a high degree of certainty about the ultimate outcome of the proceeding if it were allowed to go to trial in the ordinary way.' [198] Subsequent authorities have reaffirmed that formulation: see Batistatos v Roads and Traffic Authority (NSW) [2006] HCA 27; 226 CLR 256 at [46]; Spencer v Commonwealth at [24]. [199] In Shaw v New South Wales [2012] NSWCA 102, Barrett JA (with whom Beazley, McColl, Macfarlan JJA, and McClellan CJ at CL agreed) expressed the test for summary dismissal as follows at [32]: 'The question is … whether the claims in question are so obviously untenable or groundless that there is 'a high degree of certainty' that they will fail if allowed to go to trial; and whether this is one of the 'clearest of cases' in which the court may accordingly intervene to prevent the claims being litigated.' [200] Further, that assessment is to be made taking the plaintiff's case at its highest. The party applying for summary dismissal must accept the truth of all allegations in the statement of claim, and the ranges of meaning which the assertions of fact in the statement of claim are capable of bearing: Penthouse Publications Ltd v McWilliam (Court of Appeal (NSW), Priestley and Meagher JJA and Wardell AJA, 15 March 1991, unrep); Agius v New South Wales [2001] NSWCA 371 at [24].

Rule 14.28 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)

1. The power to strike out a pleading, in whole or part, is contained in r 14.28 of the UCPR. It provides: (1) The court may at any stage of the proceedings order that the whole or any part of a pleading be struck out if the pleading - (a) discloses no reasonable cause of action or defence or other case appropriate to the nature of the pleading, or (b) has a tendency to cause prejudice, embarrassment or delay in the proceedings, or (c) is otherwise an abuse of the process of the court. (2) The court may receive evidence on the hearing of an application for an order under subrule (1).
2. Where a deficiency in a pleaded claim is curable by amendment, the Court may strike out the proceeding.
3. When a pleading is "unintelligible, ambiguous, vague or too general", the rule typically employed in those circumstances is r 14.28(1)(b): Gunns Ltd v Meagher [2005] VSC 251 at [57]. The rule is also available when a pleading does not comply within the general or specific principles of pleading such as those set out in rr 14.6-14.20.
4. In my view to resort to r 14.28 is unnecessary because summary relief, under r 13.4, should be granted.

Introduction

1. The third defendant (Neil Mitchell-Clark), fourth defendant (Fergus McDonald) and fifth defendant (Frank Burke) are the moving parties: the third and fourth defendants filed a notice of motion on 5 December 2022 seeking dismissal of the plaintiff's claim against them; the fifth defendant filed a notice of motion on 1 December 2022 seeking dismissal of the plaintiff's claim against him.
2. The third, fourth and fifth defendants essentially argue that the allegations in the statement of claim do not disclose a reasonable cause of action, or are vexatious, because: (a) there are no facts which establish the cause of action against the fifth defendant - or indeed any of the directors of Julia Ross - either in fraud, negligence or breach of the Corporations Law; and (b) any claim is likely to be time-barred.

No basis to maintain the claim

1. I have earlier set out the key allegations - so far as they can be distilled from the statement of claim - made by the plaintiff: see [31], above. They have as their starting point the allegation that there was, arising out of the period 2000-2004 (or possibly from 1999), a fraud perpetrated upon the plaintiff, and a failure to exercise "due diligence in the protection of [her] workers compensation entitlements and [her] legal rights as an injured worker": SOC, par 4.
2. So far as the Julia Ross defendants are concerned, the allegations centre upon the plaintiff's allegations: 1. That a different entity - also named Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd - became the defendant to the District Court proceedings, which the plaintiff alleged was a "fraud" against her: SOC, par 6. 2. That, had any party to the proceedings in the District Court carried out an ASIC search, the plaintiff "would have been awarded the case": SOC, par 13. 3. That she discovered a "major fraud" had been committed - proceedings had been taken in the Compensation Court without notice to her and in her absence, proceedings that were ultimately resolved "to the illegal Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd" in the plaintiff's 'opinion': SOC, par 31. 4. That the motivation for the fraudulent actions was to conceal the plaintiff's personal injury claim against Julia Ross: SOC, par 41. 5. That the third, fourth and fifth defendants "would have or should have been aware" of the first defendant's "fraudulent actions" against the plaintiff and that "they may have become part of the fraudulent actions" against her by the first defendant: SOC, pars 42-43.
3. It is useful to note the following matters, before dealing with the substance of what has been argued: 1. The plaintiff alleges that her lawyers commenced proceedings against Julia Ross in the District Court in 1998: SOC, par 20. That is, on the plaintiff's case, the proceedings were commenced against the correctly named employer (the further company that was registered as Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd was only incorporated - after that time - in 1999: Exhibit B). The District Court amended ordinary statement of claim that is in evidence records the ACN number of that entity as: 003 758 709. (That is the correct ACN number of the plaintiff's employer). 2. The plaintiff failed in her claim in the District Court, essentially because she did not prove negligence - not because of anything to do with the name or identity of her employer. The reasons for judgment correctly identify the plaintiff's employer. 3. The plaintiff did not appeal the decision, and judgment entered in favour of the defendants. 4. The plaintiff recovered workers compensation in 2003 - an award of compensation was made in her favour on 11 September 2003. The application for determination identified the plaintiff's employer as Julia Ross Personnel', and the 'Wage Schedule' dated 6 June 2002 filed by the plaintiff's solicitor, and the Answer of the employer, correctly identified the plaintiff's employer as: Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd. 5. The award of compensation was made against 'Julia Ross Personnel'. 6. The plaintiff did not appeal or challenge the award, nor has she taken any steps to set it aside. 7. Schmidt AJ found, contrary to what the plaintiff alleges, that the plaintiff had knowledge of the proceedings brought in the Compensation Court at 23-(7).
4. Before me, the plaintiff explained her case in these terms: the plaintiff argued that the wrong defendant had been joined to the District Court proceedings - notwithstanding what was alleged in the statement of claim, par 20 and notwithstanding that the amended statement of claim correctly identified her employer (see [49(1)], above) - and to the Compensation Court proceedings, and that ASIC searches demonstrated as much. This had the effect, so the plaintiff argued, of denying the plaintiff her proper entitlement to either damages or compensation, or both. The plaintiff also argued that she was unaware of the hearing that was conducted in the Compensation Court in 2003, and it was resolved without her knowledge and consent.
5. In my view the issue concerning the potential wrongly named defendant is inconsequential. That is for the following reasons: 1. First, there was no issue in the District Court proceedings about whether the plaintiff had correctly identified, and thus sued, her employer: as I have earlier noted, the proceedings were commenced against the correctly named employer. Further, a review of the reasons for judgment of the District Court judge show that no issue was raised about the employer's "identity". In any event, again as I have earlier noted, the plaintiff's claim did not fail on the basis that the plaintiff had erroneously sued an entity that was not her employer: it failed on the ground that the plaintiff had not persuaded the judge that the boxes that she was lifting when injured were unreasonably heavy. 2. Secondly, in connection with the Compensation Court proceedings, the plaintiff in fact recovered an award of compensation against the entity which was accepted to be her employer - albeit, by that time, its name had changed to Julia Ross Recruitment Ltd. Again, as with the District Court proceedings, nothing turned upon this - evident by the fact that the plaintiff recovered compensation. 3. Thirdly, even if there was a measure of confusion about the precise name of the plaintiff's employer that arose in consequence of changes to the corporate structure of Julia Ross (in my respectful view, there was not), at all times there remained a statutory insurer - Allianz - that was conducting the claim on behalf of Julia Ross. That insurer was, ultimately, the entity that had the liability (if any) to the plaintiff in connection with her claims against Julia Ross arising out of the July 1996 accident. Separately, that insurer was directly liable to the plaintiff for any compensation or damages that she was entitled to, and it paid the compensation that she was awarded in September 2003. Thus, any change in the corporate structure (including renaming) of Julia Ross was incapable of overriding the statutory directive in ss 155 and 159(2)(a) of the WCA - namely, for there to be a policy covering the liability of Julia Ross under the WCA, and for any liability independently of it, and for such policy to make the insurer (in addition to the employer) directly liable to the worker.
6. Notwithstanding the above, as I have already noted, the plaintiff alleges that she has been denied her proper entitlement to damages and/or compensation, and the plaintiff levels a series of grave allegations against the director defendants - essentially that they engaged in a fraud, some 20 or so years ago, to deny the plaintiff her just entitlements for the injury and loss and damage that she suffered in the July 1996 incident. In the face of the disposition of the District Court proceedings - and why it failed - and the outcome in the Compensation Court proceedings - and the fact that the plaintiff recovered compensation - it is impossible to see how there could be any basis for such claims. That is particularly where the claims were conducted by the statutory insurer for Julia Ross (and the lawyers they had appointed), and not Julia Ross itself.
7. During the hearing, when invited to do so, the plaintiff was unable to pinpoint any evidence that might, even tenuously, support what is alleged, or be a step towards supporting what is alleged. All the plaintiff was able to identify - aside from her statement of claim and written submissions - was the fact that ASIC records show that there was, in the period 1999-2016 a company known as Julia Ross Personnel Pty Ltd that had a different ACN to the Julia Ross that employed her. The existence of that "fact" is patently insufficient to support what is alleged.
8. There is, in my view, no basis for (or a shred of evidence to support) the allegations made in the Julia Ross proceedings (as I have summarised them - see [31], above and as explained by the plaintiff - see [50], above), nor any step in the chain necessary to do so. Nor, in my view, is there likely to be: it is "possible to say with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is fanciful because it is entirely without substance": Ugur at [117] citing Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England [No 3] [2003] 2 AC 1; [2001] UKHL 16 at [95].
9. There are other issues as well, which the director defendants argued supported summary relief. One is "causation". If, as the plaintiff alleges, there was a defect in the naming of the defendant in the District Court then that occasioned the plaintiff no loss whatsoever. That is because, as I have already noted, the plaintiff's claim failed because she failed to persuade the District Court judge that the files that she lifted were unreasonably heavy: the claim did not fail because of the joinder of the wrong defendant, or some other technicality related to the joinder of the entity named as the plaintiff's employer in the District Court proceedings. The same point may be made in connection with the proceedings in the Compensation Court: the plaintiff in fact secured an award of compensation in her favour.
10. Further, if, as the director defendants argued, the plaintiff also seeks to advance claims in negligence or, possibly, for breach of the duties that each owed as directors of the defendant, it is difficult to see how the plaintiff could possibly succeed in these claims. To the extent that these allegations rest upon each of the defendants being a knowing participant in the fraud, then the position in connection with establishing that involvement and knowledge is not different to the "fraud" claim earlier discussed: there is, to my mind, no basis to allege this, and no evidence whatsoever to support the allegations. To the extent that these allegations rest upon omissions - that acting reasonably each of them should have been aware of the fraud committed by others (and putting to one side there is no basis to allege this) - there is a complete failure of the plaintiff to identify how each of them ought to have been aware of the fraud, and point to any evidence that might tend to support any aspect of that allegation.
11. In relation to the plaintiff's grievances that are anchored in her lack of awareness of the hearing in the Compensation Court in September 2003, and her related allegation that they were resolved without her knowledge or consent, it is inconceivable that these matters could be legally attributed to the directors of the plaintiff's employer when, as I have earlier pointed out, the employer was represented by solicitors appointed by the statutory workers compensation insurer.
12. In my view, like the "fraud" allegations, these ancillary allegations are likewise clearly deficient, without substance and disclose no reasonable cause of action. In this respect as well, it is also "possible to say with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is fanciful because it is entirely without substance": Ugur at [117].

The limitation issues

1. It is difficult to address limitation issues having regard to the allegations made, and the fragility of those claims. Mr Carolan and Mr Joseph fairly conceded that it was difficult - if not impossible - to do so in light of the way and manner in which the claim had been pleaded by the plaintiff. Each of them submitted that, almost inevitably, any proceedings against them would be time-barred.
2. There is considerable force in those submissions, but I do not think, in light of the way the matter has been pleaded, and the fact that in my view no cause of action is reasonably disclosed, it is possible to adopt a contrary position and determine that properly pleaded proceedings on those (hypothetical) causes of action would - or would not - be time-barred.

Introduction

1. The solicitors initially raised three grounds to support an order that the Vardanega Roberts proceedings should be summarily dismissed - namely: 1. first, the allegations are so devoid of merit, and so scandalous and vexatious in what is alleged, that the solicitors should not be put to the cost, expense and inconvenience of defending them - particularly when it is said, that it should be inferred that the plaintiff is impecunious (submissions at [35]; 36-(g)); 2. secondly, the current proceedings are an attempt to re-litigate the 2020 proceedings which were summarily dismissed - and thus an abuse of process as it amounted to a collateral attack upon the decision of Schmidt AJ (submissions at 36-(c); [38]); 3. thirdly, because the Court granted a stay of the 2020 proceedings (inasmuch as those proceedings related to a claim against the solicitors who the plaintiff had retained), the same considerations apply to the Vardanega Roberts proceedings (submissions at 36-I).
2. Ultimately, however, the third ground was submitted by Mr Philips to be an alternative form of relief available if the attempt to "relitigate" is found to be an abuse of process; that is, the proceedings could be the subject of an order staying the proceedings. In those circumstances, it is only necessary to deal with the first and third arguments advanced to justify summary relief. It is convenient to first deal with the "re-litigation" of the 2020 proceedings.

Re-litigation of the 2020 proceedings

1. The solicitors argued that the current proceedings "in substance" involve the same allegations made against them that were made in the 2020 proceedings and as those proceedings were dismissed by Schmidt AJ the current ones are "subject to res judicata and cause of action estoppel and cannot be the subject of further or fresh proceedings" or are otherwise an abuse of process (submissions at 36 and (b)). During submissions, Mr Philips confined the argument to collateral attack and abuse of process.
2. In aid of the abuse of process argument, reliance was placed upon what was said in Twigg v Pitcher Partners Holdings Pty Ltd (No 4) [2023] NSWSC 109 ('Twigg'), particularly at 22 - to the effect that categories where abuse had been found included where "a plaintiff seeks to make a collateral attack on an earlier judgment" and "the defendant in the current proceeding has been twice vexed over the same complaint".

Abuse of process: the principles

1. In Massalski v The Owners SP 90255 [2023] NSWSC 23 ('Massalski'), I summarised the principles relating to abuse of process in light of the decision in UBS AG v Tyne (2018) 265 CLR 77; [2018] HCA 45 ('UBS'), as follows (at [54]): (1) The "varied circumstances in which the use of the courts processes will amount to an abuse … do not lend themselves to exhaustive statement" or being "susceptible of formulation which would confine it to closed categories": UBS at [1] and [72]. (2) An abuse of process will occur where either of two conditions are met: "where the use of the court procedures occasions unjustifiable oppression to a party, or where the use serves to bring the administration of justice into disrepute": UBS at [1]; Tomlinson v Ramsey Food Processing Pty Ltd (2015) 256 CLR 507; [2015] HCA 28 at [25] ('Tomlinson'). (3) There is no inflexible rule that a party is precluded from relitigating issues determined in an earlier proceeding, but it might do so: Tomlinson at [26]. The question will be whether, in doing so, it would be unjustifiably oppressive upon the other party or would bring the administration of justice into disrepute - issues that involve a "broad merits based judgment which takes account of the public and private interests and all the circumstances of the case: UBS at [7], citing Johnson v Gore Wood & Co [2002] 2 AC 1, 31. (4) Whether the circumstances constitute an abuse of process is to be assessed in light of, and must take into account, "the procedural law administered by the court whose processes are engaged": UBS at [34] and [72]. (5) It is unnecessary, in order to establish abuse of process, that subsequent proceedings involve the same parties as the first one, or their privies: Tomlinson at [26]; UBS at [63]. It is also unnecessary to show a superadded element - such as collateral attack or dishonesty - albeit that the presence of such an element may demonstrate, or assist in doing so: UBS at [67].
2. In connection with a "collateral attack", consistent with what was submitted by Mr Philips and the decision in Twigg, I explained this concept in Massalski at [56], in these terms: A collateral attack occurs where a party seeks to challenge or impugn the result of the previous judgment, not through an appeal, but through subsequent litigation. That is, a party invites a court, in those later proceedings involving that party, to "arrive at a decision inconsistent with that arrived at" in that earlier case: Arthur J S Hall & Co v Simons (a firm) [2002] 1 AC 615, 743. In the end, the concept describes inconsistency, albeit of a fundamental and impermissible kind. In Hunter v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police [1982] AC 529, 541 it was said that it was an abuse of process to initiate proceedings in a court of justice for the purpose of mounting a collateral attack upon a final decision against the intending plaintiff which has been made by another court of competent jurisdiction in previous proceedings in which the intending plaintiff had a full opportunity of contesting the decision in the court by which it was made.
3. To determine whether the commencement of the Vardanega Roberts proceedings amounts to an abuse of process, it is therefore critical to ascertain: (a) what was decided in the 2020 proceedings; and (b) compare that to what is alleged in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings: it is only then that a determination can be made about whether what is alleged in the later claim, and what is sought to be proved, is apt to bring the administration of justice into disrepute, or whether it can be justified.

The 2020 proceedings

1. I have earlier identified the findings made by Schmidt AJ as to the subject matter of the claims that were made by the plaintiff against the solicitors in the 2020 proceedings: see [24]-[25], above. The key finding is the one made by Schmidt AJ at [13]: There Ms Martin advanced various serious allegations, including of Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart conspiring in 2003 with the other defendants to illegally remove her compensation rights against Julia Ross Personnel; co-operating in identity theft; perverting the rule of law to strip her of her workers compensation rights; conspiring to pervert the course of justice by conducting proceedings without her knowledge, approval or presence; fabricating a settlement and admissions; as well as perjury and forgery.
2. In my view, as the solicitors submitted, the current allegations - which I have summarised in [35], above - are not materially or substantively different to those contained in the 2020 proceedings, as found by Schmidt AJ. To the extent that there are differences, they are immaterial, and the product of the way and manner in which the plaintiff has pleaded each of these claims. I find that the claim is, in substance, the same.
3. To the extent that the plaintiff sought during submissions to suggest that, since the orders in 2020 proceedings were made, she "discovered" that there were differences between corporate numbers (ACNs) of Julia Ross, I do not accept that that is a basis upon which to distinguish between the 2020 proceedings, and the Vardanega Roberts proceedings, or provide a justification for them: the plaintiff at all times has been maintaining a position that the incorrect employer had been joined to the various claims that she had which had denied her damages and/or compensation that she argues she was justly entitled to arising out of the July 1996 injury, and it was clearly open for her to secure this material at any time.
4. It is, as well, important to emphasise that Schmidt AJ made a number of further findings about the 2020 proceedings: 1. It was "impossible" to see that the claims against Vardanega Roberts had any prospects of success: judgment at [27]. 2. That nothing that the plaintiff advanced provides any basis for the conclusion that they knew or should even have suspected that the workers compensation proceedings against Julia Ross Personnel, which it defended as it was entitled to do, were initiated without her authority, taking her case at its highest. Let alone that it was settled by her lawyers without her authority, with her signature on documents then provided to the Court being forged (judgment at [28]). 1. That the defence of the workers compensation proceedings on the basis of the findings made in the District Court proceedings was plainly available, and did not support any of her claims - nor did a "settlement which effectively accepted that [the plaintiff's] further claim was estopped because of what was decided in those proceedings, apart from some limited medical expenses": judgment at [29]. 2. The payment of the plaintiff's medical expenses "was plainly of advantage to her", and she remains bound by that settlement "having taken no steps to challenge the orders made in 2003 by the Compensation Court": judgment at [30].
5. Schmidt AJ concluded that this "situation simply provides no foundation for the serious allegations which [the plaintiff] seeks to advance against Mr Vardanega, Mr Roberts and Mr Studdart" (judgment at [31]), leading to the ultimate conclusion that "even taking her case at its highest, she has no reasonable cause of action against them": judgment at [33].

Conclusion: the proceedings are an abuse of process

1. Once it is accepted that: (a) the 2020 proceedings and the current proceedings are substantively the same - which I have found that they are; and (b) Schmidt AJ dismissed the 2020 proceedings as not disclosing a cause of action, then it might readily be thought that those matters, of themselves, demonstrate that the Vardanega Roberts proceedings are an abuse of process. That is what the solicitors argued - essentially, that to permit them to proceed further would bring the administration of justice into disrepute and, relatedly, that the advancement of the claims in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings would be incompatible with what had earlier been found and determined by Schmidt AJ.
2. Whether that conclusion follows, however, requires consideration of the orders made by Schmidt AJ and s 91 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) ('the CPA').
3. The order made by Schmidt AJ was that the proceedings against the solicitors "be dismissed".
4. Section 91 of the CPA, which deals with the effect of dismissal of proceedings, provides: (1) Dismissal of - (a) any proceedings, either generally or in relation to any cause of action, or (b) the whole or any part of a claim for relief in any proceedings, does not, subject to the terms on which any order for dismissal was made, prevent the plaintiff from bringing fresh proceedings or claiming the same relief in fresh proceedings. (2) Despite subsection (1), if, following a determination on the merits in any proceedings, the court dismisses the proceedings, or any claim for relief in the proceedings, the plaintiff is not entitled to claim any relief in respect of the same cause of action in any subsequent proceedings commenced in that or any other court.
5. In my view a dismissal of proceedings under r 13.4(1) of the UCPR would not be "determination on the merits", so as to preclude the plaintiff, by s 91(2) of the CPA, from claiming any relief in respect of the same cause of action in subsequent proceedings: Poulos v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (No 2) [2021] NSWSC 1620 at [33] ('Poulos'). Further, by its terms, the order made by Schmidt AJ would be within s 91(1): Land Enviro Corp Pty Ltd v HTT Huntley Heritage Pty Ltd (2008) 72 NSWLR 160; [2008] NSWSC 185 at [57]; Poulos at [26]. Thus, s 91(1) would only "prevent the plaintiff from bringing fresh proceedings or claiming the same relief in fresh proceedings" if the terms on which the order for dismissal was made otherwise provided. It is clear that the orders made by Schmidt AJ contained no term that precluded further proceedings.
6. In my view, notwithstanding s 91, the Court retains the power to prevent abuse of its procedure. The "power to rebuff an abuse of process is such an essential attribute of jurisdiction that it is properly described as a duty" and "judges have a duty to block abuse of process when detected. The protean nature of abuse of process may generate a band of remedial responses in which there is much room for the exercise of judicial discretion": Nominal Defendant v Manning (2000) 50 NSWLR 139; [2000] NSWCA 80 at [5] and [16]; see also the analysis at [65], above.
7. I accept, of course, consistent with the terms of s 91(1) of the CPA, the bringing of fresh proceedings, or claiming the same relief in fresh proceedings, following summary dismissal of a claim would not, of itself, constitute an abuse of process. But it might. Whether the "fresh proceedings" ought to be so characterised will inevitably depend upon the circumstances.
8. The plaintiff - rather than challenging that decision by an appeal - has simply filed a further statement of claim upon the same "cause of action" that Schmidt AJ held did not disclose a reasonable cause of action. No attempt was made by the plaintiff to explain or justify the decision to do so - except based on what the plaintiff alleged was discovered from the ASIC searches. In my view, what was said to be shown in the ASIC searches was readily discoverable by the plaintiff long ago, and in any event provides no justification for the "further proceedings" in substantively the same form that were dismissed by Schmidt AJ. Put another way, the Vardanega Roberts proceedings are simply a repetition of the previously flawed statement of claim.
9. To sum up. The key circumstances here are: (a) the 2020 proceedings and the Vardanega Roberts proceedings are in substance the same; and (b) Schmidt AJ found that the case sought to be advanced in the 2020 proceedings, taken at its highest, disclosed no reasonable cause of action; (c) no appeal was brought against the orders made by Schmidt AJ; and (d) there is no explanation - or none that I accept - to justify the filing of "fresh proceedings" in these terms.
10. In my assessment, to allow this to occur would bring the administration of justice into disrepute and would be unjustifiably oppressive upon the solicitors: it would vex the solicitors with the same claim that was dismissed as disclosing no cause of action by Schmidt AJ; it would permit, in effect, a collateral attack upon that decision, as was submitted, and raise the spectre of conflicting decisions, when any challenge to that decision should have been made by appeal to the Court of Appeal: Van Gorp v Davy [2023] NSWCA 43 at [17]. In my view it would be an abuse of process to allow the plaintiff to maintain these proceedings in those circumstances. That outcome is, I consider, reinforced by the guiding principles in ss 56-60 of the CPA.
11. In the circumstances, I propose to order the summary dismissal of the Vardanega Roberts proceedings. Although, during argument, it was suggested that if an abuse of process was found, the Court could stay the proceedings, I am not inclined to make that order essentially because, first, the orders I propose to make have the same practical effect; and, secondly, the notice of motion did not in fact seek that order.

No basis to maintain the claim

1. I now turn to the first argument raised to support summary relief - namely, that the proceedings are baseless, without merit and therefore doomed to fail.
2. In my view, the Vardanega Roberts proceedings are without foundation, and I am satisfied to the required degree that they cannot succeed such that it is appropriate to grant summary relief.
3. The "allegations" of the plaintiff were identified in [35], above. It is apparent, from the identification of those allegations, that there is considerable overlap between what is alleged in the Vardanega Roberts proceedings and the allegations made in the Julia Ross proceedings. The essence of the plaintiff's complaints are: (a) the denial of the plaintiff's "entitlements" in connection with the District Court and Compensation Court proceedings; (b) the failure to carry out ASIC searches by all the lawyers associated with the case on the plaintiff's employer; and, (c) the hearing in the Compensation Court being conducted - and the settlement of those proceedings - without the plaintiff's knowledge and/or consent.
4. I have previously dealt with the complaints summarised in (a) and (b), above in connection with the Julia Ross proceedings (where identical allegations are made): see [48]ff. That reasoning applies equally here.
5. In connection with the Compensation Court hearing proceeding, and the settlement being reached, without the knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, it is, in my respectful view, inconceivable that any "liability" for this could be sheeted home to the solicitors: the plaintiff was represented by a barrister and solicitor at the hearing in the Compensation Court, and the settlement documentation (in particular the document described as "Short Minutes of Order", which was signed by Judge Burke and resulted in the making of the orders made) was signed by the plaintiff's counsel. The barrister and solicitor thus each had implied and ostensible authority to bind their client (the plaintiff) to a compromise of the proceedings: Donnellan v Watson (1990) 21 NSWLR 335, 342; Owners Strata Plan No 57164 v Yau (2017) 96 NSWLR 587; [2017] NSWCA 341 at [172]. There is nothing in the material (nor, for that matter, alleged in the statement of claim), taken at its highest, to suggest that the solicitors ought to have been on notice of the alleged irregularity: Donnellan at 342; Yau at [172].
6. Given the state of the plaintiff's pleading, during submissions the plaintiff identified the evidence she relied upon to support the allegations that there had been fraud perpetrated upon her by the solicitors, as confined to two matters: (a) the plaintiff identified a change in the "ASIC numbers" of Julia Ross; and (b), a reference in a bill of costs related to Michael Roberts dated 7 July 2021 (referred to in paragraph 3 of the plaintiff's written submissions dated 21 February 2023, filed 24 February 2023) as follows (Exhibit 2): Correspondence, including legal advice, between Vardanega Roberts and Julia Ross recruitment (the insured employer) and scheme agents spanning the period September 1999 and 6 August 2004.
7. This material is patently insufficient to support the multiple allegations of fraud alleged to have been committed on the plaintiff by the solicitors for Julia Ross, or support any other action that is said to arise out of the "fraudulent conduct" set out in [35], above.
8. In my view, as the solicitors argued, the factual basis for the claim is entirely without substance, and they have demonstrated the high degree of certainty about the ultimate outcome of the Vardanega Roberts proceedings if it were allowed to proceed to trial. As with the claims against the directors in the Julia Ross proceedings, it is also here "possible to say with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is fanciful because it is entirely without substance": Ugur at [117].

Orders

1. For the above reasons, I make the following orders in proceedings 2022/295916: 1. Order, pursuant to rule 13.4(1) of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), that the proceedings against the third, fourth and fifth defendants be dismissed. 2. Order that the plaintiff pay the third and fourth defendants' costs of, and incidental to, the notice of motion dated 5 December 2022. 3. Order that the plaintiff pay the fifth defendant's costs of, and incidental to, the notice of motion dated 1 December 2022. 4. Order that the plaintiff pay the third, fourth and fifth defendant's costs of the proceedings. 5. List the matter (so far as it involves the first, second, sixth and seventh defendants) before the Common Law Registrar on 13 April 2023. 6. Direct that the plaintiff file an affidavit of service or, if the statement of claim has not been served on the first, second, sixth and seventh defendants, an affidavit to that effect by 11 April 2023, 5 PM.
2. For the above reasons, I make the following orders in proceedings 2022/296130: 1. Order, pursuant to rule 13.4(1) of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW), that the proceedings against the first, second and third defendants be dismissed. 2. Order that the plaintiff pay the first, second and third defendants' costs of, and incidental to, the notice of motion dated 5 December 2022. 3. Order that the plaintiff pay the first, second and third defendants' costs of the proceedings. 4. List the matter (so far as it involves the fourth, fifth and sixth defendants) before the Common Law Registrar on 13 April 2023. 5. Direct that the plaintiff file an affidavit of service or, if the statement of claim has not been served on the fourth, fifth and sixth defendants, an affidavit to that effect by 11 April 2023, 5 PM.

Amendments 30 March 2023 - Third Defendant's name corrected DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 30 March 2023