Jensen v Low & Davis-Low

The jurisdictional tests

1. Section 14A is clearly satisfied in that there are more than two trees rising to a height of at least 2.5 metres that are planted so as to form a hedge.
2. According to s 14B, the applicant can apply for an order regarding trees that are on adjoining land. Although there is a street between the applicant's property and the respondents', as explained in P. Baer Investments Pty Limited v University of New South Wales [2007] NSWLEC 128 at [1] - [7], trees across a public street have been held to be "on adjoining land". Morris C and Galwey AC similarly rely on this precedent in Gillis v Seferian [2011] NSWLEC 1199.
3. Section 14E(1) requires satisfaction of the Court: (a) that the applicant has made a reasonable effort to reach agreement with the owner of the land on which the trees are situated. While the respondents highlighted that negotiations had, at times, been difficult and acrimonious, there is clear correspondence from the last five years showing ongoing attempts to resolve the issue.
4. The next critical test is s 14E(2), which states: (2) The Court must not make an order under this Part unless it is satisfied: (a) the trees concerned: … (ii) are severely obstructing a view from a dwelling situated on the applicant's land, and (b) the severity and nature of the obstruction is such that the applicant's interest in having the obstruction removed, remedied or restrained outweighs any other matters that suggest the undesirability of disturbing or interfering with the trees by making an order under this Part.
5. Trees in the respondents' hedge are planted close together forming a dense screen with similar properties to a solid wall - nothing can be seen through it. This is different to the effect of scattered trees with open canopies that allow a filtered outlook to the landscape beyond, as would occur in the absence of the hedge. Although the respondents' hedge does not obstruct the entire view from the glass doors and windows along the front of the house, it fills the main central part. It significantly changes the outlook so that instead of having a view of the broad landscape, the applicant's view is dominated by a tall dense barrier directly in front. This is not an inner urban environment, where views are inherently more restricted. It seems reasonable for the applicant to expect broader views, especially when such a view was enjoyed earlier.
6. As Galwey AC notes in Ingham v Pettigrew [2016] NSWLEC 1002 at [39]: "I accept that the view obstruction caused by the Pettigrew hedge severely affects Ms Ingham's enjoyment of her property. The jurisdiction was enacted to address situations such as this. As permitted by s 34(2) of the Interpretation Act 1987, for assistance in interpreting "severe obstruction" I refer here to the 2009 Review of the Trees (Disputes Between Neighbours) Act 2006 (NSW). On page 39 the Review expresses the intended scope of Part 2A of the Trees Act (with my emphasis): The Court would only have the power to hear matters regarding: hedges which are both high, and similar to a wall in their visual effect. hedges which affect people's homes (rather than their gardens or other structures on their property). cases of severe impact on views and light …"
7. Due to the height and density of the trees in the respondents' hedge, central in the applicant's outlook, I find that they cause a severe obstruction of views from the applicant's dwelling and therefore, s 14E(a)(ii) is satisfied.
8. Different views are impacted along the length of the hedge, but the hedge as a single unit also creates the sense of a restricted and blocked outlook. The hedge is a single element in the landscape and treatment for one part of it will affect the remainder, aesthetically and physically.
9. The Court can then proceed to consider s 14E(2)(b) and the balance between the needs of the applicant, the trees and the respondents. This requires consideration of s 14F of the Act. 1. The trees are wholly located on the respondents' property and satisfy the requirements of the Act with respect to zoning. 2. The trees were planted more than 20 years ago, a few years before the construction of the applicant's dwelling. Photographs submitted by the applicant show that they were young, small trees which did not yet obstruct the view, when he first owned the property. 3. The trees have grown to their current height during the period the applicant has owned their property; (f) The trees do not have historic or cultural value. (g) They do not appear to provide any significant contribution to the ecosystem nor to biodiversity. (h) The respondents appreciate the hedge's scenic value and the private space it creates. (i) The trees provide some value to public amenity. (j) The trees' roots likely benefit soil stability, but they would continue to do so for many years if retained undisturbed within the large stone retaining wall, even if the trees were removed. Concerns by the second respondent about termites infesting the roots in this scenario can be mitigated by occasional professional inspection. (k) Pruning as sought by the applicant would have some detrimental effect on the trees, and I accept that the proposed pruning may severely affect these trees. They have not been pruned before. Reducing them to 6 metres involves cutting relatively young vigorous stems, where strong regrowth is the most likely outcome, but also involves lopping the older main trunks, which would have reduced propensity to regrow strongly. Notwithstanding this, provided they are not pruned too low and they are subsequently well watered, the trees are of a species, age and size that should tolerate pruning without unduly affecting their health or function. The guidelines of AS4373 Pruning of Amenity Trees would not prevent orders for pruning as the standard does not address hedging. Hedging is a common horticultural practice. (l) The hedge contributes to privacy, acts as a windbreak, and provides a perceived security barrier for the respondents' with respect to car hooliganism on their hilly access road, notwithstanding that the respondents' dwelling is far from their boundaries. I accept that removing them will extinguish this landscape amenity but find the applicant's reasons for restoring his view outweigh this loss of amenity. Regular pruning, rather than tree removal, would allow for retention of this landscape amenity, though I readily acknowledge that this would be more expensive than removal, both initially and particularly long term. (m) Mrs Davis-Low contended that removal or pruning of the hedge would reveal other trees on her property obstructing the applicant's views. While this may occur in the future, these other trees are currently sufficiently small, and lower down the slope, that their impact is minor. Unlike the hedge, they are also mostly deciduous. The only notable evergreen tree is the Cedrus deodara. It is about 30 metres in from the southern boundary, at a much lower level on the hillside, and thus unlikely to severely impact views. Of all other obstructions, the three Ornamental Pear street trees are likely to have the greatest impact, but this is likely to be only minor to moderate. (n) The applicant has offered in the past to contribute to the cost of removing the trees, but not to pruning. The respondents considered pruning a preferable solution as it allowed for retention of the benefits considered in s 14F(l). While both acrimony, and these different aims led to a breakdown of negotiations, the respondents could have taken earlier action that would have avoided the present predicament. (o) The trees are evergreen and the view obstruction is year-round. (p) The view includes the natural landscape, trees, cleared land and sky. (q) All viewing spots along the applicant's house have views restricted by the hedge. V1-V3 which are from living areas of the house, have severely restricted views.

Conclusions

1. Pruning or removing the trees comes at considerable expense. However, the advantages to Mr Jensen seem greater and I accept that orders should be made to remedy the view obstruction. Some trees in the hedge may represent more or less obstruction, but the hedge is a single component of the landscape.
2. As per s 14D(2) of the Trees Act, the orders will allow the respondents the option of pruning and maintaining the existing hedge, or removing the entire hedge and maintaining any replacement hedge if they so desire.

Orders

1. The Court orders that: 1. The application is upheld; 2. Within 90 days of the date of these orders, the respondents are to engage and pay for an AQF level 3 (tradesperson) arborist or horticulturist with all appropriate insurances to remove the 52 Leyland Cypress trees along the southern and western boundaries adjacent to the road; OR 1. Within 90 days of the date of these orders, the respondents are to engage and pay for a suitably qualified arborist (minimum AQF level 3) with all appropriate insurances to prune the 52 Leyland Cypress trees to a height so that the top surface of the hedge is no more than 6.0 metres above ground level, and are to maintain the top surface of hedge below 6.5 metres above ground level on an ongoing basis; 2. If the existing hedge is removed as per Order 2, replanting a hedge of a different species of tree along the same section of the boundary is recommended. The height of this subsequent hedge must be maintained below 5.5 metres above ground level on an ongoing basis; 3. The works are to be done in accordance with the WorkCover NSW Code of Practice for the Amenity Tree Industry.

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