Gomeroi People v Santos NSW Pty Ltd and Santos NSW

RESOLUTION 6 The issue in dispute is whether the Court's order under s 169(7) should or should not preclude the parties from adducing further evidence before the Tribunal on any remitter. 7 Section 169(7) of the NTA provides: Orders (7) Without limiting subsection (6), the orders that may be made by the Court on an appeal include: (a) an order affirming or setting aside the decision or determination of the Tribunal; or (b) an order remitting the case to be heard and decided again, either with or without the hearing of further evidence, by the Tribunal in accordance with the directions of the Court. 8 As Santos' submissions explain, most of the authorities on remitter come from the operation of the relevantly identical provisions in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) (s 44(4) and (5) of the AAT Act). We agree that the AAT Act authorities are appropriate to consider. The only authority touching on s 169(7) of the NTA is Charles v Sheffield Resources Limited [2017] FCAFC 218; 257 FCR 29 and that decision did not concern the issue now facing the Court. However, as with the remitter power in s 44 of the AAT Act, there was no debate between the parties to this appeal that, as a discretionary power, the way in which the power is exercised is likely to be dependent on the facts and circumstances of each individual case: see Civil Aviation Safety Authority v Central Aviation Pty Ltd [2009] FCAFC 137; 179 FCR 554 at [55] (Bennett, Flick and McKerracher JJ). 9 In the present appeal, all members of the Full Court made observations about the tremendous amounts of time and resources which had already been deployed by the parties in the first Tribunal hearing and determination process: see principal reasons at [241] (Mortimer CJ), [310] (Rangiah J), [318] and [395] (O'Bryan J). It is in that agreed factual context that we consider whether the remitter should be constrained. 10 In our opinion, the respondents' submissions to the effect that there should be some express limits placed in the Court's orders on the claims and evidence to be determined by the Tribunal have force. However, we do not agree with all the limits the respondents propose. 11 The Gomeroi applicant proposed orders to the effect that the parties be able to adduce further evidence. It contended there have been further reports and data, and new or updated analytical tools, in respect of the impacts of climate change which were not available to the Gomeroi applicant at the time it was preparing its evidence, bearing in mind the evidence before the Tribunal closed on 11 October 2021. In [4]-[7] of its written submissions, it set out the kinds of material to which it referred: The IPCC has subsequently published: a. AR6 Working Group II: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (27 February 2022); b. AR6 Working Group III Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (April 2022), and c. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 (March 2023). The following resources have been produced by governments: a. National Climate Risk Assessment: First pass assessment report (12 March 2024, Department of Climate Change, Energy the Environment and Water, Australia) https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/publications/ncra-first-pass-riskassessment; b. AdaptNSW has produced an Interactive climate change projections map which generates climate projections for change in temperature, rainfall, cold nights under 2 degrees C, hot days over 35 degrees, and high fire danger days, for 2020-39 and 2060-79 www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/projections-map. c. the ABS and CSIRO have jointly produced a projection tool that demonstrates what climate models are projecting for Australia's future: www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/projections-tools/; d. Internationally, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (a project of the World Climate Research Program, based in the United States) has produced the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 - https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/ - comprising over 20 new climate models, from which specific analysis can be generated. The private sector has improved data analysis to provide more detailed insights into climate change impacts. For example XDI ("Cross Dependency Initiative", a private company and part of the Climate Risk Group which quantifies and communicates the costs of climate change) produced data sets to calculate Gross Domestic Climate Risk (2023) https://archive.xdi.systems/gross-domestic-risk-dataset/. Additional computational capacity is also available (see, for example, Climate Valuation's Property Risk Portal https://climatevaluation.com/resources/climate-insight-tool/). Finally, the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) sector has also produced climate change effect prediction tools including the Climate Council which has produced the Climate Risk Map of Australia (2 May 2022) www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/climate-risk-map. (Original italics and emphasis, footnotes omitted.) 12 Santos and the State of New South Wales both submit it is appropriate for this Court to limit the parties, and therefore the Tribunal, on remitter to the evidence that was before the Tribunal on the last occasion. 13 We do not agree with the respondents' principal submission. The Tribunal engages in a merits decision-making process. The Parliament has reposed in the Tribunal the function of deciding, on the material before it, what is the correct outcome for the application by a negotiation party for a determination under s 38(1) of the NTA, there being three possible and discrete outcomes under that provision. 14 While the Tribunal is required to take into account the factors set out in s 39(1) of the NTA, the weight it affords to various factors, and to material before it that is relevant to those various factors, is a matter for it. There will be evaluative processes involved: see principal reasons at [338] (O'Bryan J). A decision-maker such as the Tribunal ought as a matter of general principle to be considering what is the correct outcome on the most up to date and relevant material available: see Shi v Migration Agents Registration Authority [2008] HCA 31; 235 CLR 286 at [37], [41] and [42] (Kirby J), citing Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd [1986] HCA 40; 162 CLR 24; and Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577 at 589 (Bowen CJ and Deane J). 15 While Santos is correct to submit that the error identified by the majority in the principal reasons was one of statutory construction, that error having been identified and the correct construction pronounced, the task of applying that construction to the evidence and material is not a function for the Court, but for the Tribunal. Like other aspects of its function, the Tribunal should be in full control of the exercise of all powers necessary to perform that function, including the power to receive evidence and other material, unless sound justification is shown on any appeal for restricting the powers of the Tribunal which Parliament contemplated would otherwise be available to it. 16 In considering whether sound justification has been shown, the importance of the constitutional separation of the judicial from the non-judicial functions, described by Brennan J in Attorney General (NSW) v Quin [1990] HCA 21; 170 CLR 1 at 35-36, must be steadily borne in mind in considering how to exercise the s 169(7) discretion. An order of this Court confining the Tribunal on remitter to the evidence before it on a previous hearing or review, where the Tribunal's decision has now been set aside, substantively affects the way the Tribunal can perform its functions. While s 169(7) expressly confers such a power on the Court, in our view, it is a power to be exercised cautiously. 17 We consider therefore that the nature and importance of the Tribunal's function in deciding on which of the three outcomes in s 38(1) is the correct outcome outweighs giving absolute primacy to considerations of cost-effectiveness and time-saving which might be apprehended to flow from this Court constraining the Tribunal to the evidence before it on the last occasion. Properly, neither respondent has contended it does not have the resources to meet any further evidence which the Tribunal may permit to be adduced nor did they point to any prejudice in terms of being able to adduce or respond to new evidence or material. The Court can and should assume that the Tribunal will be conscious of the context in which this further hearing is occurring, and of the time and resources already spent on this matter. 18 For that reason, we reject the respondents' submissions that the order should be in terms confining the Tribunal to the evidence and material before it at the first hearing. Nevertheless, Santos did make an alternative submission, which we have found persuasive. 19 The submission was that orders should be made in a form which cast a persuasive burden on any moving party before the Tribunal to demonstrate adequate justification for the receipt of new evidence and material by the Tribunal. An order of this kind was made in Negri v Secretary, Department of Social Services (No 2) [2016] FCA 1125; 70 AAR 238 at [7] (Bromberg J). 20 By the time the matter returns to the Tribunal, more than two and a half years will have passed. We accept the Gomeroi applicant's submission that climate science has undergone considerable changes in this period, including a different objective identification of what might, in 2024, be considered the most relevant, up to date and authoritative material. As we have said, any merits Tribunal should as a matter of general principle (and subject to any contrary legislative restrictions) strive to make its decision on the most complete and up to date evidence and material available to it. 21 However in the particular circumstances of this case, we consider there should be a clear persuasive burden on all parties, beyond the usual test of relevance that might be applied by a Tribunal, noting the Tribunal is not bound by the rules of evidence in any strict sense: see s 109(3) of the NTA. Before the Tribunal at the first hearing, the parties had made forensic decisions that the material and evidence they relied on was sufficient to advance their respective cases. Specifically, the Gomeroi applicant had made forensic decisions that its material was sufficient to advance its case about the impacts on emissions and climate change from the Narrabri gas project. As the respondents pointed out in submissions, all parties to the s 38(1) application were agreed on a construction about s 39(1)(e) which is consistent with the construction favoured by a majority of this Court, and the Court can therefore assume the parties' cases at the first hearing were prepared in accordance with that construction. 22 In the present circumstances, to make an order for an unconfined remitter would be in our opinion to pay insufficient heed to the forensic decisions already made, by well represented parties. Instead, the present form of order balances the important general principles attaching to the Tribunal's performance of its function against the realities of the size and complexity of the first hearing before the Tribunal. The present order makes it plain to the Tribunal that some appropriate justification should be shown before it permits any party to add to the already voluminous existing material, not only for reasons related to time, resources and cost, but also reasons related to fairness. I certify that the preceding twenty-two (22) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Chief Justice Mortimer and the Honourable Justice O'Bryan.

RANGIAH J: 23 I have concluded that the appeal should be dismissed, dissenting from the majority's view that the appeal should be allowed. The orders that flow from the appeal being allowed is a matter for only the majority. I certify that the preceding one (1) numbered paragraph is a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Justice Rangiah.