Gmitrovic v Commonwealth of Australia

Facts

1. The plaintiff was employed by the Commonwealth in the Department of Defence. In 2012 he was the Facilities Program Manager for Defence Support Northern NSW.

The investigation report dated 27 May 2012

1. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) at the Department of Defence received an investigation report dated 27 May 2012 concerning the plaintiff from a Policy Violation Officer within ICT Security Operations. The investigation report alleged that the plaintiff's account had been identified as using an Anonymous Search Engine to hide search activity on the Defence Restricted Network (DRN). It also contained an allegation that the user (the plaintiff) had been seen excessively browsing internet websites during the working day.
2. The investigation report referred to relevant standards applicable to staff of the Department of Defence, including the plaintiff. These standards included a prohibition against being "wasteful of time and Defence ICT Resources" (examples given included excessive use of non-Government sites); and a prohibition against using such resources "to engage in dishonest, deceptive or malicious practices" (examples given included renaming or masking files or the sender's identity to hide the true content or the sender's identity). The investigation report contained the following passage: "The use of anonymizers is a deliberate attempt by an individual user with the sole purpose of rendering them anonymous to network administrators and network security tools."

The referral to Conduct, Performance and Probation: 27 June 2012

1. Under cover of a minute dated 27 June 2012, Joshua Harrison-Brown (a Policy Violation Officer) and Michael James (Audit Manager) of ICT Security Operations reported the matter to the Conduct, Performance and Probation branch in the department for "review and action". The covering minute was marked for the attention of Jacqueline Stores. On receipt, Ms Stores assessed the priority of the referral and, to that end, filled in a form referred to as a "CAPM" (Case Assessment and Prioritisation Model). She assessed its priority as medium.

The appointment of Ms Pokoney as the delegate and Ms Mahoney as case officer in July 2012

1. Ms Stores appointed Ms Pokoney, Assistant Director of the Conduct, Performance and Probation branch, as the delegate for the matter. On 19 July 2012 Ms Stores allocated the matter to Kerstin Mahoney, an investigator within the Conduct, Performance and Probation branch, who then became the case officer responsible for its investigation. Ms Mahoney prepared an initial case summary which she forwarded to Ms Pokoney.

The notice of investigation in August 2012

1. On 23 August 2012 Ms Pokoney instructed Ms Mahoney to "proceed to NOI [notice of investigation]". Ms Mahoney prepared a minute addressed to the plaintiff, entitled: "NOTIFICATION OF COMMENCEMENT OF INVESTIGATION INTO SUSPECTED MISCONDUCT". The minute was reviewed by Ms Pokoney, signed by Ms Stores (in Ms Pokoney's absence) on 27 August 2012 and sent to the plaintiff on that day by email from Ms Mahoney.
2. The minute advised the plaintiff of the investigation into his conduct; the nature of the allegations (inappropriate use of ICT resources); the identity of the case officer; the potential consequences of a finding of misconduct; the fact that Mr Robertson would receive a copy of the minute and be notified of developments; and that the investigation was confidential. In the final paragraph of the minute, Ms Stores also encouraged the plaintiff to use the Employee Assistance Program if the matter caused him "undue distress".
3. The minute was copied "for information" to Keith Robertson. Mr Robertson was then the Regional Estate Development Manager of Defence Support Northern NSW and was, relevantly, the plaintiff's first line manager. Ms Pokoney explained the reasons for the minute being sent to Mr Robertson in the following terms in her examination in chief: "Q. Why would you send a document of this kind to him? A. Well, there's a number of reasons. Firstly, because the referral came from our ICT area, Mr Gmitrovic's work area would not have been aware, as far as we were concerned, that there was an investigation commencing. So there's the visibility of the investigation. It was also to notify Mr Robertson that one of his employees is undergoing this process, so there's a duty of care aspect, because it can be a stressful process we understand, but most of all its visibility, so that he's aware."
4. Ms Mahoney explained Mr Robertson's need to know in the following way: "It's very important that the chain of command within Defence, they have a protocol that their chain of command needs to be aware if there's any employees going through misconduct. Also the other thing is to let that person know that if they could provide support to the employee as well, because often sometimes there could be changes once a person has received notification, that they need support."

The notification of suspected misconduct in November 2012

1. Ms Mahoney prepared a notification of suspected misconduct which was signed by Ms Pokoney and sent to the plaintiff on 28 November 2012. In the course of its preparation Ms Mahoney consulted with the members of staff of ICT who had referred the matter to the Conduct, Performance and Probation branch because she needed their technical assistance to formulate the allegations to be made against the plaintiff.
2. The notification informed the plaintiff of the allegations against him and the relevant provisions of the Australian Public Service (APS) Code of Conduct. The allegations included the following: "a. between January 2012 and May 2012, you have accessed non-work related Internet sites excessively, averaging up to 1822 website visits per day (note this number contains multiple visits to the one site) (refer attachment c). b. you downloaded/uploaded unapproved software onto the DRN called an Anonymizer to conduct and mask your Internet search activities (refer attachment c). c. you have deliberately used an Anonymizer to hide a number of your Internet search activities, therefore bypassing Defence Network security tools. The risk posed to the DRN by your actions in allowing you to transmit and receive unsolicited data is significant."
3. The notification also informed the plaintiff that Ms Pokoney had been appointed delegate. Ms Pokoney described the role of the delegate in this context as follows in cross-examination: "The main task of a delegate is to decide, based on the evidence in relation to a code of conduct investigation, is to review the evidence and make an assessment based on the balance of probabilities, if a breach of the APS code of conduct has or has not occurred and if it is determined that one has occurred, to determine whether or not a sanction is warranted for those breaches."
4. The notification was also sent to Mr Robertson, for the same reasons as given above with respect to the notice of investigation.
5. On 12 December 2012 the plaintiff sent an email to Ms Mahoney in the following terms: "Only email communication please. I want to have a record of every communication with you."

The plaintiff's response on 17 December 2012

1. By email to Ms Mahoney dated 17 December 2012 and copied to Mr Robertson, the plaintiff set out his response to the matters contained in the notification of suspected misconduct. Ms Mahoney, who was on leave throughout January 2013, forwarded the plaintiff's response to Ms Pokoney by email on 7 February 2013.

Consultations from February to June 2013 between Ms Pokoney and ICT regarding the wording of a reply to the plaintiff's response

1. When Ms Pokoney reviewed his response, she realised that she needed to consult ICT, as neither she nor Ms Mahoney had sufficient technical expertise to assess his response without expert assistance.
2. To that end Ms Pokoney and Ms Mahoney met with Mr Harrison-Brown and Mr James (the authors of the minute referring the matter for review by the Conduct Performance and Probation branch) on about 8 February 2013 to discuss technical matters. After the meeting, Ms Pokoney formulated questions for advice which she sent to Mr Harrison-Brown and Mr James by email on 14 February 2013 after seeking advice from Ms Mahoney as to whether she had "captured the required questions".
3. Ms Pokoney's email of 14 February 2013 said in part: "In what is primarily a technical based investigation, I am relying on your expert advice on the best way to approach Mr Gmitrovic's response to the Notification of Suspected Misconduct. Mr Gmitrovic has attempted to discredit the allegations presented to him and has attempted to discredit the evidence that was also presented to him and I am unable at this stage, to ascertain whether or not there is any validity to Mr Gmitrovic's claims - I am therefore seeking your assistance. As the Department's ITC Security Operations team, I am very grateful for your specialist advice and guidance on how best I can address (and respond to) Mr Gmitrovic's comments. I have tried to compartmentalise the comments below, to assist you to see where my questions fit against Mr Gmitrovic's specific comments and subsequently respond from your expert perspective."
4. On 19 March 2013, Ms Pokoney, who had not received a response to her email of 14 February 2013, sent a further email requesting a response. Shortly after her email was sent, Ms Pokoney received a reply from Carolyn Bolling, a Principal ICT Security Officer, foreshadowing an imminent response. This was the first occasion on which Ms Pokoney had had any contact with Ms Bolling regarding the matter. Eventually, on 29 April 2013, Ms Bolling sent a response by email to Ms Pokoney (copied to Mr Harrison-Brown) which set out her proposed wording of the response, which was highlighted in maroon on the draft.
5. In early May Ms Pokoney and Ms Mahoney met with Ms Bolling and Mr Harrison-Brown about the wording of Ms Pokoney's "breach finding decision". By email dated 14 May 2013 Ms Pokoney sent them her draft decision for their review of the technical matters contained in it.
6. By email sent on 31 May 2013, Ms Bolling responded with suggested tracked changes to the draft decision. In early June there were further communications between them about wording and applicable protocols.

The delegate's decision on 6 June 2013

1. On 6 June 2013, Ms Pokoney, as the delegate of the Secretary, made a decision that the plaintiff had breached certain provisions of the APS Code of Conduct (the Decision). In a 19-page document she set out the allegations, the plaintiff's response and her findings. She wrote the Decision herself, after taking into account the contribution made by ICT. The Decision concluded as follows: "Given that even after reviewing the evidence available to him in relation to this matter, which included the Internet logs, I am of the view that the sternest of sanctions may be warranted as Mr Gmitrovic has displayed no level of appreciation for his actions and their potential ramifications. Furthermore, I note that Mr Gmitrovic has chosen to approach his response to the NOSM with arrogance and condescension. This is extremely disappointing, particularly given the advice I have received from out ICT Security expert staff and the fact that this matter was referred by our ICT Security experts (initiated by their detection of anonymizer usage). As such, and in considering all the facts of this matter, I am of the view that the termination of Mr Gmitrovic's employment is a sanction to propose commensurate to the seriousness of the misconduct."
2. After she had made the Decision, Ms Pokoney instructed Ms Mahoney to use the Decision to prepare a draft Intent to Sanction Minute. Ms Pokoney explained the relationship between the Decision, the Intent to Sanction and the Statement of Reasons as follows: "Q. Can you just tell us this, what's the difference between the delegate's decision and the intent to sanction? A. The delegate's decision is essentially just articulating my decision in respect to the breaches of the APS Code of Conduct and the evidence, and the intent to sanction has a minute covering sheet, it is essentially a template but it talks about the background and the elements of the code that have been breached and that sort of thing, and then it has a statement of reasons attached. Q. What does the statement of reasons draw on? A. From the delegate's decision. Q. Is it fair to say that they will usually have quite a close correspondence? A. Yes."

The Intent to Sanction Minute dated 3 July 2013

1. The draft of the Intent to Sanction Minute passed from Ms Pokoney to Ms Mahoney several times before it was ultimately settled by Ms Pokoney, who signed it as delegate on 3 July 2015 and forwarded it by email to Ms Mahoney so that she would, in her role as case officer, send it to the plaintiff and copy it to Mr Robertson. When Ms Mahoney received the final, signed version of the Intent to Sanction Minute she was already familiar with its contents, having regard to the collaborative way in which it had been prepared.
2. The covering email from Ms Pokoney to Ms Mahoney (to which the Intent to Sanction was attached) included the following: "This is a great one to get out."
3. Ms Pokoney explained her choice of words in examination in chief: "Because it had taken so long to get to a point where a decision had been made and we could communicate that to Mr Gmitrovic. I was glad to get it out."
4. Ms Mahoney understood these words as follows: "That he [it, the investigation] had been going for a substantial period of time and it was good to have a finalisation."
5. The Intent to Sanction Minute was marked "Staff in Confidence". Ms Pokoney gave evidence of her understanding of what the expression, "Staff in Confidence", meant as follows: "My understanding is that it's the need to know principle."
6. Ms Pokoney clarified her evidence by explaining that her understanding of the term was that it was up to the recipient to determine whether others had "a need to know". A recipient would not need to revert to the original sender to obtain permission before making the judgment whether those to whom he or she wanted to send the document had a "need to know". The original sender would have no control over whether a recipient passed on the information to others who might be adjudged to have a need to know.
7. Ms Mahoney drafted the Statement of Reasons from the notification of misconduct and the Decision. It was settled by Ms Pokoney.
8. On 9 July 2013 Ms Mahoney emailed the Intent to Sanction Minute and the Statement of Reasons to the plaintiff, and emailed the Intent to Sanction Minute to Mr Robertson. Ms Pokoney explained why the Intent to Sanction Minute was sent to Mr Robertson in her examination in chief as follows: "Q. Did the nature of the sanction that you were proposing also have any effect on whether he needed to be informed? A. Absolutely. Q. Can you explain why? A. Because I was proposing the termination of Mr Gmitrovic's employment, that's an employee under Mr Robertson's supervisory function, so essentially if Mr Gmitrovic was to be terminated from this point, Mr Robertson would have a clear need to know about that, in my view. Q. Was it standard for an intent to sanction to go to a first line supervisor? A. Yes. Q. What part of the intent to sanction did you understand would be provided to the supervisor? A. The covering minute. Q. Did you have any understanding about whether the statement of reasons would go to the supervisor? A. Typically they're not provided to the supervisor."
9. Ms Mahoney also confirmed her understanding of the protocol: that the Statement of Reasons is not provided to the person's supervisor.
10. That day, 9 July 2013, Mr Robertson forwarded the Intent to Sanction Minute to Kathy Shields, his first line supervisor (and the plaintiff's second line supervisor). At that time Ms Shields was the Director of Estate and Facilities Service in Defence Support, Northern New South Wales Group. Ms Shields explained why she expected to be told of the Intent to Sanction Minute in the following passage from her evidence in chief: "Q. Would you in ordinary circumstances expect to be informed of the existence and progress of an investigation into a person for whom you are the second line supervisor? A. Yes. Q. This may be obvious, but why is that? A. The department expects first line and second line supervisors to manage the teams day to day, deliver the work outcomes, but also make sure that general day to day HR matters are taken care of on an individual's behalf, or as a delegate on some of the individual staff supervisory arrangements, so this would be classed as some sort of personnel manager related to individuals, so the department would normally expect as part of routine business practice that we would either be involved or aware of it as it was a member of the team that we - who worked for us."
11. Ms Shields also explained that, as the plaintiff's second line supervisor, she was the person who was ultimately responsible for making a final determination whether a pay or salary progression would take place.
12. Ms Shields, in turn, forwarded the Intent to Sanction Minute by email dated 9 July 2013 to Peter McLenaghan and Kellie Naylor, who both had expertise in human resources so that she could be appropriately advised as to how to deal with the plaintiff. Ms Shield's explained that because it was not a "standard" Human Resources matter, it was outside her expertise and that of Mr Robertson. She wanted more detailed guidance as to what she and Mr Robertson ought do next as managers and supervisors.
13. At that time, Mr McLenaghan worked in Ms Shields' business unit (Defence Support, Northern New South Wales) as the Human Resources expert. Ms Naylor was part of a shared services Human Resources team (known as the Personnel Services Support team) within the Department of Defence.

The plaintiff's response to the Intent to Sanction

1. The plaintiff sent a response to the Intent to Sanction Minute to Ms Mahoney by email dated 26 July 2013 in the following terms: "Ms Mahoney I have reviewed decision signed by delegate Danielle Pokoney and I still have no reason to accept and agree with the allegations. I will seek a review of her decision as from the text it is clear that there is no evidence of breach of APS Code of Conduct. Delegate's decision is based on a mere speculation and hearsay which she and her source have modified since the original allegations were put to me in order to justify decision as I have successfully proved their evidence to be wrong - both delegate and her source have admitted that much openly, and recorded it, in decision. As such delegate has violated, among others, basic principles of Natural Justice. I shall vigorously pursue all legal options to find out what and/or who is behind this, and clear my name of imputations and labels that the decision is trying to impose on my name."
2. Ms Pokoney sent the Intent to Sanction Minute and the Statement of Reasons to Ms Bolling by email on 30 July 2013 as she had been involved throughout and had assisted in the drafting of the Decision from which the Statement of Reasons had been prepared. Ms Pokoney explained the sending of these documents to Ms Bolling in the following terms: "Q. Why did you send that email attaching the intent to sanction to Ms Bolling? A. It came from the content of Mr Gmitrovic's email which basically talked about not accepting or agreeing with the evidence throughout the process and because I had relied on Carolyn and her team's expert advice, I flagged it with her in case there was any need to provide a response."

The Determination of Sanction: 29 August 2013

1. On 29 August 2013 Ms Pokoney issued a Determination of Sanction which had the effect of terminating the plaintiff's employment with the Department of Defence on 2 September 2013. She drafted it herself but consulted with Ms Mahoney in the course of the process. It was sent to the plaintiff and also to Mr Robertson.
2. On 3 September 2013 Ms Mahoney drafted a minute of termination of the plaintiff's employment and sent it to the relevant section of the Department of Defence so that it could be notified in the Government Gazette.
3. On 3 September 2013, the plaintiff rang Centrelink and applied for a Newstart allowance. He filled in a customer declaration on 10 September 2013 which required him to specify the reason for "separation" (termination). As the information as to the reason for his separation was not forthcoming, his claim for Centrelink benefits was rejected. Ultimately there was a phone hook-up between the plaintiff, a Centrelink officer and Ms Mahoney, in the course of which Ms Mahoney confirmed that the plaintiff's employment had been terminated as a result of misconduct. The plaintiff subsequently provided the Determination of Sanction document to Centrelink.
4. The employment separation certificate was provided to Centrelink on 23 September 2013. Once it was received, Centrelink informed the plaintiff that he would not be entitled to receive the Newstart allowance until 16 November 2013, to allow for an eight-week income maintenance period. The Centrelink documents in evidence record that: "A decision has been made to stop your Newstart Allowance from 26 September 2013 until 15 November 2013 because your income is too high. This is because we are taking into account money you have received for a redundancy payment and/ or unused leave entitlements (for example, annual leave and long service leave)."
5. After receiving this information, the plaintiff decided to apply for a carer payment and allowance instead. When filling in the claim form, the plaintiff represented that he provided additional care to his mother because of her disability or medical condition; that he provided this care seven days a week; and that he had started to provide the care in January 2009. The plaintiff signed and dated the claim form 22 October 2013. He represented, in support of the claim, that he provided personal care to his mother for at least the equivalent of a working day, each day. As a result, the plaintiff received a carer's payment and allowance from 15 October 2013.

Proceedings in the Fair Work Commission

1. In about September 2013 the plaintiff consulted a solicitor, Mr McArdle, who advised him about making an application to the Fair Work Commission (the Commission). On 20 September 2013 the plaintiff applied to the Commission for an unfair dismissal remedy for the termination of his employment with the Commonwealth. Although Mr McArdle was initially on the record as the plaintiff's solicitor in those proceedings, he ceased to act at a relatively early stage. The plaintiff represented himself in those proceedings thereafter.
2. The plaintiff tendered, in evidence in the present proceedings, Ms Pokoney's witness statement dated 3 February 2014 from the proceedings in the Commission, to which were annexed several documents, many of which are also in evidence in these proceedings. The plaintiff's application in the Commission was heard over two days: 5 and 7 March 2014. On 13 June 2014 Senior Deputy President Hamberger found that the plaintiff's dismissal was harsh, unjust and unreasonable.
3. There was a further hearing in the Commission on 10 July 2014 for the purpose of hearing evidence and argument on an appropriate remedy. The transcript of the hearing on that day indicated that the hearing took about twenty minutes. In the course of the hearing, the Senior Deputy President asked questions, which the plaintiff answered as follows: "Q. Have you sought any paid employment since your dismissal? A. I actually did have intentions but my mother's illness did not allow me the time as I had to commit to her as well. Q. What's the answer? You're saying the answer is no you haven't sought any paid employment? A. Yes."
4. The plaintiff admitted in the hearing in the Commission that he would probably have become a full-time carer for his mother at some time and expected to remain in that role until her death.
5. On 31 July 2014 Senior Deputy President Hamberger delivered reasons for his decision to award compensation equivalent to 16 weeks' salary (less deductions for failure to mitigate) of $22,798.08.
6. On 12 August 2014 the plaintiff wrote to the Department of Defence and sought $1.7m in compensation.
7. In late October 2014 the plaintiff consulted lawyers for the first time with a view to obtaining advice about suing the Commonwealth for damages for defamation.
8. By the time the plaintiff filed the statement of claim in these proceedings on 5 November 2014 he realised that he needed an extension of time. Accordingly, he filed a notice of motion on the same date seeking an extension of time.
9. In his notice of motion (which has been admitted as forming part of his evidence), the plaintiff said: "Given the severity of allegations and imputations, which included that I was dishonest and may have been acting treacherously by sending information over the internet, I found it unreasonable to claim defamation unless I first prove that the allegations are false. Favourable FWC [Fair Work Commission] decision was published on 13 June 2014, and the final remedy session was held on 10 July 2014. . . . "As a primary carer I simply had neither the financial resources nor time to prepare two legally different cases at the same time as that requires the time to study and understand the laws I have never had to consider before in my life. I also felt important to address it in FWC both due to short time frame for submission to FWC after dismissal, and because I felt that I need to prove the whole case being a shamble and a disgrace. In my opinion this is a simple and clear matter of an unprovoked attack on my integrity and reputation, and I would like to request the extension of time to submit by Statement of Claim based on my reasons above."

The limitation issue

1. Section 14B of the Limitation Act provides that a cause of action for defamation is not maintainable if brought after the end of a limitation period of one year running from the date of the publication of the matter complained of. The matter complained of was first published on 3 July 2013. Accordingly, the limitation period expired on 2 July 2014. The proceedings were not commenced until 5 November 2014. The plaintiff requires an extension of time under s 56A to that date if the proceedings are to be maintainable.
2. Section 56A of the Limitation Act provides: "Extension of limitation period by court (1) A person claiming to have a cause of action for defamation may apply to the court for an order extending the limitation period for the cause of action. (2) A court must, if satisfied that it was not reasonable in the circumstances for the plaintiff to have commenced an action in relation to the matter complained of within 1 year from the date of the publication, extend the limitation period mentioned in section 14B to a period of up to 3 years running from the date of the publication. (3) A court may not order the extension of the limitation period for a cause of action for defamation other than in the circumstances specified in subsection (2)."
3. In his email of 26 July 2013 the plaintiff expressed his intention to "vigorously pursue all legal options" and "clear [his] name of imputations". I do not accept the plaintiff's denial that he was not at that time thinking of defamation proceedings in light of the language of the email and his admission that, as at that time, he "knew" that he had been defamed. However, the plaintiff did not consult a lawyer to advise him about suing for damages for defamation until about late October 2014.
4. Mr Richardson of counsel, who appeared on behalf of the defendants, put to the plaintiff in cross-examination that he could have commenced defamation proceedings at any time in 2013 or 2014 after publication of the matter complained of. The plaintiff said: "I could not because I did not have the time to allocate to that because I was already at the Fair Work Commission and I was jobless, I had no money and I had to care of my mother, so I had enough on my plate as it was to dedicate myself to another concurrent legal case. I just didn't have the power, power for that."
5. The plaintiff admitted that the preparation of his statement of claim in the present proceedings took a couple of days. He said that he had to choose what to do first: bring a claim in the Commission, or commence his defamation proceedings. He said that he did not commence the defamation proceedings because he did not have "the time and the money". He appreciated that a claim in the Commission had to be brought within 30 days of the date of dismissal. At that time he did not realise that there was a time limit on the bringing of defamation proceedings and did not check the law to ascertain whether there was any such limit.
6. The plaintiff admitted that there was nothing stopping him from commencing defamation proceedings in the period from mid-June 2014 until 5 November 2014 when he in fact commenced the proceedings.
7. I do not accept that the plaintiff was not contemplating defamation proceedings when he sent the email of 26 July 2013; the language is apt to the cause of action. The word "imputation" is one which is particularly apposite to the tort; as is the reference to reputation.
8. The burden imposed on the plaintiff by s 56A of the Limitation Act is that he is required to establish that it was not reasonable for him to commence proceedings within the first year of publication.
9. I am satisfied that, had the plaintiff appreciated that there was a time limit, he would have given sufficient priority to filing the statement of claim, notwithstanding his other commitments to his mother or to the commencement, preparation for and conduct of the proceedings in the Commission. His ignorance of the time limit does not mean that it was not reasonable for him to commence proceedings within the first year of publication: see the summary of principles in Noonan v MacLennan [2010] QCA 50; [2010] 2 Qd R 537 at [19]-[23] per Keane JA. He became aware of the publication on 9 July 2013. It took him about two days to draft the statement of claim. Even if he had been so caught up in the Commission proceedings until he succeeded on liability on 13 June 2014, there was still time within which to draft the defamation proceedings before the year was up.
10. The time limit in s 14B and the terms of s 56A do not have the effect of permitting potential plaintiffs not to inform themselves of the applicable time limit or to give priority to other demands on their time. In my view, the plaintiff took his time to commence defamation proceedings because he did not appreciate that there was a time limit. Had he investigated whether there was a limitation period he would have discovered that there was and found the time before the year was up to draft the statement of claim.
11. In my view, the plaintiff has not discharged the burden of proving that it was not reasonable for him to commence proceedings within the year. Accordingly, his cause of action in defamation is not maintainable and there must be judgment entered for the defendants.
12. However, for completeness, I am obliged to make all relevant findings of fact and law, having heard the matter as trial judge.

The matter complained of

1. The matter complained of comprises the Intent to Sanction Minute and the Statement of Reasons. As can be seen from the narrative set out above, six people received part or all of the matter complained of. The table below lists those who received it; the role of each recipient; what they received; and when and from whom they received it. Person Role Date of receipt/ sender's identity Intent to Sanction Minute received Statement of Reasons received Ms Mahoney Case officer and investigator 3 July 2013/ Ms Pokoney Yes Yes, and saw it in the course of its preparation in which she was involved. Mr Robertson Plaintiff's first level supervisor 9 July 2013/ Ms Mahoney Yes No Ms Shields Mr Robertson's first level supervisor; plaintiff's second level supervisor 9 July 2013/ Mr Robertson Yes No Mr McLenaghan Expert in Human Resources 9 July 2013/ Ms Shields Yes No Ms Naylor Expert in Human Resources 9 July 2013/ Ms Shields Yes No Ms Bolling Principal ICT Security Officer involved in investigation and responses 30 July 2013 Yes Yes

1. The allegation that the defendants published any part of the matter complained of to Centrelink was specifically withdrawn by the plaintiff. Accordingly it is only necessary to address publication as set out in the table above.
2. It is not necessary to reproduce the matter complained of in its entirety for the purposes of these reasons. It is, however, necessary to extract at least those passages which are said to give rise to the imputations alleged. Of the six recipients, only Ms Bolling and Ms Mahoney (who was involved in its preparation) received the Statement of Reasons. Accordingly, a distinction must be made between the contents of the Intent to Sanction Minute and the Statement of Reasons.

The Intent to Sanction Minute ". . . Breach of the APS Code of Conduct 2. An investigation was undertaken into allegations that you had inappropriately used the Defence Restricted Network (DRN), specifically by accessing anonymous search engines (Anonymizers) to hide your search activities and excessively using the Internet. Upon review of the material provided to me in relation to this matter, including your response to the Notification of Suspected Misconduct, as Delegate of the Secretary, I have determined that you have breached the Code. I have attached a statement of reasons supporting my decision (see Attachment A). 3. Having consideration to your actions, your role within the organisation and the obligations under the established Defence ICT policies; I have determined that you have breached the following specific elements of the Code contained within Section 13 of the Public Service Act 1999 (the Act): [provisions identified] … 6. After reviewing the evidence and information/advice available to me in relation to this matter, I am of the view that the sternest of sanctions may be warranted, particularly as you have not displayed any level of appreciation for you [sic] actions or the potential ramifications of your actions. 7. Furthermore, I note that you have chosen to approach your response to the NOSM with a sense of arrogance and condescension. This is extremely disappointing, particularly given the advice I have received from ICT Security Operations (our ICT technical experts), and the fact that this matter was referred to CPP by the Department's ICT Security Operations Directorate (as this matter was initiated by their detection of your anonymizer use). 8. I feel the sanction that I propose must communicate the seriousness with which the Department views your actions and address the significant risk your actions have posed to the Defence Restricted Network. The sanctions must also be stern enough to clearly articulate the seriousness of this process and the fundamental need for you to respect, understand and most importantly comply, with departmental requirements. 9. I also feel that the sanction must communicate to the broader Department that such behaviour is not acceptable and will not be tolerated by the Department of Defence. As such, and in considering all the facts of this matter, I am presently of the view that the termination of your employment is commensurate to the seriousness of the misconduct and is therefore the appropriate sanction to propose. Opportunity to Comment on Sanction 10. Before I make a final decision, subject to any comment you might wish to make, I seek your comments on the following issues: b. whether a sanction is warranted in this matter; and/or c. the level of sanction that should apply; and/or d. any mitigating circumstances that should be considered; and/or e. any other matters(s) that you consider relevant to the imposition of a sanction."

The Statement of Reasons ". . . Reasons(s) 6. My reasons are: a. I note that you spent much of your response to the NOSM [Notice of Suspected Misconduct] questioning the evidence that I have received and have relied upon. Whilst I appreciate that the 1822 average figure appears to be incorrect, I remain of the view that the excessiveness of your internet browsing activity remains a valid allegation to have presented to you. b. I am disappointed that you have chosen to present your response to this allegation with such an arrogance and condescension. Rather than actually responding to the allegation, providing any sort of mitigation/explanation or demonstrating any sort of remorse for your actions, I am saddened that you have instead focussed on arguing the calculation of the 1822 figure (which I appreciate may not be correct), and have not appeared to accept any level of responsibility or sort to remedy your actions. . . . [Extract from document entitled "Anonymizers and the threats they pose] In general terms, an anonymizer allows a user to view more than normally permitted on the Internet through their DRN account, while hiding the activities that the user is performing. This raises significant concerns regarding the user's activity and motivations, while preventing the ability to monitor activity against careless or malicious factors, possibly including but not limited to: Uploading sensitive data from the DRN to direct unclassified sources. Discussing classified information through the means of chat, blogs, and social media sites. Viewing inappropriate material. Visiting websites that are potentially harmful to the Defence Network. . . . j. Such activity in accessing these sites, from my understanding and the advice I have received from ICT Security Operations, is deliberate and calculated. Such activity is undertaken to deliberately ensure that Defence cannot detect or identify what activities you are performing whilst accessing those sites - therefore hiding your internet activity/searches. I view such action as deceptive and dishonest k. The fact that you also went to the effort of deleting your system cookies at the end of each day (something which I am advised is not automatically done on DRN workstations) lends me to the view that you have been engaging in deceptive conduct, specifically in relation to your DRN use (and misuse). It appears to me that you utilised your IT capabilities to attempt to mask your internet activities and "cover your tracks". . . . b. It is also my view that given you have gone to the effort of deleting your cookies at the end of each day, you have actively utilised your IT knowledge and technical understanding to engage in activities of deception, which are forbidden by Departmental policies, and have taken calculated steps to avoid your actions being detected. . . . Comments 12. I have relied heavily on the technical advice I have received from ICT Security Operations in making my determination in relation to this allegation. This is because I do not have the expertise to obtain and confidently analyse the data provided by National ICT Security Operations, Investigations Support term (as our Departmental IT technical experts). I am however confident and willing to utilise the expert advice I have received in making a determination of this matter. Therefore, I do find that you have accessed anonymous search proxy's (generically referred to as anonymizers) to conduct and mask your internet search activities. This activity is not only deceptive and a breach of Departmental policy, it is also a significant security risk to the DRN (as outlined above). . . . ALLEGATION C: you have deliberately used an Anonymizer to hide a number of your Internet search activities, therefore bypassing Defence Network security tools. The risk posed to the DRN by your actions in allowing you to transmit and receive unsolicited data is significant. Finding 15. I have determined on the balance of probabilities that you have, in this instance, breached the APS Code of Conduct. . . . …The use of anonymizers is a deliberate attempt by an individual user with the sole purpose of rendering them anonymous to network administrators and network security tools. It is activity contrary to DI(G) CIS - 6-1-001 as it may contravene the appropriate use of Defence ICT resources in some or all of the following: Para 20 c - Has the potential to affect national security or military operations e.g. by discussing Defence activities on the internet without detection. Para 20 d - Creates an impost on the Commonwealth e.g. is wasteful of ICT resources. Para 20 e - Adversely impacts Defence business activity e.g. it carries the risk of allowing entry of malicious software that could adversely affect the operation of the DRN. Para 20 g - Inappropriate use of Defence ICT Resources for personal gain e.g. Using the anonymizer to conduct personal business interests in Defence tie [sic] and thus hide that activity from detection. Para 20 h - use Defence ICT resources in relation to inappropriate content e.g. accessing pornography, illegal imagery, gambling online. Para 20 l - Use Defence ICT resources to engage in dishonest, deceptive or malicious practices e.g. undertaking activities that breach the APS or Military Codes of Conduct. . . . a. I appreciate that I am unable to categorically conclude what it was that you were searching for/viewing/accessing whilst you were utilising anonymizer sites and so the link between the content viewed and any associated policy breach cannot be ascertained. Having said that however, in general, your active seeking and utilisation of anonymizer sites is not permitted by Departmental policies, and as such constitutes a breach in itself. …. c. I am disappointed that you have displayed no acceptance for your actions in relation to this matter. From your response to the NOSM, I consider that you have viewed this entire misconduct process as farcical and comedic. The lack of responsibility and accountability for your actions is highly concerning to me and indicates that you have no appreciation for the severity with which the Department views your actions. d. Furthermore, you have taken no remedial action that I can see and I am disappointed that you, particularly as an employee who I would expect would have a higher than average knowledge of the IT environment, have chosen to mock this process and the evidence collected and have come across (deliberately or otherwise) as dismissive and defiant. . . . Comments 26. As Delegate of the Secretary of Defence, I am unable to view your actions in this matter with anything other than the highest level of concern. This is especially due to what the user of anonymizer sites could do (upload classified Defence information, access high level pornographic material etc) and not necessarily what the user did do. The fact remains that regardless of what you may have been doing whilst utilising the anonymizers, accessing such tools is forbidden and will not be tolerated. . . . 28. My role in proposing an appropriate sanction for your breaches of the APS Code of Conduct must take consideration of a number of factors relevant to this matter. That is, any sanction that I propose must: a. communicate the seriousness with which the Department views your actions; b. address the significant risks your actions have posed to the DRN; c. demonstrate the seriousness of this misconduct process; d. communicate the need for you to respect, understand and most importantly comply with departmental requirements; and e. communicate to the broader Department that such action is not acceptable and will not be tolerated by the Department of Defence. 29. As such, considering all factors relevant to this matter, I am presently of the view that the termination of your employment is the appropriate sanction to propose."

Whether the imputations alleged were conveyed by the matter complained of

The imputations alleged

1. The plaintiff alleged that the following imputations were conveyed by the matter complained of: " (1) The minute called the plaintiff dishonest. (2) The minute called the plaintiff arrogant. (3) The minute called the plaintiff condescending. (4) The minute called the plaintiff deceptive. (5) The minute claims that the plaintiff had used actively his IT knowledge and technical understanding to take calculated steps to avoid being detected in activities of deception. (6) The minute claims that the plaintiff had engaged in actions that allowed him to transmit and receive unsolicited data. (7) The minute claims that the plaintiff was providing classified information through the chat, blogs and social media sites. (8) The minute claims that the plaintiff was viewing inappropriate material. (9) The minute claims that the plaintiff was visiting websites that are potentially harmful to the Defence Network. (10) The minute portrays the plaintiff as a traitor and a spy."
2. I note that the plaintiff refers only to the "minute" in the allegations set out above but he has made it clear that the matter complained of includes not only the Intent to Sanction Minute but also the Statement of Reasons.

The principles

1. Each imputation relied upon must be considered in the context of the whole of the matter complained of: Greek Herald Pty Ltd v Nikolopoulos [2002] NSWCA 41; 54 NSWLR 165 at [26]-[28] per Mason P (Handley JA agreeing) and the passage set out at [43] per Young CJ in Eq.
2. As the tribunal of fact, the Court must place itself in the position of the ordinary reasonable reader. Such a reader is of fair average intelligence, fair-minded, not overly suspicious, not avid for scandal, not naïve, does not search for strained or forced meanings, reads the whole of the matter complained of and considers the context as well as the words alleged to be defamatory.

Imputations (1) and (4): dishonest and deceptive

1. The Statement of Reasons describes the plaintiff's conduct in using anonymizers as dishonest and deceptive. However, the Minute makes no such reference. In these circumstances, I am not satisfied that the Minute carries imputations (1) and (4).
2. Although the Statement of Reasons does refer to the plaintiff's conduct as dishonest and deceptive, these adjectives are used only in the context of specific conduct. In these circumstances I am not persuaded that the general imputation as alleged is carried. It is one thing to say that a person is dishonest or deceptive in doing a particular thing; or that a particular aspect of the person's conduct is dishonest or deceptive (as has occurred in the instant case); it is quite another to say that a person is dishonest or deceptive. The latter implies a level of generality that is lacking in the former.

Imputations (2) and (3): arrogant and condescending

1. Both the Minute and the Statement of Reasons describe the plaintiff's approach to the Notice of Suspected Misconduct and to the investigation generally as arrogant and condescending. The difficulty in finding that the general imputation alleged is carried is the same as with respect to imputations (1) and (4): the matter complained of uses the adjectives in a specific context, but the imputation is expressed as a matter of broad generality. I am, accordingly, not persuaded that imputations (2) and (3) are carried by the matter complained of.

Imputations (5) and (6): referable to specific conduct

1. The defendants admit that these imputations were carried by the Statement of Reasons but deny that they were carried by the Intent to Sanction Minute. The plaintiff has not identified any basis on which it could be concluded that either of imputations (5) or (6) was carried by the Minute. Accordingly they were carried only in the publication of the Statement of Reasons to Ms Bolling and Ms Mahoney (they being the only people to receive the Statement of Reasons).

Imputations (7), (8), (9) and (10)

1. These imputations are drafted such that the ordinary reasonable reader must have conveyed to them that the plaintiff has in fact done the things specified in each of the imputations. The difficulty with the way in which these imputations have been formulated is that when one reads the Statement of Reasons as a whole, there are numerous references to the fact that the author does not know why the plaintiff has used anonymizers and what the plaintiff has done with the use of an anonymizer. The fact that an anonymizer prevents the author's knowing which, if any, of the possible risks have eventuated, is inconsistent with the terms of the imputations.
2. An example of one such passage is sufficient to demonstrate the point. At paragraph 26 on page 25 of the Statement of Reasons, Ms Pokoney wrote: ". . . I am unable to view your actions in this matter with anything other than the highest level of concern. This is especially due to what the user of anonymizer sites could do (upload classified Defence information, access high level pornographic material etc) and not necessarily what the user did do. The fact remains that regardless of what you may have been doing whilst utilizing the anonymizers, accessing such tools is forbidden and will not be tolerated."
3. An ordinary reasonable reader who read only the Minute would not even have conveyed to him or her the suspicion that the plaintiff had engaged in the activities referred to in the imputations. Such a person who read the Statement of Reasons would have conveyed to him or her the possibility that the use of anonymizers might have allowed the plaintiff to do the acts alleged, but not that the plaintiff had actually done any of the acts alleged.
4. Imputation (10) is in a separate category. It is not referred to expressly as a possibility in the Statement of Reasons at all. Rather it constitutes the worst possible inference that could be drawn from the plaintiff's use of anonymizers. Only a deeply suspicious reader would even contemplate that possibility, much less regard it as having been carried by the matter complained of. As the test is one of the ordinary reasonable reader, the proposition that this imputation was carried must be rejected.
5. For the foregoing reasons, none of imputations (7)-(10) was carried by the matter complained of.

Whether the imputations were defamatory

1. An imputation is defamatory of the plaintiff if it tends to lower the plaintiff's reputation in the minds of right-thinking ordinary members of the community of fair average intelligence: Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd v Chesterton [2009] HCA 16; 238 CLR 460 at [1]-[6].
2. The defendants accepted that imputations (5) and (6) were defamatory of the plaintiff. These are the only imputations which I have found to have been carried by the matter complained of. They were carried only by the Statement of Reasons and not by the Intent to Sanction Minute.

Whether the defence of qualified privilege has been established

The relevant principles

1. Communications are protected by qualified privilege when a person has an interest or duty (whether legal, social or moral) to make a statement on an occasion and the recipient of the statement has a corresponding duty or interest to receive it: Bashford v Information Australia (Newsletters) Pty Ltd [2004] HCA 5 at [9]-[10] per Gleeson CJ, Hayne and Heydon JJ. Their Honours set out with approval the classic statement of principle from Toogood v Spyring (1834) 1 Cr M & R 181 at 193; 149 ER 1044 at 1049-1050: "In general, an action lies for the malicious publication of statements which are false in fact, and injurious to the character of another (within the well-known limits as to verbal slander), and the law considers such publication as malicious, unless it is fairly made by a person in the discharge of some public or private duty, whether legal or moral, or in the conduct of his own affairs, in matters where his interest is concerned. In such cases, the occasion prevents the inference of malice, which the law draws from unauthorized communications, and affords a qualified defence depending upon the absence of actual malice. If fairly warranted by any reasonable occasion or exigency, and honestly made, such communications are protected for the common convenience and welfare of society; and the law has not restricted the right to make them within any narrow limits.

The circumstances of the present case

1. The Commonwealth is a legal person. It can act only through human agents. These human agents must be able to communicate with each other for the benefit of the Commonwealth. The Secretary of the Department of Defence delegated disciplinary functions with respect to the plaintiff as an employee to Ms Pokoney. She had a duty, on completion of an investigation into an employee's conduct, to prepare and sign an Intent to Sanction Minute and a Statement of Reasons. It was part of her function to send these documents to appropriate persons. Whether it was appropriate for a person to receive the Minute only or the Minute and the Statement of Reasons depended on the role the person played in the investigation and in the plaintiff's employment.
2. The facts reveal that a distinction was drawn by those who published the Minute and the Statement of Reasons between those two documents. The only persons who received the Statement of Reasons were those who had been involved in the investigation and the documents from which the Statement of Reasons was derived: Ms Mahoney and Ms Bolling. The other four recipients received only the Minute.

The concession that the defence of qualified privilege is established with respect to the communications to Ms Mahoney, Mr Robertson and Ms Bolling

1. Shortly prior to the conclusion of the hearing of the matter, the plaintiff conceded that the defendants had established the defence of qualified privilege with respect to the communications to Ms Mahoney, Mr Robertson and Ms Bolling. This concession was, in my view, correctly made. Ms Mahoney was effectively a co-author of the documents and had been intimately involved in the investigation, as had Ms Bolling. Ms Mahoney plainly had a duty, as the case officer, to publish the Minute to Mr Robertson as he was the plaintiff's first line supervisor and had a need to know (and interest in knowing) what was proposed with respect to the plaintiff. Had he not known, the Commonwealth would have been at risk of failing, through Mr Robertson's ignorance, to discharge the duty of care which it, as employer, owed to the plaintiff, as employee.
2. By reason of the plaintiff's concession, it is unnecessary to consider the defence of qualified privilege with respect to the communications to Ms Shields, Mr McLenaghan and Ms Naylor since they did not receive the Statement of Reasons and the only imputations which I have found were carried ((5) and (6)) were carried only by the Statement of Reasons and not by the Intent to Sanction Minute. However, for completeness, I will set out my reasons for finding that the publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute to those persons occurred on an occasion of qualified privilege.

The publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute by Mr Robertson to Ms Shields

1. By publishing the Intent to Sanction Minute to Ms Shields, Mr Robertson was informing his own supervisor of an important matter concerning staff. The plaintiff, who was then on leave, had been issued with an Intent to Sanction Minute which proposed that his employment be terminated. Ms Shields had an interest in knowing of this matter because of the present and future consequences for staffing and management. She was the decision-maker for the assessment of the performance of staff in her area, including the plaintiff. Mr Robertson had a clear duty to pass on the Intent to Sanction Minute to Ms Shields.
2. Furthermore, Ms Shields and the plaintiff worked at the same physical location, whereas Mr Robertson worked in another location, remote from them. Therefore even though Mr Robertson was the plaintiff's first line supervisor, it was important that Ms Shields was aware of the contents of the Intent to Sanction Minute since she, as the Commonwealth's human agent most closely proximate to the plaintiff, would be in a position to observe his response (on his return from leave) to the Intent to Sanction Minute and would therefore be expected to discharge the duty of care owed to him by the Commonwealth, as one of its employees.
3. I am satisfied that the defendants have established that the Intent to Sanction Minute, which was published by Mr Robertson to Ms Shields was published on an occasion of qualified privilege.

The publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute by Ms Shields to Mr McLenaghan

1. As referred to in the narrative of facts, Ms Shields chose to send the Intent to Sanction Minute to Mr Leneghan and Ms Naylor to obtain expert advice as to how to deal with what she regarded as a "non-standard" human resources matter. The terms of the covering email indicated the purpose of the communication: to seek advice as to what Ms Shields and Mr Robertson ought be doing as "supervisors". As such Ms Shields was communicating with persons who had a relevant duty and interest in the matter. They needed to know of the fate of an employee. Ms Shields, as the plaintiff's second line supervisor, and Mr Leneghan and Ms Naylor, had a common interest in responding to the information that an employee within their purview had received an Intent to Sanction Minute. Their common interest was particularly significant because the sanction proposed, termination, was so serious.

Conclusion

1. I am satisfied that the defendants have made out the defence of qualified privilege in respect of each of the communications in respect of which the defence was not expressly conceded.

Damages

1. I have found that the defendants are not liable to the plaintiff because the two imputations carried, which were defamatory, were published on an occasion which the plaintiff concedes was one of qualified privilege.
2. Although the question of damages does not arise, I propose to address the question since I am obliged to make all factual findings which reflect my advantage as trial judge.

Legislation and applicable principles

1. Section 36 of the Defamation Act 2005 (NSW) provides: "Damages to bear rational relationship to harm In determining the amount of damages to be awarded in any defamation proceedings, the court is to ensure that there is an appropriate and rational relationship between the harm sustained by the plaintiff and the amount of damages awarded."
2. Although some comparison is appropriate between awards for defamation and awards for non-economic loss in personal injury cases (being for pain and suffering), there is no precise analogy between the two types of case: Channel Seven Sydney Pty Ltd v Mahommed [2010] NSWCA 335 at [270]-[271] per McColl JA (Spigelman CJ, Beazley JA, McClellan CJ at CL and Bergin CJ in Eq agreeing). Reputation may be of great significance to an individual; the effect of damaging it may be devastating.
3. Unless aggravated damages are awarded, the damages that may be awarded for non-economic loss in defamation proceedings are limited by s 35(1) of the Defamation Act as adjusted by an amount published in the Government Gazette. The relevant figure for the year succeeding 1 July 2015 is $376,500.
4. The plaintiff is presumed to have a reputation. There are three purposes for an award of damages in defamation: consolation for hurt to feelings; recompense for damage to reputation (including, where relevant, business reputation); and vindication of the plaintiff's reputation: Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44 at 60-61.

The publication in respect of which damages are to be assessed

1. Because of the plaintiff's concession that the defence of qualified privilege has been made out with respect to all publications save those to Ms Shields, Mr McLenaghan and Ms Naylor, I am concerned to assess damages for the imputations conveyed to them in the publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute. The only imputations which I have found were carried were carried only by the Statement of Reasons.
2. However, even if I had found the other imputations were carried by the Intent to Sanction Minute I would not have been persuaded that the plaintiff has suffered any material harm to his reputation as a result of such publication. At the time Ms Shields received the Intent to Sanction Minute (on 9 July 2013), she was shortly to be notified of the Determination of Sanction (dated 29 August 2013). As for the two human resources experts (Mr McLenaghan and Ms Naylor), there is no evidence that they knew the plaintiff at all. From their point of view, the Intent to Sanction Minute was no more than a confidential report about an employee in respect of whom their advice had been sought about procedural and management matters.
3. The plaintiff was plainly aggrieved and hurt by the termination of his employment. However, this circumstance ought not to be mistaken for damage to reputation occasioned by the Intent to Sanction Minute.

Assessment of general damages

1. I regard the harm to the plaintiff's reputation by publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute to the three people (on the hypothetical basis set out above) as so minimal as not to warrant an award beyond nominal general damages of one dollar.

Claim for special damages

1. There is, in my view, no basis on which an award of special damages could be made. The publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute by Ms Pokoney had no causal relationship with the termination of the plaintiff's employment. She was the author of the Intent to Sanction. She was not persuaded by the plaintiff's response dated 26 July 2013 that she ought not, as delegate, terminate his employment. In so far as he will ever seek employment again (which depends on his mother's health and life expectancy), any loss of earning capacity is as a result of his termination, not the publication of the Intent to Sanction Minute.

Malice and improper purpose

1. I note for completeness that the plaintiff sought to argue that the defendants' publication of the matter complained of was motivated by malice or improper purpose. As no reply had been filed to the defence, it was not open to the plaintiff to seek to defeat the defence of qualified purpose by resort to allegations of malice or improper purpose. Had I considered there to be material in the evidence that would support such allegations, the question would have arisen whether the plaintiff ought to have been granted leave to amend to add a reply. However, I did not consider there to be any basis for such allegations in the material tendered. Nor was any such application made, although Mr Richardson drew the Court's (and the plaintiff's) attention to the fact that there was no such pleading at an early stage of the hearing when I was hearing objections to evidence and before any witnesses had been called. Accordingly, I refused to allow the plaintiff to conduct his case on that basis.

Orders

1. For the foregoing reasons I make the following orders: 1. Judgment for the defendants. 2. Unless an application for a different order is made in writing to my Associate within seven days, order the plaintiff to pay the defendants' costs of the proceedings.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 13 April 2016