Director-General of Education v Suttling

Mr. Suttling is an officer in the Service. He is not a temporary employee. He entered the Service as a primary school teacher in February 1965. In January 1979 he was appointed as the Deputy Principal of the Roselea Primary School, Carlingford. In 1981 his name was placed on the Third Primary Promotions List, with the result that he was eligible for promotion to Deputy Principal of a Class 1 Primary School, or to Principal of a Class 2 Primary School or Central School. However, although eligible, it was not likely that Mr. Suttling would have succeeded in 1982 in securing such a promotion.

In November 1981 applications were invited from teachers interested in appointment to a position in the Professional Services Centre at Strathfield described as Senior Education Officer (Class 2) and numbered 14503/218. The notice included a paragraph reading as follows:

General: Appointment will be by secondment until the commencement of the 1984 school year, with the possibility of an extension. Administration hours and conditions apply. Mr. Suttling applied for the position and by letter dated 26 January 1982 he was advised that approval had been given to his secondment to the position, commencing from 2 February 1982 and effective to "Beginning of 1984 school year". Whilst on secondment, Mr. Suttling retained the status and classification applicable to his substantive rank, namely, Deputy Principal of a Class 2 Primary School. The additional remuneration payable to him whilst serving in the higher position was paid to him in the form of an allowance.

Unfortunately for Mr. Suttling, plans were made during 1982 for a reorganization of that part of the Service to which he had been seconded. With effect from early in 1983, two regions were to be amalgamated and seventy-two positions abolished. The centre at Strathfield was to be closed and the work which had been carried on there was to be performed at Arncliffe. Despite encouragement to apply for a similar position at Arncliffe, Mr. Suttling refused to do so. Arncliffe was not a convenient location, having regard to his place of residence. No other position of equivalent status was available. Mr. Suttling then applied for, and was appointed to, the position of Principal Grade 3 at the Milsons Point Primary School, with effect from 1 February 1983. The application was made without prejudice to his claim for continued secondment to Strathfield. The salary he received during 1983 was less than the aggregate sum made up of salary and higher duties allowance that he would have received during that year if his secondment to Strathfield had continued. He instituted proceedings in the Administrative Law Division of the Supreme Court of New South Wales for recovery of the difference. At first instance, his claim was dismissed but this decision was reversed by a majority in the Court of Appeal (Glass and McHugh JJ.A., Kirby P. dissenting). It is from this decision that the appellants now appeal.

The Act makes no mention of any appointment by way of secondment. Of its nature the word would seem to describe the temporary transfer of an officer away from the position to which he has been permanently appointed. Section 51 of the Act deals with temporary appointments of officers and reads as follows:

(1) Subject to subsection (2), an officer of the Education Teaching Service may be temporarily appointed by the Director-General of Education to a position within that service which is vacant or the holder of which is suspended, sick or absent.

(2) An appointment under subsection (1) shall not be made except in accordance with such conditions of employment as are determined by the Director-General of Education with the concurrence of the Commission.

(3) The Director-General of Education shall not make a temporary appointment under subsection (1) of an officer of the Education Teaching Service to carry out the duties of a permanent position for a period in excess of 6 months unless he is satisfied that an appointment in excess of that period should be made having regard to the exigencies of that service.

Counsel for the appellants submitted that s. 51 was not concerned with the secondment of officers at all. He argued that the power to make such appointments fell within the general responsibility of the Director-General as defined by s. 37 of the Act. However, we see no reason to look past s. 51. The post of Senior Education Officer Class 2 located in the Professional Services Centre at Strathfield bore a distinguishing number and clearly appears to have been a permanent position within the Service. We were not told otherwise. Presumably it was vacant. In appointing Mr. Suttling to the position, the Director-General was exercising the power conferred upon him by s. 51 and was therefore subject to any constraints that the section laid upon the exercise of the power. But the critical issue is as to the extent of the power: did Mr. Suttling's appointment confer upon him an enforceable right to the salary and conditions attached to the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2 at the Professional Services Centre at Strathfield for a period of two years expiring at the end of January 1984 notwithstanding that the position was abolished a year earlier?

We answer that question in the negative. Obviously, the construction of the section is not without difficulty but in our opinion it does not authorize the Director-General to confer security of tenure on the temporary appointment of an officer. That is not the function of s. 51. Its function is threefold: to recognize the need for a power to ensure that positions which are vacant or the holder of which is suspended, sick or absent are filled on a temporary basis by the appointment of other officers to carry out the duties of the position, to ensure that such appointments are made only in accordance with conditions which have the concurrence of the Education Commission and, finally, to limit the maximum period of a temporary appointment to a permanent position to six months unless the Director-General is satisfied that the exigencies of the Service require a longer appointment.

Temporary appointments are a common incident in the administration of any public service. But the power to make them, if used unwisely, can provoke staff resentment. The limitation of such appointments, in the ordinary course of events, to not more than six months makes an important contribution to the smooth functioning of the Service and to industrial harmony. A temporary appointment to a vacant position for any length of time works to the prejudice of those officers who may aspire to be promoted to the position. It has the effect of blocking the paths of promotion available to the lower ranks. There is no avenue of appeal against a temporary appointment: GREAT Act, s. 21(1).

The express denial to the Director-General of any power to make a temporary appointment to carry out the duties of a permanent position for a period in excess of six months unless the stated condition is satisfied does not empower him, given the satisfaction of the stated condition, to make a binding appointment for a finite term in excess of six months. The section does not empower him to do so in express terms. Nor, in our opinion, is the existence of such a power properly to be implied: see, generally, Bennion, Statutory Interpretation (1984), pp. 239-247. Words should not be added by implication to the language of a statute unless they are needed in order to give sense and meaning to a provision construed in its context: Tinkham v. Perry [20] ; Thompson v. Goold & Co. [1] ; B.P. Refinery Pty. Ltd. v. Hastings Shire Council [2] .

1. [1951] 1 T.L.R. 91, at p. 92. 2. [1910] A.C. 409, at p. 420. 3. (1977) 52 A.L.J.R. 20, at p. 25; 16 A.L.R. 363, at p. 374.

The only power conferred by the section is to make a temporary appointment. Circumstances may make it expedient that the appointment continue beyond six months. The incumbent of a position may be absent for an extended period by reason of sickness or leave. The exigencies of the Service may render it inappropriate to make a permanent appointment to a vacant position for the time being. Section 51(3) ensures that a temporary appointment will not be allowed to continue for a period in excess of six months without the Director-General directing his mind to the propriety of that appointment. Where, at the time when a temporary appointment is made, it is expected that the exigencies of the Service will make it expedient for the appointment to continue beyond six months there can be no objection to the anticipated term being stated. That was done in the case of Mr. Suttling's appointment. It was expected that his secondment would continue for two years and possibly longer. But there could be no binding commitment that it would do so. The exigencies of the Service, once perceived, are not immutable. They are always open to change. Section 51 must be construed consistently with the general responsibility of the Director-General "for the general conduct and the efficient, effective and economical management of the functions and activities of the Education Teaching Service": s. 37(1). It was Mr. Suttling's misfortune that the discharge by the Director-General of this responsibility led to a curtailment of the term of his secondment that had been anticipated at the time of his appointment. His expectations have been denied and he has every right to feel disappointed and aggrieved. In forecasting a period of two years for the secondment with the possibility of an extension, the advertisement calling for applications was proved, by subsequent events, to be grossly misleading. But unfortunately, in our view, Mr. Suttling cannot complain to a court of law. Like any other temporary appointment in the Service that carries with it a higher duties allowance for the appointee there can be no legal right to its continuance beyond the period of his occupancy of the position. The Act confers no security of tenure upon a temporary appointment. Such security of tenure as Mr. Suttling enjoys under the Act relates to the classification pertaining to his substantive appointment, formerly as Deputy Principal of a Class 2 Primary School and now as Principal Grade 3 of the Milsons Point Primary School: see the Act, ss. 71-78 and the GREAT Act, ss. 23-25. Whether the latter appointment is a promotion from his former position as Deputy Principal does not appear.

If s. 51 of the Act were to be construed so as to confer on the Director-General a power to make binding temporary appointments for a finite term, in our opinion the following extraordinary consequences would ensue:

1. Subject to the satisfaction referred to in s. 51(3), there is no upper limit on the term that may be fixed. A Director-General or his successor could find his freedom and ability to discharge his weighty responsibilities under the Act (ss. 37, 38) seriously fettered.

2. Greater security of tenure would attach to a temporary appointment than to a substantive appointment to a permanent position. Section 47 deals with appointments of the latter kind and does not contemplate an appointment for a finite term. At any time after an officer is appointed under s. 47, the Director-General may find it necessary to exercise the powers conferred upon him by ss. 71-73 of the Act. Provided the Director-General considers it to be in the interests of the Service to do so, the officer may be transferred from his permanent position to another position in the Service carrying the equivalent classification and salary: s. 71. The transfer may be effected without his consent and even in the face of his complete opposition. The GREAT Act does not give the officer any right of appeal against such a decision. An officer holding a temporary appointment under s. 51 is not exposed to the risk of action under s. 71. Section 72 authorizes the Director-General in the circumstances specified to dispense with the services of persons employed in the Service. Section 73 outlines the circumstances in which the Director-General may reduce the salary of an officer. Decisions taken under either of these sections may be subject to a right of appeal under ss. 23 and 24 of the GREAT Act. But if Mr. Suttling is correct, his entitlement to the emoluments pertaining to the position remains unimpaired throughout the stated period of the temporary appointment notwithstanding that the position may be abolished in the meantime.

3. The legislative scheme embodied in the Act and the GREAT Act makes no provision for enforcement of a binding commitment to continue a temporary appointment for a finite period. These Acts provide a code governing the employment of teachers in the Service. Any construction of the legislation that allowed for access to the common law courts for the enforcement of alleged contractual rights would make the administration of such a large and complex undertaking difficult, if not impossible. It must have been the intention of the legislature that the specially constituted Government and Related Employees Appeal Tribunal would provide the forum in which employment disputes involving officers of the Service would be resolved.

We should say, in conclusion, that in determining Mr. Suttling's claim we do not find it necessary to consider the implications, if any, which flow from the fact that s. 42 of the Act deems him to be employed by the Government of New South Wales in the service of the Crown and the related question of the meaning and effect of s. 97 of the Act. Suffice it to say that if those provisions do not lend positive support for the conclusion to which we have come, they certainly do not stand in opposition to it.

Mr. Suttling, the respondent, was and is a member of the Education Teaching Service ("the Service") established under the Education Commission Act 1980 NSW ("the Act"). He has been employed continuously as a teacher since 1965. In November 1981, he was the Deputy Principal at the Roselea Primary School at Carlingford, a Sydney suburb. His name was on a Promotions List kept under the Education Teaching Service Regulation 1982 which made him eligible for further promotion as a Principal or Deputy Principal of a primary school. He saw an advertisement in the Education Gazette of 6 November 1981 which invited applications for appointment to the position of a Senior Education Officer Class 2, Staff Development, at a salary higher than the salary he was then receiving. The advertisement gave the number of the position, stated its location to be at the Professional Services Centre at Strathfield, and contained the following note:

General: Appointment will be by secondment until the commencement of the 1984 school year with the possibility of an extension. Administration hours and conditions apply.

Mr. Suttling applied for and was appointed to the position. His letter of appointment from the Director-General of Education, dated 26 January 1982, stated the classification to be "Senior Education Officer, Class 2", repeated some of the particulars contained in the advertisement, and set out the period of the appointment:

Mr. Suttling was employed as a Senior Education Officer Class 2 for a year only, working in the Consultancy Service. During that year, the organization of the Consultancy Service was reviewed and the employees were told that it was to be reduced by seventy-two positions. The Strathfield Centre was to be closed in consequence of the amalgamation of the region which it served with an adjoining region. The Professional Services Centre for the amalgamated region was to be located at Arncliffe. Mr. Suttling would not apply for appointment to a similar position at Arncliffe and no position of equivalent status could be found for him. In the light of the advice that his position was to be abolished, Mr. Suttling accepted, of necessity, an appointment as a Principal Grade 3 at the Milsons Point Primary School from 1 February 1983. That position carried a lower salary than the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2. Presumably the position he had occupied at Strathfield was then abolished although that does not clearly appear.

Mr. Suttling sued the first appellant, the Director-General of Education, in the Supreme Court of New South Wales for a declaration that "the defendant duly and validly appointed him to the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2 for a period of two years from 26.1.1982 until 31.1.1984" and for an order that the defendant "accord to the plaintiff the status salary condition and emoluments properly appertaining to the said position for the said period of two years together with interest on the said salary".

No formal pleadings were delivered but, when the hearing commenced before Rogers J., counsel for Mr. Suttling said that Mr. Suttling's case was in contract and counsel for the Director-General said that the first ground of defence was that the Crown had the right to terminate Mr. Suttling's employment at will and that that right included the lesser right "to put the officer back to a former status". The issue whether the Crown had a right to terminate Mr. Suttling's employment at will was seen as the critical issue both at first instance, where Mr. Suttling failed, and before the Court of Appeal, where he succeeded. But, in my view, the result of the proceedings does not turn on the resolution of that issue. Mr. Suttling has not been dismissed. He remains, as he has been at all material times, a member of the Service. The critical issues are whether Mr. Suttling's appointment conferred an enforceable right to the "salary condition and emoluments" of the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2 at the Professional Services Centre at Strathfield for a period of two years and, if so, whether the premature termination of the appointment was valid.

Members of the Service are appointed pursuant to the Act and their rights must be ascertained by reference to its provisions. The relationship between a civil servant of the Crown and the Crown has often been described as contractual, though the civil servant has been appointed pursuant to statute: see, e.g., Gould v. Stuart [3] ; Carey v. The Commonwealth [4] ; Lucy v. The Commonwealth [5] . However, the contractual nature of the relationship has not been universally accepted: see, e.g., Monckton v. The Commonwealth [6] ; Lucy v. The Commonwealth [7] ; Geddes v. Magrath; Morgan v. Geddes [8] ; The Commonwealth v. Welsh [9] ; and cf. Ryder v. Foley [10] . And sometimes an espousal of one view rather than the other has been avoided: see, e.g., Reilly v. The King [11] ; Kodeeswaran v. Attorney-General (Ceylon) [12] . If the relationship is contractual, the contract must be consistent with any statutory provision which affects the relationship. No agent of the Crown has authority to engage a servant on terms at variance with the statute. To the extent that the statute governs the relationship, it is idle to inquire whether there is a contract which embodies its provisions. The statute itself controls the terms of service: McVicar v. Commissioner for Railways (N.S.W.) [13] .

1. [1896] A.C. 575, at p. 577. 2. (1921) 30 C.L.R. 132, at p. 137. 3. (1923) 33 C.L.R. 229, at pp. 238, 249, 253. 4. (1920) 27 C.L.R. 149, at pp. 155, 156. 5. (1923) 33 C.L.R., at p. 244. 6. (1933) 50 C.L.R. 520, at pp. 533-534. 7. (1947) 74 C.L.R. 245, at pp. 262, 274. 8. (1906) 4 C.L.R. 422, at p. 440. 9. [1934] A.C. 176, at p. 180. 10. [1970] A.C. 1111, at p. 1118. 11. (1951) 83 C.L.R. 521, at p. 527.

An Act to constitute the Education Commission of New South Wales and to specify its functions; to establish the Education Teaching Service and the Technical and Further Education Teaching Service; and to make provisions relating to the employment of persons within those services. The Education Commission of New South Wales ("the Commission") is a corporation which is subject to the control and direction of the Minister and is "for the purposes of any Act, a statutory body representing the Crown": s. 6. The Act charges the Commission with the performance of diverse functions including the employment of the members of the Service and consultation with the Director-General of Education on the staff establishments for certain categories of positions: Pt II, Div. 2 and s. 38. The Commission has no role to perform in connexion with the promotion and transfer of members of the Service. Those matters are determined by the Director-General: s. 38(1)(h). Conditions of employment are determined by the Commission pursuant to s. 25 which provides: Except in so far as provision is otherwise made by law, the conditions of employment, including salaries, wages or other remuneration, of members of the Teaching Services shall be as may be determined from time to time by the Commission.

A member of the Service is "deemed to be employed by the Government of New South Wales in the service of the Crown" (s. 42), but not under the provisions of the Public Service Act 1979 NSW: s. 43. For certain limited purposes, namely, for the purpose of making any determination under s. 25 or for the purpose of proceedings before industrial tribunals, the Commission itself is deemed to be the employer: ss. 24, 42. Section 91 provides that a member of the Service "may sue for and recover the amount of his salary, wages or other remuneration the subject of a determination under section 25".

The Governor determines the staff establishment of positions above the level of staff inspector (s. 46(1)) and the Director-General, after consultation with the Commission, determines the teaching staff establishment for schools, the staff establishment for staff inspectors and inspectors of schools, and the staff establishment for certain positions concerned with advising, controlling or supervising teachers in schools: s. 38(1)(b), (c), (d), (2). The members of the Service who may be appointed to positions in the Service are either officers or temporary employees: see the definition of officer in s. 4(1) and Pt IV, Div. 2. Except for those officers who became members of the Service by reason of their employment under the Teaching Service Act 1970 NSW (s. 45) and certain senior officers taken into the Service from the Public Service (s. 46(3)), members of the Service are appointed to their respective positions by the Director-General: ss. 46(2), 47, 48, 49, 50. Section 47 of the Act provides for appointment by the Director-General of appropriately qualified persons to "permanent positions" in the Service in the categories whose staff establishments he is empowered to determine. He may appoint temporary employees to these positions: s. 50. He is empowered to appoint appropriately qualified persons to the senior categories whose staff establishment is determined by the Governor, but those appointments require the approval of the Commission: s. 46(2).

The Director-General is empowered by s. 50(1) to appoint temporary employees "to any position to which he is entitled to make an appointment under section 47", i.e., to "permanent positions in the Education Teaching Service". He is empowered by s. 51 to appoint officers to serve temporarily in positions other than those to which they are permanently appointed. That section provides:

(1) Subject to subsection (2), an officer of the Education Teaching Service may be temporarily appointed by the Director-General of Education to a position within that service which is vacant or the holder of which is suspended, sick or absent.

(2) An appointment under subsection (1) shall not be made except in accordance with such conditions of employment as are determined by the Director-General of Education with the concurrence of the Commission.

(3) The Director-General of Education shall not make a temporary appointment under subsection (1) of an officer of the Education Teaching Service to carry out the duties of a permanent position for a period in excess of 6 months unless he is satisfied that an appointment in excess of that period should be made having regard to the exigencies of that service.

Thus the Director-General is authorized to appoint an officer to a vacant position temporarily and to fix the period of the appointment subject to the restriction contained in sub-s. (3).

The only power which the Director-General had to appoint Mr. Suttling temporarily as a Senior Education Officer Class 2 was the power conferred by s. 51. There seems to have been some notion, expressed in the advertisement, that an officer of the Service could be seconded (presumably by the direction or with the consent of the Director-General) to a new position on whatever terms might be agreed between the officer and the Director-General. The Act contains no provision other than s. 51 pursuant to which an officer might be seconded. The term "seconded" is used in reg. 6 of the Education Teaching Service Regulation 1982, made under s. 100 of the Act, but no power of secondment is created by the Regulation. The Director-General is given no authority to enter into any contract on behalf of the Crown with an officer whereby the officer is to serve temporarily in a position which does not answer the description in sub-s. (1), or whereby the officer's conditions of employment would not be determined in accordance with sub-s. (2) or whereby the term of the appointment is fixed otherwise than in conformity with sub-s. (3). The authority conferred on the Director-General by s. 37(2) to "take such action as he deems appropriate" for the purpose of exercising his responsibility to the Minister for the general conduct and the efficient, effective and economical management of the functions and activities of the Service does not empower the Director-General to ignore the limitations which the Act places upon the particular powers conferred upon him.

In the present case, there is no reason to think that Mr. Suttling's appointment to the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2 at Strathfield for a period of two years was not made in pursuance of and in conformity with s. 51. Whether that appointment be treated as contractual or as merely statutory, it is to be presumed that it was validly made and that Mr. Suttling became entitled to the rights which flowed from it. That is to say, he was entitled to the conditions of employment determined pursuant to s. 51(2).

Although the Commission's role under s. 51(2) is to decide whether to concur in the Director-General's determination of the conditions of employment for performing the temporary duties, when the Commission decides to concur that decision amounts to a determination by it (as well as by the Director-General) of the conditions of employment. An officer who performs the duties of an office to which he has been temporarily appointed is therefore entitled under s. 91 to sue for and recover the amount of the salary, wages or other remuneration, so determined, that is unpaid. If an officer is wrongfully prevented from performing the duties of his position and thereby earning the salary specified in his conditions of employment, he is entitled to damages for wrongful dismissal: see Williamson v. The Commonwealth [14] ;Lucy v. The Commonwealth [15] ; McVicar v. Commissioner for Railways (N.S.W.) [16] . It follows that Mr. Suttling had a legal right to be allowed to perform the duties of the position of Senior Education Officer Class 2 at Strathfield for the period of his appointment and thereby to earn the salary specified in his conditions of appointment unless the premature termination of the appointment was effected in exercise of some overriding power. Again it is necessary to refer to the Act and to other statutes which bear upon the security of tenure of employees of the Crown in the positions they hold.

1. (1907) 5 C.L.R. 174. 2. (1923) 33 C.L.R. 229. 3. (1951) 83 C.L.R., at p. 528.

It is convenient to mention first the statutory powers conferred on the Director-General by ss. 71, 72 and 73. Section 71 contains a power of compulsory transfer, but a member of the Service is liable to be transferred compulsorily from one position to another position only if the latter position is the equivalent in classification and salary to the former. The Milsons Point position was not. Section 72 empowers the Director-General to dispense with the services of a member of the Service in circumstances of no present relevance. Section 73 provides that an officer appointed to a particular position is liable to have his salary reduced and to be appointed to a lower position in the Service if the maximum salary fairly appropriate to the work actually being performed by an officer is less than he is entitled to under the relevant determination, and if the Director-General cannot assign him sufficient work of a class appropriate to his salary. When action is taken under s. 73 on the ground that appropriate work or an appropriate position is not available, the officer's rights of future promotion are protected: s. 73(2). It was not suggested that the circumstances might have made s. 73 applicable in the present case.

The tenure of an officer of the teaching service is affected by s. 97 of the Act which provides:

(1) Subject to subsection (3), nothing in this Act shall be construed or held to abrogate or restrict the right or power of the Crown to dispense with the services of any person employed in a Teaching Service.

(2) An officer or temporary employee of a Teaching Service shall not be entitled to any compensation by reason of any reduction of his salary or of his services being dispensed with, whether under this section or otherwise.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply so as to affect the rights, under any other Act, of any person whose salary has been reduced or whose services have been dispensed with to appeal against the decision or determination reducing his salary or dispensing with his services or to be reinstated to a Teaching Service.

The Crown's right to dismiss an employee at will may be abrogated or restricted by statute (Gould v. Stuart [17] ) but equally it may be preserved by statute: see Young v. Adams [18] ; Miller v. Stephen [19] . However, even if the Crown's right to dispense with the services of a member of the Service is unrestricted that right does not confer on the Crown (and, a fortiori, does not confer on the Director-General as a statutory officer) a power to reduce the position or salary of a Crown employee who has been appointed pursuant to statute to a position which entitles the holder to a particular salary. If a Crown employee is dismissed from the Crown's service and then accepts reappointment to the Crown's service at a lower level and salary than he previously enjoyed, the practical result may be that his position and salary are reduced (see Kodeeswaran [20] ) but the employee must first be validly dismissed (Faithorn v. Territory of Papua [21] ) and then be validly reappointed: Day v. Hunkin [22] . An unrestricted power to dismiss at will from the Crown's service does not import a power to reduce the position and salary of a Crown employee whose services are retained. Mr. Suttling was neither dismissed nor reappointed. Nor, for that matter, did the Crown (or the Commission) purport to terminate prematurely his appointment as a Senior Education Officer Class 2. It was the Director-General who purported to do so, and the question is whether he had the necessary authority. 1. [1896] A.C. 575. 2. [1898] A.C. 469. 3. (1913) 17 C.L.R. 397, at p. 413. 4. [1970] A.C., at p. 1123. 5. (1938) 60 C.L.R. 772, at p. 793. 6. (1938) 61 C.L.R. 65, at p. 75.

It may be that the position to which Mr. Suttling had been temporarily appointed was abolished by the Director- General in exercise of his power to determine staff establishments under s. 38(1)(d). The evidence does not disclose whether, or how, that position ceased to exist. When the office to which a Crown employee is appointed is validly abolished, the employee loses the benefit of the appointment unless he is able to invoke some statutory protection. Though the Crown may not have satisfied a condition affecting its exercise of a power to dismiss the employee, the employee is not kept in office if the office is abolished: Young v. Waller [23] . That principle invites consideration of the power of the Director-General to abolish positions while they are occupied by members of the Service. Members of the Service are protected in their membership and salary by the provisions of the Government and Related Employees Appeal Tribunal Act 1980 NSW as amended ("the GREAT Act"): s. 97(3) of the Act. The legislature can hardly have intended that when it conferred on the Director-General power to determine staff establishments, the Director-General was thereby empowered to destroy the security of employment and conditions of employment which the GREAT Act was enacted to protect. The abolition of positions is no doubt necessary from time to time in order to achieve "efficient, effective and economical management of the functions and activities of the Education Teaching Service" (s. 37(1)) and, when a position is abolished, either the services of the person occupying the position must be dispensed with or he must be transferred to some other suitable post. But the express provisions of ss. 71, 72 and 73 confer the powers which the legislature deemed appropriate for this purpose and it may be inferred that the legislature did not intend the exercise of the general administrative powers of the Director-General (including the power to abolish positions) should otherwise prejudice the security of tenure and salary of permanent appointees to positions in the Service.

Temporary appointments are a different case. The powers of compulsory transfer conferred by ss. 71 and 73 do not appear to be directed to temporary appointments which, unless the exigencies of the Service so require, are not made for a period in excess of six months. The power to make a temporary appointment, unlike the other powers of appointment conferred on the Director-General, may be exercised by making an appointment for a fixed period. The powers of compulsory transfer conferred by ss. 71 and 73 are illsuited to application in such a case. If one endeavours to apply s. 71 to a case where a temporary appointee is receiving a salary higher than the salary appropriate to his permanent position, the power could be exercised to direct the transfer to a permanent position at the equivalent higher salary. As a decision to make a temporary appointment is not appealable under the GREAT Act (see s. 21(1)(a) of the GREAT Act), the regimen governing promotions would be circumvented if s. 71 were applicable to temporary appointments.

The security of tenure and salary in respect of a temporary appointment depends on whether the power of removal from the position to which the temporary appointment is made is limited so that a temporary appointee cannot be removed before the period of appointment has expired. A power of removal is conferred upon the Director-General by s. 30 of the Interpretation Act 1897 NSW. That section, referred to in the judgments in the Court of Appeal but not expressly canvassed in argument, provides:

Wherever by any Act power is given to Her Majesty, or to the Governor or to any officer or person, to make appointments to any office or place, it shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be intended: -

(a) That such power shall be capable of being exercised from time to time, as occasion may require; and,

(b) That Her Majesty or the Governor, or such officer or person shall have power to remove or suspend the person appointed, and to appoint permanently or temporarily, as the case may require, another person in his stead, or in the place of any deceased, sick, or absent holder of such appointment.

The exercise of the power of removal thus conferred on the Director-General is confined by s. 23 of the GREAT Act, to which reference will presently be made. But the first question is whether the power to remove a temporary appointee from the position to which he is appointed is itself so limited that it cannot be exercised to abbreviate the period of appointment. That question arose for consideration in Geddes v. Magrath; Morgan v. Geddes [24] . In that case, each of the plaintiffs, Messrs. Magrath and Morgan, were the holders of a public office. Each had been appointed by the Governor in Council. Mr. Magrath was appointed as deputy industrial commissioner for five years under s. 6(4) of the Industrial Arbitration (Amendment) Act 1926 NSW which expressly authorized the Governor to fix the period of appointment. Mr. Morgan was appointed as chairman of conciliation committees for five years under s. 8(1) of that Act which did not expressly authorize the Governor to fix the period of appointment. Before either period of appointment had expired, both offices were abolished by statute. The statute abolishing the offices conferred on the holders of the offices a right to compensation for loss of office, thus excluding the application of the principle in Young v. Waller [25] . Compensation had to be assessed as though the holder had been unlawfully deprived of office. In assessing that compensation, some members of the Court found it necessary to consider whether the power of removal contained in s. 30 of the Interpretation Act was limited so that the Governor could not have abbreviated the period of appointment of the respective plaintiffs. A distinction was drawn between the plaintiffs which, though immaterial to the result in that case, is instructive for present purposes. In the case of Mr. Morgan, Starke and Dixon JJ. said [26] :

Sub-sec. 1 of sec. 8 of the Industrial Arbitration (Amendment) Act 1926 does not fix or expressly empower the Minister to fix a period for which a chairman of conciliation committees should hold office. We agree with the view that sec. 30 of the Interpretation Act 1897 applies to sec. 8(1), and, accordingly, that the Minister had authority to suspend or remove a chairman from his office notwithstanding that a fixed term had been specified in his appointment. Rich J. appears to have shared that view [27] . Mr. Magrath's period of appointment was fixed pursuant to an express power and the general power of removal was limited to give effect to the period fixed pursuant to the express power: see per Starke and Dixon JJ. [28] , and the judgment of Harvey A.C.J. in the Full Court [29] . The power to fix a period of temporary appointment is not expressly conferred on the Director-General by s. 51 of the Act, but the power is none the less conferred by necessary implication: see sub-s. (3). It follows that a period of appointment fixed pursuant to that section cannot be abbreviated without cause. If the Director-General proposes to remove a temporary appointee from his position for cause before the fixed term of his appointment has expired, it would be necessary to observe any of the applicable requirements of Pt IV, Div. 6 of the Act and of Pt III, Div. 2 of the GREAT Act. But it is not necessary to consider those provisions, for the Director-General did not purport to remove Mr. Suttling from his position for any cause other than his intention to close down the Consultancy Service at Strathfield. That reason provides no ground for the exercise of the general power of removal. The power to abolish positions in determining staff establishments and the power of removal conferred by s. 30 of the Interpretation Act are both general in nature; neither can be exercised in derogation of the rights of members of the Service created pursuant to the power to make particular appointments under s. 51. It follows that the premature termination of Mr. Suttling's appointment is not supported by s. 30 of the Interpretation Act and that Mr. Suttling was wrongfully required to quit his position at Strathfield. 1. (1933) 50 C.L.R. 520. 2. [1898] A.C. 661. 3. (1933) 50 C.L.R., at p. 533. 4. (1933) 50 C.L.R., at pp. 530-531. 5. (1933) 50 C.L.R., at p. 535. 6. (1933) 34 S.R. (N.S.W.) 25, at p. 31.

It was assumed by Mr. Suttling and by the representatives of the Director-General that the position which might have been available at Arncliffe was a different position from that to which Mr. Suttling had been appointed at Strathfield. It was not a case merely of a change of working location for the same position. That assumption was adhered to in the course of the litigation. The only relevance of the possibility of Mr. Suttling's appointment to the Arncliffe position, had he applied for it, would have been to the issue of damages. That was not argued on appeal and should not now be considered. Therefore the appeal should be dismissed.