Damorgold Pty Ltd v JAI Products Pty Ltd

BACKGROUND 7 In closing written submissions, Damorgold set out the background and details of the Patent, all of which were not in contention. It is convenient to refer to these matters by way of summary. 8 The Patent is entitled 'A blind control mechanism'. The inventor was Vito Fortunato. 9 The complete application for the Patent was filed on 25 August 2000, claiming priority from provisional application No. PQ2410 made on 25 August 1999. 10 The Patent was published and became open to public inspection on 22 March 2001, and was sealed on 28 August 2003. 11 The first applicant appointed the second applicant as the licensee of the Patent with effect from 1 January 2006. 12 In or about July 2007, JAI took over the business of wholesaling window furnishing components previously carried on by JAI Pty Ltd. 13 JAI supplies its products to blind makers and wholesalers. 14 JAI's product range includes components for roller blinds, motorised roller blinds, and motorised curtain tracks. 15 Since July 2007, the components in its roller blinds range which JAI offered for sale, sold and supplied in Australia included roller blind spring assist mechanisms or "spring assists" with model numbers SA38R, SA38L, SA45R, SA45L, SA5518R, SA5518L, SA5520R and SA5520L ('JAI spring assists'). 16 The JAI spring assists were used in combination with "slide controls" and "blind cylinders" to form a mechanism for extending and retracting a blind. It was admitted by JAI that was the only reasonable use of JAI spring assists. 17 JAI admitted it was aware that customers who purchased JAI spring assists were likely to use them in combination with slide controls and blind cylinders to make roller blind mechanisms. 18 JAI advertised, promoted and offered for sale its range of roller blind products from a website at www.jaipl.com.au which, amongst other things, included a roller blinds "page", a downloadable roller blind catalogue, a document entitled roller blind specifications and a downloadable roller blind "flyer". 19 On its roller blinds "page", JAI's website stated JAI had designed a: complete Roller Blind System that is robust, smooth and quiet. The Chain Mechanism is made from a high grade sun resistant Acetyl and incorporates a hardened steel wrap spring stopping mechanism. …. Chain Mechanisms are available in 32mm, 38mm and 45mm diameter with Spring Assists for 38mm, 45mm and 55mm diameter tubes. …. …. 6 sizes of keyway tube include 32mm, 38mm thin, 38mm thick, 45 mm std, 45mm thick and 55mm. …. 20 The roller blinds "page" also included photographs of components which Mr Aspros recognised as: (a) a pair of brackets marked 1A and 1B; (b) a chain mechanism or side control marked 2A and associated idler marked 2B; (c) a "spring assist" marked 3, a full length depiction of which appeared on page 7 of the roller blind catalogue; and (d) a blind cylinder or tube marked 4. 21 From his experience in the industry, Mr Aspros also understood the reference to "spring stopping mechanism" was a reference to the winding mechanism or clutch. 22 The content of the roller blinds "flyer" is very similar to that of the roller blinds "page". 23 The roller blinds specification consists of three charts. The first chart, headed "Tube Selection Chart" contained recommendations for the size and gauge of tube to be used for the blind cylinder according to the width and drop of the blind. So, for example, JAI recommended that a 45mm thin blind cylinder be used for a blind 2,200mm wide with a drop of 3,000mm. 24 The second chart, headed "Chain Mechanism Selection Chart", provided recommendations for what size side control should be used. For a number of these, JAI recommended that the customer should use a spring assist with the specified side control. So for example, for blinds with a width between 1,000mm and 2,000mm with a drop between 2,700mm and 3,600mm, JAI recommended a 38mm side control with a 38mm spring assist. 25 The third chart, headed "Chain mechanism used with Adaptors & Spring Assist Selection Chart", provided options in a number of cases where, instead of using a larger side control without a spring assist, a smaller side control was recommended, but also with an adaptor and a spring assist. Mr Aspros deposed that the roller blinds catalogue offered for sale a roller blind system with spring assist. The spring assist system included the blind cylinders depicted on pages 1 and 2 of the catalogue, the side control and idler shown on page 3 (with three sizes) and eight types of spring assist on page 7 according to the size of blind cylinder. Other components such as brackets and chains were also listed. Accordingly, Mr Aspros concluded: The JAI Website specifically recommends the use of spring assists for blinds of specific (larger) dimensions as is apparent from the Roller Blind Specification page.

THE PATENT 26 According to the Specification, the Patent is concerned with blinds and similar arrangements that are selectively operable between open and closed conditions, especially roller blinds. 27 The Specification broadly summarises roller blinds: Roller blinds generally include a length of flexible material wound onto a cylinder with the roller blind operating between its open and closed conditions by rotation of the cylinder causing extension and retraction of the flexible material. Roller blinds generally include a mechanism for facilitating such operation. 28 According to the Specification, one type of such mechanisms is a "spring roller". This type of mechanism uses a biasing spring to counterbalance the weight of the extended flexible material and a latch to stop unauthorised retraction of the material. The material can be retracted by rotating the cylinder, in an extending direction, to a position that disengages the latch, and rotating the cylinder, in a retracting direction, at a speed that will not permit the latch to reengage. This speed may be dictated by the release of the energy stored in the spring alone or as altered by manual intervention. 29 A problem with this mechanism is that it can be difficult to operate, as the specification observes: This type of mechanism can be difficult to operate as the latch is controlled by rotation of the blind cylinder and what is a suitable speed to avoid re-engagement of the latch is variable. Furthermore the spring may retract the material at such a speed that the blind over rotates past its retracted position, which will affect the tension of the spring. 30 Another type of roller mechanism identified in the specification is the "clutch roller": The clutch roller includes a drive member which is operable to cause rotation of a driven member. The driven member cannot rotate unless it is rotated by the drive member. This is achieved by the driven member engaging a helical spring which grips a fixed shaft when a rotating force is applied directly to the driven member. The drive member is operable to release the grip of the helical spring and thereby cause rotation of the driven member, which is connected to the blind cylinder. 31 The Specification identifies issues with the clutch roller system: Operation of the blind therefore requires the user to overcome the frictional resistance of the helical spring. Furthermore, the clutch roller does not include any means to counter balance the weight of the extended material. However, operation of the blind using the clutch roller mechanism is relatively accurate. 32 Accordingly, the Specification identifies objects of the invention as: It is an object of this invention to provide a mechanism that is relatively easy to operate. It is a further object of this invention to provide such a mechanism that accommodates, at least to some extent, the weight of the extended material. 33 Two consistory clauses are set on pages 3 - 7 mirroring claims 1 and 3, and a preferred embodiment is described by reference to figures 1 and 2 (pages 7 - 12). 34 Apart from the drawings in figures 1 and 2, the Patent ends with 30 claims for a mechanism; with claims 1 and 3 being independent claims and claim 30 being an "omnibus claim". 35 Claim 1 identifies a mechanism which is a combination of 27 integers: Integer Integer Description 1.1 Mechanism for controlling extension and retraction of a blind or the like 1.2 said mechanism having a longitudinal axis and including, 1.3 a fixed shaft located at one extreme end of said axis 1.4 and being connectable to a support for said mechanism so as to be thereby fixed against relative movement 1.5 the longitudinal axis of said fixed shaft being substantially coincident with the longitudinal axis of said mechanism 1.6 a cylinder for carrying a blind 1.7 and being connected to said fixed shaft for rotation relative thereto about an axis substantially coincident with the longitudinal axis of the mechanism 1.8 biasing means [spring assist] connected to said [blind] cylinder 1.9 and being responsive to rotation of said [blind] cylinder in a blind extending direction to store energy 1.10 and being responsive to rotation of said [blind] cylinder in a blind retracting direction to release said stored energy 1.11 and thereby apply a turning force to said [blind] cylinder tending to rotate the [blind] cylinder in said blind retracting direction 1.12 manually operable drive means including 1.13 a drive member 1.14 and a driven member 1.15 each of said members being carried by said fixed shaft 1.16 said drive member being capable of rotation relative to said fixed shaft 1.17 and thereby cause rotation of said [blind] cylinder in either said blind extending direction or said blind retracting direction 1.18 said driven member being connected to said drive member for limited rotation relative thereto 1.19 and being connected to said [blind] cylinder for rotation therewith 1.20 clutch means acting between said fixed shaft and said [blind] cylinder 1.21 and being operative in an engaged condition to at least resist rotation of said [blind] cylinder under the influence of said stored energy alone 1.22 and permitting such rotation when said clutch means is in a disengaged condition 1.23 and wherein said clutch means extends around a fixed cylindrical surface so as to be capable of engaging that surface 1.24 and said cylindrical surface is substantially coaxial with said longitudinal axis 1.25 whereby when in use, rotation of said drive member in either direction causes said clutch means to adopt said disengaged condition 1.26 and continued rotation of the drive member in the same direction results in corresponding rotation of both the driven member and the [blind] cylinder 1.27 whereas cessation of said rotation of the drive member results in said clutch means adopting said engaged condition

36 Claim 2 adds to claim one the feature: 2.28 said drive member is positioned between the ends of said fixed shaft

37 Claim 3 is an independent claim for a mechanism which may be broken down into a combination of 26 features. It differs from claim 1 in that: (a) it does not include integers 1.23 and 1.24, and (b) includes integer 2.28. 38 Claim 4 adds to claim 3 integers 1.23 and 1.24. 39 Claim 5 adds to the claims 1, 2 and 4 the feature that: 5.29 wherein said cylindrical surface (1.23 and 1.24) is a surface of said fixed shaft (1.3)

40 Claim 6 adds to claims 1, 2, 4 and 5 the feature that: 6.30 said clutch means engages directly with said cylindrical surface when in said engaged condition

41 Claim 7 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 7.31 said driven member extends over a substantial part of the axial length of said fixed shaft

42 Claim 8 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 8.32 said clutch means engages direct with both said drive member and said driven member, at least during transition from said engaged condition to said disengaged condition

43 Claim 9 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 9.33 said drive member is mounted on said fixed shaft; and 9.34 said driven member is mounted on said drive member

44 Claim 10 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 10.35 said drive member includes a wheel section to which a turning force can be applied

45 Claim 11 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 11.36 a tubular barrel section extends from one side of said wheel section away from said one extreme end of the longitudinal axis of said mechanism

46 Claim 12 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 12.37 a slot is formed through the wall of said tubular barrel section and extends longitudinally along said barrel section

47 Claim 13 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 13.38 said clutch means includes at least one helical spring surrounding said fixed shaft in substantially coaxial relationship 13.39 and a laterally outwardly extending finger at each end of said helical spring 13.40 each said finger being located between the longitudinal edges of said slot and engageable with a respective one of said edges

48 Claim 14 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 14.41 said driven member includes a tubular barrel portion located over the tubular barrel section of the drive member 14.42 and an inwardly projecting rib formed on said barrel portion extends longitudinally thereof and is located within said slot of the drive member

49 Claim 15 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 15.43 said rib is located between said fingers 15.44 and each longitudinal side of the rib is engageable with a respective one of said fingers

50 Claim 16 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 16.45 wherein a direct connection exists between said driven member and said [blind] cylinder 16.46 said direct connection being such as to cause said driven member and said [blind] cylinder to rotate in unison 16.47 and said spring fingers engage directly with both said drive and driven members when the drive member is rotated relative to the fixed shaft

51 Claim 17 adds to the claims 1 to 12 the features that: 17.48 said clutch means includes at least one helical spring surrounding said fixed shaft in a substantially coaxial relationship 17.49 each end of said helical spring including a laterally outwardly extending finger forming at least part of a drive connection between said drive and driven members

52 Claim 18 adds to the preceding claims (except claim 14) the feature that: 18.50 said at least one helical spring includes at least three said helical springs arranged end to end

53 Claim 18 is not alleged to be infringed. 54 Claim 19 adds to the preceding claims (except claim 14) the feature that: 19.51 said at least one helical spring constitutes the clutch means in said mechanism influencing rotation of said [blind] cylinder

55 Claim 20 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 20.52 said clutch means is the sole clutch means in said mechanism influencing rotation of said [blind] cylinder

56 Claim 21 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 21.53 said drive and driven members together with said clutch means constitute the entire assembly of parts through which manually induced drive is transmitted to said [blind] cylinder

57 Claim 22 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 22.54 said drive member is of unitary construction

58 Claim 23 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 23.55 said driven member is of unitary construction

59 Claim 24 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 24.56 said biasing means [spring assist] includes an elongated cylindrical spring 24.57 one end of said cylindrical spring being connected to said [blind] cylinder so as to be held against relative rotation 24.58 and the other end of said cylindrical spring being connected to said fixed shaft so as to be held against rotation relative thereto

60 Claim 25 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 25.59 interconnecting means provides a connection between said biasing means [spring assist] and said fixed shaft 25.60 opposite ends of said interconnecting means being connected to said biasing means [spring assist] and said fixed shaft respectively 25.61 and the connection at each said end being such as to prevent relative rotation

61 Claim 26 adds to the preceding claims the features that: 26.62 said interconnecting means includes a connecting member to provide a direct connection between said cylindrical spring and said fixed shaft 26.63 one end of the connecting member is capable of receiving and holding said other end of said cylindrical spring against rotation 26.64 and the other end of the connecting member extends past one end of the fixed shaft

62 Claim 27 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 27.65 said connecting member is of unitary construction

63 Claim 28 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 28.66 said connecting member is snap engaged with said fixed shaft

64 Claim 28 is not alleged to be infringed. 65 Claim 29 adds to the preceding claims the feature that: 29.67 said connecting member is releasably connected to said fixed shaft

66 As noted, claim 30 is an omnibus claim to the invention as described in the Specification with reference to the accompanying drawings.

INFRINGEMENT 67 The Patents Act 1990 (Cth) ('the Act') does not provide a general definition of infringement. Rather, section 13 confers on the patentee the exclusive right to exploit the invention claimed in the Patent and to authorise others to exploit the invention. 68 The Dictionary in Sch 1 of the Act provides that: "exploit" , in relation to an invention, includes: (a) where the invention is a product--make, hire, sell or otherwise dispose of the product, offer to make, sell, hire or otherwise dispose of it, use or import it, or keep it for the purpose of doing any of those things; or (b) where the invention is a method or process--use the method or process or do any act mentioned in paragraph (a) in respect of a product resulting from such use. 69 This definition of "exploit" is inclusive, and not exhaustive. 70 Damorgold have not alleged that JAI sells the whole product as claimed in its assembled form. However, Damorgold contend that, having regard to the design and nature of JAI's products and the instructions and directions on its website, JAI has infringed each of the claims of the Patent (except claims 18 and 28): (a) by reason of s 117 of the Act; (b) as a joint tortfeasor at common law by directing or procuring JAI's customers and ultimate consumers to infringe; and (c) by authorising its customers and the ultimate consumers to exploit the Patent without the consent of Damorgold. 71 I will turn very briefly to the principles to apply relating to each of these grounds. They do not seem to be in contention between the parties. I do not consider that any of the principles to be applied have been altered by any pronouncements by the High Court in the recent case of Apotex Pty Ltd v Sanofi-Aventis Australia Pty Ltd (2013) 304 ALR 1; (2013) 103 IPR 217, a case decided after the reservation of my decision in this proceeding.

Section 117 72 Section 117 of the Act provides: (1) If the use of a product by a person would infringe a patent, the supply of that product by one person to another is an infringement of the patent by the supplier unless the supplier is the patentee or licensee of the patent. (2) A reference in subsection (1) to the use of a product by a person is a reference to: (a) if the product is capable of only one reasonable use, having regard to its nature or design--that use; or (b) if the product is not a staple commercial product--any use of the product, if the supplier had reason to believe that the person would put it to that use; or (c) in any case--the use of the product in accordance with any instructions for the use of the product, or any inducement to use the product, given to the person by the supplier or contained in an advertisement published by or with the authority of the supplier. 73 In the present proceeding, JAI admitted it offered for sale, sold and supplied the JAI spring assists. It is also clear from its website that it offered for sale, sold and supplied all the other components necessary for a spring assist roller blind system. 74 In addition, as I have indicated, JAI admitted: (a) the JAI spring assists were capable of only one reasonable use - namely use in combination with side controls and blind cylinders to form a mechanism for controlling the extension and retraction of a blind; and (b) customers who purchased the JAI spring assists were and were likely to use them in combination with side controls and blind cylinders to make a mechanism for controlling the extension and retraction of a blind. 75 Prior to the trial, JAI provided to Damorgold samples of JAI's products for a 38mm spring assisted roller blind system being: (a) SA38L, a left handed spring assist; (b) R210, a 38mm blind cylinder; (c) R01 G38, a 38mm side control (drive mechanism) and idler; and (d) R01 BK38, mounting brackets. 76 The samples supplied appeared to Mr Aspros to correspond to the corresponding parts depicted in JAI's roller blinds catalogue. 77 According to Mr Aspros, these components were: the components required to make up a working spring assist roller blind system, although other components are also required for a complete system, namely a blind and also a chain for the winding unit. There is only one way for the components … to be used together." 78 Each expert examined the samples. 79 Mr Hunter concluded that the roller blind system embodied all the integers of each of the claims in the Patent apart from claims 18 and 28. Dr Field concluded that the resulting product embodied all the integers of each of the claims in the Patent apart from claims 18, 23, 27 and 28. I note that claim 30 is also said by JAI not to infringe. 80 On the basis of the admissions of JAI and the nature and design of the JAI spring assists, the alternative requirements of each of s 117(2)(a)(b) and (c) are satisfied. 81 Therefore, on this basis, and if the Court were to accept the evidence of Mr Hunter and if the Patent is valid, JAI's supply of JAI spring assists would infringe the Patent (apart from claims 18 and 28).

Joint tortfeasors at common law 82 The principles of joint tortfeasorship were discussed by the Full Court in Ramset Fasterners (Aust) Pty Ltd v Advanced Building Systems Pty Ltd (1999) 164 ALR 239; (1999) 44 IPR 481 (Burchett, Sackville and Lehane JJ). 83 In Ramset 164 ALR 239, the Court said at 258, 259 [41]: These authorities show that liability for infringement may be established, in some circumstances, against a defendant who has not supplied a whole combination (in the case of a combination patent) or performed the relevant operation (in the case of a method patent). The necessary circumstances have been variously described: the defendant may "have made himself a party to the act of infringement"; or participated in it; or procured it; or persuaded another to infringe; or joined in a common design to do acts which in truth infringe. All these go beyond mere facilitation. They involve the taking of some step designed to produce the infringement, although further action by another or others is also required. Where a vendor sets out to make a profit by the supply of that which is patented, but omitting some link the customer can easily furnish, particularly if the customer is actually told how to furnish it and how to use the product in accordance with the patent, the court may find the vendor has "made himself a party to the [ultimate] act of infringement". He has indeed procured it. 84 In Ramset 164 ALR 239, Ramset supplied face-lift anchors and ring clutches which were used by its customers in accordance with the patented method for a quick release hoisting attachment for tilt-up concrete panels. Ramset also provided customers and potential customers with instructions through a brochure demonstrating that infringing use. The Full Court held that the supply of the equipment with instructions demonstrating use in an infringing manner led to the conclusion that Ramset had procured the resulting infringements. 85 JAI advertised and promoted its JAI spring assists from its website as part of a range of products for making roller blind mechanisms. Those products included side controls (including drive mechanisms and idlers), and blind cylinders, as well as the other components necessary for a roller blind system, including a spring assisted system. 86 JAI's spring assists were designed so that they would have only one reasonable use: to be assembled with other components to make an infringing mechanism. On its website, JAI also provided directions, recommendations and instructions to install the larger size roller blind systems with a spring assist. 87 In these circumstances, if the evidence of Mr Hunter is accepted and if the Patent is valid, JAI would also be liable as a joint tortfeasor by directing or procuring the use of JAI spring assists in infringing roller blind systems.

Authorisation 88 In the context of considering infringement and the authorising of third parties, 'authorise' has the same meaning as in copyright law: see Bristol-Myers Squibb Co v F H Faulding & Co Ltd (2000) 97 FCR 524 at 559 [97]. Therefore, to authorise includes granting or purporting to grant the right to do acts which exploit the patent: see Falcon v Famous Players Film Co [1926] 2 KB 474 per Atkin LJ affirmed in Australia by Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 248 CLR 42, at 84-5, [126] - [127] (Gummow and Hayne JJ) and at 61, [45] - [46] (French CJ, Crennan and Kiefel JJ). 89 In supplying its customers, and through them ultimate consumers, with spring assists which can only reasonably be used to make roller blind mechanisms which infringe the Patent, JAI granted, or purported to grant, its customers and ultimate consumers the right to make, and use, spring assisted roller blind mechanisms in infringement of the Patent (apart from claims 18 and 28). 90 In addition, through its roller blind specifications, JAI instructed its customers and ultimate consumers to use the JAI spring assists in that way. 91 Therefore, again if the evidence of Mr Hunter is accepted and if the Patent is valid, JAI would have infringed rights of Damorgold in the Patent by authorising infringing conduct.

INVALIDITY 92 The main contest in this proceeding related to invalidity, putting aside the omnibus claim, and the question of the infringement of claims 23 and 27. I will deal with each of these claims separately after considering invalidity. 93 In considering this main contest, the parties were not in any disagreement as the nature of the invention claimed, the principles of construction or the appropriate description of the skilled addressee. 94 I need not address the nature of the invention or the principles of construction. As to the skilled addressee, the field of the invention is the installation, manufacture and design of roller blinds and roller blind components. The skilled addressee is a person involved in the installation, manufacture and design of roller blinds and their components. Both Mr Hunter and Dr Field were witnesses who could assist the Court on construction of the Patent. Further, I would regard each as an appropriate skilled addressee. 95 I then turn to the grounds of invalidity raised by JAI. 96 JAI alleges that the Patent is invalid on effectively two grounds: (a) the Patent is not novel; (b) the Patent is not a manner of manufacture. 97 It was also submitted by JAI that Mr Fortunato was not the inventor. The arguments in support of this submission were effectively covered by the two grounds of invalidity mentioned above.

Novelty 98 As the complete application was filed on 25 August 2000, the Act in the form unamended by the Patents Amendment Act 2001 (Cth) applies to determine the novelty of the patent. 99 For present purposes, s 7 of the Act in the relevant form provided: 7. (1) For the purposes of this Act, an invention is to be taken to be novel when compared with the prior art base unless it is not novel in the light of any one of the following kinds of information, each of which must be considered separately: (a) prior art information (other than that mentioned in paragraph (c)) made publicly available in a single document or through doing a single act; (b) prior art information (other than that mentioned in paragraph (c)) made publicly available in 2 or more related documents, or through doing 2 or more related acts, if the relationship between the documents or acts is such that a person skilled in the relevant art in the patent area would treat them as a single source of that information; (c) …. 100 The term "prior art information" used in both s 7(1) and 7(3) was defined in the Dictionary in Sch 1 of the Act by reference to the "prior art base": "prior art base" means: (a) in relation to deciding whether an invention does or does not involve an inventive step: (i) information in a document, being a document publicly available anywhere in the patent area; and (ii) information made publicly available through doing an act anywhere in the patent area; and (iii) where the invention is the subject of a standard patent or an application for a standard patent - information in a document publicly available outside the patent area; and (b) in relation to deciding whether an invention is or is not novel: (i) information of a kind mentioned in paragraph (a); and (ii) information contained in a published specification filed in respect of a complete application where: (A) if the information is, or were to be, the subject of a claim of the specification, the claim has, or would have, a priority date earlier than that of the claim under consideration; and (B) the specification was published on or after the priority date of the claim under consideration; and (C) the information was contained in the specification on its filing date. [Note: For the meaning of document see section 2B of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901.] 101 It is sufficient for present purposes to treat the "patent area" as meaning Australia. 102 For the purposes of "novelty", therefore, the prior art against which the novelty of the claimed invention is to be assessed includes any information made publicly available in a document anywhere in the world. In the case of information disclosed by doing an act, however, the act must have been done publicly in Australia. 103 The terms of s 7(1) require the prior art information to be in a single document or related documents or from doing a single act or related acts. They do not permit information in a document to be combined with information arising from doing an act, or vice versa: see the approach taken by Bennett J in Zetco Pty Ltd v Austworld Commodities Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 848 at [129]. 104 The invention (as claimed in a particular claim) is taken to be novel unless it is shown to lack novelty in light of the relevant prior art. 105 The comparison required is often described as the "reverse infringement" test. That test requires that the prior art information must disclose all the essential integers of the claimed invention. Thus, in Meyers Taylor Pty Ltd v Vicarr Industries Ltd (1977) 137 CLR 228 at 235, Aickin J explained: The basic test for anticipation or want of novelty is the same as that for infringement and generally one can properly ask oneself whether the alleged anticipation would, if the patent were valid, constitute an infringement …. 106 The classic test of the standard of disclosure required for a prior document to anticipate an alleged invention is that of Lord Westbury LC in Hill v Evans (1862) 4 De GF & J 288 at 300-302; 45 ER 1195 at 1199-1200; reproduced in 1A IPR 1 at 6-7: The question then is, what must be the nature of the antecedent statement? I apprehend that the principle is correctly thus expressed: the antecedent statement must be such that a person of ordinary knowledge of the subject would at once perceive, understand, and be able practically to apply the discovery without the necessity of making further experiments and gaining further information before the invention can be made useful. If something remains to be ascertained which is necessary for the useful application of the discovery, that affords sufficient room for another valid patent. By the words of the statute of James, it is necessary for the validity of a patent that the invention should not have been known or used at the time. These words are held to mean ``not publicly known or publicly used''. What amounts to public knowledge or public user is still to be ascertained. One of the means of imparting knowledge to the public is the publication of a book, or the recording of a specification of a patent. If, therefore, in disproving that allegation which is involved in every patent, that the invention was not previously known, appeal be made to an antecedently published book or specification, the question is, what is the nature and extent of the information thus acquired which is necessary to disprove the novelty of the subsequent patent? There is not, I think, any other general answer that can be given to this question than this: that the information as to the alleged invention given by the prior publication must, for the purposes of practical utility, be equal to that given by the subsequent patent. The invention must be shewn to have been before made known. Whatever, therefore, is essential to the invention must be read out of the prior publication. If specific details are necessary for the practical working and real utility of the alleged invention, they must be found substantially in the prior publication. Apparent generality, or a proposition not true to its full extent, will not prejudice a subsequent statement which is limited and accurate, and gives a specific rule of practical application. The reason is manifest, because much further information, and therefore much further discovery, are required before the real truth can be extricated and embodied in a form to serve the use of mankind. It is the difference between the ore and the refined and pure metal which is extracted from it. Again, it is not, in my opinion, true in these cases to say, that knowledge, and the means of obtaining knowledge, are the same. There is a great difference between them. To carry me to the place at which I wish to arrive is very different from merely putting me on the road that leads to it. There may be a latent truth in the words of a former writer, not known even to the writer himself; and it would be unreasonable to say that there is no merit in discovering and unfolding it to the world. Upon principle, therefore, I conclude that the prior knowledge of an invention to avoid a patent must be knowledge equal to that required to be given by a specification, namely, such knowledge as will enable the public to perceive the very discovery, and to carry the invention into practical use. 107 The alleged prior art information must make publicly available "each and every one of the essential integers" of each claim: see Nicaro Holdings Pty Ltd v Martin Engineering Co (1990) 91 ALR 513 at 527 - 528, 531 - 532 per Gummow J, with Jenkinson J agreeing; and Zetco [2011] FCA 848 at [93] (per Bennett J). 108 As Bennett J then went on to say in Zetco [2011] FCA 848 at [93]: Such a disclosure may be explicit or, in certain circumstances, may amount to a sufficient disclosure of each integer to a skilled worker even though not explicit (H Lundbeck A/S v Alphapharm Pty Ltd (2009) 177 FCR 151; Nicaro Holdings Pty Ltd v Martin Engineering Co (1990) 91 ALR 513). This may occur where, for example, the prior art information is a publication which does not specify an integer but the skilled reader would understand that integer to be present in the subject matter described. The same applies to what is disclosed to the person of skill in the art by a prior product. If the prior art does not expressly specify each and every essential integer of the claimed invention, the evidence must clearly establish that, to the skilled reader, each and every essential integer is included in that prior art. If the prior art relied on is an object rather than a publication, that object must incorporate all of the essential integers of the claim, as would an infringement (Meyers Taylor Pty Ltd v Vicarr Industries Ltd (1977) 137 CLR 228 at 235). Otherwise, it is necessary to establish that the skilled addressee would add the missing information to the combination as a matter of course and without the application of inventive ingenuity; he or she must, in effect, "see" the missing integer in the prior art object (Lundbeck at [181] and [183] per Bennett J, Middleton J agreeing). The term "enabling disclosure" may also be apposite to disclosure to the skilled addressee of an asserted prior use; the issue is whether what the skilled addressee observes on inspection is sufficient to enable him or her to comprehend the complete invention (Insta Image Pty Ltd v KD Kanopy Australasia Pty Ltd (2008) 78 IPR 20). A person of skill in the art examining a prior art valve may know of a component that equates to a missing integer, or the missing integer may be part of common general knowledge. However, this does not necessarily mean that the prior art discloses that missing integer and that anticipation has occurred. Such a submission misunderstands the test for anticipation. It is a matter of the disclosure of the prior art information. 109 Information will be made "publicly available" if it is accessible to a member of the public in circumstances where that person would be free in law and equity to make such use of it as they saw fit: see eg Insta Image Pty Ltd v K D Kanopy Australasia Pty Ltd (2008) 78 IPR 20 at [124] per Lindgren, Bennett and Logan JJ. 110 In the case of anticipation by doing an act in public, one can usually ask "what information was given" to a person skilled in the art by the use in question: see Insta Image 78 IPR 20 at [125]-[126], [151]. The question posed under the Act is whether the claimed invention has been disclosed by conduct: see Jupiters Ltd v Neurizon Pty Ltd (2005) 222 ALR 155; 65 IPR 86 at [139] (Hill, Finn and Gyles JJ) and Insta Image 78 IPR 20 at [122]. 111 In Insta Image 78 IPR 20 the Full Court at [124] distilled the following principles for determining whether information was publicly available before the priority date: (a) The information must have been made available to at least one member of the public who, in that capacity, was free, in law and equity, to make use of it: PLG Research Ltd v Ardon International Ltd [1993] FSR 197 at 226 per Aldous J cited in Jupiters 65 IPR 86 at [141]. (b) It is immaterial whether or not the invention has become known to many people or a few people (Sunbeam Corporation v Morphy-Richards (Aust) Pty Ltd (1961) 180 CLR 98 at 111; 1B IPR 625 at 633 per Windeyer J). As long as it was made available to persons as members of the public, the number of those persons is not relevant. Availability to one or two people as members of the public is sufficient in the absence of any associated obligation of confidentiality: Formento Industrial SA & Biro Swan Ltd v Mentmore Manufacturing Co Ltd [1956] RPC 87 at 99-100; Re Bristol-Myers Co's Application [1969] RPC 146 at 155 per Parker LJ. (c) The question is not whether access to an invented product was actually availed of but whether the product was made available to the public without restraint at law or in equity: Merck & Co Inc v Arrow Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2006) 154 FCR 31; 68 IPR 511; [2006] FCAFC 91 at [98]-[103]. 112 In Insta Image 78 IPR 20 the alleged prior use was of a collapsible canopy framework used at public events such as motocross races and jet ski races. The Full Court found (at [151]) that this constituted a prior public use (omitting case references): The public was not denied access, and there was a means for the public to inspect the original. There was nothing to prevent a member of the public from going to its location at the back of the pits, and examining it sufficiently to understand its construction and its component features. There is nothing in the evidence to suggest that examination would not have revealed all of the integers of the claimed invention including the mounts and pins described in the Patent specification. The information gleaned from such an inspection would, for the purposes of practical utility, be equal to that given in the patent. An inspection would enable a person skilled in the art to put the claimed invention into practice. (citations omitted) 113 In addition, in Vehicle Monitoring Systems Pty Limited v Sarb Management Group Pty Ltd (trading as Database Consultants Australia) (No 2) (2013) 101 IPR 496, Yates J looked at the public demonstration of the product claimed to be anticipating the invention, citing Lux Traffic Controls Limited v Pike Signals Limited [1993] RPC 107 at 134, and commenting as follows: There is a difference between circumstances where the public have an article in their possession to handle, measure and test and where they can only look at it. What is made available to the public will often differ in those circumstances. In the latter case it could be nothing material; whereas in the former the public would have had the opportunity of a complete examination. 114 In Lux Traffic Controls [1993] RPC 107 Aldous J (at 134-135) had to consider whether there was a prior public disclosure during the course of trials conducted in Somerset of a prototype traffic light controller: ...Thus what is made available to the public by a machine, such as a light control system, is that which the skilled man would, if asked to describe its construction and operation, write down having carried out an appropriate test or examination. To invalidate the patent, the description that such a man would write down must be a clear and unambiguous description of the invention claimed. In the present case, a light system with a prototype controller was on a number of occasions made available to contractors over five months. Those contractors were free in law and equity to examine it. When doing so, they could observe the lights, test the detectors and observe when a detection had been made. They could not, upon my conclusion as to fact, have seen the control panel which had a light showing that a demand had been recorded. If a skilled man had taken the time to test the way the lights worked, using the prototype controller, he would have seen that the system used standard lights and standard detectors.... I conclude that such an examination would be sufficient to disclose the invention of claim 1. Once the prototype controller was made available to the contractors, then all the details of the invention were also made available to them. I conclude that claim 1 lacked novelty. 115 All cases must be determined upon the evidence. For instance, in Insta Image 78 IPR 20 and Longworth v Emerton (1951) 83 CLR 539, the courts could find as a fact that the public could readily perceive and understand the invention from what was displayed. In Aspirating IP Limited v Vision Systems (2010) 88 IPR 52 at [265]-[266], [276] and [287]-[288], Besanko J rejected the display of a photograph as sufficient to constitute prior use, but his Honour found that the claimed invention lacked novelty on the basis of evidence that the witness, Dr Cole, had thoroughly explained to potential customers a way in which the device depicted in the photograph worked.

Prior Art or Conduct relied upon 116 JAI relied as conduct and prior art on: (a) the showing of and making available for sale in Australia the RolaShades product; (b) the publication of the 1996 catalogue and RolaShades Drawing; and (c) the Toso Patent (European Patent Specification 0 180 832).

The RolaShades product 117 JAI led evidence from Mr Horner and Ms Payne that, in or about November 1996 (before the priority date), its predecessor, JAI Pty Ltd imported into Australia a handful of RolaShades mechanisms, assembled some of them into blinds and offered them for sale by showing the blinds and the mechanism itself to some customers in its showrooms, at the customers' places and by inclusion in a catalogue. In addition, JAI led evidence from Mr Jackson that he had seen invoices of sales by RolaShades to some persons. 118 In particular, evidence was led from Mr Horner and Ms Payne as follows: (a) in about November 1996, Mr Horner organised the purchase from RolaShades of around six to ten RolaShades products; (b) The RolaShades products were delivered to JAI Pty Ltd's showroom in Atarmon, New South Wales; (c) Mr Horner assembled several RolaShades products into complete blinds, by inserting them into blind tubes. One of these blinds was mounted using brackets and fixed onto a shelving unit. The blind was then weighted with sand bags (to simulate a blind with heavy fabric) and used as a test or demonstration unit. The blind cylinder and the brackets were obtained from RolaShades; (d) JAI Pty Ltd staff (including Ms Payne) were encouraged to test the durability of the RolaShades product by operating the mounted blind mechanism whenever they went past; (e) Other mounted blinds including RolaShades products were displayed and available for sale at the showroom; (f) During late 1996 or early 1997, when demonstrating the RolaShades product to potential customers, Mr Horner showed it both in the form of a mounted blind (in a tube) and separately (referring to exhibit R6). As Mr Horner explained: ... I would take them to my customers' places and show them… (Q) Show what - what you show the customers is how it works? … (A) How it works and they like to see the component as well so I would had - I would have a blind on a board in my car and one of these separate again and say, here you are, this is what is in this blind and we would put it on their rack and we would pull it up and down and show them. (g) The RolaShades Product was included in the 1996 catalogue; (h) Copies of the 1996 catalogue were mailed to approximately 200 of potential Australian customers, handed to customers who visited the office, sent to agents or given out by sales representatives. 119 Damorgold do not accept the evidence led by JAI on these matters. It also submitted that even if the evidence led be accepted, it did not satisfy the requirement that information sufficient to destroy novelty has been made publicly available. 120 Damorgold submitted that the Court could not confidently find that JAI Pty Ltd did in fact display or offer for sale in Australia the RolaShades product before the priority date, or included any depiction of the product in the 1996 Catalogue. 121 Damorgold reminded the Court that where prior use of this kind is alleged, the courts require strict proof. In Nicaro 91 ALR 513, 524 - 525 Gummow J said: It is essential that an allegation of prior public use should be strictly proved. Evidence which is uncorroborated is undoubtedly suspect and should be scrutinized with particular care. The court must be satisfied that the proof is sufficient in the circumstances, having regard to the gravity of the allegation. 122 The reasons for this are the well-recognised frailty of memory, especially of events in the distant past and the potential for accurate recollection to be contaminated by subsequent events: see Commonwealth Industrial Gases Ltd v MWA Holdings Pty Ltd (1970) 180 CLR 160 at 165 - 166 (Menzies J). 123 Damorgold pointed, quite correctly, to a number of problems with the quality of the evidence adduced by JAI. The first problem was that there was no contemporaneous documentation to support JAI's claims. Neither Mr Horner nor JAI has produced: (a) any sales invoice or receipt for the alleged purchase from RolaShades; (b) any customs or other shipping documentation; or (c) any copy of the alleged 1996 JAI catalogue in which it is claimed that the spring assist was included. 124 The second problem was that JAI had not brought forward any independent witness who could verify any of these events. No witness had been put forward: (a) from RolaShades; (b) from any of the 10 customers to whom Mr Horner said he displayed the assembled blind and the spring assist; or (c) from any of the 200 or so customers to whom the 1996 catalogue was said to be shown. 125 Neither Mr Kensey nor Mr Wood, two actors in the events Mr Horner claims took place, were called by JAI. 126 Nevertheless, Mr Horner did produce a spring assist mechanism. However, it had no brand on it or any other markings which enable its source to be identified or for it to be dated with any accuracy. 127 In addition to the above failure to produce other evidence, I also accept that a number of valid complaints can be made of the evidence in fact called, and these were outlined by Damorgold. 128 First, it was submitted that Mr Horner had a direct interest in the outcome of this proceeding, as he was one of the two directors of JAI. His family trust company owned 50% of the shares in JAI. The sale of JAI's infringing product was a part in JAI's business of selling roller blinds which he was motivated to protect. 129 Secondly, it was submitted that Mr Horner was attempting to give evidence of events which occurred a very long time ago - approximately 15 years before his affidavit was sworn. His attempts to date the events were submitted to be plainly unreliable, as evidenced by certain inconsistencies: (a) As at 7 March 2011, the Particulars of Invalidity 1(b) claimed the sale was "about 1994"; (b) As at 8 March 2011, the Amended Defence 7 claimed "late 1996"; (c) As at 23 May 2011, the Amended Particulars of Invalidity 1(b) claimed "purchased about 1994", "promoted late 1994", "published in a catalogue March 1995" and "displayed late 1994"; (d) As at 20 September 2011, Mr Horner's affidavit [10] claimed it was "purchased October 1996"; [12] it was "displayed late 1996 early 1997" and [13] included in a "catalogue 1996"; (e) This changed in oral evidence based on his passport to returning to Australia at the end of November 1996. 130 Damorgold also attacked Mr Horner's evidence regarding introducing a new product into its range. It submitted that the evidence that JAI Pty Ltd would go to the lengths of introducing a new product into its range, including bringing out a new catalogue, only to drop it within a few months, was highly implausible, especially as the proffered explanation based on exchange rate movements seemed to be an insignificant factor. 131 Further, the evidence that Mr Horner imported not only the RolaShades product (exhibit R6), but also that product together with all the component parts necessary to assemble it into a working blind, was introduced at a late stage (only in cross-examination), and was not accepted by his own office manager, Ms Payne. 132 I have carefully considered Mr Horner's evidence keeping in mind the cautionary considerations raised by previous authorities. My first impression of his giving of evidence, and my subsequent review of his evidence, remain constant. 133 I accept that Mr Horner did not have a clear recollection of exactly when events occurred. To a certain extent, he reconstructed what could or might have happened from an article in a magazine about an Austrade trip, his expired passport and extrapolation from a trip to Stuttgart. All this was done to assist him to put a date upon the events he described. 134 I have had the advantage of seeing Mr Horner give his evidence at the trial. He appreciated readily that he could not remember the exact dates. He was obviously using documentation to assist, perhaps even reconstruct, the timing of the events. However, as to the events themselves, he independently recalled these happening. Mindful not to readily accept oral evidence (unsupported by documentation) as to prior public use, there is no principle of law to deny acceptance of such evidence if the court, upon hearing the witness, is convinced of its essential accuracy as to the decisive factual matters in contention. 135 Mr Horner seemed to me to be a reliable witness. He was unsure of exact dates, but was 'aided' by certain matters referred to above to assist his recollection. This is not unusual and was to be expected. The one thing he was certain about was the identity of the spring assist mechanism he produced, and that it was purchased and displayed prior to 1999. 136 As to the other criticisms made of Mr Horner, I make these comments. 137 The reason for dropping off the new product from the range within a few months of its introduction, was not because of the exchange rate as alluded to by Mr Horner. The real reason seemed to arise from disputation between the partners as to the introduction of the range in the first place. However, I do not consider this detracts from the other evidence Mr Horner gave as to the identity of the spring assist mechanism and the date of it display. 138 Secondly, the fact that Mr Horner introduced late into evidence that all the component parts were also imported does not detract from my view that Mr Horner was clear and definite about the two important matters - the identity of the spring assist mechanism he displayed and offered for sale in Australia, and that this occurred well before 1999. 139 Thirdly, because the relevant events occurred many years ago, I would not expect 'independent' witnesses in the category mentioned by Damorgold, would be either available or able to provide any useful evidence in this proceeding. 140 Therefore, despite the criticisms of Mr Horner, I accept his evidence on the two important matters of the identifying of the spring assist mechanism and the date of its display and offering for sale in Australia. 141 That is not the end of the evidence supporting these important matters. I turn to Ms Payne's evidence. She was adamant throughout her cross-examination about the accuracy of her recollection of the spring assist mechanism and the relevant date of importation, supporting the essential facts deposed to by Mr Horner. In my view, she was a credible witness and as it transpired during cross-examination, had no desire or motive to help out her long term former employer. Again, my view of her credibility has remained constant from my first impression of her whilst giving evidence, and my subsequent review of her evidence. 142 Damorgold also made some criticisms of the evidence of Ms Payne. 143 Damorgold submitted that Ms Payne was attempting to give evidence about events 17 years in her past. She had been retired since 2000. She had not had any occasion to recall those events until asked to provide an affidavit in this proceeding in late 2012. In order to identify the product she was simply given the product and asked whether or not it was the one she had seen 17 years previously. She conceded that the product had no markings on it, as to source or date. Even if she is accepted as identifying it accurately, it was submitted that she could not prove that exhibit R6 was the actual sample she saw in 1996. Although, Ms Payne was adamant about the accuracy of her recollection, it was submitted that: (a) Ms Payne was wrong about the date of Mr Horner's visit to Singapore in 1994. (b) She was more vague about Mr Horner's 1996 visit to Singapore. (c) Ms Payne had no clear recollection of how the alleged 1996 catalogue was prepared or withdrawn, and her evidence is a reconstruction about what would or might have happened. 144 However, like Mr Horner, Ms Payne was adamant about the identity of the spring assist mechanism (which she recognised as exhibit R6 for plausible reasons she advanced as to her particular recollection at the time) and the date being well before the year 1999. I would not expect Ms Payne to know the exact date, even in a range of six or so months. However, she was adamant, with cause in my view, as to the approximate time of the relevant importation and events upon which she was cross-examined. 145 Then there is further supporting evidence. Despite some of the vagueness and lack of detail, Mr Jackson's evidence, and to a lesser extent Mr Ang's evidence, partly corroborates Mr Horner's evidence that he purchased the RolaShades product in 1996 in the manner he described. Mr Jackson's evidence in particular at least establishes that a product like the RolaShades product was available for purchase overseas, in or around 1996 or 1997, as Mr Horner contended in his evidence. 146 Therefore, I accept the evidence of Mr Horner and Ms Payne, as detailed above. 147 I find that JAI Pty Ltd did have possession of a few RolaShades products brought into Australia before the priority date as detailed in the evidence of Mr Horner, which included the sample described by Mr Horner and Ms Payne, which is exhibit R6. I am satisfied, whilst no 1996 Catalogue is in evidence, that RolaShades product was shown in the 1996 Catalogue as it was depicted in the 1998 Catalogue (which is in evidence). 148 This is a situation, distinguished from other cases, where the original product in the form of exhibit R6, is available at the time of the hearing, and the evidence is not limited to photos of the product or witnesses' recollection of the product. Further, the product, as Mr Hunter said, involves simple and straight forward technology. 149 Nevertheless, there is no evidence that any RolaShades product was actually sold by JAI Pty Ltd, nor that any samples were actually provided to anyone to retain. Mr Horner had samples which he showed to particular customers with a view to an eventual sale of the RolaShades product. However, at the time the RolaShades product was demonstrated to customers, it was available for sale, albeit for a short period of time. 150 The real issue in this proceeding is whether based upon the circumstances in which it occurred, the showing of the RolaShades product in Australia to some potential customers with a view to making such available to sale, amounted to making publicly available the RolaShades product. 151 The RolaShades product was mounted in blinds on display at the showroom in Atarmon, but was also shown at customers' places of business. As Mr Horner said, the part he showed customers to explain how the product worked was similar to (if not) exhibit R6. Whilst it is not possible to ascertain all the internal componentry of the JAI spring assist without pulling it apart to understand its internal workings, this could be readily done without any damage to any part of the mechanisms. Re-assembly was easy. Whilst undoubtedly Mr Horner did not want any potential customer to "reverse engineer" the mechanism, he was offering or making available for sale the RolaShades product. I accept that he did not want any of the samples to be taken by the customers. In fact, all the samples were retained by Mr Horner and none was left with the customers. This was not to be unexpected, as Mr Horner needed the samples to show other potential customers. Nevertheless, a customer would have a general idea of the mechanism employed in the RolaShades product from observing the RolaShades product itself, specifically exhibit R6. 152 Further, and significantly, in view of Mr Horner's commercial interest in selling the blinds, if asked by a potential customer, I find that he would have readily pulled apart the RolaShades product to demonstrate exactly how it worked. This could have been readily achieved, and re-assembly was simple. Mr Hunter dismantled Exhibit R6 with no difficulty. 153 It is important to appreciate that the potential customers of Mr Horner were entities who made blinds, and who had an interest in the working of the new product, described by Mr Horner as "a very unique product back in the day". The RolaShades product was offered for sale in the 1996 catalogue, and if sold, would not have been subject to any restrictions on its use. Mr Horner, when showing his potential customers the samples, would appreciate that upon sale the product was capable of reverse engineering. 154 In my view, the potential customers of Mr Horner would have been free to dis-assemble exhibit R6, and would have been interested in looking at its mechanical workings. The acts of Mr Horner in displaying the RolaShades product to various customers, with a view to sale, was making the RolaShades product publicly available. There was a means for any customer to inspect the RolaShades product. The customers had an incentive to inspect and Mr Horner had an incentive to allow the customers to do so. Each customer had the opportunity to handle, view, and test the RolaShades product. An examination of the component features would have been easy, and would have revealed all the relevant integers of the claimed invention. Such an examination would have readily enabled a person skilled in the art to put the claimed invention into practice. 155 It is clear from the expert evidence of both Mr Hunter and Dr Field that the workings of the RolaShades product (including its use in a blind control mechanism) can be discerned from an inspection once dis-assembled. The person skilled in the art so inspecting the RolaShades product would observe sufficient to enable them to comprehend the complete invention. No further experimentation was required. 156 Further, the person skilled in the art would readily comprehend that the RolaShades product would be combined with the other well known roller blind components, including a chain winder mechanism and a blind cylinder. 157 It does not matter that only a few, or perhaps only one, potential customer was approached and had the opportunity to examine the RolaShades product. It does not matter that the RolaShades product was not actually dis-assembled. Each potential customer, in my view, had the opportunity of a complete examination of the internal componentry of the RolaShades product. There was no restriction placed upon any potential customer as to what he or she would do in making use of the information so obtained from an examination of the internal componentry. 158 It is of no importance that no actual sale took place. The circumstances described above constitute sufficient conduct of making the RolaShades product publicly available in Australia. That conduct of displaying and offering for sale the RolaShades product (in the circumstances described) made available the necessary information to find anticipation. 159 Mr Hunter's evidence was that he could identify in the RolaShades product all the integers of claims 1-22, 24-26, 29 and 30. 160 Dr Field's evidence was that the RolaShades Product had each of the integers of each of claims 1-17, 19-22, 24-26, 29 and 30. 161 Thus, on the reverse infringement test, conduct of showing the RolaShades product in the circumstances I have found to have occurred would constitute an infringement of at least claims 1-17, 19-22, 24-26, 29 and 30 of the Patent.

The 1996 Catalogue 162 I consider this aspect of the contention of JAI can be readily disposed of on the basis that there is insufficient disclosure in the 1996 Catalogue. 163 No example of the 1996 Catalogue was produced in evidence. Mr Horner and Ms Payne gave evidence of its contents by reference to the 1998 Catalogue that was in evidence. I have accepted that evidence. According to Mr Horner, the RolaShades product was shown with an "exploded" view similar to that of the "Spring Motor" product shown on page 4 of the 1998 Catalogue. 164 That representation is: 165 However, in my view there was no disclosure of any of the internal components such as depicted in figure 1 of the Patent. 166 Such evidence as there is, does not support a conclusion that all of the integers claimed in, for example, claim 1, can be seen in such an exploded view or would be understood by the person skilled in the art. 167 Therefore, there has not been sufficient disclosure by the 1996 Catalogue.

The RolaShades Drawing 168 The position is similar in connection with the RolaShades Drawing. There are four versions of RolaShades drawings before the Court, a version included in Dr Field's written evidence, a version introduced by Mr Ang, and two versions in exhibit R-10. 169 JAI focuses upon the version referred to by Dr Field, upon which the experts specifically opined. 170 Whatever version is taken, and even if I could find that the relevant drawing is prior art information for the purposes of the novelty assessment, none of the drawings discloses sufficient information to satisfy the standard laid down in Hill v Evans and subsequent cases. 171 For example, Mr Hunter's evidence was that it was not possible to tell what type of clutch was used or how spring assistance was utilised. In response, Dr Field agreed: Mr. Hunter has re-stated my opinion that the RolaShades drawing alone does not explain the type of clutch used in the RolaShades product …. I agree that the mechanism by which the spring would be tensioned is not apparent from the drawing …. However, Mr Hunter has raised the suggestion (para 11 in his affidavit) that I may have been comparing the RolaShades drawing in isolation, to the Damorgold patent. This was not my intention, and I agree with him that the RolaShades drawing does not provide sufficient information to provide more than a superficial comparison. 172 It is apparent, just by this one example, that the skilled addressee could not "at once perceive and understand and be able practically to apply the discovery without the necessity of making further experiments" and that no version of the RolaShades Drawing itself provides "clear and unmistakable directions" to carry out the claimed invention.

The Toso Patent 173 Damorgold accepted that the Toso Patent forms part of the prior art base for the purposes of the novelty assessment. Damorgold submitted, however, that it does not disclose all the essential integers of the claimed invention. 174 The Toso Patent is entitled 'A screen locking device'. The invention claimed is for a clutch device, the essence of which is a reversible key (marked 18, depicted in figure 2 of the Toso Patent). 175 The device of the Toso Patent is intended to operate in two very different situations. In one, a large braking force is desired for a heavy blind. In this situation, the blind can be raised or lowered only by operating the chain pulley. In the other situation, however, a reduced braking force is desired so that the blind can be lowered by hand. 176 The Toso Patent identifies the problem which arose in seeking to use a 'known device' for both purposes: it was necessary to change the coil spring fitted to the clutch mechanism which 'is not easy' once the spring has been fitted. 177 The Toso Patent (at column 2:60) then describes two different configurations of blind; one for use in the first situation, the second for use in the second situation: In the roll blind having a heavy screen without an auxiliary spring-motor, the key is set one way in which the projection is within the both crossed ends of the coil spring to give the device a large braking force and surely prevent the rotation of the screen-roll by the weight of the screen. In the case of the roll blind with an auxiliary spring-motor, the key is set the other way in which the projection is out of the both crossed ends to give the device a small braking force. The small braking force not only prevents the device from making a noise when the screen stops but also allows the screen to be directly pulled down by hand, …. 178 In the first configuration, the reversible key is inserted so that the clutch mechanism provides the desired large braking force similar to the way the clutch mechanism functions in the Patent. However, in this configuration, there is no spring motor or spring assistance. 179 In contrast, in the second 'fundamentally different' configuration, the key is reversed so that a lower braking force results. If that were the only change to the first configuration, however, the weight of the blind itself would lead to the blind unrolling. To counteract this, therefore, 'an auxiliary spring motor' must also be fitted to provide a balance to the weight of the blind. 180 In this second configuration, it is possible to pull down on the blind itself to lower the blind. In the first configuration, however, pulling down on the blind only increases the braking force applied by the clutch so that it is not possible to pull the blind down in this way. 181 Mr Hunter considered that these are the only two embodiments disclosed in the Toso Patent. He compared each of these embodiments to each of the claims. As a result, he concluded: (a) the first embodiment (with the key engaged to create a spring clutch) does not disclose any of the claims as at the least there is no 'biasing means' - integers 1.8 - 1.11 and 1.21; and (b) the second embodiment also does not disclose any of the claims at least because it does not disclose a 'driven member' - integers 1.14 and 1.15, 1.18 and 1.19 and 1.26. 182 Undoubtedly, the Toso Patent has many references to the reversible nature of the key: (a) "reversibly fitted in the sleeve to set its projection either of both ways"; (b) "when the key is set one way … when the key is set the other…"; (c) "key is reversibly set with ease when sleeve is reversed from screen roll"; (d) "when the projection is reversed"; (e) "adjustment is easily performed by reversing the key fitted on the sleeve which is remove ably inserted into the screen-roll"; (f) the key 18 is easily reversed … easily picked out of the sleeve 17 and reversibly reset in the sleeve"; 183 Mr Hunter gave evidence that 'reversible' meant something could be used one way and then another (eg a reversible coat) and that having changed one way, something could be changed back. 184 Mr Hunter said that changing the key over would be a relatively easy thing to do, that could be done by a blind installer. 185 Mr Hunter agreed that if the key in a blind of the second embodiment was reversed that the result would disclose all the integers of claim 1 and all the clutch integers. 186 Dr Field accepted Mr Hunter's analysis comparing those two embodiments to the claims. 187 Dr Field also accepted that the Toso Patent described only the two embodiments identified by Mr Hunter. 188 Dr Field, however, considered that the Toso Patent disclosed the invention claimed in the Patent because he analysed the Toso Patent as though it also includes the other combinations. 189 Dr Field read the reference in column 1:31 to 'the device' as a reference to 'the known device' referred to earlier in line 15. From this Dr Field concluded that the use of 'an auxiliary spring-motor' in combination with the spring clutch of the 'known device' was also known, making reference to the 088 patent (which is in evidence). 190 The 088 patent is an earlier patent to the Toso Patent for a screen-operating device for use in a roller blind. 191 It is true that the 088 patent was for a simple spring clutch which is similar (although not identical) to the clutch shown in the Patent. However, the 088 patent does not refer to a "spring assist" or an "auxiliary spring-motor". 192 Further, whilst Mr Hunter was aware of the use of spring motors in the different mechanism of Holland blinds, Mr Hunter said: I am not aware of the prior use of an auxiliary spring motor to balance the weight of a screen, or in conjunction with a chain clutch. I do not agree with Dr Field that the Toso Patent teaches or even suggests, the use of what Dr Field calls "normal" clutch coil springs on heavy chain operated blinds with the option of a counter balance spring. 193 Mr Hunter was of the view that there were two different embodiments, one for each of the two different purposes. 194 I accept Mr Hunter's position. It seems to me that 'the device' referred to was simply a reference to the device the subject of the Toso Patent. 195 Dr Field also referred to column 5:39 to 45 of the Toso Patent in support of his position. Here the inventor discusses the flexibility of the invention and how easily the first embodiment can be converted to the second embodiment. It was not a suggestion for another embodiment or other combinations. I accept the analysis made by Mr Hunter at paragraphs [15] to [30] of his affidavit sworn on 28 February 2013, particularly the comment that Dr Field has read the passage he refers to out of context. 196 It is significant that the Toso Patent does not specifically recommend the reversal of the second embodiment with auxiliary spring and clutch. I do not consider that the repeated references to the reversible nature of the key with directions to reverse it suggests, recommends, or provides directions as contended for by JAI. 197 I consider that Dr Field, to the extent he interpreted the Toso Patent, was influenced by hindsight and his familiarity with the Patent. I prefer the approach adopted by Mr Hunter. 198 I find that the Toso Patent does not anticipate any claim of the Patent.

Claim 25 of the Patent 199 Mr Hunter and Dr Field disagreed whether the Toso Patent disclosed all the integers of claim 25 of the Patent. 200 Claim 25 reads: Mechanism according to any preceding claim, wherein interconnecting means provides a connection between said biasing means and said fixed shaft, opposite ends of said interconnecting means being connected to said biasing means and said fixed shaft respectively, and the connection at each said end being such as to prevent relative rotation. 201 Read with claim 1, the mechanism claimed by claim 25 must have (amongst other things) a longitudinal axis and a fixed shaft, at one end of the axis, which is connectable to a support for the mechanism. 202 In the Toso Patent and the description of the second embodiment, the auxiliary spring motor 44 is not directly connected to the fixed shaft 11. Rather, it is connected at one end to the ring 43 and at the other end to the sleeve 41 which goes around the other fixed shaft 40. In terms of the Patent, the auxiliary spring motor is connected at the distal or back end or opposite end to the drive means (clutch mechanism). 203 On this basis, Mr Hunter concluded that claim 25 is not satisfied by the second embodiment in the Toso Patent as the auxiliary spring motor 44 is not directly connected to the fixed shaft 11. 204 Dr Field's view was that functionally the "support" can be a wall or anything that holds or prevents one end of the mechanism moving with respect to the other. Hence, it could include a wall and the ceiling. Accordingly, a connection is provided between the auxiliary spring motor 44 and the fixed shaft 11 indirectly via the means of support. 205 I do not accept Dr Field's interpretation. It is contrary to the plain meaning of the terms of claim 25 which, read with claim 1, draw a clear distinction between the blind control mechanism and the means of support. The interconnecting means required by claim 25 must be part of the blind control mechanism and not just the means of support to which the blind control mechanism is attached.

MANNER OF MANUFACTURE 206 JAI contended that admissions on the face of the specification mean that the claimed invention is not a manner of manufacture. In addition, JAI asserted that the requirements of unitary construction in each of claims 22, 23 and 27 "lacks any desirable functional result" and "has no effect on, and no interaction with, the combination claimed" and so is a mere collocation. 207 Section 18(1) provides: Subject to subsection (2), an invention is a patentable invention for the purposes of a standard patent if the invention, so far as claimed in any claim: (a) is a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies; ... 208 The term "invention" is defined in Sch 1 to the Act to mean any manner of new manufacture the subject of letters patent and grant of privilege within section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies, and includes an alleged invention. 209 Relevantly here the first objection is to be sustained where it is apparent on the face of the specification that the claimed invention does not have the necessary quality of newness or inventiveness required for patent protection, even though it is inherently patentable by reason of its subject matter: see eg NV Phillips Gloeilampenfabrieken v Mirabella International Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 655; Commissioner of Patents v Microcell Ltd (1959) 102 CLR 232 and Merck 154 FCR 31. The basis of this objection is that such an invention cannot be said to be a "new" manner of manufacture in accordance with the definition of "invention" in Sch 1 to the Act and s 6 of the Statute of Monopolies, because the specification itself makes it plain that the assertion of "newness" cannot be supported. 210 Damorgold accepted that there is binding authority that admissions on the face of the specification may result in a claimed invention not satisfying the requirement of manner of manufacture under s 18(1)(a). Damorgold reserved the right to argue that this is inconsistent with the High Court's position stated in the last sentence of Lockwood Security Pty Ltd v Doric Products Pty Ltd (No 2) (2007) 235 CLR 173 at [106]. 211 If one is looking for admissions, it is necessary to consider the scope of any alleged 'admission' and, as the High Court went on to say in Lockwood Security Pty Ltd (No 2) 235 CLR 173 at [108]: However, admissions of mixed fact and law will not necessarily be conclusive on the issue of common general knowledge. Nor will they oust the trial judge's function of weighing all the evidence. (citations omitted) 212 It was submitted by Damorgold that the matters relied on by JAI do not disclose all of the integers of any claim, and the invention claimed had the necessary quality of 'newness'. 213 Looking then to the Specification, it refers in several places to a clutch roller as described in the "667 Patent". Mr Hunter and Mr Aspros agreed that they were familiar at the priority date with spring clutches of the type said to be "familiar to those skilled in the art" of Chain Winders in the 667 Patent. 214 The description of the prior art clutch in the 667 Patent is incorporated by reference into the Specification. The skilled addressee is directed to the 667 Patent for a description of the clutch so described. For example: "Another type of roller mechanism … a clutch roller, is the subject of Australian Patent 667615"; "The driven member is preferably assembled … so that the drive and driven members 5, 6 are capable of limited relative rotation in a manner described in patent specification 667615"; "In the particular arrangement shown, clutch means 7 in association with the shaft, the drive member 5 and driven member 6 is generally described as Australian." 215 The 667 Patent describes a "prior art spring clutch of a type often used to control window shades" and says that the operation of that clutch "will be familiar to those skilled in the art". This was contended by JAI to be an admission that the prior art spring clutch described in the 667 Patent was known. 216 Mr Hunter appeared to accept that each of the essential "clutch integers" added by dependent claims 2 and 4 to 21 were all integers which were disclosed in the prior art clutch described in the 667 Patent. 217 However, the various disclosures in the 667 Patent as identified by JAI do not disclose all the integers of any claim in the Patent, and the combination of features is not disclosed. This means that the invention, as a combination of features, is a sufficient manner of manufacture. 218 JAI also contended that a number of claims are invalid as "a mere collocation". 219 JAI submitted that each of claims 22, 23 and 27 was a mere collocation of integers. It was submitted that these "unitary construction" integers (being essential integers) must interact purposefully and functionally with the other integers to produce the claim. It was said that the requirement that the particular element be "unitary" lacked any desirable function, having no effect on, and no interaction with, the combination claimed. 220 JAI relied on Smith & Nephew Pty Ltd v Wake University Health Sciences (2009) 82 IPR 467 at [16] (Finn, Bennett and Middleton JJ), where the Full Court said: A mere collocation of parts, each performing its own separate function, is not patentable. However, a claim may validly combine a number of elements which interact with each other to produce a new result or product. Such a combination may be one constituted by integers each of which are old, or by integers some of which are new, the interaction being the essential element: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co v Beiersdorf (Aust) Ltd (1980) 144 CLR 253 at 266; 29 ALR 29 at 36; 1A IPR 231 at 237 (Minnesota Mining) per Aitkin J, and Firebelt Pty Ltd v Brambles Australia Ltd (2002) 188 ALR 280; 54 IPR 449; [2002] HCA 21 at [21]. 221 For the combination to be valid therefore the integers must interact to bring about the desired result. At [33] the Full Court also stated: Once the aseptic package is said by the respondents to be an essential integer and part of the invention claimed, it must interact purposefully and functionally with the other integers to produce the negative wound pressure. It may be said that it has a purpose - to ensure sterility in treating the wound - but it lacks any desirable functional result in the way described by Dixon J in Palmer and Aicken J in Minnesota Mining. 222 In Smith & Nephew Pty Ltd 82 IPR 467, the claim in question - claim 49 - was for "an apparatus for applying negative pressure to a wound" (see [8]). 223 The "added integer" was for the claimed apparatus to be in an aseptic package. 224 The Full Court said the question to be asked was: The question is whether each of the integers of the claim interact to produce negative wound pressure. It is to be asked how, if at all, does the aseptic package interact with the other integers to produce the result of negative wound pressure. 225 It was accepted that the aseptic bag played no part in the application of negative pressure to the wound (see [9]). In answering the question posed at [25], the Full Court explained: …. It is the mere bag in which the device that "does the work" is stored before use. It is discarded before any negative would pressure is applied. No doubt it is beneficial to have sterile packaging for a therapeutic device, however, the aseptic bag itself does nothing to cause, limit or affect the functional result of negative wound pressure as desired. 226 In the present case, the claims are directed to a "mechanism for controlling extension and retraction of a blind …". 227 The integers of a particular claim interact to control the extension and retraction of a blind. 228 Both Mr Hunter and Dr Field accepted that the clutch means and the biasing means interact with each other to control the raising and lowering of a blind. 229 Consequently, each relevant feature is functionally dependent on the presence of the other feature. The Patent has adequately defined the working inter-relationship between the relevant features. 230 I do not accept that any evidence was led that the "unitary" aspect has no desirable function or purpose, or interaction with the combinations claimed. Mr Hunter, in making his comments on unitary construction, certainly did not go this far. It may well be that there are advantages of a unitary construction, which were not otherwise discussed in the evidence. 231 The burden is upon JAI to demonstrate by evidence this ground of invalidity and it has failed to do so.

CLAIMS 23 AND 27 AND INFRINGEMENT 232 I now turn to claims 23 and 27, and the question of infringement on the basis that they are valid claims.

Claim 23 233 Claim 23 claims a "[m]echanism according to any preceding claim wherein said driven member is of unitary construction". 234 It was accepted by the parties that in the event that claim 23 was found to be valid, then claim 23 would be infringed by JAI.

Claim 27 235 JAI submitted that claim 27 claims, a "[m]echanism according to claim 26 wherein the connector is of unitary construction". 236 It was submitted by JAI that claim 27 was not infringed. 237 The integers of claim 27 were said not to be present in the JAI product. It was submitted by JAI that the connector of the JAI product is not of unitary construction. 238 The JAI product has a screw inserted through the connecting element (the RolaShades product had a pin). Mr Aspros' evidence was that the JAI product would not be installed without the screw inserted through the red connecting element. 239 It is important to appreciate that claim 27 does not use the term "the connector". Claim 27 reads: Mechanism according to claim 26 wherein said connecting member is of unitary construction. (emphasis added) 240 Claim 27 does not require that "the connector" be of unitary construction. Rather, it requires the "said connecting member" be of unitary construction. 241 The (red) component and the screw together may constitute the interconnecting means in the JAI product, but the relevant issue for claim 27 is whether the (red) component is a "connecting member" of unitary construction. 242 The connecting member in claim 27 is identified in claim 26. Claim 26 requires an "interconnecting means" which includes a connecting member which: (a) provides a direct connection between the large spring and the fixed shaft; (b) at one end receives and holds the large spring against rotational force; and (c) at the other end extends past the protruding end of the fixed shaft. 243 In his first affidavit, Mr Hunter identified the connecting member as the red component identified as "N" in figure 2f (see Annexure 'A' to these reasons). The physical component is also part of Exhibit BH-11, the large spring. 244 As with the drive member in claim 23, the (red) connecting member "N" is a single piece of moulded plastic. 245 As shown in figure 2f, one end of the (red) connecting member "N" receives and holds the large spring. 246 At the other end, the features identified in figure 2f as "N" and "Z" (the fingers) extend past the protruding end of the fixed shaft. 247 As Mr Hunter testified the "fingers", "Z", moulded into the connecting member "N" fit into the slots "Y" in the fixed shaft "B". Fitted in the fixed shaft in this way, these integral fingers hold the (red) connecting member "N" "fixed in a rotational sense with respect to the shaft". Mr Hunter's evidence was that: it's fundamentally those two finger Z going into the slots of the fixed shaft which are providing the interconnection. 248 Mr Hunter also said that when all the relevant components were assembled none was able to rotate or move about the longitudinal axis. 249 Accordingly, the (red) connecting member "N" in the JAI product provides a direct connection between the large spring and the fixed shaft and holds the shaft against rotation. Being a single piece of moulded plastic, the (red) connecting member is a connecting member of unitary construction. 250 On this basis, the JAI product contains all the essential integers of claim 27. 251 The JAI product is also supplied with a screw which may be inserted in the hole marked "P" in the fixed shaft and into the (red) connecting member "N". The inclusion or addition of the screw does not change the nature of the (red) connecting member. The screw is additional to and not part of the (red) connecting member "N". It does not receive, nor is it attached to, the large spring. It does not extend past the protruding end of the fixed shaft. The screw enhances or supplements the connection made by the (red) connecting member "N", but is not necessary for that purpose. The screw is part of the interconnecting means specified in claim 25, but it is not the connecting member as defined in claim 26 which in claim 27 must be of unitary construction. 252 Mr Hunter's acknowledgment that the screw and the (red) connecting member together are not of unitary construction does not assist the respondent. They are two separate pieces. 253 The presence or absence of the screw in the JAI product is immaterial. As the Full Court (Willcox, Branson and Bennett JJ) noted in Fresenius Medical Care Australia Pty Ltd v Gambro Pty Ltd (2005) 224 ALR 168; (2005) 67 IPR 230 at [70]: However, the inclusion of additional integers to a claimed combination does not necessarily avoid infringement. If those additional integers are properly characterised as inessential or do not make a new working of the combination and all of the essential integers of the claimed combination are present, there will be infringement. Where a patentee defines the claimed invention as consisting of a number of essential integers, it is no answer to infringement that the claimed combination is taken but additional integers are added that do not affect and are not part of the invention. 254 The inclusion of the screw in the JAI product is inessential for what is required of the connecting member as defined, namely to provide a direct connection between the fixed shaft and the large spring so as to hold against rotation. Mr Hunter contrasted the JAI product to the RolaShades product in which the pin provided both the rotating connection and an axial connection and so was necessary to the functioning of the product. While the pin in the RolaShades product was necessary to hold the spring against rotation, the screw is not necessary to hold the spring against rotation in the JAI product. 255 The fact that Mr Aspros said he would not install the spring assist without putting the screw in does not impact upon the above analysis. One is not seeking to find the integers of the alleged infringing article, but the Court is looking for all the essential integers of the claim in the allegedly infringing article itself.

CLAIM 30 AND INFRINGEMENT 256 If claim 30 was valid, JAI contends that in any event claim 30 has not been infringed. I agree. 257 Claim 30 is an omnibus claim. I have considered omnibus claims in Britax Childcare Pty Ltd v Infa-Secure Pty Ltd (No 3) [2012] FCA 1019. 258 Lord Morton said in Raleigh Cycle Coy Ltd v H Miller & Coy Ltd [1948] 1 AII ER 308, at 321, that a claim in the terms "substantially as described", is intended to be a "narrow claim, incorporating the drawings as part of the description, and directed to saving the patent from revocation, if all wider claims are held to be bad". That is, the omnibus claim is limited, in effect, to the embodiments of the invention illustrated. The limitation to the drawings is, in effect, essential to the validity of such a claim which would otherwise risk being either too uncertain, or broader than the invention claimed. 259 Claim 30 claims a mechanism "substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings". This is a limitation by reference to the particular embodiment shown in the drawings. 260 The Patent has two "accompanying drawings": Figures 1 and 2. Figure 2 is of no relevance for present purposes. Figure 1 of the Patent has three helical springs. The JAI product has one spring. 261 The existence of a separate claim (claim 18) directed to the invention with three helical springs indicates that the patentee does not consider the number of helical springs to be an "inessential integer". This was accepted by Mr Hunter in relation to claim 18. 262 Mr Hunter's broad construction of what is claimed by the omnibus claim as a mechanism "which is in substance the same as the mechanism described and or drawn in the patent specification" is not a construction that can be sustained by reference to the words and content of claim 30.

CONCLUSION 263 The conclusion I have reached is that: (a) Relevantly, claims 1-17, 19-22, 24-26, 29 and 30 were anticipated by the conduct of making publicly available in Australia the RolaShades product and the information so disclosed thereby; (b) None of the claims the subject of the Patent was anticipated by the Toso Patent; (c) The Patent does disclose a manner of manufacture; and (d) JAI has infringed claims 23 and 27. 264 I will order that on or before 4:00pm on 14 March 2014, the parties confer and file and serve proposed minutes of orders reflecting these reasons and including any further directions (if necessary), and in the event of disagreement, short written submissions in support of any separately proposed minutes of orders. I certify that the preceding two hundred and sixty-four (264) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Middleton.