HEARD : 20-23 APRIL, 27-30 APRIL, 3-7 MAY, 10 MAY 2010

Criminal law and procedure - Trial by judge alone - Charges of disclosing official secrets and official corruption - Charges of counselling or procuring those offences - Use of particulars - Elements of offences - Duty not to disclose information - The concept of corruption - 'Without lawful authority' - Meaning of counselling or procuring - Submission that accused have no case to answer - The test where the primary facts are established beyond reasonable doubt

Accused Burke : Mr G R Donaldson SC & Ms P M Tantiprasut

Cortis v The Queen [1979] WAR 30

Darkan v The Queen [2006] HCA 34; (2006) 227 CLR 373

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Zierk [2008] VSC 184; (2008) 184 A Crim R 582

Doney v The Queen [1990] HCA 51; (1990) 171 CLR 207

Environmental Protection Authority v Sydney Water Corporation Ltd (1997) 98 A Crim R 481

Giorgianni v The Queen [1985] HCA 29; (1985) 156 CLR 473

Morrison v Kiwi Electrix Pty Ltd [1998] WASCA 203; (1998) 19 WAR 482

R v Oberbillig [1989] 1 Qd R 342

Rompotis v The Queen (1996) 18 WAR 54

Rook v Maynard (No 2) [1994] TASSC 104; (1994) 123 ALR 677

State of Western Australia v Burke [No 1] [2010] WASC 73

State of Western Australia v Burke [No 2] [2010] WASC 74

Stuart v The Queen [1974] HCA 54; (1974) 134 CLR 426

Tasmania v Johnston [2009] TASSC 60

Ward v The Queen (1997) 19 WAR 68

Western Australia v Montani [2007] WASCA 259; (2007) 182 A Crim R 155

Willers v The Queen (1995) 81 A Crim R 219

Williams v The Queen (1979) 23 ALR 369

1 At the end of the prosecution case, each of the three accused persons submitted that he had no case to answer upon the whole of the indictment as it affected him. Under the Criminal Procedure Act 2004 (WA) (CPA) s 108, if I upheld those submissions or any of them in relation to any accused person and in respect of any count in the indictment which charges that person with an offence, I was to acquit the accused of that offence and discharge him. I did arrive at that conclusion and made those orders. These are my reasons.

2 In considering such a submission, the test to be applied is authoritatively laid down by the decision of the Full Court in Morrison v Kiwi Electrix Pty Ltd [1998] WASCA 203; (1998) 19 WAR 482 per Malcolm CJ, Kennedy and Ipp JJ agreeing. The court is required to decide whether the evidence for the prosecution, taken at its highest, is capable of establishing the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. It will be significant to have regard to the burden of proof stated in that way in a case where the finding of the primary facts upon which a conclusion about the proof of the elements of an offence charged will depend, relies upon evidence which may be subject to a decision about its weight and its acceptance by the tribunal of fact.

3 There are some aspects of the evidence in this case to which that consideration may apply. But, as I think will be seen, in truth there is very little material dispute about the primary facts and the question really does resolve itself into the need to ask whether there is evidence which, when it is accepted, is capable as a matter of law of sustaining the relevant conclusion that the elements of the offence charged are established beyond reasonable doubt.

4 In other words, this is not a case, I think, where any of the evidence upon which the prosecution relies would be described as 'tenuous or inherently weak or vague': Doney v The Queen [1990] HCA 51; (1990) 171 CLR 207, 214 - 215, but it is a case in my view where some of the evidence has little or no capacity to establish the element of an offence to which it relates. Generally, see also Western Australia v Montani [2007] WASCA 259; (2007) 182 A Crim R 155.

5 There are five counts in the indictment. Count 1 charges the accused Hondros with an offence given the shorthand title in the Criminal Code (WA) of disclosing official secrets. The offence is alleged to have been committed on 25 September 2006. It is factually related to the other counts in the indictment, but is, in truth, quite separate. The offence is defined in s 81(2) of the Criminal Code. There is no alternative conviction open on such a charge.

6 Mr Hondros is also charged, by counts 2 and 3, with offences which are charged in the alternative. Count 2 charges an offence of official corruption allegedly committed between 8 - 12 October 2006. That is an offence defined in s 83 of the Code. Again, no alternative conviction is available in relation to such a charge. However, in the alternative to count 2, count 3 charges that on 11 October 2006, Hondros committed a further offence of disclosing official secrets. They are all charges against Mr Hondros alone.

7 Counts 4 and 5 are, however, charges brought jointly against the accused persons Burke and Grill, charges that they counselled or procured Hondros to commit the offences charged by counts 2 and 3. Count 4 relates to count 2, and count 5 relates to count 3.

8 The charges against Messrs Burke and Grill rely on the Code, s 7(d). There is no need, in the circumstances of this case, for the prosecutor to rely upon s 9 of the Code. But under s 7(d), when an offence is committed, among those who are guilty of the offence will be those who counsel or procure any other person to commit the offence. In this case, it is said that Messrs Burke and Grill in fact counselled Mr Hondros to commit the offences in question.

9 There are a number of matters of law which, in this case, it is important to bear in mind in relation to the charges of counselling or procuring brought against Messrs Burke and Grill as alternatives, in just the same way that counts 2 and 3 charge Mr Hondros alternatively with the commission of offences against ss 81 and 83 of the Code.

10 In the first place, it is obvious, of course, that unless the accused Hondros is convicted of one or other of counts 2 and 3, Messrs Burke and Grill cannot be convicted, as it is only in relation to an offence committed by Mr Hondros that their accessorial liability as persons who counselled or procured the commission of that offence, needs to be considered and found to be proved beyond reasonable doubt, if either is to be convicted.

11 They are charged jointly, but in truth, as will be seen, having regard to the particulars of the charges which have been provided, their liability is alleged to be, in effect, joint and several. It is alleged that they were acting in concert, and so their liability is said to be derived from their complicity in statements made by each of them. In addition, as the charges are particularised, each of them is said to be guilty as a principal who made statements counselling the commission of an offence by Hondros, or procuring its commission.

12 Provided the twofold nature of the alleged criminal complicity of Burke and/or Grill in an offence committed by Hondros is understood (and the particulars make it clear), the form of pleading of counts 4 and 5 in the indictment which simply allege, respectively, that Burke and Grill counselled or procured Hondros to commit an offence of official corruption or disclosing an official secret, is a legitimate mode of criminal pleading.

13 I say that although one would ordinarily indict A and B jointly with the commission of a crime if it was alleged that one was a principal offender and the other an accessory, or if it was alleged that they were acting in concert and, for example, it was not possible to say which of A and B was the principal offender who did the acts constituting the commission of the offence, and which of them was the accessory.

14 If the allegation is that each of them separately committed the offence charged, then one would ordinarily charge them separately, in separate counts in the indictment. The same would hold good in relation to alleged offending by counselling or procuring the commission of an offence by another.

15 These are, it must be said, technical matters, probably of interest only to practitioners of the criminal law. But I feel it is necessary to mention them because of the way in which the indictment is formulated in conjunction with the particulars which have been provided at length in relation to each offence charged.

16 Against that background, I turn to instruct myself about the concepts involved in the charges that the accused persons Burke and Grill counselled or procured Hondros to commit, in the alternative, either of the offences charged against him in counts 2 and 3 of the indictment.

17 There is no magic about the terms 'counsels' and 'procures' as used in s 7(d) of the Code. They are words of ordinary meaning, although there are different nuances in their meaning. They are often used, as s 7 uses them, together, and s 7 makes it clear that the conviction will be for the offence of counselling or procuring the commission of an offence. Section 7 provides that where a person is alleged to have counselled or procured another to commit an offence, 'he may be charged either with himself committing the offence or with counselling or procuring its commission'. The section continues:

A conviction of counselling or procuring the commission of an offence entails the same consequences in all respects as a conviction of committing the offence.

18 A person counsels the commission of an offence by another if he urges its commission, advises its commission or asks that it be committed: Stuart v The Queen [1974] HCA 54; (1974) 134 CLR 426; R v Oberbillig [1989] 1 Qd R 342, 344.

19 A person procures the commission of an offence if he causes it to be committed, he persuades the principal offender to commit it, or brings about its commission. This requires a causal relationship between the commission of the offence and the conduct of the procurer to be established. That will not necessarily be the case in relation to counselling the commission of an offence. This case, as will appear, is actually concerned with counselling the commission of either offence with which Hondros is charged in counts 2 and 3 of the indictment.

20 In relation to counselling the commission of an offence, s 9 of the Code provides that:

When a person counsels another to commit an offence, and an offence is actually committed after such counsel by the person to whom it is given, it is immaterial whether the offence actually committed is the same as that counselled or a different one, or whether the offence is committed in the way counselled, or in a different way, provided in either case that the acts constituting the offence actually committed are a probable consequence of carrying out the counsel.

In either case the person who gave the counsel is deemed to have counselled the other person to commit the offence actually committed by him.

21 I would summarise the matter in this way. The counsellor or procurer must intend that the offence counselled or procured will be committed. He need not, of course, know that the acts he is counselling or procuring would constitute an offence, but he must know and intend that those acts which do in fact constitute the offence, should be committed: Giorgianni v The Queen [1985] HCA 29; (1985) 156 CLR 473. In this case, the acts in question are either acts which are alleged to amount to corruption, or acts by way of the unauthorised disclosure of official information which it is the principal offender's duty to keep secret.

22 The case of Giorgianni and other authorities were helpfully discussed by Steytler J in Ward v The Queen (1997) 19 WAR 68. The question in that case was whether the accused aided the unlawful detention of a person by his co-accused. The co-accused and the victim were seated in the rear of a motor vehicle which was being driven by the accused. In fact, the co-accused was detaining the victim. So it was a case which turned on the question whether the accused, by driving the vehicle, was aiding the commission of the offence by the co-accused. But the statement of the law in that context is equally apposite to a statement of the law in relation to counselling or procuring the commission of an offence by another.

23 The law in relation to accessorial criminal responsibility may, in my opinion, relying on Ward and the authorities reviewed by Steytler J, be stated generally, whether the liability is said to arise from acts done in aid of the commission of an offence, or counselling or procuring its commission, before the offence is committed or during the commission of the offence, or in relation to aiding and abetting the commission of an offence, after it has been committed. In each case, the accessory must know the essential facts which would constitute the commission of an offence.

24 Having reviewed the relevant authorities, Steytler J said:

[I]t seems to me to follow, from these cases and from that of Giorgianni, that there is, for present purposes, a distinction to be drawn between cases in which those who, by their acts committed in advance of the commission of the crime by the principal offender, are 'aiders' of the crime committed by the principal offender, on the one hand, and those in which the 'aider' assists the principal offender in the actual commission of the offence in circumstances in which that assistance is not provided in the furtherance of any pre-existing common purpose, on the other. In cases of the former kind it is enough, for liability, that the aider contemplate only that the principal might commit the crime rather than that he or she will necessarily do so. In cases of the latter kind there can ordinarily be no liability unless the aider knows all of the facts constituting the offence which is then being committed and to the commission of which he or she is then lending assistance (75 - 76).

25 If the principal offender does commit an offence, the person who counsels or procures the commission of the offence will be found liable for its commission, under s 9 of the Code, even if the offence is committed in a different way from that counselled or is actually a different offence, provided, 'the acts constituting the offence actually committed are a probable consequence of carrying out the counsel': Darkan v The Queen [2006] HCA 34; (2006) 227 CLR 373.

26 None of the accused may be convicted unless their guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt. Until such time as that burden of proof is discharged by the prosecutor, there is a presumption of innocence available to each accused. The prosecution assumes the onus to negate that presumption by establishing guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The burden never shifts. Each element of the offence charged must be proved to that standard of proof.

27 Extensive particulars of the charges laid in the indictment have been provided. There was some debate about the significance of that process, and I should record my views.

28 The indictment is the essential criminal pleading. It is by the lodgment of the indictment that the prosecution in a superior court is commenced: CPA, s 83. Schedule 1 to the CPA applies: s 85. Clause 5 of Sch 1 describes the requirements for an indictment. It is in the following terms:

(1) A charge in a prosecution notice or indictment must inform the accused of the alleged offence in enough detail to enable the accused to understand and defend the charge, and in particular must -

(a) describe the offence with reasonable clarity;

(b) identify the written law and the provision of it that creates the offence;

(c) identify with reasonable clarity -

(i) the date when the offence was committed or, if the date is not known, the period in which the offence was committed; and

(ii) where the offence was committed;

(d) if the offence is one against a person, identify the person concerned in accordance with clause 6(2); and

(e) if the offence relates to property, comply with clause 6(4) and (5).

(a) it is sufficient to describe an offence in the words of the written law that creates it;

(b) if that written law states that alternative acts, omissions, capacities, or intentions, constitute the offence, the alternatives may be set out;

(c) a charge is not defective only because an element of the offence is not stated; and

(d) it is not necessary to allege -

(i) any matter, or any particulars as to a person or thing, that need not be proved; or

(ii) the means or thing used to do an act constituting an offence unless the means or thing is an element of the offence.

29 Importantly, cl 5(1) will be complied with if the count in the indictment describes the offence in the words of the section of the Act which creates the offence; in this case, s 81 and s 83 of the Code.

30 The CPA, s 131, provides for a court to order a prosecutor to give the accused further particulars of a charge. Ordinarily, that should not be done, as the section makes clear, without reason, to better inform the accused person of the nature of the offence charged. In this case, no order was required. As I have said, extensive particulars were provided upon the request of the accused persons.

31 It is important, however, to remember that although the particulars (and the prosecutor's opening statement) ordinarily serve to elucidate and confine the allegations made by the prosecutor in respect of the offence charged in the indictment, it is the indictment which remains the crucial charging document setting out the elements of the offence to be proved against the accused. In Environmental Protection Authority v Sydney Water Corporation Ltd (1997) 98 A Crim R 481, Gleeson CJ, then presiding over the Court of Criminal Appeal of NSW, said, Ireland and Bruce JJ agreeing:

In a criminal proceeding, what the prosecution is required to establish are the essential elements of the offence charged.

It is often appropriate, in order to provide an accused with fair notice of the case to be met, and in the interests of efficiency and economy in the conduct of the proceedings, for the prosecution to be obliged to provide further and better particulars of the allegations made in the charge, whether the charge takes the form of a count in an indictment, or an allegation in a summons.

There may be circumstances arising out of the nature of the evidence in a particular case, or the manner in which the case has been conducted, which will make it unfair or oppressive to an accused person to permit the Crown to depart from its particulars. Subject to that qualification, however, what the Crown needs to establish in order to obtain a conviction are the essential facts alleged in the indictment, or the summons. Failure to establish a particular is not fatal (484) (citations omitted).

32 I propose now to set out the elements of the offences of disclosing official secrets and corruption, as those offences are defined by s 81 and s 83 of the Code, respectively, and in doing so it will be convenient to have regard to, and incorporate, the particulars.

(1) Disclosure - defined in s 81(1) so as to include any publication or communication and, as in this case, where the disclosure is of a document or record, parting with possession of it.

(2) The disclosure by the accused is by a person who is a public servant or government contractor. The two terms are defined in s 81(1). I discuss this aspect of the offence in the State of Western Australia v Burke [No 1] [2010] WASC 73. Having regard to the reasons there given, the allegation that at the relevant times Mr Hondros was a government contractor because he was a ministerial officer employed in the provision of services to his Minister, Mr Ford MLC, for the purposes of the State of WA, is established by the evidence. I do not refer again here to the detailed reasoning set out in my previous judgment.

(3) Mr Hondros disclosed official information, as that term is defined in s 81(1). There is no doubt that the information which is the subject of counts 1 and 3 in the indictment, is of that character. It was, in each case, information which came into the possession of Mr Hondros, or of which he came to know, because he was performing his duties as chief of staff in the office of the Minister, as a government contractor.

(4) Mr Hondros was under a duty not to make the disclosure in each case. If those matters are established and the disclosure is proved, it is an unauthorised disclosure within the meaning of s 81(1).

(5) The unauthorised disclosure was made without lawful authority. In this case, there can be no suggestion that if, in relation to each of counts 1 and 3, there was an unauthorised disclosure in the sense that Mr Hondros disclosed official information in circumstances where he was under a duty not to make the disclosure, he had any lawful authority to make that disclosure.

34 The nature of this duty in the context of s 81 of the Code, has with respect, been usefully discussed in two cases cited to me.

35 The first is Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Zierk [2008] VSC 184; (2008) 184 A Crim R 582. That was an appeal against the dismissal by a magistrate of a charge against a Victorian police officer of disclosing material in the police manual relating to speed detection devices and how they worked, to a friend who had been charged with a speeding offence.

36 Warren CJ dismissed the appeal against the dismissal of the charge which was the disclosure of information which it was the police officer's duty not to disclose. Her Honour said at 591 [41]:

[A] duty not to disclose the information did not arise in the present circumstances. It is not necessary, nor appropriate, to define where the line is to be drawn in determining the existence of a duty, as it must depend on the nature of the information and the circumstances of its disclosure. However, here, where some of the released information was freely available and the rest was otherwise available by application, and where the proper exercise of police functions could not be said to have been jeopardised, it has not been demonstrated that the respondent was subject to a duty of non-disclosure of the information.

37 In Tasmania v Johnston [2009] TASSC 60, Evans J had to deal with a case where the Tasmanian Commissioner of Police was charged with disclosing official secrets to the then Premier, Mr Lennon. The charges were brought under s 110 of the Tasmanian Criminal Code which is the equivalent of s 81 of our Code. At [52] his Honour made the useful observation that the question in that case was whether the sections of the relevant legislation relied upon by the prosecution to establish the duty not to disclose, 'impose a duty, the breach of which has criminal consequences for the purposes of the Code, s 110, as distinct from disciplinary requirements of the nature of functions of office.' In other words, one must not overlook the fact that in relation to s 81, the duty not to disclose should be of a kind, breach of which may properly attract the sanction of punishment by the criminal law.

38 I accept that that is the law. Therefore, unless it is right to consider that the disclosure was, in the circumstances, punishable as a crime, there can be no duty not to disclose the information within the meaning of s 81 of the Code, even though the disclosure may be of a kind which is punishable by disciplinary processes concerned with the accused's office or employment.

39 At [62] and [65] his Honour also drew attention to the fact that in that case the duty of non-disclosure under the relevant legislative enactments was discretionary in character, importing a judgment as to the appropriateness of the disclosure. That was a factor, his Honour thought, in considering whether there was, in the particular circumstances, a duty not to disclose the information.

40 I have said that Mr Hondros was employed as a government contractor. He was employed within the meaning of the Public Sector Management Act 1994 (WA) (PSMA), under s 68 of that Act, as a ministerial officer, the chief of staff in the office of Mr Ford MLC who, among his portfolios, was the Minister for Fisheries. As such, Mr Hondros was bound by the terms of s 9 of the PSMA, as follows:

The principles of conduct that are to be observed by all public sector bodies and employees are that they -

(a) are to comply with the provisions of -

(i) this Act and any other Act governing their conduct;

(ii) public sector standards and codes of ethics; and

(iii) any code of conduct applicable to the public sector body or employee concerned;

(b) are to act with integrity in the performance of official duties and are to be scrupulous in the use of official information, equipment and facilities; and

(c) are to exercise proper courtesy, consideration and sensitivity in their dealings with members of the public and employees.

41 In addition, in my view, a duty not to disclose official information may be derived from the express instruction of the accused's superior to keep particular information secret, in the sense that it must not be disclosed. When I refer to the accused's superior in this context, I would include in that concept a person whose directions the accused was contractually bound to obey, provided those directions themselves were made lawfully.

42 In my opinion, therefore, a duty not to make a disclosure may be derived from the terms of the law applicable to the circumstances of the proposed disclosure, or from the lawful direction of a superior authority not to make the disclosure of particular information, the subject of the direction. Further, I see no reason why the direction could not be to prohibit disclosure to nominated individuals: cf Cortis v The Queen [1979] WAR 30.

43 It is important, however, in this case to bear in mind that what s 81 is concerned with is disclosure of information. If the information is contained in a 'record' (a term widely defined in s 1(1) of the Code) then the disclosure of that information may be proved simply by proving that the accused parted with possession of the record. That may widen considerably what would constitute a disclosure. A computer or document left on a train might well constitute disclosure of the information contained in it without the need to prove that the information came to the notice of any person who was not authorised to know it or to be in possession of it.

44 However, it is the information, not the record, with which s 81 of the Code is concerned. It is the information which must come within the definition of official information and it is the disclosure of information which must be unauthorised so as to constitute the commission of the offence.

45 In my view, a disclosure which is unauthorised, in either of the senses referred to above, may nonetheless be made with lawful authority in the circumstances set out in s 31 of the Code:

(1) A person is not criminally responsible for an act done, or an omission made, in any of the following circumstances -

(a) in execution of the law;

(b) in obedience to the order of a competent authority which the person is bound by law to obey, unless the order is manifestly unlawful.

(2) Whether an order is or is not manifestly unlawful is a question of law.

46 The section was repealed and re-enacted as part of the reform of the law of homicide made by the Criminal Law Amendment (Homicide) Act 2008 (WA). But that is of no moment for present purposes. In my view, the effect of s 81 and s 31 of the Code, read together, is as follows. A particular disclosure might be unauthorised because, by the operation of the law or in accordance with instructions given by a superior authority, there exists a duty not to make the disclosure.

47 On the other hand, if the disclosure was itself in the execution of a different law, conflicting with the general duty not to make the disclosure, or was in obedience to the order of a competent authority countermanding the earlier instruction, which itself was not manifestly unlawful, then, under s 31, the accused would not be criminally responsible for the unauthorised disclosure, which would properly be held to have been made with lawful authority.

48 It is, of course, because s 31 prevents the accused being held to be criminally responsible for the conduct in question, that it is an element of the offence to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the prosecution that the unauthorised disclosure was made without lawful authority. However, as I have mentioned, in the case of neither of the offences alleged in count 1 or in count 3, is there is any suggestion of lawful authority. Indeed, the issue in the case of both of the offences charged in count 1 and count 3 of the indictment is whether Hondros was under a duty not to make the disclosure with which the count is concerned.

49 I appreciate that this view does not accord with the submissions of counsel who put to me that my view of the meaning of 'without lawful authority' was too narrow. It was argued that the lawful authority could be derived from consideration of the scope of authority accorded to Mr Hondros as the chief of staff in the office of the Hon Minister for Fisheries and by reference to the fact that, as it was asserted, the information which it was said there was a duty not to disclose might have been obtained by an application under the Freedom of Information Act 1992 (WA) by a person who might be qualified to make such an application (such as an agent in certain circumstances) in respect of the information the subject of the charge.

50 Reliance was placed upon the decision of Rook v Maynard (No 2) [1994] TASSC 104; (1994) 123 ALR 677. That was a decision of Zeeman J in the Supreme Court of Tasmania on a review of the decision of a magistrate that an accused person had no case to answer in relation to charges brought under the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) that the accused, 'intentionally and without authority' obtained access to data stored on a commonwealth computer.

51 Zeeman J appears to have accepted the submission which was made to him that the term 'without authority' would equate to 'without lawful authority', but his Honour held that in the context of the offence with which he was dealing, the question whether an act was done without authority or without lawful authority, 'depends upon the nature of the act and the nature of the authority which is capable of being provided for the doing of that act' (679). I found the case to be unhelpful in dealing with the question of the meaning of the phrase, 'without lawful authority' in s 81 and s 83.

52 But in truth, this is a side issue, because in my opinion there is no evidence to suggest that the conduct or acts performed by Mr Hondros which are said to constitute the commission of the offences charged in counts 1 - 3 of the indictment were performed in circumstances where, if the performance of those acts would otherwise constitute the offence charged, Mr Hondros would be relieved of criminal responsibility by the failure of the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the acts in question were positively without lawful authority. None of them might be taken to have been performed with authority derived from the nature of Mr Hondros' duties and responsibilities as chief of staff in the Minister's office if it was the case that the disclosures the subject of the charges were made in contravention of a duty not to make them.

53 Further, it seems to me, with respect, that the question of lawful authority cannot be answered by reference to a consideration of the application of the Freedom of Information Act in the context of an hypothetical application. Such a consideration is, in my respectful opinion, simply irrelevant.

54 Particulars of all the offences charged were, it appears, sought by each accused person, provided by the State, presented in consolidated form and ultimately explained by an email dated 16 April 2010, of which the author was senior counsel prosecuting. The prosecution case was further explained in an exchange between counsel during the course of the trial. Particularity may therefore be given to the elements of the offences charged, to be proved by the prosecution, having regard to the particulars alleged against each accused person, and the elements may be restated in the specific terms of the particulars from which, it seems to me, there was no departure in the presentation of the prosecution case.

55 The disclosure is that alleged to have occurred on 25 September 2006 when Hondros forwarded by email to Mr Burke a copy of a letter which is undated, but was written by the Hon Mr Ford MLC, the State Minister for Fisheries, to his Federal counterpart, the Hon Senator Abetz, the Federal Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation (exhibits 72A and 72B).

56 At the relevant time, Mr Hondros was a government contractor. I have mentioned briefly the reasons I gave at some length in WA v Burke [No 1]. Mr Hondros was alleged to be, and, on the prosecution evidence, I would find him to be, employed under contract as a ministerial officer as the chief of staff in Mr Ford's office. In that capacity, he provided services for the Hon Minister in the performance of his official duties, and therefore he provided services for the purposes of the State of WA.

57 Mr Hondros disclosed official information. It is alleged, and on the evidence I would find, that the letter sent by Mr Ford to Senator Abetz contained information which came into Hondros's possession because he was a government contractor, Mr Ford's chief of staff. It is alleged, and the evidence supports a finding, that he received the letter electronically from a Ms Comrie, who gave evidence that she was an administrative officer in Mr Ford's office, and was his personal assistant.

58 As I have said, generally, there is no evidence to suggest that if the disclosure of the letter was unauthorised, within the meaning of the Code, it was made other than without lawful authority. The evidence supports that conclusion. No law required the disclosure and it was not made on Mr Ford's instructions. Indeed, on the evidence, it was made without Mr Ford's knowledge and entirely of Mr Hondros's own initiative.

59 The live question is, all other elements of count 1 being proved beyond reasonable doubt, whether the disclosure of the letter was an unauthorised disclosure in that the letter contained information which Mr Hondros was under a duty not to disclose.

60 The particulars allege that, as I have already indicated, as a ministerial officer Mr Hondros was obliged to comply with the requirements of the PSMA, which required him to comply with the Department of Premier and Cabinet's Code of Conduct. It is alleged that the Code of Conduct prohibited the disclosure of the contents of internal reports or documents to unauthorised persons, or giving to such persons information relating to the business of a department or other government agency.

61 The information in the letter is said to fall into this category and, in addition, it is alleged that in February 2006 Mr Ford directed Mr Hondros that he was not to have contact with Messrs Burke or Grill or to organise meetings with them, without the Minister's permission. The disclosure is alleged to have been unauthorised within the meaning of s 81 because it was made in breach of the duty not to disclose it arising under the Code of Conduct and out of the Minister's direct instruction.

62 I turn my attention to count 3 and note that the framework of the allegations in the particulars is essentially the same as for count 1. In this case, the information about which complaint is made is, 'a draft version of the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy: Phase III'. I shall refer to this information in general terms as the Phase III policy.

63 The particulars of the alleged disclosure are that on 10 October 2006 Mr Hondros sought and obtained from Ms Kennedy, a fisheries management officer at the Department of Fisheries, an electronic version of the Phase III policy document. It was a draft of the document which, at that time, Ms Kennedy was working on and which, it is alleged, was then being considered by the Pearling Industry Advisory Committee (PIAC). It is alleged that on 11 October 2006, Mr Hondros disclosed the information in the draft Phase III policy to Mr Grill, by forwarding the document to him by email. Again, the evidence establishes that that occurred, and there is no contest about it.

64 Mr Hondros is said to have done that in his capacity as a government contractor. Nothing more need be said about this issue.

65 It is alleged that the Phase III policy document contains official information. There is no doubt that this is so. It came into Mr Hondros's possession because he was Mr Ford's chief of staff performing the duties of his office, in other words, because he was a government contractor.

66 Again, there is no suggestion that Mr Hondros was under any statutory duty to make that disclosure or was acting in accordance with instructions given by Mr Ford, or anyone else in authority over Mr Hondros, specifically with respect to the draft Phase III policy document, to give it to Mr Grill. There is no question that if the disclosure was unauthorised, it was made without lawful authority.

67 It is upon the question of the alleged unauthorised disclosure that the charge against Mr Hondros in count 3 in the indictment turns. The allegation is that the disclosure was made contrary to a duty not to make it, derived from the Code of Conduct to which I have previously referred, and the instruction alleged to have been given to Mr Hondros in February 2006, by Mr Ford, that he was not to have contact with Messrs Burke or Grill, or to organise meetings with them, without the Minister's consent. It is alleged that Mr Ford gave no authority to provide Mr Grill with the draft Phase III policy on 11 October 2006.

68 The particulars against both Messrs Burke and Grill are effectively the same, and they are the same with respect to the allegation of counselling and procuring. In other words, having regard to the terms of s 7 of the Code, Messrs Burke and Grill are alleged to have counselled or procured the commission of the offence in count 3 by Mr Hondros.

69 Given that the guilt of Mr Hondros of the offence alleged in count 3 is established, the allegation is that:

On 9 October 2006, at Mr Grill's residential unit in Mount Street, Perth, Mr Grill and Mr Burke, by the statements that each made and by their complicity in the statements made by the other, advised and urged Mr Hondros to provide them with the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy endorsed by the Minister for Fisheries, in order that Mr Grill and Mr Burke might make amendments to the policy favourable to their client [Mr Kel Brown of Nor-West Fisheries] with a view to the amended policy being submitted to Cabinet for approval without further review by the Department of Fisheries.

70 Essentially the proposition is that if Mr Hondros's guilt of count 3 is established, the guilt of Messrs Burke and Grill of count 5 follows, because the unlawful disclosure without lawful authority made by Hondros of the Phase III policy was at the advice and urging of Messrs Burke and Grill acting in concert on 9 October 2006 so that they might make amendments to the policy which would help the case of their client, Mr Kel Brown, and after the incorporation of those amendments, the Minister, Mr Ford, would take the policy to Cabinet for its adoption without further review by the Department of Fisheries and PIAC.

71 It is noteworthy, however, that although both count 3 against Mr Hondros, and count 5 against Messrs Burke and Grill, allege that the unauthorised disclosure made by Mr Hondros, and counselled or procured by Messrs Burke and Grill, was the disclosure of, 'a draft version of the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy: Phase III', the particulars in relation to each of counts 3 and 5 are worded rather differently.

72 The particulars of the unauthorised disclosure in respect of count 3 are that Mr Hondros sought from Ms Kennedy at the Department of Fisheries, 'an electronic version of the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy: Phase III' on 10 October 2006, and on 11 October 2006 he forwarded this electronic version of the Phase III policy to Mr Grill by email. As I have indicated, the particulars of the counselling and procuring alleged against Messrs Burke and Grill are that they advised and urged Mr Hondros to provide [them] with the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy endorsed by the Minister for Fisheries (my emphasis).

73 The indictment alleges that Mr Hondros, a public officer, 'acted corruptly in the performance or discharge of the functions of his office or employment so as to gain a benefit for [Messrs Burke and Grill] and others.' As I have said, this is an allegation that Mr Hondros committed the offence of corruption, contrary to s 83 of the Code.

(1) Mr Hondros was a 'public officer'. Again, there is no contest in relation to that matter. All the evidence establishes that Mr Hondros was indeed such a public officer. I discuss the detail of this allegation in WA v Burke [No 1], and I need not repeat that detailed discussion here. Mr Hondros was a public officer within the definition of that term in s 1(1) of the Code, because he was an employee within the meaning of the PSMA. He was employed under contract as a ministerial officer, as the chief of staff in the office of the Hon Minister for Fisheries, Mr Ford MLA.

(2) Mr Hondros was acting in the performance or discharge of the functions of his office or employment. Again, all the evidence in respect of that question is one way. At the relevant time, between 8 - 12 October 2006, Mr Hondros was acting in the performance of the functions of his office as the chief of staff to the Minister of Fisheries.

(3) Mr Hondros acted corruptly. The word 'corruptly' is not defined in the Code. It is to be given its ordinary meaning which, in my opinion, when one is concerned with the quality of the act or omission which is said to be corrupt, will involve the notion that there has been a dereliction of duty, an element of fault, some perversion of the proper performance of the duties of office: Williams v The Queen (1979) 23 ALR 369, 373, per Blackburn J. If the misconduct of that kind is performed by the accused for the purpose of gaining a benefit or causing a detriment, and the misconduct is without lawful authority or a reasonable excuse, then the offence of corruption, defined by s 83 of the Code, will be committed.

On the other hand, that offence may be committed even though the conduct in question would be regarded as the proper performance or discharge of the duties of the accused person's office, and I turn now to that concept.

The term 'corruptly' was discussed by the Court of Criminal Appeal in Willers v The Queen (1995) 81 A Crim R 219. Malcolm CJ, referring to the accused who had been charged with an offence against s 83 of the Code, said:

[T]hat which would otherwise be within his lawful authority became an act which was without his authority and involved him in acting corruptly because the act was performed for the purpose of causing a detriment. To put it another way, if an otherwise authorised act is done for an improper purpose by acting maliciously to cause a detriment, such an act becomes a corrupt act (225).

Rowland J agreed. Referring to s 83, his Honour said:

[T]he section is to be read and understood to make criminal an act undertaken by a public officer which could include an act which is ordinarily properly performed by that officer in the conduct of his or her duties, but which is a corrupt act because it is performed for the purpose of gaining a benefit or causing a detriment. ... In the context of s 83, the word 'corrupt' is conditioned by the prohibited purpose, so that if the purpose of a public officer in performing an otherwise lawful act is improper in the sense that it is for the purpose of the improper use of his office to gain a benefit or cause a detriment, then such act is a corrupt act (231).

In other words, the proper interpretation of s 83 is that an act is corrupt, within the meaning of the section, even though it would otherwise be proper to do it in the discharge of the functions of the office or employment of the accused person, if it is performed to gain a benefit for, or to cause a detriment to, any person, including, of course, the accused, when the purpose of gaining the benefit or causing the detriment cannot be a proper purpose for the performance of the act.

(4) So as to gain a benefit or cause a detriment: part of the concept of corruption.

Relevantly for present purposes, s 83 makes it an offence for a public officer to act corruptly in the performance or discharge of the functions of his office or employment, 'so as to gain a benefit, whether pecuniary or otherwise, for any person, or so as to cause a detriment, whether pecuniary or otherwise, to any person'. It has been held that the words, 'so as to', show that the gaining of a benefit or causing a detriment are to be interpreted purposively.

There is no need for the prosecution to establish that any person received an improper benefit from the performance of the corrupt act or that any person was caused improperly to suffer a detriment from the performance of that act. It is necessary, however, before it will be held that the accused has acted corruptly, for it to be proved that he acted for the purpose of gaining an improper benefit for, or causing an improper detriment to, any person: Rompotis v The Queen (1996) 18 WAR 54 per Malcolm CJ at 59.

(5) Without lawful authority or a reasonable excuse.

In my view, the concept of 'lawful authority' is, in relation to s 83 of the Code, precisely that which I have discussed above in relation to s 81 of the Code. In other words, lawful authority is that which is described by s 31 of the Code. Criminal responsibility is negated if the act was done in execution of the law or in obedience to the order of a competent authority, which the accused was bound by law to obey, unless the order given was itself manifestly unlawful.

As I have said in the context of s 81, there is in this case no suggestion that any act said to have been performed corruptly by Mr Hondros was performed in execution of the law or in obedience to an order given to Mr Hondros, presumably by the Minister, Mr Ford MLA, which order Mr Hondros was bound by law to obey. Upon the evidence I would find, beyond reasonable doubt, that the conduct complained of was performed without lawful authority. The question of lawful authority simply does not arise.

On the other hand, the question whether Mr Hondros acted with a reasonable excuse may be a live issue, and in that regard I think a reasonable excuse would be an excuse which the court of trial considers to be reasonable in the sense that it considers that the accused person has acted reasonably, albeit corruptly, in the circumstances as they were presented to him.

The question is not whether there was, in the broad, an objectively reasonably excuse, but whether, from the point of view of the accused person in the circumstances in which he found himself, there was a reasonable excuse for his conduct which would otherwise be found to be corrupt in that it was for the purpose of securing an improper benefit to any person or causing an improper detriment to any person.

75 Again it is now possible, having regard to the extensive particulars provided, to put the alleged offence which is count 2 in the indictment in terms of the particulars. I have referred to the allegation that Mr Hondros was a public officer.

76 The act which is the subject of count 2 is a course of conduct to which I have previously referred. It is alleged that on 10 October 2006, Mr Hondros made an email request of Ms Kennedy at the Department of Fisheries, for an electronic version of the Phase III policy. Ms Kennedy is alleged to have sent to him, on that date, the latest draft of the Phase III policy, which was then before the PIAC for its consideration. It is alleged that, on 11 October, Mr Hondros sent Mr Grill an email to which he attached the electronic version of the Phase III policy which he had received from Ms Kennedy. All of that, it is said, he did as the chief of staff in the office of the Hon Minister for Fisheries, and there is no dispute that that was so. All the evidence leads to that conclusion.

77 The central and most important allegation, as count 2 is particularised, is that Mr Hondros acted corruptly in sending the electronic version of the Phase III policy which he had received from Ms Kennedy to Mr Grill because he did so improperly for the purpose of gaining an improper benefit, a benefit which Mr Hondros was not entitled or permitted to afford them, for Mr Burke, Mr Grill and others.

78 The benefit that it is alleged Mr Burke and Mr Grill were to obtain was access to the Phase III policy which was then in the form of a draft under the consideration of PIAC, and had not been endorsed by the Minister so as to permit its publication generally to the pearling industry and other interested persons. The 'others' who were intended to gain a benefit from the alleged corrupt behaviour of Mr Hondros are particularised as Mr Grill's client, by whom he had been engaged as a lobbyist to achieve change in the publicly announced policy concerning pearl oyster hatcheries and the quotas fixed in respect of hatchery production.

79 Mr Grill had been engaged according to the terms of an agreement dated 30 April 2003, as varied by a letter agreement dated 1 February 2005 (exhibits 178A and 178B). It matters not how Mr Grill's client was identified, but it was effectively a pearling business, the principal of which was Mr Kelvin Waldron-Brown, to whom I have been referring and to whom I shall henceforth refer as Mr Kel Brown, the name by which he seems to be generally known. His business was conducted by various corporate vehicles, sometimes known as Nor-West Seafoods Pty Ltd, Nor-West Pearls, West Australian Southsea Pearls or Pilbara Pearls.

80 I am satisfied that Mr Grill was engaged to effect change in the government pearl hatchery quota policy so that it would be expressed and reflected in legislation more favourably to Mr Brown and his businesses, as well as to others engaged in the pearling industry, the scale of whose operations was relatively small, as was Mr Brown's business when compared with the scale of involvement in the industry of corporate concerns referred to as the major players in the industry. The small producers felt that the policy reflected currently in legislation and guidelines published under it was unduly favourable to those major players, and operated so as to disadvantage small producers. I shall need to mention aspects of this policy contest in a little more detail in due course.

81 I have mentioned the conduct of Mr Hondros which is alleged to be corrupt. Essentially, it is the obtaining of the electronic version of the Phase III policy from Ms Kennedy, and by the email dated 11 October 2006, its provision to Mr Grill, which was the purpose for which it was obtained, so that Mr Grill could, with the assistance of Mr Burke and others, change the policy favourably to Mr Brown and other small producers, conduct which was allegedly not authorised and is said to have been engaged in for an improper purpose without reasonable excuse.

82 This is the charge by which Messrs Burke and Grill are alleged to have counselled or procured the commission of the offence in count 2 by Mr Hondros. The allegation of what they did and the purpose of their conduct, which is also alleged to be part of the improper purpose of Mr Hondros, is identical to the allegation made against them in respect of count 5, by which it is alleged that Burke and Grill counselled or procured the commission of the offence alleged in count 3 by Mr Hondros. I have set it out at [69] above. It focuses upon the discussion between the three men on 9 October 2006 at Mr Grill's home in Mount Street, Perth, and again, the alleged conduct of Mr Burke and Mr Grill which is relied upon is the same for each accused person.

83 The allegation of corruption by Mr Hondros is, of course, central to count 4, as it is to count 2, in respect of which I have set out the conduct relied upon. The particulars allege that:

Mr Hondros did not have authority to forward the document to Mr Grill, and did not inform the Minister for Fisheries that he was doing so. In doing so -

(a) he used his position for an improper purpose;

(b) he acted in dereliction of his duty to keep official information received by him confidential; and

(c) his integrity in the discharge of his duty was perverted.

84 The ultimate objective, to have amendments made to the Phase III policy, 'with a view to the amended policy being submitted to Cabinet for approval without further review by the Department of Fisheries' was elaborated upon by further particulars provided under the hand of senior counsel for the State, Mr Fiannaca SC. He said:

The State's case, based on statements made by each of the accused at the meeting on 9 October 2006 and in some of the subsequent communications, is that the document was to be altered in a manner which would not appear obvious and was to be presented to the Minister for submission to the Cabinet as the policy prepared by PIAC (that is what the document purports to be).

85 In opening the case for the prosecution, Mr Fiannaca SC put the State's case of corruption on two alternative bases. He said that the purpose which was improper on the part of Hondros, at the urging of Burke and Grill, for the provision of the Phase III policy to them by Mr Hondros, was that they would then subtly or imperceptibly amend the Phase III policy so that it might operate in a way which was more favourable to Mr Kel Brown and the other small producers in the industry. They would then return the amended Phase III policy to Mr Hondros.

86 Mr Hondros would take it to the Minister, Mr Ford, who would then present the document to Cabinet for the approval of the government without the amended Phase III policy being returned to the Department of Fisheries for their further consideration and for the further consideration of PIAC, whose document had been amended, but the document would purport to present the policy as one recommended by PIAC, an outcome which, as Mr Fiannaca put it, 'might well have some persuasive value so far as government was concerned' (ts 145).

87 It follows from that that the purpose alleged may have been to dupe the Minister into thinking that the amended Phase III policy had come from PIAC via the Department of Fisheries so that he could present it to Cabinet in those terms. Alternatively it appears to be put, particularly at ts 145, that the Minister would take the document to Cabinet for its final approval of the policy without the Minister, and therefore Cabinet, realising that amendments had been made to the policy following the process which saw it endorsed by the Minister in May 2006.

88 During the trial, I was advised that the prosecution conceded that it may, upon all the evidence, remain unclear what, if any, intention the accused persons had about the involvement of Mr Ford in this process. Did they think about it at all? If they did, did they propose that Mr Ford should be deceived into thinking that the amended draft Phase III policy incorporated changes which had in fact been approved by the Department and by PIAC (a highly unlikely scenario, given the nature of the advice tendered to Mr Ford from those sources thus far)?

89 Or did they imagine that Mr Hondros would tell the Minister that the amendments made were designed to give him control of the industry and allow him to prefer the position in the industry of small producers, and to advance his interest in indigenous involvement in the industry? Did they propose to suggest to Mr Ford that he should take the amended policy directly to Cabinet for its endorsement by Government without exposing it to the Department, and to PIAC and the industry generally?

90 This aspect of the prosecution case is of interest, it seems to me, because although at the stage of evaluating submissions that the accused persons have no case to answer, the court should take a view of the evidence which puts, at its highest, the capacity of the evidence to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt, in my opinion, that cannot require the court to ignore an incapacity to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt derived from the fact that the evidence about an issue concerned with the proof of an element of the offence is equivocal. Unless, in such a circumstance, the court is able to say that it might properly prefer a view of the evidence consistent with proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt over one which is consistent with an incapacity to establish guilt to that standard of proof, a view of the primary facts which is consistent with innocence must be taken. I think that follows from the decision in Morrison and the discussion there of the approach to be taken by the court in a circumstantial evidence case.

91 However that may be, it is submitted by the prosecution that the proper conclusion is that Hondros acted corruptly when counselled to do so by Burke and Grill because the purpose of doing so was the improper purpose of subverting the processes of government by which the pearl hatchery policy was to be formulated, and to do so deceptively to conceal what had really occurred. For that conduct, the prosecution alleges, there was certainly no lawful authority, nor, in the circumstances, could it be contended that there was any reasonable excuse for the behaviour.

92 I have dealt with the way in which count 1 is pleaded, having regard to the particulars. I need not go over that material again, except to say that the count concerns the disclosure, on 25 September 2006, to Mr Burke, of information in a letter from the Hon Minister for Fisheries, Mr Ford MLC, to the Federal Minister for Fisheries, the Hon Senator Abetz. That came about in this way.

93 One of the issues of concern to Mr Ford, as the Minister for Fisheries, was the management of the northern fishery, where WA shared responsibility with the Commonwealth. The Federal Minister for Fisheries was Senator Abetz, and it appears from Mr Ford's evidence that he and Mr Abetz were not necessarily of the same mind in relation to management issues concerning the fishery. A major difficulty was poaching by fishermen from countries to the north of Australia, and there was an issue between the Ministers as to whether the Commonwealth was doing enough to prevent this poaching of what was regarded as an Australian resource.

94 One of the issues was the taking of sharks, for their fins particularly, to the extent that the numbers of fish were reduced by what were regarded as the depredations of overseas fishermen. It put pressure on the Australian and WA regulation of locally based fishermen, and the result was measures to preserve the fishery by reducing their catch, and the number of days in any given month of the season when they were entitled to fish. The numbers of locally based fishermen were small, but they were in the habit of petitioning the Minister for financial assistance when Government action to restrict their fishing rights had adverse economic consequences for their business. Two such fishermen were a Mr Scimone and a Mr Triantafyllou. They had made representations personally to the Minister, and they had engaged Mr Burke to assist to advance their case for compensation. In the middle part of 2006, Mr Ford and Mr Hondros were both aware that Burke was acting for these men, and Mr Ford was endeavouring to deal with their applications for financial assistance.

95 Exhibit 150 is an undated letter written to the Hon Minister by Mr Scimone. It appears to have been written, but not necessarily sent, before 15 August 2006, which apparently marked a proposed closure of a fishing zone for a period. The detail of the letter does not matter for present purposes. But it argued for a restoration of more favourable conditions of licence to provide Mr Scimone with some assurance of viability in the industry into the future. At around this time it appears that Mr Ford met with the fishermen.

96 On 18 August 2006, he made a ministerial statement to the media, advising that the shark fishery would remain open and that new management controls were in the course of preparation. The statement refers to Mr Ford's frustration that the WA authorities could not obtain from the Commonwealth any clear indication of the true impact upon the fishery of illegal fishing. In the statement, exhibit 151, Mr Ford refers to correspondence with Senator Abetz in relation to their joint responsibility to manage the fishery.

97 On 25 September 2006, Mr Burke telephoned Mr Hondros, who was unavailable. A message was left (exhibit 70). One of the matters with which it dealt was Mr Burke's request for Mr Hondros to send him a short email 'about the position in respect of the fishing discussions we had'. It is clear that Mr Hondros knew what that meant because, on the same date, he obtained from Ms Comrie, an administrative assistance in the office of the Minister, who acted primarily as Mr Hondros's personal assistant, an electronic version of the undated letter which had been written to Senator Abetz by Mr Ford, as Minister for Fisheries, in which he expressed views about a number of issues concerning fisheries which were jointly managed by the State and the Commonwealth.

98 The particular topic was a request to allow WA fishermen in the jointly managed fisheries, access to the Australian Government's $220M fund entitled, 'Securing our Fishing Future'. That was a request made, among other fisheries, in respect of the Joint Authority Northern Shark Fishery in which Mr Burke's clients were engaged. The letter presents arguments in an endeavour to persuade the Federal Minister to the point of view being put by Mr Ford that WA fishers should have access to those funds which, as I understand the evidence, among other things, would provide money which might be used to meet compensation claims made by fishermen who suffered financially as a result of tightening management controls.

99 Mr Ford's evidence was that he regarded such a letter, from Minister to Minister, as a confidential communication which only he might publicly release. However, so far as the information in the letter was concerned, Mr Ford's evidence was that there was nothing of substance in the letter which was not publicly released information. As has been seen, he had himself made a contribution to that process and I understood from his evidence that the letter otherwise debated information which had been released by the Commonwealth Minister. Mr Ford said that the response to his letter was in fact unfavourable. He said that he could, legitimately, have made public comments upon his approach to the Commonwealth (ts 427 - 428).

100 On 25 September 2006, without the knowledge of the Minister, Mr Hondros sent Mr Burke an email (exhibit 72A) to which he attached the electronic copy of Mr Ford's letter to Mr Abetz which Ms Comrie had sent him (exhibit 72B). It is this email which is alleged to be the unauthorised disclosure with which count 1 is concerned. Its content was reported by Mr Burke to his clients (exhibit 74), but the evidence does not reveal any further dissemination.

101 The email reports Mr Ford's efforts on behalf of both of the fishermen who where Mr Burke's clients. Mr Hondros says that Mr Ford has submitted an application to the Treasurer for an act of grace payment to Mr Scimone for a greater sum than was originally proposed by the Department of Fisheries. Mr Hondros reports that he understands that this application has been approved and is simply awaiting the final approval of Executive Council.

102 Of course, as Mr Ford said in evidence, the making of an act of grace payment should be regarded as private, as between the Government and the recipient. If the fact of such a payment, and the amount of the payment, became generally known it might be thought by other potential claimants to have a precedent value. But this was a statement made by Mr Hondros to Mr Burke on behalf of Mr Scimone, and the prosecution rightly, in my view, makes no complaint about the disclosure of progress with Mr Scimone's claim.

103 Nor is there any complaint about the fact that Mr Hondros told Mr Burke that the efforts to compensate Mr Triantafyllou were a little more difficult. Mr Hondros said he had asked the Department to work with Triantafyllou to formulate his request for compensation and, when the final calculation was made, a decision would be taken whether to present the claim as an act of grace submission or to find the money in departmental funds.

104 The portion of the email about which complaint is made in count 1 is that which follows:

Jon Ford has also written to Abetz seeking access for these fishermen to the Commonwealth's 'Securing our fishing future' package, which is a $220 million buy-out of Commonwealth fisheries (the shark fishery is a joint Cth-WA fishery). I have attached that letter and will let you know when we have a response. This might also be of some assistance if Abetz agrees.

The question then is whether that disclosure to Mr Burke was the unauthorised disclosure of official information because it was made in breach of a duty, within the meaning of s 81 of the Code, not to disclose that information to Burke on behalf of Scimone and Triantafyllou, given that Mr Ford knew that Burke was representing these fishermen (ts 421).

105 The Western Australian pearling industry is, and was at all material times, effectively a highly regulated and controlled industry, as conducted both in Northern Territory waters and in Western Australian waters, in relation to declared pearl oysters and in the management of the fishery.

106 The stock of pearl oysters regulated in relation to pearling by the Pearling Act 1990 (WA) is comprised of both wild stock (oysters growing naturally) and hatchery stock, which for present purposes it is sufficient to describe as pearl oysters produced by farming processes. The right to participate in the industry of taking or producing pearl oysters to obtain pearls, whether natural or cultured, is limited by a licence or permit, of which there are various kinds, for which provision is made in s 23 of the Act. Further, licences and permits impose quotas stipulating the maximum number of pearl oysters which may be taken in the wild or used in a hatchery environment for the production of pearls.

107 The above is a very rough description of the structure of the pearling industry which, in both WA and the NT, is administered by the State and Territory Fisheries Departments under the control of Ministers for Fisheries. At least at times relevant to this indictment, it is evident that there was a process of consultation between the respective Ministers in respect of the structure and the regulation of the industry generally. That had to be so, because those involved in the industry, particularly as major participants, were likely to be involved in the industry both in WA and the NT.

108 Mr John Nicholls is, by profession, an economist. In the time relevant to this indictment, he was in private practice as a business consultant and had been so since 2001. In 2003, or perhaps earlier, he had been engaged by Mr Kel Brown to assist in the preparation of a case to be put to the Minister for Fisheries, to obtain an easing of the restrictions on competition in the highly controlled pearling industry, and to achieve an industry structure which was more favourable to the smaller pearl producers so as to enable them to grow and improve their production capacities when compared with the major industry participants.

109 He was well qualified to do that work because, until his retirement in 2001, he had, for 40 years, been a public servant. For the first 18 years he was employed in Canberra with the Commonwealth government, and the final 22 years of his public service was with the State government, culminating in him holding the post as Director of Strategic Planning and Policy in the WA Department of Fisheries.

110 He was well familiar with the structure of the pearling industry and was of the view that it was economically unsound and breached national competition policy guidelines laid down by the Commonwealth. Mr Nicholls was also familiar with the structures of government administering the pearling industry and with the governmental and political processes involved in the adoption of policy and its implementation by government.

111 In evidence as part of exhibit 89, there is a table drawn up by Mr Nicholls, setting out the various participants in the pearling industry as they were in 2006, showing the extent to which, as Mr Nicholls understood to be the case, they had joint venture or other commercial arrangements with each other, and the quotas of wild stock and hatchery pearl oysters available to each participant.

112 The table shows that the Paspaley group of companies had four participants in the industry, with quotas in WA and, in one case, also substantially in the NT. The Kailis group of companies also provided four participants in the industry, three with quotas in WA, in one case also in the NT, and a fourth company operating solely in the NT.

113 At least since mid 2006 and, according to the evidence, probably earlier, Paspaley and Kailis themselves had entered into a commercial alliance to share their resources and infrastructure and in relation to the marketing process. It is accepted that this commercial arrangement was accurately reported in The West Australian newspaper of 14 June 2006, exhibit 148, which described the arrangement as being in respect of the pearl farming operations of the two corporate groups. It was said that the arrangement had been made necessary, 'as once-fat margins have been squeezed by rising costs and by a chronic downturn in the international market, led by Japan, the biggest pearl buyer'. Some details of the arrangement were provided to the Minister by the two corporate groups (exhibit 155).

114 Mr Nicholls' table then identifies a group of five companies, all operating in WA and said to have commercial arrangements with the Paspaley group, the implication being that there is, at least in respect of these companies, an identification of their interests with the Paspaley group. On that basis, and adding the Paspaley/Kailis/related corporations' interests together would give those various companies control of 87% of the total WA wild stock and hatchery quota, and 67% of the total such quota both in WA and the NT.

115 Mr Nicholls then identifies a further group of three licensees with quotas in WA and, in one case, also in the NT, and three licensees operating solely in the NT. The WA operators in that group include Mr Kel Brown's company, Nor-West Pearls. They are said to be without commercial or legal attachment to the Paspaley/Kailis interests.

116 Mr McCallum is the executive officer of the Pearl Producers Association (PPA). It is a body established to represent pearl producers. Its members are the WA and NT fishing and hatchery licence holders, who pay membership fees. In 2006, of the 17 licensees in WA, only one, a small non-aligned producer known as Arrow Pearls, was not a member of the PPA. In 2006, the chairman of the PPA was Mr Kelly, the chief executive officer of the Paspaley group of companies.

117 As I understand it, membership and voting rights on the PPA were proportionate to quota holdings under licence. The members contributed to the operating costs of the PPA proportionately to their membership interests. The Paspaley/Kailis interests contributed 54% of the funds of the PPA. Government contributed 33% of its funds. There can be no doubt that the decisions and the submissions to government by the PPA were very much influenced by the views of the major producers.

118 There is evidence, particularly that of Mr Nicholls and in the documents generated by him, which I accept, that the quota from wild stock in WA would not permit any significant expansion. The natural fishery was being exploited at a level close to its sustainable capacity. Therefore, any expansion of quota had to come from the hatchery content, and as to that it seems that the predominant industry view was that the best prospect for the Australian based industry in relation to southern hemisphere pearl production, 'south sea' pearls as the production was called, was to limit its availability on world markets and thereby to keep high the demand for the product.

119 Mr Nicholls seems to have been of the view, as were a number of the small producers, that that policy overlooked the fact that equivalent northern hemisphere pearl production, utilising hatchery stock, was increasing the quality and quantity of the product at increasingly competitive prices, thus eroding available profit margins to WA producers.

120 People like Mr Kel Brown were apparently of the view that, to remain viable producers, they needed to increase their production and, by aggressive marketing, endeavour to increase their market shares. As I understand it, the large producers were not averse to increased quotas, but argued for the maintenance of a policy which would see any increases given proportionately to existing holdings to enable them to maintain their competitive power in the local industry.

121 An important part of the statutory structure for the governance of the industry is the Pearling Industry Advisory Committee (PIAC). It is established under s 38 of the Pearling Act. It is an advisory committee to provide advice to the Minister or the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Department of Fisheries (Mr Rogers in 2006) in respect of any matter referred to it by the Minister or the CEO, or which it itself thinks ought to be the subject of advice to the Minister or CEO, concerning any aspect of the pearling industry and, in particular, hatchery activities in the State or in WA waters.

122 The members of PIAC in 2006 are listed in exhibit 176. They were ministerial appointees, but it is evident that the industry nominees and appointees were substantially drawn from major industry participants. They included Mr Kelly, the CEO of the Paspaley group, Mr Nicholas Paspaley and Mr George Kailis of the Kailis group. Mr Smith, an 'independent' ministerial appointee, was PIAC's chairman. Mr Rogers was an ex officio member of PIAC.

123 In addition, a number of people were appointed as observers to PIAC, and the practice seems to have permitted them not only to attend meetings, but, when called upon, to make a contribution to debate. Those observers included Mr McCallum, the CEO of the PPA, Mr Barton of the NT Fisheries Department, and Ms Kennedy, a senior officer in the WA Department of Fisheries, acting as Principal Management Officer (Pearling). There were other departmental observers including, for example, Dr Hart and Dr Jones, officers of the Department of Fisheries who would provide technical advice, and Ms McCrea, the manager of the Pearling and Aquaculture Program at the Department of Fisheries. From time to time, witnesses before me described PIAC as not only an advisory committee, but as a body which tended to act as an industry lobby group. Perhaps, given the membership, that was not surprising.

124 I need, at this point, to mention at least the principal features of the evidence, about which there appears in any event to be no material dispute, concerning the development of the hatchery policy.

125 Section 24 of the Pearling Act provides that the Minister may, from time to time, issue 'for the assistance of the CEO and the information of the pearling industry a policy statement consisting of guidelines in respect of matters considered by the Minister to be of significance' in relation to licences and the general administration of the Act in connection with pearling and hatchery activities.

126 When Mr Ford took over as Minister for Fisheries in March 2005 and Mr Hondros became his chief of staff, the current pearl hatchery policy was one which had been put in place in 1992; Ministerial Policy Guideline No 17. It was a policy designed to develop the hatchery process within the industry, but it was outdated and was due to expire at the end of 2005. As at the beginning of 2005, a new hatchery policy was in the course of development.

127 There were three phases to this policy development. Phase I, which had already taken place, reviewed the successes, failures and inadequacies of the previous policy. The next step, Phase II, was released in September 2005, in the form of Fisheries Department Occasional Publication No 27. This document discussed the directions which might be taken in establishing a new hatchery policy. It was a document which was available for public comment, and comments were received, particularly from participants in the industry.

128 My understanding of the evidence may be broadly summarised, no doubt inadequately, but sufficiently for present purposes. Essentially three options were discussed. The first would see existing quota levels maintained. I was told that that was unpopular with everyone. The second proposal was to increase quotas for hatchery farming, recognising that because existing quotas for the fishing of wild stock were at about the limit of the fishery's capacity to sustain the current level of fishing, it was in the area of hatchery development that increases in quota would need to be made.

129 The overwhelming consensus in the industry, unsurprisingly having regard to what I have already written about the dominance in the industry of major participants, favoured pro rata increases in licence quotas. That would preserve the position of the larger participants as against smaller producers. The third proposal, favoured by the small producers, would see the increases in quota administered on a case by case basis, but recognising that small producers needed relatively greater increases in quota if they were to remain viable in the changing economic circumstances to which I have referred.

130 Phase III in the development of the hatchery policy was first considered by PIAC. It prepared a policy document which it was intended to present to the Minister for Fisheries for his adoption or endorsement after he received the advice of the Department. During the course of this process, the views of the members of the PPA were sought and obtained, as I understand it, through the agency of the CEO of that Association, Mr McCallum, who, it will be recalled, was an observer to PIAC.

131 I may need to return, in more detail, to aspects of that process, but it is sufficient at the moment to note that it was, as I understand it, proposed that, upon the endorsement by the Department and the Minister of the Phase III policy, it would be published as a Fisheries Department Occasional Publication so that it would be available generally, both within the industry and to the public at large.

132 The policy would then be the basis for a new policy guideline formulated within the framework of amendments to the Pearling Act or the enactment of new legislation. In all of that process, because of the nature and location of the industry, it was anticipated that the process of consultation with the NT Minister for Fisheries would be maintained, with a view, ultimately, to have both WA and the NT adopt a common policy under a uniform legislative scheme.

133 Mr Ford's evidence was that in the early stages of his portfolio, which involved the administration of a number of complex fisheries matters, he gave particular responsibility for the development of the new hatchery policy to his chief of staff, Mr Hondros, expecting, of course, that the two men would consult regularly and that Mr Hondros would bring to him matters which required his attention as Minister, such as the adoption of the hatchery policy and that part of the process which involved taking it to Cabinet for government approval of the development of legislative amendments, and the adoption of an appropriately formulated ministerial guideline.

134 It appears that the Phase III policy document emerged from PIAC in November 2005, although the document also bears the date February 2006. At about that time, it was therefore submitted to Mr Ford for his endorsement. As I understand Mr Ford's evidence, that was the recommendation of the CEO of the Department, Mr Rogers. The Phase III policy is set out in a comprehensive document. Unsurprisingly, in view of its origin, it presents what is described in the document as the consensus of the industry. I need not discuss its terms, and it is sufficient to note the essential thrust of the policy, as set out in the report, as follows:

Policy includes:

1.1 No new licences - except where a person or corporate entity acquires quota from an existing quota holder. There is no barrier to entry for new entrants into the pearling industry as the secondary market exists and functions well.

1.2 Changes to legislation to ensure that all future allocations are pro-rata and administratively allocated in line with combined current hatchery and wild quotas.

1.3 Industry to have a formal role of advising on timing and allocation of quota. The details of business rules would need to be determined by industry (exhibit 4).

135 Mr Ford's evidence was that he read the document carefully and took some time to understand it. He was not happy with the policy direction recommended. It seemed to him to be weighted in favour of the major participants in the industry, which he described as the Paspaley/Kailis interests. It did not permit the interests of small WA producers to be fostered, he thought, and it did not provide adequately for a particular interest which Mr Ford had in fostering the participation in the industry of indigenous groups and people.

136 Nonetheless, after a time, Mr Ford endorsed the policy and it became publicly available. On 25 May 2006, he signed and sent letters advising his acceptance of the policy to all concerned in the industry who needed to know. Exhibit 15 is one such letter sent to Mr McCallum. It makes the following statements:

I advise that having considered advice from the Department of Fisheries and PIAC, the Department has been directed to prepare a submission to Cabinet in order to seek approval to draft and have Parliamentary Counsel prepare for its consideration a new Pearling Bill based on the principles submitted to me.

In particular, I wish to make it clear that I understand and support the need to create more secure rights for pearlers and will propose that the directions provided by the new hatchery policy become a focus of the reforms.

I expect to be able to report back to industry about Cabinet's position on legislative reform before the next meeting of PIAC scheduled in early October.

Furthermore, I can advise that I have endorsed the Phase III Hatchery Policy and will be meeting in the near future with Kon Vatskalis, the NT Minister for Fisheries to sign the MOU between the Northern Territory and Western Australia and seek his concurrence on the way forward.

Following Cabinet's decision, I will keep industry informed and involved through PIAC in the evolution of the legislation and associated policies and regulatory changes to give effect to the shift in the management of the pearling industry.

137 The work of consultation between the WA and NT governments which had been going on did indeed translate into a meeting of the State and Territory Ministers on 6 June 2006, when they both signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) committing both governments to continue the process of consultation directed to implementing complementary legislative and management processes for the pearl fishery and industry within both WA and the NT (exhibit 40B). Again, the evidence is that that was a publicly available document.

138 Mr Ford's evidence was that, whilst he was committed to advancing the process of formulating a new policy and procuring its implementation by obtaining Cabinet approval of the policy and its translation into legislation and guidelines, his endorsement of the Phase III policy did not, in his mind, commit him to accept the implementation of that policy.

139 His difficulty was, he said, that the advice he got at departmental level, particularly from Mr Rogers, the CEO, was supportive of the published policy. He said he could not break through this situation and obtain departmental assistance to formulate the policy which was in line with his views. He said that he asked Mr Hondros to obtain independent economic advice and technical advice to enable him to test whether his views about the structure of the industry would work and, if so, to provide advice for the formulation of a policy which would take that direction.

140 I put the matter in that way by way of a very brief summary of matters canvassed at length with Mr Ford during his lengthy stay in the witness box. So far as I can see, however, there is no evidence that Mr Hondros did what Mr Ford asked in relation to obtaining independent economic advice except, of course, that his contact, to which I shall shortly come, with Messrs Burke and Grill, introduced the views of Mr Nicholls who, as I have said, was not only appropriately qualified, but had experience in the administration of the pearling industry.

141 I have introduced Ms Kennedy. Shortly after she became the Acting Principal Management Officer (Pearling) she received and reviewed the endorsed Phase III policy document. She was centrally placed in the Department in relation to the processes to which I have referred above. For example, it was she who provided the departmental liaison with PIAC, upon which body she was an observer. She would draft background papers for PIAC, attend meetings, draft PIAC's policy recommendations, and forward those recommendations to the Minister's office, together with advice which she would prepare for Mr Rogers, to be provided to the Minister in relation to PIAC's recommendations or otherwise.

142 So it was she who was primarily responsible for implementing the endorsed Phase III policy, and when she received the document she formed the view that it required amendment, not substantively, but so that it would be in harmony with legislative drafting instructions for amendments to the legislation which were in the course of preparation in the Department. As she said, the changes which she thought were required were 'operational in nature'. They did not concern the underlying principles of the policy, but dealt with the practicalities of their implementation. So far as she dealt with the Minister's office, it was Mr Hondros who was her contact.

143 On 15 September 2006, Ms Kennedy circulated by email to Mr Rogers, her immediate superior (as I understood it), Ms McCrea, the Manager of the Pearling and Aquaculture Program in the Department, and Mr McCallum, a copy of the Phase III policy with suggested revisions 'to deal with the separation of fishing and first operation seeding rights and the concept of secure rights under the PMB [Pearling Management Bill]'. She asked for their comments (exhibit 158).

144 As I understand it, Ms Kennedy then proposed that the amended document would be placed before PIAC for its consideration at the October meeting of that body. The changes she made are tracked in the document, and, in its amended form, it can be compared with the original. In cross-examination Ms Kennedy was taken through the changes she had proposed. She agreed that none were of a substantive character.

145 It seems that the document was not substantively amended following the circulation to the people I have mentioned, and it was taken first to a meeting of the PPA held on 4 October 2006. Mr McCallum gave evidence about this. He said he reported to the meeting the nature and effect of the changes which Ms Kennedy had proposed. They were designed to prevent assessment of quota being based upon total quotas comprised of the elements of fishing rights (the right to take wildstock), and seeding rights (the quotas applicable to hatchery farming) so that the assessments of hatchery quotas would not be affected by changes in wildstock quotas.

146 Mr McCallum said that he did not place the amended Phase III policy before the meeting of the PPA, but he described the effect of the changes made. In other words, Mr McCallum gave the members of the PPA the information about what had been done by way of amendment, without exposing the document to them.

147 The next step in the process was to take the Phase III policy, as amended, to the PIAC meeting which was held on 6 October 2006. Exhibit 162 includes all the documentary material, including the Phase III policy document prepared by Ms Kennedy which was provided to PIAC and discussed. The record shows that, apart from ten members of PIAC, including Mr Rogers, who were present, there were six observers and a minute secretary in attendance. From the Department, apart from Ms Kennedy and her superior, Ms McCrea, Dr Jones and Dr Hart were present. The other two observers were Mr Barton, from the NT, and Mr McCallum.

148 The minutes show that PIAC noted two further changes to be made to page 9 of the Phase III policy. A list of WA licensees was to be amended so that a reference to Paspaley Pearls Pty Ltd was shown as Paspaley Pearling Co Pty Ltd, and under the NT licensees, Paspaley Pearling Co Pty Ltd was to be included. A further minor change was recommended, and PIAC asked that the Department provide Mr Barton with a copy of the Phase III policy to be passed on to the NT Minister for Fisheries, Mr Vatskalis, for his information. It was anticipated that the members of the NT PIAC would also be provided with the document.

149 Following that meeting, Ms Kennedy made the various small changes required, and circulated the document within the Department, to Mr McCallum and to the members of PIAC. She received no further advice that changes were required. It is of no moment, I think, but there was also a circulation to a Ms Brayford, the Manager of Strategic Planning and Policy in the Fisheries Department. She was entitled to see the document in that capacity, but she asked for it in connection with a paper she was preparing for a university course.

150 Finally, in circumstances to which I shall shortly refer, on 10 October 2006, the date upon which Ms Kennedy circulated the final draft version of the document to Mr Smith, Mr Rogers, Ms McCrea and Mr McCallum, Ms Kennedy responded to a request by email from Mr Hondros to be sent, 'an electronic version of the Hatchery Policy Phase III'. Ms Kennedy's email, exhibit 93, reads as follows:

As expected, PIAC considered the Phase II Hatchery Policy again on Friday. The main aim of these discussions was to amend the policy document to make it consistent with the separation of fishing and first operation seeding rights as proposed in the PMB drafting instructions. These amendments don't effect the essence of the policy. They do however greatly simplify its implementation.

I am currently in the process of finalising the required amendments with PIAC members. The finalised version will be sent to the Minister in the near future, but in the meantime I have attached the document currently being considered by the Committee. Please note that as some minor changes may still be necessary before the final document is sent to the Minister by the PIAC Chair, it would be desirable for this version not to be released publicly.

151 It is clear from the email, and Ms Kennedy's evidence confirmed, that the version sent was dated October 2006, and showed the tracked changes agreed to by PIAC at its meeting of 6 October 2006. The three documents containing the policy may then be read together. There is the endorsed version, exhibit 4, the version containing amendments put to PIAC, exhibit 161C, and the version supplied electronically to Mr Hondros, part of exhibit 93, which does not show the previously made changes, but does show, in tracked form, the changes made following PIAC's contribution at its meeting on 6 October 2006.

152 At the end of that process, it is right to say that the information which was the Phase III policy was substantively unchanged, the changes being limited to editorial changes and minor changes concerned with the mechanics of the implementation of the policy.

153 Again, I have dealt with the way in which count 3 is pleaded in the context of the particulars, and I need only remind myself that the count concerns the disclosure of what is described as the 'draft version of the Pearl Oyster Hatchery Policy: Phase III', on 11 October 2006, following the exchange of emails between Hondros and Ms Kennedy on 10 October.

154 It is this conduct which is said to be the corrupt act with which count 2 is concerned, whether or not that amounted to an unauthorised disclosure, because the disclosure was for an improper purpose of giving Mr Burke and Mr Grill access to the policy so that they might change it in such a way that it might masquerade as the policy prepared by PIAC, without the changes being noticed.

155 There is an important history to which I must, at least briefly, refer.

156 During the Gallop Labor Government, the Premier placed a ban upon any member of the Government or person in the ranks of government officers, having any contact with Messrs Burke and Grill. Mr Gallop resigned as Premier and as a parliamentarian in January 2006. Mr Carpenter became the Premier. Very soon after he did so, he lifted the ban from the members of his Government.

157 Mr Ford was, as has been seen, then already the Minister for Fisheries, among other portfolios. Indeed, his ministerial burdens were increased when, under the Carpenter Government, he acquired the portfolio as Minister for Local Government. It will be recalled that, at this time, Mr Kel Brown had, for some time, been represented by Messrs Grill and Burke in his activity of lobbying for changes to government policy in the pearling industry, to improve the prospects of Mr Brown and other small produces remaining viable in the industry.

158 There is evidence that in the early part of 2006, Mr Burke was in regular contact with Ms Archer MLC. She was a member of Parliament for the mining and pastoral region, as was Mr Ford. She too had an interest in the pearling industry, on behalf of her constituents, and it is evident that Mr Burke was using his friendship with her to endeavour to arrange a meeting with Mr Ford, or otherwise to advocate the case of Burke's client, Mr Brown, and incidentally to advance the interests of the other small WA producers.

159 Mr Ford's evidence was that, from time to time, Ms Archer would pester him to meet with Burke, towards whom Ford had a personal animosity, such that he made it clear to Mr Hondros that those who engaged Burke as a lobbyist did themselves a disservice, in Ford's eyes, because even if their case had merit, Mr Ford would feel unable to advance it or provide a remedy if there was any prospect that Burke may be able to claim the credit for achieving that result.

160 The evidence shows that Burke was making efforts, through third parties, to make contact with Ford throughout the earlier part of 2006. There was a flurry of activity in May, particularly around the time of the release of the Phase III policy, and in early June, when the commercial association between the Paspaley and Kailis interests became public. There is evidence that, despite the tone of the publicly released Phase III policy, Mr Brown's contacts with the Minister enabled him to report that Mr Ford seemed sympathetic to their case. Burke had discussions with Mr Brown, Ms Archer and Grill about how best to make a case to be submitted to Ford.

161 By early August 2006, Burke endeavoured to have Hondros arrange an appointment for him with the Minister. Mr Ford's evidence was that he agreed to meet with Burke, in the hope that that would stop the contact with Hondros and would stop Ms Archer pestering him to meet with Mr Burke. The meeting was arranged to be held, and was held, at the Minister's office in Dumas House on 16 August 2006.

162 There is some confused evidence about how that meeting was recorded in Mr Ford's daily itinerary sheet, exhibit 154, which simply shows, from 2.30 pm to 4.30 pm, a 'private appointment', making no reference to a meeting with Mr Burke. Mr Liddelow, the Minister's appointments secretary, gave evidence, but was unable to provide any explanation as to how the matter was recorded. In the end, I think there is no evidence to support the conclusion that there was any deliberate effort by Mr Ford, Mr Hondros, or anyone else to conceal the fact of the meeting with Burke, and exhibit 53, a printout of the relevant entry in Mr Ford's electronic diary, shows that there was to be a meeting with Messrs Grill and Burke at the ministerial office on 16 August 2006, from 2.30 pm to 3.30 pm. Mr Liddelow was established to have been at work on that day, but he had no recollection of any such meeting being held.

163 In any event, it is clear that it was held, the four persons present being Mr Ford, Hondros, Burke and Grill. Mr Ford's evidence was that while he made no specific commitment to Burke and Grill, he did indicate to them that he was sympathetic to the need to structure the industry so as to permit the interests of small producers to be advanced.

164 That evidence is confirmed by the way in which Mr Grill reported the outcome of the meeting, not only to Mr Burke, who was there, but also to Mr Brown and Mr Nicholls, who, it will be recalled, had also been engaged by Brown to assist in the development of a hatchery policy supportive of the interests of the small producers. Exhibit 54A is an exchange of emails between these four men, endeavouring to work out the best way forward.

165 Mr Brown thought it doubtful that the Minister could resile from his support for the PIAC developed policy. Mr Nicholls thought the difficulty was the Fisheries CEO, Mr Rogers, whose views were firmly aligned to those of the major producers. It was put that his credibility needed to be challenged before the Minister so that Hondros, who was regarded as their ally in the Minister's office, could gather strength for their case. It was at about this time that this group focused more attention upon Hondros and the need to cultivate his support as an avenue to the Minister.

166 So far as Hondros was concerned, Mr Ford's evidence was that in the days shortly after the meeting on 16 August 2006, Hondros asked if he could provide Burke and Grill with a copy of the Phase III policy. Mr Ford said that he told Hondros that that was in order, because it had been publicly released. However, it seems that Mr Hondros did not then provide Burke and Grill with a copy of the Phase III policy which, on the evidence, Mr Brown already had.

167 On 30 August, Mr Ford was asked a question in Parliament about the introduction of the anticipated pearling bill: Hansard, 30 August 2006, p 5411 (exhibit 174). In answering the question, Mr Ford said that he would not introduce the bill which had been drafted by the industry. He referred to the changing structure of the industry with 'fewer participants', no doubt a reference to the commercial arrangement between the Paspaley and Kailis groups of companies. Mr Ford said, 'I must be able to guarantee that local diversity in the industry is preserved and that the Western Australian industry and jobs are protected.' He referred to the diversity of views in the industry as to how it should be structured, and said he was working towards putting a draft proposal to Cabinet in about October.

168 An informed listener would, I think, gather from that answer that the Minister had moved away from the endorsed policy and was now looking to develop a policy which would not favour the interests of the major producers at the expense of a diverse group of smaller producers.

169 Meanwhile at this time, late August to early September, the evidence suggests that Burke, Grill and Nicholls were doing some work on deciding how to formulate the changed hatchery policy to be put to the Minister. When I introduced Mr Nicholls earlier in this judgment, I referred to his views, as he gave them in evidence. It is abundantly clear from the exchanges he had with Messrs Burke and Grill and, to a lesser extent, Mr Brown, that Mr Nicholls was keen to see the submission challenge, head on, what Mr Nicholls regarded as fundamental flaws in the arguments used to support the policy.

170 It is also abundantly clear that while they wished to avail themselves of Mr Nicholls' assistance in drafting a policy which would advance Mr Brown's interests, Burke and Grill wished to discourage him from the approach he advocated. Burke and Grill wanted their submission to concentrate simply upon Mr Brown's interest in securing an increased hatchery quota.

171 Meanwhile, in the Minister's office, there is nothing to suggest that much was happening. On 7 September 2006, Mr Hondros sent an email to Mr Burke (exhibit 63), part of which said:

I'm still working out a way that Jon Ford can unpick the appalling parts of the current pearling regime (including issues around quota). Would I be able to quietly seek your advice on that in the near future, if that's not too much of an imposition?

172 Two things would seem to be clear. Mr Hondros recognised that he was not supposed to have contact with Burke (it will be recalled that Mr Ford's principal reason for holding the meeting on 16 August was that there might then be no more meetings with Burke). Secondly, there would seem to be no reason to suppose that Mr Hondros's request for advice was not genuine. It seems that he was having difficulty devising an amended policy to put to the Minister to take to Cabinet, by his own efforts. I shall return to the significance of this, but one can understand his difficulty.

173 Mr Ford had given him the responsibility of progressing the formulation of a new pearl hatchery policy to give effect to the Minister's views. He could not get advice as to how to go about that directly from PIAC or from the PPA, because he knew the predominant industry view was not that espoused by the Minister. He knew he could not go to the Department because he was aware that the CEO, Mr Rogers, also espoused the predominant industry view. On the other hand, he knew of the interest of Burke and Grill, and that Mr Nicholls had been recruited to advise and support Brown's case.

174 Meanwhile, Mr Brown and his team had been seeking to meet with Mr Ford. A meeting was arranged, and held on 12 September, at the Ministerial office of Mr Ford. Those who attended were Mr Brown, Mr Nicholls, the general manager of Nor-West Seafoods Pty Ltd, Mr Jackson, the Minister Mr Ford, and Mr Hondros. Later reports by Brown and Nicholls expressed pleasure at the Minister's attitude and support. They expressed pleasure at Mr Hondros's contribution. But Mr Nicholls' report by email (exhibit 179) makes it clear that he thought that Ford and Hondros were rather floundering as to the formulation of a new policy, and the evidence supports the conclusion that those advising Brown saw the opportunity to assist to formulate a policy favourable to his interests.

175 In the email sent by Hondros to Burke on 25 September 2006, exhibit 72A, to which I have referred in the context of the representations made on behalf of the shark fishermen, Scimone and Triantafyllou, Mr Hondros, after discussing what had been done about the shark fishermen, added:

With regard to Pearling, Jon Ford has had a very productive meeting with Kel Brown and his advisers. Briefly, while Jon has endorsed the direction contained in the Hatchery Phase III policy, it has not been drafted into a new Ministerial Policy Guideline (to replace No 17) nor has he approved the drafting instructions for the new bill.

Confidentially, and given the above, he has asked me to develop a strategy to increase quota in order to protect the viability of small Western Australian producers, which is what I am now working on - and I'll advise you of progress.

Hope all this helps. I'm happy to discuss anytime.

176 On 26 September, Mr Burke asked Mr Nicholls to 'send me a four or five paragraph simple policy that might be adopted by the Minister' (exhibit 77). Mr Nicholls sent that document back on 28 September (exhibit 77A). The first four paragraphs refer generally to Mr Nicholls' view about how generally the industry should be structured. The nub of the matter was expressed in par 5, with which the document concluded, as follows:

The allocation of additional future hatchery shell entitlement and seeding rights will be:

(a) administered to provide, as a priority, a basis for a viable future operation among the small entitlement holding producers in this State under likely prospective market conditions and for encouraging participation by the indigenous community; and

(b) granted so as to not add unnecessarily to industry costs in the face of increasing overseas competition.

177 By then it appears Mr Burke was away. Mr Grill sent the draft policy to Mr Hondros on 3 October (exhibit 80). He offered to meet with Hondros to discuss the draft after Mr Burke returned to the State.

178 Mr Hondros took him up on that offer almost immediately. On 5 October 2006, he rang Mr Grill. The conversation was one of many which was overheard by investigators attached to the Corruption and Crime Commission. Mr Lynch gave evidence about these matters, but I do not need to discuss the process here. It is touched upon in my judgment in State of Western Australia v Burke [No 2] [2010] WASC 74. The audio record and transcript were received in evidence as exhibit 83.

179 Mr Hondros says that he would like to meet with Burke and Grill, and when Grill asks him whether he would like to meet at Mr Grill's home in Mount Street or at the Minister's office, Hondros says he would prefer to come to them. He adds that he would like to meet with them on the following Monday when Mr Ford is in Cabinet, because it would be easier for him. It would 'save explaining what I'm up to, if you know what I mean'. Mr Hondros obtains the address, and the time is fixed. He concludes by saying that at the meeting he will be able to give them a 'rundown of where I'm up to, also where I'm up to with Jon' (obviously referring to Mr Ford). He adds, 'It's positive but tricky, I think is the best way to look at it.'

180 I think this evidence is open to the conclusion that Mr Hondros's wish to meet with Burke and Grill on their territory rather than at the Minister's office reflects his awareness that he is not supposed to be meeting with Burke and Grill, and no doubt his recollection of Mr Ford's observations that he could not use anything which came from Burke, in circumstances where Burke might later claim credit for it. The reference to the task upon which Mr Hondros was engaged being 'positive but tricky', I think is no more than an appreciation that, not only would it be impossible to get Mr Ford to adopt a policy which he understood Burke had a hand in devising, but also that it would be difficult to get Mr Ford, if he accepted the amended policy, to take it to Cabinet without referring it to the Department and PIAC.

181 The meeting was held on 9 October 2006. It will be recalled that it is at this meeting that the prosecution alleges Burke and Grill counselled Hondros to make an unauthorised disclosure of the Phase III policy, when he was under a duty not to disclose it, and corruptly, having regard to the improper purpose, to alter the policy deceptively, so that it might be presented to the Minister for submission to the Cabinet as the policy prepared by PIAC and the Department. It is at this meeting that it is said that Mr Hondros agreed to join in a plan of that kind, and in accordance with that plan, he made the disclosure to which counts 2 and 3 refer.

182 Again, this was a conversation overheard by investigators attached to the Corruption and Crime Commission. The audio record of the meeting and the transcript were received in evidence as exhibit 91. The meeting was a long one, commencing at about 10.30 am and lasting for over an hour. But a great deal of time was spent in discussing political matters. Views were expressed about various people involved in the Labor party and its factions.

183 On a number of occasions, Mr Burke expressed the view that a good team of young candidates had to be assembled if the Labor party was to win the next election and hold onto government. In that context, Mr Hondros's political aspirations are referred to. The others tell him that he would have their support, but I can detect nothing in that conversation to support a conclusion that Burke and Grill were telling Hondros that their support would be conditional upon him agreeing to do something which, it is said, they all understood was the wrong thing to do, for the purpose of advancing Mr Brown's case to the Hon Minister.

184 After some time, Mr Burke, who appears to lead the discussion, simply stops talking about politics and asks Hondros about 'this pearling business'. Hondros commences by referring to what he regards as the difficulties. Mr Ford has endorsed the Phase III policy. Mr Rogers is pushing hard for the implementation of that policy, as is PIAC. He refers to the Minister's different view, which he expressed at the meeting of 16 August. He refers to the 'imperative' coming from the Premier, that ministers should not create 'any fuss or stink' about anything. He refers to advice being sought from the State Solicitor's Office as to whether, if the policy were changed, the Government might be exposed to litigation. As to that, Mr Burke offers the view that, if action was taken to reverse the policy and Parliament made a decision, that would be an answer.

185 Hondros appears to agree. He says that industry is expecting the endorsed Phase III policy to be turned into a Ministerial Policy Guideline. That, Hondros says, provides an opportunity to 'amend it slightly to allow what we're considering'. He suggests that the policy statement, exhibit 77A, sent to him by Mr Grill on 3 October 'could be a mechanism for [Mr Ford] making decisions'. Mr Burke picks up that idea. He says this:

First of all, I mean we can, but someone should get independent legal advice about how to frame a clause or clauses that will accommodate indigenous and other West Australian producers or potential producers. And you'd need to frame the clause so that it attracts as little attention as it can. And then I'd slip it into the guidelines and into the legislation, if that's what happens.

186 It seems to me that the thought being expressed is that limited amendment to what is expressed in the policy would be desirable, because it may not attract attention as being any sort of major policy shift, which would expose the Minister to industry criticism that he had caused the Government to change the policy direction without reference to PIAC. The incentive is obviously to avoid that sort of fuss and, at the same time, enable the interests of small producers and the State (no doubt in the maintenance of a viable pearling industry) to be advanced and to allow the Minister to give effect to his commitment to indigenous interests.

187 Mr Hondros is obviously nervous that reference to the interests of small producers and indigenous interests will be 'a step too far'. He says, 'they would sniff it out too quickly'. By 'they', I think it is clear he means the major participants in the industry and the Department.

188 Mr Grill is obviously thinking about the process which might be adopted. The following exchange occurs:

I think we've got to make it a bit wider. What I was going to suggest is we ah actually have a look at the hatchery policy that he's

189 They then turn to the merits of the policy change, and I should bear in mind, of course, that Mr Grill had formerly occupied ministerial office as the Minister for Fisheries, and Mr Burke was a former Premier. The view is expressed that the process of consolidating the industry is fostered by making changes to hatchery quota on a pro rata basis. Mr Grill says that:

It keeps the small small, and it allows Paspaley to pick them off and buy them.

190 Ultimately, they say, Paspaley can shift offshore and what results is the demise of the WA industry. Mr Hondros says this is now the view of the Minister, and the following exchange, which relates to the purpose they had in mind, takes place:

It's, it's a matter of how to unpick it and frame it so he can actually get it right.

I reckon what happens is this, that when you get the decision from Roger's, it comes to you, Julian will look and I'll look at the guidelines that you send us.

Then you take those to cabinet after Jon's don't send them back to Rogers.

Just take them straight to cabinet and let cabinet endorse them and then if the industry wants to kick up a fuss, it has to then do two things.

throw back in every cabinet minister's face that he or she made a wrong decision.

they're not going to want to do that, cos no one likes to admit they're wrong.

So I, if you can get that to us, it will be changed imperceptibly I reckon.

191 Other conversation follows, including, particularly, a discussion about whether Mr Ford will have the courage to take the guidelines expressed in the way they propose to Cabinet rather than back to the Department and PIAC. The observation is made that if Ford is able, in that way, to deliver a good outcome, there will be good publicity after the event.

192 One thing should be mentioned, and that is that although initially what was sought by Grill was a copy of the hatchery policy endorsed by the Minister, when Burke makes his contribution he refers to 'the guidelines that you sent us'. No distinction is drawn between the policy document produced under the auspices of PIAC, with departmental input in the way that I have discussed, and ministerial guidelines issued under s 24 of the Pearling Act. The same thing happens a little later, when Mr Burke summarises the course upon which they are agreed:

Alright mate that's good. Thanks for your time with that and if you can get that policy to Jul, guidelines to Julian, we'll do em and send it back to you and make it as imperceptible as possible. But I wouldn't then just send it back to Rogers or anywhere else.

No that's a great idea. I'm gunna uhm, I've asked the question about when they'll be translated into ah guidelines and we'll just take the guidelines to, Cabinet.

You know, which is unusual but they won't know about it before we do it.

And they've plenty of chance to be consulted prior to whatever.

Oh yeah, yeah, No I think it's very fair, and if I can tell you from my own experience that there's plenty of precedent. Happened lots of times when I was Premier.

193 The distinction is made a little later, however, when the meeting is in the process of breaking up, and the following exchange occurs:

And, when d'you reckon these guidelines'll go up?

Ah, I'd say they, they're preparing them now I think but, I I think they've got the ah, ah they've got the accelerator off pending, a decision from Jon on the legislation. So I will, I'll get em to proceed with the guidelines.

So in that context do, do we need to tweak the guidelines or tweak the policy.

Ah oh look I'll shoot through to you're the uhm, the policy

that'll, that'll give you an understanding about where

it'll merge in the guidelines, as soon as the guidelines appear anyway.

But the guidelines must be in the legislation anyway.

No. No no, their, their plan is to say, ah, you take the, you take hatchery policy, that'll uhm, that'll create the, provisions in the, in the guideline, and moving from there they'll become legislation.

194 I think, therefore, there is evidence that they proposed to make some relatively minor amendments to the Phase III policy, and subsequent events tend to confirm that.

195 I have referred, at [150] above, to the fact that on 10 October 2006, Mr Hondros asked Ms Kennedy to send him an electronic version of the Phase III policy, and she complied by sending the document electronically as an attachment to her email, exhibit 93. On 11 October 2006, Mr Hondros sent to Mr Grill an email, exhibit 94, to which the attachment was the electronic Phase III policy which he had been sent. The attachment shows that the version of the policy sent was that which had been prepared by Ms Kennedy after the PIAC meeting on 6 October, showing the changes agreed at that meeting. Mr Hondros's email says:

As discussed, please find attached the latest incarnation of the Phase III Hatchery Policy, as prepared by PIAC and the Department of Fisheries.

196 This is the unauthorised disclosure relied upon in relation to count 3, and also, of course, it is the corrupt act relied upon in respect of count 2, the act allegedly counselled to be committed by Messrs Burke and Grill at the meeting held on 9 October 2006. The evidence is that Mr Grill circulated the document electronically to Messrs Burke, Nicholls and Brown on 26 October 2006.

197 During the early part of November 2006, the evidence supports the conclusion that work was done on the Phase III policy, principally by Messrs Grill and Nicholls. On 13 November, Mr Grill circulated what was said to be a draft letter setting out views as to what was wrong with the Phase III policy. It is quite a comprehensive document, apparently proposed to be addressed to Mr Hondros. The proposed signatory or signatories were not identified. Mr Grill added a note that the letter represented 'our thoughts on the PIAC paper'. By 'our', in that context, it seems to me he meant all of those involved for Brown, but, of course, it is apparent that the work had been done by Grill and Nicholls.

198 The circulation was by email (exhibit 113). There was a second attachment to the email. It was the electronic version of the Phase III policy which had been provided by Ms Kennedy. It was marked up with what Mr Grill described as 'very modest changes that John [Nicholls] and I agreed to recommend on policy, when we met last week'.

199 At [134] I set out the summary of the Phase III policy as it appeared in the document released in May 2006. Ms Kennedy had proposed one minor amendment in line with her view about the operational need to divorce the consideration of hatchery quota from wildstock quota. In par 1.2 of the summary of the policy, she had deleted the words 'combined current hatchery and wild quotas' and replaced them with the words 'the existing first operation seeding rights held'. Mr Grill proposed changes to this summary of the policy which can be shown by tracking his deletions and additions proposed to the version of the policy provided by Ms Kennedy, as follows:

Policy includes:

1.1 No new licences - except where a person or corporate entity acquires quota from an existing quota holder. There is no barrier to entry for new entrants into the pearling industry as the secondary market exists and functions well.

1.2 Changes to legislation to ensure that all future allocations are pro rataequitable and in accordance with past history of the industry and administratively allocated in line with the existing first operation seeding rights held.

1.3 Industry to have a formal role inof advising on timing and allocation of quota. The details of business rules would need to be determined by the Minister after consultation with industry.

200 The other changes Mr Grill recommended were again in the summary section of the policy, s 6, where he proposed changes to par 6.4. Mr Grill described this and related paragraphs as 'draft business rules'. The paragraph had been altered in a minor way by Ms Kennedy to make it refer to 'first operation seeding quota' and Mr Grill proposed further amendments tracked on the document as follows:

6.4 Assessment and Management process for variations in first operation seeding quota units

Industry will give advice toadvise the Minister on any proposed variation to the number of pearl oysters for a unit of first operation seeding quota. The industry assessment will be facilitated through aan agreed set of business rules to be specified by the Minister. Any changes to the value of first operation seeding quota units will be made by by the Minister by 1 December for implementation in the following year.

It can be seen that the changes were directed to remove the final control of allocation of quota units from the pro rata process and from the industry and to vest it again in the discretionary powers of the Minister.

201 A debate then ensued, principally between Messrs Grill and Nicholls, with occasional comments by Mr Burke. All the email exchanges were copied to Mr Brown. The nature of the debate is really immaterial for present purposes. It is fair to say that Mr Nicholls continued to wish to run economic arguments against the policy, which he thought had been deliberately ignored by PIAC and the Department because they were contrary to the position adopted in the Phase III policy document.

202 Finally, on 21 November, Mr Brown sent by facsimile to Mr Hondros a covering note and the letter which Mr Grill had earlier drawn up, containing the critique of the Phase III policy document. Mr Brown said that he, later on the same day, organised for Mr Schaap, in his office, to send Mr Hondros, by email, the electronic version of the Phase III policy marked up with Mr Grill's proposed changes (exhibits 134 and 135). Mr Brown's covering note sent by facsimile concluded with the observation:

I am quite alarmed at the prospect of losing control of 'our' pearling industry to interests based in the Northern Territory.

It is evident from exhibit 136, the transcript of a recorded telephone conversation between Mr Brown and Mr Grill on 22 November 2006, that Mr Grill was keen to be sure that Hondros was aware that the changes proposed to the policy were his authorship as a result of 'previous conversations' that Hondros had had with Grill.

203 The evidence indicates that the debate, particularly between Grill and Nicholls, continued in the dying weeks of 2006. I can see no evidence that the letter from Brown to Hondros was taken any further, and there is certainly no evidence that Mr Ford was asked to do anything with the Phase III policy document which was returned to Hondros. Mr Ford seems to have been unaware of its existence until during the investigation of this matter.

The evidence about the duty not to disclose

204 At [40] I have referred to the fact that Mr Hondros was, as a ministerial officer employed under the PSMA, bound by the terms of s 9 of the PSMA, which required him to comply with any applicable code of conduct and 'to be scrupulous in the use of official information'.

205 Clause 9.1 of Mr Hondros's contract of employment provided generally, albeit unnecessarily, that Mr Hondros was required 'to comply with the principles of official conduct set out in the [PSMA], as well as ... the Department of the Premier and Cabinet's Code of Conduct'.

206 The applicable Code of Conduct was that which was effective from September 2006, an amended version of a Code of Conduct which had applied before that date. It was introduced into evidence as exhibit 143, and it contains an introduction penned by Mr Wauchope, the Director General, which is dated 22 September 2006. There is therefore no problem concerned with the application of the Code of Conduct as at the respective dates of the offences alleged in the indictment.

207 The relevant section of the Code of Conduct is par 3.8 which is in the following terms:

3.8 Confidentiality

In the course of official duties, Department employees will have access to information classified as restricted or confidential information. Classified information must be captured and stored in approved records systems with appropriate security and access controls applied. Employees dealing with highly sensitive material may be required to sign confidentiality agreements.

Classified information may only be used in the course of official duties or for other lawful purposes e.g. under the requirements of Freedom of Information Act 1992. In general, employees are not to disclose classified information nor use information for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was retained. Improper disclosure includes any of the following:

• Giving unauthorised persons information relating to the business of the Department of any other government agency.
• Giving unauthorised persons access to personal logons or passwords.
• Giving unauthorised persons access to information classified at a higher security classification level than they are entitled to receive.
• Disclosing the contents of any official papers including internal reports or documents to unauthorised persons.
• Disclosing the contents of any Advertised Vacancy file, (other than to the Convenor of a selection panel providing relevant feedback to applicants for advertised positions).
• Using information in pursuit of a private interest for employees, family members, friends or associates.

Paragraph 3.8 concludes with a reference in summary form to the provisions of s 81 of the Criminal Code.

208 It is necessary to arrive at a proper interpretation of par 3.8. It is, in my opinion, badly drafted. The first part of the paragraph clearly relates to information which is formally classified as being restricted or confidential, and only available to persons who have the appropriate level of security clearance. Some of the dot points give instructions as to the use of information of this type.

209 But the paragraph does contain the instruction that employees are not to 'use information for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was retained'. It may be that the proper interpretation of this part of the paragraph would apply it to any information, whether classified as restricted or confidential information or not. If that is so, the paragraph may relate to the two bodies of information which are the subject of the counts in the indictment.

210 It is difficult then to know what is meant by the reference to the use of information for other than the purpose for which it was retained. If the word 'retained' means created, recorded or received, and not thereafter lost or destroyed, then, again, the paragraph may have an application to the circumstances of this case.

211 The question then arises, what is the instruction given by the paragraph, and does it create a duty not to disclose the information to another? The six dot points, if generally applicable to information, describe instances of 'improper disclosure'. Potentially relevant to the circumstances of this case are the first and fourth dot points, and the proper interpretation of the paragraph may be, relevantly to this case, that Mr Hondros was under a duty not to give information relating to the business of the Fisheries Department, or contained in any official papers, to unauthorised persons.

212 The difficulty then is that, given that 'unauthorised persons' are not simply those who have an insufficient security classification to have access to classified or restricted information, par 3.8 does not define the term 'unauthorised persons'. In my opinion, the term cannot mean that unauthorised persons are those who have not been given express authority to receive the information, because that begs the question who has the power to give that authority.

213 In my opinion, the best that can be said for par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct is that, for present purposes, I should treat it as imposing a duty not to disclose information to persons who may, by the application of undefined criteria, be judged not to be persons who are authorised to receive the information. While the paragraph refers to s 81 of the Criminal Code, it does not attempt to define the relationship between a 'duty' expressed in those terms, and a duty not to disclose information which would be recognised for the purpose of deciding whether a person has committed an offence against s 81. Nor, I note, does par 3.8 refer to s 83 of the Criminal Code.

214 I have said that, in my opinion, a duty not to disclose information for the purpose of s 81 (and, incidentally, in this case, for the purpose of s 83) may be derived from the express instruction of the accused's superior not to make a disclosure of the information, within the meaning of s 81, either generally or to specified persons.

215 During the course of debate about these matters, while hearing the submissions that the accused persons had no case to answer, I put to Mr Fiannaca SC the question whether the proper view was that the two limbs of the way in which the duty of non-disclosure is said to arise in this case were linked as follows:

[I]f it is a document which is within the Code of Conduct, par 3.8, and subject to a general duty not to disclose it, the purpose of the instruction in relation to Mr Burke and Mr Grill would be, or the effect of that instruction would be, to make clear that a document of that kind which was not within the public arena was not exceptionally to be given to Mr Burke and Mr Grill (ts 1469 - 1469).

When I asked Mr Fiannaca if that was the proper way to look at the way in which the case must be framed, he agreed that that was effectively the submission he made.

216 Mr Ford gave an instruction about meeting with Burke and Grill after the Premier, Mr Carpenter, had told his ministers that the ban on contact with Burke and Grill which, during the period when Mr Gallop was Premier, had been imposed on ministers and their staff, was to be lifted. Mr Ford's evidence was that he gathered his staff together, including Mr Hondros, and told them that no matter what announcement was made by Mr Carpenter, the ban would remain in effect, in his office.

217 His evidence was that he said to his staff that if they met with Burke or Grill, without his permission and knowledge, and he found out about it, he would dismiss them. If any staff member met with them by accident, eg, if they turned up at a meeting uninvited, and the staff member did not inform Mr Ford and he found out about it, again he would dismiss them (ts 237). It has to be said that it is not abundantly clear that meeting with Burke and Grill was the same as having any contact with them. In re-examination he was also asked about the instruction he gave:

So far as the direction that you had given in relation to contact with Mr Burke and Mr Grill was concerned, how did you regard that?---You weren't allowed to go out and have contact with Burke and Grill. In the first part of my ministry it was still under the Gallop government, and so that was the Premier's rule. When that was lifted, I sought to maintain Geoff's rule by imposing it myself on the office.

218 I have mentioned Ms Comrie. In the early part of 2006, she was Mr Hondros's personal assistant. At ts 659, she gave evidence that Mr Ford's instructions were:

that it didn't matter what Premier Carpenter had said, that no-one in his office was to have contact with Brian Burke or Julian Grill. He said that if you were found to be contacting them, that you would be sacked and that there was no coming back from that position. He also said that if they contacted you unsolicited that you were to let him know immediately (ts 659 and see also ts 668).

219 The evidence of Mr Liddelow, the appointments officer, in relation to this matter was much less positive. He said that to the best of his recollection there were two meetings when the matter of Messrs Burke and Grill was broached by the Minister. On both occasions he gave the same instruction, that no-one was to meet with Burke and Grill. Mr Liddelow could not recall Mr Ford giving any reason for that direction (ts 682). When cross-examined, he repeated that evidence and said that it was not his recollection that Mr Ford said that there was a ban on staff making contact with or receiving contact from Mr Grill or Mr Burke without his permission.

220 When it was put to the witness that that is what he had said when he made a statement during the investigation, he agreed that what had been said by Mr Ford in about September 2006 was a reiteration of the previous instruction that there was a blanket ban on staff making contact with or receiving contact from Mr Grill or Mr Burke without his permission (ts 684 - 687). Mr Liddelow conceded that his recollection about those matters was not good.

221 For my part, I would find it difficult rely upon evidence given by Mr Liddelow as an unsupported recollection of the events of 2006, but given the nature of the application that I should conclude that the accused persons have no case to answer, I should, I think, proceed upon the basis that the best view of the evidence of these three witnesses was that Mr Ford instructed generally that no member of his staff was to seek out or receive contact from Messrs Burke and Grill without his permission, and that Mr Ford said that if such contact should occur uninvited, they were to tell the Minister what had happened.

222 As I have said, the crucial question in relation to this charge is whether, on the best view of the evidence, the disclosure to Mr Burke of Mr Ford's letter to Senator Abetz was unauthorised because to make it breached a duty not to make the disclosure to Mr Burke, giving to the word 'duty' in s 81 the meaning of a duty not to disclose, the breach of which might properly be regarded as punishable by a term of imprisonment as a crime.

223 I have discussed in some detail the evidence bearing upon these issues. The evidence is that Mr Scimone and Mr Triantafyllou were pressing claims for compensation for business losses suffered as a result of changes to the management of the shark fishery. Mr Ford was corresponding with Senator Abetz in relation to management issues. He made a public statement to the media, which included reference to that correspondence.

224 Although their representations to Mr Ford had originally, it appears, been made personally, they had engaged Mr Burke to act for them to press their cases. The disclosure on 25 September 2006 by Hondros to Burke of Mr Ford's letter to Senator Abetz was to Burke in his capacity as the agent acting for Scimone and Triantafyllou. Mr Burke was seeking information about the progress of their claims. He reported Mr Hondros's communication to him to his clients.

225 In my opinion, the disclosure by Hondros to Burke on behalf of Scimone and Triantafyllou of the fact that the Minister was seeking access on behalf of State licensed fishers to the Commonwealth's 'Securing Our Fishing Future' package was, at best, the disclosure of only technically confidential official information. The evidence does not establish that it was classified information within the meaning of par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct. Putting the prosecution case at its highest, it might perhaps be the case that the information of which count 1, as particularised, makes complaint could be regarded as information relating to the business of the Fisheries Department, or as information contained in a document which was 'internal' only in the sense that it was a letter written by one minister for fisheries to another.

226 But in my opinion, it is not open to conclude that, having regard to the fact that Messrs Scimone and Triantafyllou and their claims for compensation were subjects of the correspondence, and having regard to the fact that Mr Burke was acting for them, the disclosure to Mr Burke was to an unauthorised person, within the meaning of par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct. This was not a disclosure to the world at large. Scimone and Mr Triantafyllou were entitled to know what efforts the Minister for Fisheries was making on their behalf, and what he was doing about their claims. Mr Burke was entitled to receive that information for them.

227 The question then would be whether, putting it at its highest, Mr Ford's instruction not to have contact with Burke may ground a relevant duty not to disclose the information. By itself, I think not. Mr Burke made the request to be told what progress was being made with the claims of Scimone and Triantafyllou. There was no meeting in any relevant sense, and Mr Ford's instruction to his staff accepted that they may receive approaches of this kind from Mr Burke. If Mr Hondros was in breach of that instruction, it was only because he did not tell Mr Ford that he had sent the email which is the subject of count 1.

228 If Mr Ford's instruction, with or without assistance from the terms of par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct, may be the source of a duty not to disclose information, which I doubt, then it is not a duty of non-disclosure, breach of which should be held to expose a person to punishment for the commission of a crime. On no view of the evidence could Mr Hondros's guilt of the offence charged by count 1 in the indictment be established beyond reasonable doubt.

229 The questions upon which count 3 turns are those in respect of count 1, whether, at its highest, the evidence may establish, beyond reasonable doubt, that the disclosure of the draft version of the Phase III policy involved an unauthorised disclosure of information to Mr Grill, and hence to Mr Burke and others (in particular Mr Brown and Mr Nicholls) on 11 October 2006, in breach of a duty not to disclose that information arising out of the Code of Conduct and Mr Ford's instruction to his staff, including Mr Hondros, in February 2006.

230 I will not repeat my discussion of what I have described as the background facts concerning the problems of the pearling industry, the structure of the industry, the involvement of PIAC and the involvement of the PPA. Nor do I repeat the discussion about Mr Ford's consultation and liaison with the NT Minister of Fisheries, Mr Vatskalis, the involvement of the NT PIAC and the role played by Mr McCallum, the CEO of the PPA here in WA, and Mr Barton in the NT.

231 It is sufficient to say, I think, that having regard to that very public and lengthy process of consultation, the published Phase III policy, as released on 25 May 2006, represented the culmination of a process of consultation with industry interests and effectively embodied input from the Department of Fisheries, particularly its CEO, Mr Rogers.

232 At material times, for various reasons both private and concerning his ministerial workload, Mr Ford was excessively busy. So far as the Fisheries portfolio was concerned, although he remained involved in the development of policy for, and the management, of the pearling industry, he was content to delegate to his Chief of Staff, Mr Hondros, the primary responsibility to develop the Phase III policy in a form which would incorporate Mr Ford's views about the desirability of preserving that element of the WA based industry which comprised the smaller producers and would allow for access to the industry by indigenous interests.

233 Mr Hondros knew that Mr Ford did not consider that the published Phase III policy, in respect of which there had been wide industry and departmental consultation, adequately provided for those interests. It was envisaged that the Phase III policy would form the basis for the development of ministerial guidelines and would require entirely new legislation, or amendments to the Pearling Act.

234 In any event, Cabinet would need to approve and adopt the applicable policy and, in effect, approve its incorporation into legislation and a ministerial guideline. I have mentioned Mr Wauchope, the Director General of the Department of Premier and Cabinet. He gave evidence that it was his department's responsibility to lay down and administer the processes by which matters were put before the Cabinet for adoption by the Government. It was a structured process, published to the various departments and agencies of the Government from which proposals might emanate.

235 Relevant to the issues in this case is the fact that the Minister sponsoring a proposal, who would argue in Cabinet for its adoption, would bring it to Cabinet in the form of a Cabinet submission which would describe the proposal, cost it, expose the implications of its adoption, and provide to the Cabinet the assurance that all necessary consultation with affected bodies and persons had been undertaken.

236 A proposal in that form, submitted pursuant to the 'ten-day rule', the details of which do not matter, for present purposes, would be circulated to the other Ministers of State so that they might take advice from their departments and agencies and be in a position to subject the proposal to appropriate scrutiny.

237 So far as the development of a pearl hatchery policy in 2005 and 2006 was concerned, I have earlier in this judgment referred to the terms, and what I have described as the 'essential thrust' of the policy, as the information was incorporated in the document endorsed by Mr Ford and publicly released on 25 May 2006. That public release envisaged further consultation with PIAC (and the PPA) as well as the NT Minister, as part of the process of submission to Cabinet.

238 Although the Phase III policy as published was incorporated in a document which was said to be created by PIAC, the evidence is clear that the work of formulating the policy involved contributions from a number of sources, including the Department and Mr McCallum. It will be recalled that when Ms Kennedy in the Fisheries Department reviewed the form of the document setting out the Phase III policy, she decided that it needed to be better expressed, and went about making a series of minor amendments, some of which were purely editorial in character, and others which were directed to express the policy more clearly, particularly by making changes in hatchery quotas rather than total quotas, including wildstock quotas, changes she described as being 'operational in nature' to provide better for the practicalities of the implementation of the policy.

239 The document incorporating the changes she made was exposed in substance to the PPA meeting of 4 October 2006, and the document was circulated to the members of PIAC and observers in preparation for the PIAC meeting on 6 October 2006, at which meeting two very minor changes to the description of a corporation were made.

240 It was in that form that the Phase III policy was provided to Mr Hondros by Ms Kennedy in answer to his request for an electronic version of the policy, explaining that the amendments made did not affect the essence of the policy, but simplified its implementation. She made two other observations of some significance. The document she sent him in electronic form was effectively that which would be put before the Minister, although some minor changes might still be necessary. It was not for her to instruct Hondros as to what he might do with the document, but her advice was that it would be 'desirable' not to 'publicly' release it.

241 However, Mr Hondros sent the document electronically to Grill on 11 October, knowing, of course, that it would be further disseminated, at least to Burke. He did so against the background that after the meeting on 16 August 2006 between Mr Ford, Hondros, Burke and Grill, Hondros had asked Mr Ford if he could provide Burke and Grill with a copy of the Phase III policy and he had been told that he could do so, because the policy had been publicly released.

242 In considering the capacity of the evidence to establish the guilt of Mr Hondros of count 3 in the indictment, beyond reasonable doubt, I consider that it is important to recall that it is the disclosure of information with which s 81 of the Code is concerned, not, as the charge was particularised, the draft Phase III policy as such. The information which was the Phase III policy disclosed by Hondros on 11 October was again, in my opinion, not classified information by any formal process within the meaning of par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct.

243 The allegation in the particular of the alleged duty not to make the disclosure, is the same as for count 1. It is said that the policy was information relating to the business of the Fisheries Department, and that may be accepted. Further, it is said that the information was the content of the Phase III policy document, an internal report or document of an official character. That also may be accepted, and so the question which arises, again, under par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct, is whether the disclosure to Burke and Grill was unauthorised within the meaning of par 3.8 or because of Mr Ford's instruction not to have contact with Messrs Burke and Grill.

244 Hondros was clearly doing that but, in my opinion, in relation to the capacity of the evidence to prove his guilt of count 3 beyond reasonable doubt, regard must be had to the meeting of 16 August, and the fact that Hondros sought and was given permission to disclose the publicly released Phase III policy to Burke and Grill. In my view, having regard to the very minor nature of the changes which had been made to the policy following its public release on 25 May 2006, it is not open to conclude that the Phase III policy, disclosed in electronic form by Hondros to Burke and Grill on 11 October, was not authorised in fact within the meaning of par 3.8 of the Code of Conduct or was unauthorised because it was the subject of a duty of non-disclosure which would be recognised for the purposes of s 81 of the Code.

245 In my opinion, there could be no breach of a duty not to disclose for the purposes of s 81, so as to expose the accused to the punishment of imprisonment for a crime, when the only parts of the statement of the Phase III policy in the draft document which were not included in the document originally published were minor amendments of an 'operational' nature and editorial changes.

246 Further, it should not be overlooked that the provision of the Phase III policy to Burke and Grill involved disclosure to persons whom Mr Hondros knew were acting for Mr Kel Brown to advance his case for the adoption of a policy which would benefit him and other small WA producers. The known purpose of doing so was so that they might amend the policy in a way which would, in fact, advance the policy objectives which Mr Hondros knew Mr Ford wanted to implement. In all the circumstances, in my opinion, Mr Hondros could not, having regard to the evidence, be found, beyond reasonable doubt, to be guilty of count 3.

247 Earlier in this judgment, I dealt with counts 1 and 3 one after the other, because both are counts alleging the commission of an offence against s 81. Although count 2 is linked to count 3, I think it is logically to be dealt with after count 3. Count 2 relates to the same disclosure. Mr Hondros's guilt of the corruption offence would be established if a wrongful act of unauthorised disclosure was for the purpose of improperly gaining a benefit for any person or causing a detriment to any person. As I understand the law, in a case of that kind, the corruption would be established by the link between the wrongful act performed in dereliction of the duty of the accused and the improper purpose for which it was performed. Given my conclusion about count 3, of course, that avenue to a conviction of count 2 is lost to the prosecution.

248 On the other hand, as I have said, it is not an end to the matter of the offence in count 2 if, as I have held, impropriety or a dereliction of the duty of the accused in the performance of his office is not established. He may still be guilty of corruption if he performs the duty for an improper purpose of the kind to which s 83 refers. In this case, it is alleged that Hondros acted corruptly because he made the disclosure for the improper purpose of giving Burke and Grill the benefit of access to the policy so that it might be amended and presented to Cabinet for adoption by the Government, as if it was the policy of PIAC and the Department. The other aspect of the improper purpose was, by that means, to improve Mr Brown's prospect of obtaining a more favourable allocation of hatchery quota.

249 I have touched upon the background to the alleged corrupt behaviour when expressing my conclusion about count 3. Of some significance in this context, I think, is the fact that the contact by way of meeting and reports about meetings which Burke and Grill and, of course, Hondros had with Mr Ford, informed all of them of his dissatisfaction with the Phase III policy and his desire to change it. Burke and Grill, Brown and Nicholls, were all encouraged by statements made by Mr Ford which at least implied that he supported the position of the small producers and wished to see the policy framed in such a way as would give him the capacity to make decisions favourable to their interest.

250 Mr Ford's answer to the question he was asked in Parliament on 30 August 2006 would also have encouraged them to think that the Minister would respond favourably to advice about how to change the policy. Of course, it was self-interest which was driving Messrs Burke, Grill and Nicholls, on behalf of Brown, but the evidence is that there was genuinely believed to be merit in what they desired to achieve from the point of the industry as a whole.

251 Further, Mr Hondros would certainly have seen the synergy between the views that Burke, Grill, Nicholls and Brown were expressing, and what the Minister wished to achieve. It is also abundantly clear that Mr Hondros was well aware that a reformulation of the policy which was or could be attributed to Burke would have no prospect of acceptance by Mr Ford, even if he agreed with it. Mr Hondros was therefore obliged, if he wished to have the input of Burke and Grill to the reformulation of the policy, to proceed without the Minister's knowledge. But it is not that aspect which the prosecution alleges constitutes corrupt behaviour by him.

252 The focus of the corruption charge is the meeting of 9 October 2006, at which, the prosecution contends, Burke and Grill counselled the corrupt behaviour and purpose, and Hondros agreed to be involved. It was pursuant to what was then agreed, it is clear, that the draft Phase III policy was obtained in electronic form and transmitted to Grill. I have set out and discussed the relevant portions of that meeting. The plan was clear, I think.

253 The policy document was to be amended as unobtrusively as possible so that it might not attract the attention of PIAC or the Fisheries Department, and so that, in any event, there could be no criticism that the Minister was putting the amended policy to Cabinet without first submitting it for the views of PIAC and the Department. To that end, the amendments proposed, as they were devised by Mr Grill, have been set out.

254 They are clearly designed to be effective, although minor, to restore to the Minister the exercise of his discretion as to the future changes in the allocations of quota. There appears to have been no real plan about how the amendments should be put to the Minister, or how he was to be persuaded to take the amendments to Cabinet without again submitting them for comment and advice to the Fisheries Department and PIAC, although there was a query raised by Mr Hondros as to whether the proposed process would work, which attracted an observation by Mr Burke that it had often been done when he was Premier.

255 The capacity of the evidence to prove count 2 beyond reasonable doubt is an area of the case where the answer to the question whether the accused Hondros has a case to answer does not depend upon taking a view of the evidence which puts its probative capacity as high as possible and, as Mr Fiannaca SC himself appreciated, it does not depend on whether or not Mr Hondros's conduct could be seen to breach the confidentiality provisions of the Code of Conduct, or whether he acted, as he undoubtedly did, contrary to Mr Ford's instruction that he was not to have contact with Messrs Burke and Grill. The answer to the question whether there is a case to answer in relation to count 2, in my opinion, depends upon a proper understanding of the concept of corruption within the context of s 83.

256 I remind myself that Mr Hondros is alleged to have acted corruptly because he provided the Phase III policy to Messrs Burke and Grill for the purpose they had agreed on 9 October 2006, that Burke and Grill would amend the policy, making as little change as possible, in the hope that if it was seen by the Department and/or PIAC it would not be noticed, at least until after the policy had been put to Cabinet and adopted by the Government.

257 The amendments to be made were those which were in fact made, designed to change the policy so far as it dealt with changes to pearl hatchery quotas, to delete the reference to pro rata increases in the quota and restore the control of the increases to be made to the Minister in the exercise of his discretionary judgment, thereby, if deemed appropriate, allowing greater increases to be given to smaller producers and allowing entrance to the industry by indigenous groups.

258 The plan formulated in those terms might well be regarded as displaying a degree of naivety which was surprising, having regard to the experience in politics and government possessed by Messrs Burke and Grill. But in my opinion, the submission that Mr Hondros acted corruptly when he provided the Phase III policy to Burke and Grill so that the plan might be put into effect, cannot be made good.

259 He did not improperly perform the duties of his office by giving the Phase III policy, in electronic form, to Grill for the purpose mentioned. He was misguided, undoubtedly, but he was not, in my opinion, involved in any relevant dereliction of duty. The purpose of achieving the formulation of a change in the policy so that it was expressed in terms of which the Hon Minister might approve, was not an improper purpose of a kind which would expose Mr Hondros to conviction of the crime of corruption, and it was not an improper purpose, therefore, that the electronic document was provided to Burke and Grill so that it might be changed in a way which would be of benefit to the commercial interests of Mr Brown.

260 So far as the plan addressed the question what Mr Hondros might do with the amended Phase III policy, the plan seems to have gone no further than that it would be provided to the Minister and that Mr Hondros would seek to persuade the Minister to take it to Cabinet, despite the fact that it was no longer in the form originally endorsed by the Minister, which had resulted from the extensive consultation process involving the Fisheries Department, PIAC and the PPA, as conducted both before and after 25 May 2006. In my opinion, the evidence is incapable of proving that Hondros was guilty of the offence of corruption charged in count 2.

261 The conclusion to which I have come in relation to the capacity to convict Mr Hondros of any of the offences in counts 1, 2 and 3, of course, of itself, disposes of counts 4 and 5. Neither Mr Burke nor Mr Grill can be convicted of either offence. But there are one or two brief observations which ought to be made.

262 In relation to count 4 and the charge that they counselled corrupt conduct on the part of Hondros, it will be evident from what I have written that although the purpose was clear, in my judgment, to amend the document so as to have it go to Cabinet without reference to the Department or PIAC, or without anyone in the Department or PIAC realising that it had been materially changed, this was not a corrupt purpose under s 83.

263 As to count 5 and the charge that Burke and Grill counselled the unauthorised disclosure of the Phase III policy, there is simply no evidence that they did so. In fact, the evidence suggests that they asked for an electronic copy of the document which had been publicly released and which represented the current state of the policy development. Nor is there any evidence that Burke and Grill knew, if it was the case, that to disclose the document to them was in breach of any duty not to disclose it, either generally under the Code of Conduct, or expressly to them pursuant to the Minister's instruction to his staff. Indeed, as has been seen, Mr Ford had authorised Mr Hondros to give to Messrs Burke and Grill the publicly disclosed Phase III policy. In my view, even if Mr Hondros could have been convicted of count 3, the evidence is incapable of establishing, beyond reasonable doubt, that Mr Burke and Mr Grill should be convicted of the offence charged in count 5.